| Abstract | A review of the published literature on ship performance in level ice is given, from 1888 to 1988. The review traces the historical development of the subject and summarizes the results in various sections. It is shown that the major problem is the lack of a large quantity of good quality full-scale data. This has led to different semi-empirical and analytical equations claiming agreement with the data that is available. Results of three parametric series model tests are shown to give some conflicting results. The effects of snow cover, and ice/hull friction, are discussed and recent developments in icebreaker design are described. |
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