"Please note that this data set contains metadata for NRC publications that were primarily published in one language only by third party publishers
Veuillez noter que cet ensemble de données comprend les métadonnées de publications du CNRC publiées essentiellement dans une seule langue par des éditeurs autres que le CNRC.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
TITLE / TITRE,AUTHOR_DISPLAY / AFFICHE_AUTEUR,JOURNAL_TITLE / TITRE_REVUE,VOLUME / VOLUME,ISSUE / NUMÉRO,START_PAGE / PAGE_DÉBUT,END_PAGE / PAGE_FIN,ARTICLE NUMBER / NUMÉRO_ARTICLE,YEAR / ANNÉE,DATE_PUBLISHED / DATE_PUBLICATION,SERIES_TITLE / TITRE_SÉRIE,SERIES_NUMBER / NUMÉRO_SÉRIE ,ISSN / ISSN,PROCEEDINGS_TITLE / TITRE_ACTES,CONFERENCE / CONGRÈS,BOOK_TITLE / TITRE_LIVRE,EDITOR_DISPLAY / AFFICHE_ÉDITEUR,PUBLISHER / MAISON D'ÉDITION,ISBN / ISBN,EDITION / ÉDITION,ABSTRACT / RÉSUMÉ,SUBJECT / SUJET,DOI / DOI,NPARC_IDENTIFIER / IDENTIFIANT_NPARC,NRC_IDENTIFIER / IDENTIFIANT_CNRC,IDENTIFIER / IDENTIFIANT,IDENTIFIER_TYPE / IDENTIFIANT_TYPE,RECORD_ID / IDENTIFIANT_NOTICE,GENRE / GENRE,LANGUAGE_CODE / INDICATIF_LANGUE
"Subspace clustering of DNA microarray data: theory, evaluation, and applications","Tchagang, Alain B.|Famili, Fazel|Pan, Youlian",International Journal of Computational Models and Algorithms in Medicine,4,2,1,52,,2014,2014-07,,,1947-3133|1947-3141,,,,,IGI Global,,,"Identification of biological significant subspace clusters (biclusters and triclusters) of genes from microarray experimental data is a very daunting task that emerged, especially with the development of high throughput technologies. Several methods and applications of subspace clustering (biclustering and triclustering) in DNA microarray data analysis have been developed in recent years. Various computational and evaluation methods based on diverse principles were introduced to identify new similarities among genes. This review discusses and compares these methods, highlights their mathematical principles, and provides insight into the applications to solve biological problems.",,10.4018/IJCMAM.2014070101,23002083,,,,6c6034d3-9b03-4ee9-a06d-f72ea72391fc,article,eng
Integrated planar waveguide devices for evanescent field sensing and spectroscopy,"Cheben, P.|Janz, S.|Sabourin, N.|Xu, D.-X.|Ding, H.|Wang, S.|Schmid, J. H.|Delage, A.|Lapointe, J.|Sinclair, W.|Ma, P.|Logan, S.|MacKenzie, R.|Liu, Q. Y.|Gilmour, M.|Halir, R.|Ramos, C. Alonso|Wanguemert-Perez, G.|Ortega-Monux, A.|Fernandez, I. Molina|Le Roux, X.|Laurent, L.|Velasco, A. Vilafranca|Calvo, M. L.",,,,,,Mo.C5.2,2014,14/08/2014,,,,"ICTON 2014: 16th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks: Graz, 6th-10th July, 2014","2014 16th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), 6-10 July 2014, Graz, Austria",,,IEEE,978-1-4799-5601-2,,"The silicon photonic wire evanescent field (PWEF) sensor platform offers the advantages of small sensor size, high levels of function integration, and low cost manufacturing that comes with the use of established semiconductor fabrication processes. The technology should be fully compatible with existing infrastructure in molecular analysis and research and the manufactured sensor array chip cost should be low enough that the chips can be considered disposable. Furthermore, since many applications require simultaneous monitoring of many different simultaneous binding reactions, the possibility of integrating tens or even hundreds of independent molecular sensors on a single disposable sensor chip is very compelling. We present an overview of our multiplexed photonic wire sensor chip and a reader instrument that allows up to 128 independent binding reactions to be monitored simultaneously. A complete photonic wire molecular biosensor microarray chip architecture and supporting instrumentation is discussed. This microarray system is used to demonstrate a multiplexed assay for serotyping E. coli bacteria based on polyclonal antibody probe molecules. A coherent detection scheme that enables direct read-out of the optical phase and an order of magnitude enhancement of sensitivity compared to conventional detection is also discussed. Finally, we present advances in Fourier-transform interferometer arrays for spectroscopic sensing. A planar waveguide Fourier-transform spectrometer with densely arrayed Mach-Zehnder interferometers is presented. Subwavelength gratings are used to produce an optical path difference without waveguide bends. The fabricated device comprises of an array of 32 Mach-Zehnder interferometers, which produce a spatial interferogram without any moving parts, yielding a spectral resolution of 50 pm and a free-spectral range of 0.78 nm. As a result of similar propagation losses in subwavelength grating waveguides and conventional strip waveguides, loss imbalance is minimized and high interferometric extinction ratio of -25 to -30 dB is obtained. Furthermore, phase and amplitude errors arising from normal fabrication variation are compensated by the spectral retrieval process using calibration measurements.",,10.1109/ICTON.2014.6876292,23002067,,,,e3549a63-1a28-4584-b714-ea8c34690ad8,article,eng
"The post-translational modification of the Clostridium difficile flagellin affects motility, cell surface properties and virulence","Faulds-Pain, Alexandra|Twine, Susan M.|Vinogradov, Evgeny|Strong, Philippa C. R.|Dell, Anne|Buckley, Anthony M.|Douce, Gillian R.|Valiente, Esmeralda|Logan, Susan M.|Wren, Brendan W.",Molecular Microbiology,94,2,272,289,,2014,15/09/2014,,,0950-382X|1365-2958,,,,,Wiley,,,"Clostridium difficile is a prominent nosocomial pathogen, proliferating and causing enteric disease in individuals with a compromised gut microflora. We characterized the post-translational modification of flagellin in C. difficile 630. The structure of the modification was solved by nuclear magnetic resonance and shown to contain an N-acetylglucosamine substituted with a phosphorylated N-methyl-l-threonine. A reverse genetics approach investigated the function of the putative four-gene modification locus. All mutants were found to have truncated glycan structures by LC-MS/MS, taking into account bioinformatic analysis, we propose that the open reading frame CD0241 encodes a kinase involved in the transfer of the phosphate to the threonine, the CD0242 protein catalyses the addition of the phosphothreonine to the N-acetylglucosamine moiety and CD0243 transfers the methyl group to the threonine. Some mutations affected motility and caused cells to aggregate to each other and abiotic surfaces. Altering the structure of the flagellin modification impacted on colonization and disease recurrence in a murine model of infection, showing that alterations in the surface architecture of C. difficile vegetative cells can play a significant role in disease. We show that motility is not a requirement for colonization, but that colonization was compromised when the glycan structure was incomplete.",,10.1111/mmi.12755,23002066,,,,83936343-5bee-40a0-86f7-b5824cc155ba,article,eng
J. Ignacio García Alonso and Pablo Rodríguez-González: isotope dilution mass spectrometry,"Meija, Juris",Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,406,,2739,2740,,2014,12/03/2014,,,1618-2642|1618-2650,,,,,Springer,,,,,10.1007/s00216-014-7662-06,23002049,,,,671b0165-7416-4c43-b253-31ebe4c31b4c,article,eng
The last alchemist in Paris,"Meija, Juris",Chemistry International,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0193-6484|1365-2192,,,,,International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,,,,,https://doi.org/10.1515/ci-2014-0528,23002048,,,,e230a832-9006-4346-b60f-b8e6c289f120,article,eng
Quantitative high-throughput analysis of domoic acid in mussel tissue homogenates using laser ablation electrospray ionization – MS/MS,"Beach, Daniel|Walsh, Callee M.|McCarron, Pearse",,,,,,,2014,2014-11,,,,,"30th Montreaux LC/MS Symposium, 3–7 November 2014, Charleston, USA",,,,,,"We investigated the use of Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization (LAESI) with MS/MS detection for Domoic Acid (DA) analysis directly from mussel tissue homogenates without sample extraction, cleanup or chromatographic separation. DA could be selectively detected directly from mussel tissue homogenates using LAESI-MS/MS in selected reaction monitoring scan mode. A matrix matched calibration curve was used to quantify mussel tissue reference materials and results were in good agreement with two established methods, LC-UV and LC-MS/MS, within the linear range. Most notable is the decrease in run time from about 20 minutes for a typical chromatographic method to about 10 seconds per sample for LAESI-MS/MS.",,,23002022,,,,8a18e683-ac07-4502-a1f5-e6d97c095119,presentation,eng
Isolation of minor and novel azaspiracids: structure elucidation and toxicology,"Kilcoyne, Jane|Nulty, Ciara|McCarron, Pearse|Jauffrais, Thierry|Twiner, M.|Quilliam, Michael Arthur|Hess, Philipp|Miles, Christopher Owen",,91,,172,172,,2014,2014-12,,,0041-0101|1879-3150,Toxicon,"21st Meeting of the French Society of Toxinology (SFET), Freshwater and Marine Toxins, December 9-10, 2013, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France",,,Elsevier,,,"Special issue of 21st Meeting of the French-Society-of-Toxicology (SFET) Azaspiracids (AZAs) were discovered following a poisoning event in the Netherlands in 1995 after people consumed contaminated shellfish harvested in Ireland. The symptoms included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps. AZA1, -2 and -3 were identified as the source of the illnesses. LC MS/MS is the EU reference method for detection of AZAs, with the regulatory limit set at 160 ?g/kg AZA1 equivalents. Extensive research has revealed that more than 20 additional AZA analogues exist. The phytoplankton Azadinium spinosum produces AZA1 and -2 while AZA3 and many of the other analogues are metabolic products formed in the shellfish. To date AZA1-6 have been isolated, chemically characterized and assessed for their toxicological impact using both in vitro and in vivo assays. Cytotoxicity studies indicate that AZA1, -2, and -3 elicit a lethal response that is both concentration- and time- dependent, with EC50 values in the sub- to low nanomolar range. The availability of as many AZA analogues as possible, in sufficient quantity and purity, is imperative to highlight the analogues which are relevant for public health protection. Here we describe efforts made to identify hitherto unknown analogues of the AZA group in phytoplankton and shellfish as well as attempts to isolate some of the known minor AZA analogues using a series of partitioning and column chromatography steps. Samples were purified in sufficient quantities to enable full structural elucidation by LC-MS/MS and NMR and toxicological assessment using the Jurkat T lymphocyte cell assay. Some the purified compounds had significant differences in their structure from the main AZA analogues which enabled examination of structure-activity relationships.",,10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.027,23002021,,,,c8abd765-6120-4df8-b0e5-22dbc3981731,article,eng
NRC-Canada-2014: recent improvements in the sentiment analysis of tweets,"Zhu, Xiaodan|Kiritchenko, Svetlana|Mohammad, Saif",,,,443,447,,2014,2014,,,,Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2014),"8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2014), August 23-24 2014, Dublin, Ireland",,,Association for Computational Linguistics,,,"This paper describes state-of-the-art statistical systems for automatic sentiment analysis of tweets. In a Semeval-2014 shared task (Task 9), our submissions obtained highest scores in the term-level sentiment classification subtask on both the 2013 and 2014 tweets test sets. In the message-level sentiment classification task, our submissions obtained highest scores on the Live- Journal blog posts test set, sarcastic tweets test set, and the 2013 SMS test set. These systems build on our SemEval-2013 sentiment analysis systems (Mohammad et al., 2013) which ranked first in both the term- and message-level subtasks in 2013. Key improvements over the 2013 systems are in the handling of negation. We create separate tweet-specific sentiment lexicons for terms in affirmative contexts and in negated contexts.",,10.3115/v1/S14-2077,23001916,,,,f1fa7815-4795-41ab-aabd-c4d5c9c0f8ca,article,eng
NRC-Canada-2014: detecting aspects and sentiment in customer reviews,"Kiritchenko, Svetlana|Zhu, Xiaodan|Cherry, Colin|Mohammad, Saif",,,,437,442,,2014,2014,,,,Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2014),"8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2014), August 23-24 2014, Dublin, Ireland",,,Association for Computational Linguistics,,,"Reviews depict sentiments of customers towards various aspects of a product or service. Some of these aspects can be grouped into coarser aspect categories. SemEval-2014 had a shared task (Task 4) on aspect-level sentiment analysis, with over 30 teams participated. In this pa- per, we describe our submissions, which stood first in detecting aspect categories, first in detecting sentiment towards aspect categories, third in detecting aspect terms, and first and second in detecting sentiment towards aspect terms in the laptop and restaurant domains, respectively.",,10.3115/v1/S14-2076,23001915,,,,3ae5fef5-d8a6-4ab2-a738-dcaab78a1a93,article,eng
Thermal conductivity of nanotube assemblies and superfiber materials,"Jakubinek, Michael B.",,,,425,456,,2014,25/09/2014,,,,,,Nanotube Superfiber Materials,,William Andrew / Elsevier,9781455778638,,"Individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been reported to have the highest thermal conductivities of any known material. However, significant variability exists both for the reported thermal conductivities of individual CNTs and the thermal conductivities measured for macroscopic CNT assemblies (e.g. CNT films, buckypapers, arrays, and fibers), which range from comparable to metals to aerogel-like. This chapter reviews the current status of the field, summarizing a wide selection of experimental results and drawing conclusions regarding present limitations of the thermal conductivity of CNT assemblies and opportunities for improvement of the performance of nanotube superfiber materials.",,10.1016/B978-1-4557-7863-8.00016-5,23001852,,,,1e67bd7f-aa08-405a-9be9-d54b601bbac3,chapter,eng
Water in star-forming regions with Herschel (WISH): V. the physical conditions in low-mass protostellar outflows revealed by multi-transition water observations,"Mottram, J. C.|Kristensen, L. E.|Van Dishoeck, E. F.|Bruderer, S.|San José-García, I.|Karska, A.|Visser, R.|Santangelo, G.|Benz, A. O.|Bergin, E. A.|Caselli, P.|Herpin, F.|Hogerheijde, M. R.|Johnstone, D.|Van Kempen, T. A.|Liseau, R.|Nisini, B.|Tafalla, M.|Van der Tak, F. F. S.|Wyrowski, F.",Astronomy & Astrophysics,572,,A21,,,2014,19/09/2014,,,0004-6361|1432-0746,,,,,EDP Sciences,,,"Context. Outflows are an important part of the star formation process as both the result of ongoing active accretion and one of the main sources of mechanical feedback on small scales. Water is the ideal tracer of these effects because it is present in high abundance for the conditions expected in various parts of the protostar, particularly the outflow.
Aims. We constrain and quantify the physical conditions probed by water in the outflow-jet system for Class 0 and I sources.
Methods. We present velocity-resolved Herschel HIFI spectra of multiple water-transitions observed towards 29 nearby Class 0/I protostars as part of the WISH guaranteed time key programme. The lines are decomposed into different Gaussian components, with each component related to one of three parts of the protostellar system; quiescent envelope, cavity shock and spot shocks in the jet and at the base of the outflow. We then use non-LTE radex models to constrain the excitation conditions present in the two outflow-related components.
Results. Water emission at the source position is optically thick but effectively thin, with line ratios that do not vary with velocity, in contrast to CO. The physical conditions of the cavity and spot shocks are similar, with post-shock H2 densities of order 105 ? 108 cm-3 and H2O column densities of order 1016 ? 1018 cm-2. H2O emission originates in compact emitting regions: for the spot shocks these correspond to point sources with radii of order 10?200 AU, while for the cavity shocks these come from a thin layer along the outflow cavity wall with thickness of order 1?30 AU.
Conclusions. Water emission at the source position traces two distinct kinematic components in the outflow; J shocks at the base of the outflow or in the jet, and C shocks in a thin layer in the cavity wall. The similarity of the physical conditions is in contrast to off-source determinations which show similar densities but lower column densities and larger filling factors. We propose that this is due to the differences in shock properties and geometry between these positions. Class I sources have similar excitation conditions to Class 0 sources, but generally smaller line-widths and emitting region sizes. We suggest that it is the velocity of the wind driving the outflow, rather than the decrease in envelope density or mass, that is the cause of the decrease in H2O intensity between Class 0 and I sources.",stars: formation; ISM: jets and outflows; ISM: molecules; stars: protostars,10.1051/0004-6361/201424267,23001713,,,,60f8ec8e-ea25-4032-8e86-ee16c685fae3,article,eng
Thermoreversible hydrogels based on triblock copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) and carboxyl functionalized poly(?-caprolactone): the effect of carboxyl group substitution on the transition temperature and biocompatibility in plasma,"Safaei nikouei, Nazila|Vakili, Mohammad Reza|Bahniuk, Markian S.|Unsworth, Larry|Akbari, Ali|Wu, Jianping|Lavasanifar, Afsaneh",Acta Biomaterialia,12,,81,92,,2014,16/10/2014,,,1742-7061,,,,,Elsevier,,,"In this study we report on the development, characterization and plasma protein interaction of novel thermoresponsive in situ hydrogels based on triblock copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(?-carboxyl-co-benzyl carboxylate)-?-caprolactone (PCBCL) having two different degrees of carboxyl group substitution on the PCBCL block. Block copolymers were synthesized through ring-opening polymerization of ?-benzyl carboxylate-?-caprolactone by dihydroxy PEG, leading to the production of poly(?-benzyl carboxylate-?-caprolactone)–PEG–poly(?-benzyl carboxylate-?-caprolactone) (PBCL–PEG–PBCL). This was followed by partial debenzylation of PBCL blocks under controlled conditions, leading to the preparation of PCBCL–PEG–PCBCL triblock copolymers with 30 and 54 mol.% carboxyl group substitution. Prepared PCBCL–PEG–PCBCL block copolymers have been shown to have a concentration-dependent sol to gel transition as a result of an increase in temperature above ?29 °C, as evidenced by the inverse flow method, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The sol–gel transition temperature/concentration and dynamic mechanical properties of the gel were found to be dependent on the level of carboxyl group substitution. Both hydrogels (30 and 54 mol.% carboxyl group substitution) showed similar amounts of protein adsorption but striking differences in the profiles of the adsorbed proteome. Additionally, the two systems showed similarities in their clot formation kinetics but substantial differences in clot endpoints. The results show great promise for the above-mentioned thermoreversible in situ hydrogels as biocompatible materials for biomedical applications.",in situ hydrogel; thermoresponsive; protein adsorption; biodegradable gel; biocompatibility,10.1016/j.actbio.2014.10.001,23001697,,,,08952627-1c6c-4884-977e-5413bbbeab91,article,eng
The Subaru high-z quasar survey: discovery of faint z ~ 6 quasars,"Kashikawa, Nobunari|Ishizaki, Yoshifumi|Willott, Chris J.|Onoue, Masafusa|Im, Myungshin|Furusawa, Hisanori|Toshikawa, Jun|Ishikawa, Shogo|Niino, Yuu|Shimasaku, Kazuhiro|Ouchi, Masami|Hibon, Pascale",The Astrophysical Journal,798,1,28-Jan,28-Oct,,2014,16/12/2014,,,1538-4357,,,,,American Astronomical Society,,,"We present the discovery of one or two extremely faint z ~ 6 quasars in 6.5 deg2 utilizing a unique capability of the wide-field imaging of the Subaru/Suprime-Cam. The quasar selection was made in (i'-zB ) and (zB -zR ) colors, where zB and zR are bandpasses with central wavelengths of 8842 Å and 9841 Å, respectively. The color selection can effectively isolate quasars at z ~ 6 from M/L/T dwarfs without the J-band photometry down to zR < 24.0, which is 3.5 mag deeper than the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We have selected 17 promising quasar candidates. The follow-up spectroscopy for seven targets identified one apparent quasar at z = 6.156 with M 1450 = –23.10. We also identified one possible quasar at z = 6.041 with a faint continuum of M 1450 = –22.58 and a narrow Ly? emission with HWHM =427 km s–1, which cannot be distinguished from Lyman ? emitters. We derive the quasar luminosity function at z ~ 6 by combining our faint quasar sample with the bright quasar samples by SDSS and CFHQS. Including our data points invokes a higher number density in the faintest bin of the quasar luminosity function than the previous estimate employed. This suggests a steeper faint-end slope than lower z, though it is yet uncertain based on a small number of spectroscopically identified faint quasars, and several quasar candidates still remain to be diagnosed. The steepening of the quasar luminosity function at the faint end does increase the expected emission rate of the ionizing photon; however, it only changes by a factor of approximately two to six. This was found to still be insufficient for the required photon budget of reionization at z ~ 6.",,10.1088/0004-637X/798/1/28,23001695,,,,f49ae01c-74b7-4b68-b63f-1987099d531c,article,eng
NOTeS: symbols of the elements,"Meija, Juris",Chemistry International: Newsmagazine for IUPAC,36,1,,,,2014,2014-01,,,1365-2192,,,,,,,,"Four systems of notation have become so universal that they now surpass most linguistic barriers. These are mathematical signs and symbols, the International System of Units, the traditional musical notation, and the symbols for chemical elements.1 Imagine the world with different symbols for the plus sign in various lan- guages, or different symbols for hydrogen. Although chemists worldwide now enjoy the peace of univer-sally accepted symbols for all elements which are not subject to translation, it took a long time for such convention to root.",,10.1515/ci.2014.36.1.20,23001658,,,,d3abe9a0-dc2e-4e51-86df-cfdf628e0db5,article,eng
Social media in remote first nation communities,"Molyneaux, Heather|O'donnell, Susan|Kakekaspan, Crystal|Walmark, Brian|Budka, Philipp|Gibson, Kerri",Canadian Journal of Communication,39,2,,,,2014,26/06/2014,,,1499-6642|0705-3657,,,,,Canadian Journal of Communication,,,"Community resilience in First Nations includes ties to people both inside and outside the community, intergenerational communication, the sharing of stories, and family and community connectedness. This study, based on a survey of Internet users in the Sioux Lookout region of Northwestern Ontario, explores the link between social networking sites and community resilience. The region is home to some of the most isolated First Nation (indigenous)communities in Canada. Cultural and familial links between these communities are strong, yet until recent use of the Internet, maintaining regular communications to strengthen cultural ties was challenging. This study examines the links between travel and communication online, the ways in which social media are used to preserve culture and maintain communication, and the implications of social networking for community resilience.|La résilience communautaire chez les Premières Nations se base sur les rapports à autrui tant au sein de la communauté qu’au-delà de celle-ci, la communication intergénérationnelle, le partage d’histoires et la solidarité familiale et communautaire. Cet article se fonde sur un sondage d’utilisateurs d’Internet dans la région Sioux Lookout du Nord-ouest de l’Ontario pour explorer les rapports entre les sites de réseautage social et la résilience communautaire. La région Sioux Lookout compte certaines des communautés autochtones les plus isolées au Canada. Les affinités culturelles et familiales entre ces communautés sont fortes, et pourtant, avant l’utilisation récente d’Internet, le maintien de communications régulières pour resserrer les liens culturels n’était pas facile. Cette étude examine les rapports entre voyages et communication en ligne, les manières dont on utilise les médias sociaux pour préserver la culture et assurer les communications, et l’impact du réseautage social sur la résilience communautaire.",first nations; indigenous; social media; social networking; remote communities; rural; community resilience; internet,10.22230/cjc.2014v39n2a2619,23001653,,,,4c1c57f7-41d0-40da-aab3-139d0989e4e1,article,eng
T3DB: the toxic exposome database,"Wishart, D.|Arndt, D.|Pon, A.|Sajed, T.|Guo, A. C.|Djoumbou, Y.|Knox, C.|Wilson, M.|Liang, Y.|Grant, J.|Liu, Y.|Goldansaz, S. A.|Rappaport, S. M.",Nucleic Acids Research,43,D1,D928,D934,,2014,05/11/2014,,,0305-1048|1362-4962,,,,,Oxford University Press,,,"The exposome is defined as the totality of all human environmental exposures from conception to death. It is often regarded as the complement to the genome, with the interaction between the exposome and the genome ultimately determining one's phenotype. The ‘toxic exposome’ is the complete collection of chronically or acutely toxic compounds to which humans can be exposed. Considerable interest in defining the toxic exposome has been spurred on by the realization that most human injuries, deaths and diseases are directly or indirectly caused by toxic substances found in the air, water, food, home or workplace. The Toxin-Toxin-Target Database (T3DB - www.t3db.ca) is a resource that was specifically designed to capture information about the toxic exposome. Originally released in 2010, the first version of T3DB contained data on nearly 2900 common toxic substances along with detailed information on their chemical properties, descriptions, targets, toxic effects, toxicity thresholds, sequences (for both targets and toxins), mechanisms and references. To more closely align itself with the needs of epidemiologists, toxicologists and exposome scientists, the latest release of T3DB has been substantially upgraded to include many more compounds (>3600), targets (>2000) and gene expression datasets (>15 000 genes). It now includes extensive data on ‘normal’ toxic compound concentrations in human biofluids as well as detailed chemical taxonomies, informative chemical ontologies and a large number of referential NMR, MS/MS and GC-MS spectra. This manuscript describes the most recent update to the T3DB, which was previously featured in the 2010 NAR Database Issue.",,10.1093/nar/gku1004,23001638,,,,3735b736-b3b3-4a14-8eac-d80ce8238737,article,eng
Supramolecular interactions in secondary plant cell walls: effect of lignin chemical composition revealed with the molecular theory of solvation,"Silveira, Rodrigo L.|Stoyanov, Stanislav R.|Gusarov, Sergey|Skaf, Munir S.|Kovalenko, Andriy",The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters,6,1,206,211,,2014,23/12/2014,,,1948-7185,,,,,ACS Publications,,,"Plant biomass recalcitrance, a major obstacle to achieving sustainable production of second generation biofuels, arises mainly from the amorphous cell-wall matrix containing lignin and hemicellulose assembled into a complex supramolecular network that coats the cellulose fibrils. We employed the statistical-mechanical, 3D reference interaction site model with the Kovalenko–Hirata closure approximation (or 3D-RISM-KH molecular theory of solvation) to reveal the supramolecular interactions in this network and provide molecular-level insight into the effective lignin–lignin and lignin–hemicellulose thermodynamic interactions. We found that such interactions are hydrophobic and entropy-driven, and arise from the expelling of water from the mutual interaction surfaces. The molecular origin of these interactions is carbohydrate?? and ?–? stacking forces, whose strengths are dependent on the lignin chemical composition. Methoxy substituents in the phenyl groups of lignin promote substantial entropic stabilization of the ligno-hemicellulosic matrix. Our results provide a detailed molecular view of the fundamental interactions within the secondary plant cell walls that lead to recalcitrance.",3D-RISM-KH molecular theory of solvation; biofuel; hemicellulose; hydrophobic interactions; plant biomass recalcitrance; solvation free energy,10.1021/jz502298q,23001633,,,,363f410d-68c9-4003-a98e-4f57ea53c267,article,eng
Structure and composition of single Pt–Ru electrocatalyst nanoparticles supported on multiwall carbon nanotubes,"Paraguay-delgado, Francisco|Malac, Marek|Alonso-nuñez, Gabriel",Materials Research Express,1,4,045026-1,045026-23,45026,2014,01/12/2014,,,2053-1591,,,,,IOP Publishing,,,"Individual Pt-Ru nanoparticles (NPs) supported on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) synthesized by microemulsion method were characterized by nano beam diffraction (NBD) and high resolution imaging in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Comparing the TEM images and NBD to simulations provided insight into particle composition, structure and morphology in three dimensions. In particular, the NBD allowed us to detect various components of the individual NPs that would be difficult to observe otherwise. We find that the NPs contain four different components: Pt–RuO2, Pt–Ru, RuO2 and metallic Pt. Often an individual NP is composed of more than one component. The most frequently encountered external morphology is close to a spherical shape and ~3.7 nm in diameter. The collective properties of NPs' assemblies were studied by thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and x-ray diffraction. The results allowed us to gain some insight into the relation of the NPs' structure and composition with their catalytic performance, and revealed the presence of components not detectable by bulk methods. The electrocatalytic properties were evaluated by CO stripping, methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction. Bulk characterization methods miss many properties and structures present in the sample due to low volume fraction and due to overlap of reflections. Single NPs should be analyzed to obtain reliable indication of sample composition.",single Pt-Ru nanoparticle structure; electrocatalyst; nano-beam electron diffraction; microemulsion,10.1088/2053-1591/1/4/045026,23001614,,,,8bde6349-64b3-47cd-bc0c-7b3730d689fc,article,eng
Selection of chemotactic adipose-derived stem cells using a microfluidic gradient generator,"Natarajan, Kanmani|Tian, Chantal|Xiang, Bo|Chi, Chao|Deng, Jixian|Zhang, Rundi|Freed, Darren H.|Arora, Rakesh C.|Tian, Ganghong|Lin, Francis",RSC Advances,5,9,6332,6339,,2014,22/12/2014,,,2046-2069,,,,,Royal Society of Chemistry,,,"Stem cells hold great promise for treating various degenerative diseases and conditions. However, the outcomes of preclinical and clinical cell therapy studies are still not close to our expectation. We believe that the unsatisfactory outcomes of cell therapy are at least partially due to insufficient homing of implanted stem cells into target organs and the use of heterogeneous cell populations for cell therapy. Therefore, there is a need to develop an effective guiding technique for stem cells to migrate to the target organs and to isolate effective stem cell populations. Toward this direction, we have previously demonstrated chemotaxis of rat adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) to a well-defined gradient of epidermal growth factor (EGF) using a microfluidic device. In the current study, we further developed a microfluidics-based method for selecting chemotactic ASCs to EGF. This method integrates cell patterning, chemotaxis and cell extraction on a single microfluidic gradient-generating device. Post-extraction analysis confirmed the higher chemotactic migration of the extracted cells to EGF. Consistently, the extracted chemotactic ASCs shows up-regulated surface expression of the EGF receptor and its downstream signaling event upon EGF stimulation. The results suggest that our method provides a new effective approach for the selection of specific stem cell populations. It is also expected that the use of the selectively extracted stem cells could enhance stem cell homing to target organs and consequently improve the outcome of cell therapy.",,10.1039/C4RA12863J,23001604,,,,3039e115-086c-46b1-89a1-b836cdb08b31,article,eng
Propeller wake wash for ice management,"Bastin, Tony|Zubayer, Abir|Veitch, Brian|Akinturk, Ayhan|Wang, Jungyong|Billard, Randy",,,,,,,2014,2014-09,,,,2014 Oceans: St. John's,"OCEANS 2014, September 14-19, 2014, St. John's, NL, Canada",,,IEEE,978-1-4799-4918-2|978-1-4799-4920-5|978-1-4799-4919-9,,"Propeller wake wash has been used effectively for ice management operations for years. The main uses of propeller wake wash include clearing pack ice and broken ice from protected installations and shipping channels. A numerical model of a propeller wake has been developed to simulate the effects of the wake, or jet, on ice pieces floating on the water surface. The propeller wake is modeled using the theory of horizontal round jets as well as empirical equations derived from previous experiments. The modification of the propeller jet due to the free surface is modeled using experimental results for round jets. A dynamic model of ice piece motion is used to simulate the action of the jet on ice pieces. Model predictions are compared to experimental results of pack ice subjected to propeller wake wash. The analysis shows that the model can be used to simulate the clearing of pack ice. The model was subsequently incorporated in a real time simulator to assess its performance in 3D rendered virtual environments.",numerical simulation; ice management; propeller wake wash,10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003216,23001589,,,,34a0951f-b832-4423-b8bf-176337d183b9,article,eng
Impact of layup rate on the quality of fiber steering/cut-restart in automated fiber placement processes,"Chen, Jihua|Chen-keat, Teresa|Hojjati, Mehdi|Vallee, A. J.|Octeau, Marc-andre|Yousefpour, Ali",Science and Engineering of Composite Materials,22,2,,,,2014,18/05/2014,,,2191-0359|0792-1233,,,,,De Gruyter,,,"Developing reliable processes is one of the key elements in producing high-quality composite components using an automated fiber placement (AFP) process. In this study, both simulation and experimental studies were carried out to investigate fiber steering and cut/restart under different processing parameters, such as layup rate and compaction pressure, during the AFP process. First, fiber paths were designed using curved fiber axes with different radii. Fiber placement trials were then conducted to investigate the quality of the steered fiber paths. Furthermore, a series of sinusoidal fiber paths were fiber placed and investigated. Moreover, a six-ply laminate with cut-outs in it was manufactured in the cut/restart trials. The accuracy of the fiber cut/restart was compared at different layup rates for both one- and bi-directional layups. Experimental results show that it was possible to layup steered fiber paths with small radii of curvature (minimum 114 mm) designed for this study when the proper process condition was used. It was observed from the cut/restart trials that the quality of tow cut was independent of layup speed; however, the accuracy of tow restart was related to the layup speed. The faster the layup speed, the less accurate was the tow restart.",automated fiber placement; cut/restart; fiber steering,10.1515/secm-2013-0257,23001505,,,,a2a34b93-57f0-4973-b6fa-1cb34551efac,article,eng
High resolution projector for 3D imaging,"Drouin, Marc-Antoine|Blais, Francois|Godin, Guy",,,,337,344,,2014,2014-12,,,,2014 2nd International Conference on 3D Vision,"2014 2nd International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV), December 8-11, 2014, Tokyo, Japan",,,IEEE,978-1-4799-7000-1,,"This paper proposes a hybrid software-hardware high-resolution projection system for 3D imaging based on fringe projection. The proposed solution combines the advantages of a digital projection with those of an analogue one. It is programmable and allows a high projection rate by avoiding mechanical displacements in the projection system. Moreover, it does not suffer from the limitations of digital systems such as the presence of inter-pixel gaps and limited resolution. The proposed projection system is relatively inexpensive to build since it is composed of a simple arrangement off-the-shelf components. The system is a combination of a low-resolution digital device such as a DMD, LCoS or LCD, some optical components and software to generate the fringe patterns. A prototype of a 3D scanner based on the proposed projection system is used to asses the fitness of the proposed technology.",structure light; 3D imaging; fringe projection,10.1109/3DV.2014.86,23001487,,,,6c5855a4-e8b8-4412-a6db-fec48b2259f4,article,eng
"Azaspiracids: chemistry, biosynthesis, metabolism, and detection","Hess, Philipp|McCarron, Pearse|Krock, Bernd|Kilcoyne, Jane|Miles, Christopher O.",,,,799,821,,2014,2014,,,,,,"Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Detection","Botana, Luis M.",Boca Raton Taylor and Francis,9781466505155|146650515X,3rd ed.,"This chapter describes the chemical characteristics of azaspiracids (AZAs) to complete the view on this toxin group, with two other chapters in this book dedicated to toxicological1 and ecological aspects.2 AZAs are a group of polyether toxins first reported to cause food poisoning in 1995.3,4 Since then, a small number of food poisoning incidents have occurred, and it is now accepted that this group of compounds requires regulation to protect public health.5–8 At least six risk assessments have been carried out over the last decade to determine appropriate levels for regulatory limits in order to protect public health,1 yet all these assessments are based on a single poisoning incident in 1997 and attempt to set levels based on the presence of just three analogues: AZA1, AZA2, and AZA3. Over the last 5 years, more than 30 additional analogues have been described, with both biotransformation in shellfish and chemical interconversion shown to contribute to the chemical diversity of this toxin group.
In the following sections, we review AZAs to distinguish those analogues that are formed by the microalgae themselves from those that are formed by biotransformation or by chemical modification during extraction or sample treatment. Subsequently, chemical characteristics such as solubility and pH and thermal stability are reviewed. Methods for discovery of AZA analogues are discussed, including bioassays and chemical techniques. Finally, methodology for detection and quantitation is reviewed with consideration of quality control in routine analytical settings.",,,23001466,,,,a1009d3b-0cd8-4076-b8e1-321af15e0d66,chapter,eng
Relationship between helicopter rotor tuning and physiological stress,"Wright-Beatty, Heather E.|Keillor, Jocelyn M.|Alexander, Marc D.|Craig, Gregory L.|Berezny, Nicholas|Wickramasinghe, Viresh",,,,336,346,,2014,05/11/2014,,,,Proceedings of the SAFE Symposium,"52nd Annual SAFE Symposium, Nov. 3rd-5th, 2014, Orlando, Florida",,,Curran Associates,978-1-63439-927-2,,,,,23001453,,,,cc603f74-fc0f-44e6-ba69-f7941897f30e,presentation,eng
Coarse “split and lump” bilingual language models for richer source information in SMT,"Darlene, Stewart|Roland, Kuhn|Eric, Joanis|George, Forster",,1,,28,41,,2014,2014-10,,,,"Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA), 2014","11th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA), October 22-26, 2014, Vancouver, BC, Canada",,,Association for Machine Translation in the Americas,978-000000000-2,,"Recently, there has been interest in automatically generated word classes for improving sta- tistical machine translation (SMT) quality: e.g, (Wuebker et al, 2013). We create new mod- els by replacing words with word classes in features applied during decoding; we call these “coarse models”. We find that coarse versions of the bilingual language models (biLMs) of (Niehues et al, 2011) yield larger BLEU gains than the original biLMs. BiLMs provide phrase-based systems with rich contextual information from the source sentence; because they have a large number of types, they suffer from data sparsity. Niehues et al (2011) miti- gated this problem by replacing source or target words with parts of speech (POSs). We vary their approach in two ways: by clustering words on the source or target side over a range of granularities (word clustering), and by clustering the bilingual units that make up biLMs (bitoken clustering). We find that loglinear combinations of the resulting coarse biLMs with each other and with coarse LMs (LMs based on word classes) yield even higher scores than single coarse models. When we add an appealing “generic” coarse configuration chosen on English > French devtest data to four language pairs (keeping the structure fixed, but providing language-pair-specific models for each pair), BLEU gains on blind test data against strong baselines averaged over 5 runs are +0.80 for English > French, +0.35 for French > English, +1.0 for Arabic > English, and +0.6 for Chinese > English.",Aluminum; Computational linguistics; Computer aided language translation; Speech transmission; Syntactics Automatically generated; Bilingual language model; Coarse models; Contextual information; Language pairs; Parts of speech; Statistical machine translation; Word clustering,,23001442,,,,b9054aec-0086-41ab-b1b8-11dddc2cca51,article,eng
Age-related differences in heat loss capacity occur under both dry and humid heat stress conditions,"Larose, Joanie|Boulay, Pierre|Wright-Beatty, Heather E.|Sigal, Ronald J.|Hardcastle, Stephen|Kenny, Glen P.",,46,5S,181,181,,2014,28/05/2014,,,0195-9131,Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,"ACSM Annual Meeting, May 27-31, 2014, Orlando, Florida",,,American College of Sports Medicine,,,"Recent reports show reductions in evaporative heat loss during exercise in hot dry conditions in adults as young as 40, with differences being more pronounced with advanced age. It remains unclear how changes in ambient humidity, which can alter the evaporative efficiency of sweating, may influence the extent to which impairments in heat dissipation occur.PURPOSE: To compare evaporative heat loss in 60 healthy, unacclimated males, 20 to 70 years old, during intermittent exercise in a hot-dry (35°C, 20% relative humidity [RH]) and hot-humid (35°C, 60% RH) environment.METHODS: Participants performed four 15-min bouts of cycling at a rate of heat production equal to 400 W, interspersed with 15-min recovery periods in both environments. Direct calorimetry measured evaporative heat loss (HE) and dry heat exchange while indirect calorimetry measured metabolic heat production. The cumulative change in body heat content was measured as the temporal summation of heat production and total heat loss.RESULTS: HE was reduced by 17, 18, 21, 25 and 20% in males 20-30 (n=12), 40-44 (n=12), 45-49 (n=12), 50-54 (n=12) and 55-70 (n=12) years old (all P<0.001), respectively, during exercise in the hot-humid versus hot-dry environment. HE was also reduced between the hot-humid and hot-dry conditions in males 50-54 (-14%, P<0.001) and 55-70 years old (-11%, P=0.016) during recovery. During exercise in the humid heat stress condition, HE was greater in males 20-30 years old compared to males 45-49 (P=0.012), 50-54 (P=0.002) and 55-70 (P=0.002) years old. HE was also greater in males 40-44 years old compared to males 50-54 (P=0.029) and 55-70 years old (P=0.024) in the hot-humid condition. Body heat storage in the hot-humid condition was greater than in the hot-dry condition across age groups (P<0.001). Young males stored less heat in the hot-dry environment than males 40-70 years old (all P<0.005), and in the hot-humid condition compared to males 45-70 years old (all P<0.010).CONCLUSION: We show that middle-aged and older males have reduced evaporative cooling capacity, and therefore store more heat, than young males during exercise in both hot-dry and hot-humid environmental conditions. This Project was funded by research grants provided by the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (Ontario) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.",,10.1249/01.mss.0000451134.10288.74,23001346,,,,82bda13a-9841-4b16-aa33-b896b35fd7ad,presentation,eng
Increased air velocity reduces young and older males’ thermal strain similarly despite humidity and clothing,"Kenny, Glen P.|Hardcastle, Stephen G.|Larose, Joanie|Boulay, Pierre|Wright-Beatty, Heather",,46,5S,181,181,,2014,28/05/2014,,,0195-9131,Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,"ACSM Annual Meeting, May 27-31, 2014, Orlando, Florida",,,American College of Sports Medicine,,,"During exercise in dry heat, older adults have a lower evaporative heat loss capacity than younger adults when full evaporation is permitted, potentially putting older workers at greater risk for heat related injuries. However, it is unknown how increased air velocity alters the thermoregulatory responses when evaporative heat loss is restricted (i.e., high humidity, clothing insulation), and whether age-related differences in thermoregulation remain evident under such conditions.PURPOSE: To examine the heat stress responses of young and older males during intermittent exercise in humid heat under two levels of air velocity which modify the level of evaporative cooling.METHODS: Under 0.5 (Low) and 3.0 m/s (High) air velocity, 10 young (Mean±SE; Y: 24±1 yrs) and 10 older (O: 59±1 yrs) active males, matched for body surface area, cycled 4 x 15 min (15 min rest, 30 min final rest) at a fixed rate of heat production (400 W) wearing coveralls in humid heat (35°C, 60% relative humidity). Rectal (Tre) and visceral (Tvisc) temperatures, heart rate (HR), and local sweat rate (LSR) on the forearm were measured continuously.RESULTS: At the end of the 4th exercise bout, no age-related differences were observed between the low and high air velocity conditions for Tre (Low: Y = 38.28±0.11, O = 38.31±0.08; High: Y = 37.94±0.08, O = 37.87±0.08°C), Tvisc (Low: Y = 38.36±0.13, O = 38.26±0.07; High: Y = 37.93±0.10, O = 37.87±0.11°C), % of max HR (Low: Y = 79.9±2.8, O = 77.3±1.2; High: Y = 67.6±2.6, O = 72.4±2.2%), or LSR (Low: Y = 1.20±0.10, O = 1.17±0.10; High: Y = 1.15±0.11, O = 1.10±0.11 mg·min-1·cm-2). For both Young and Older males, Tre, Tvisc, HR, and LSR were reduced during the High compared to Low air velocity condition.CONCLUSION: Following moderate intensity intermittent exercise in humid heat wearing work coveralls, young and older males showed similar levels of thermal and cardiovascular strain under Low and High air velocity levels. Increased air velocity reduced the thermal and cardiovascular strain to a similar extent in both young and older males. This Project was funded by research grants provided by the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (Ontario), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canada Foundation for Innovation (all G.P. Kenny), MITACS Accelerate (H.E. Wright).",,10.1249/01.mss.0000451134.10288.74,23001345,,,,e9bfaa9a-963f-4472-92b5-35316013d75a,presentation,eng
Similar thermal strain reductions and cognitive function with age and air velocity during heat stress,"Wright-Beatty, Heather E.|Hardcastle, Stephen G.|Keillor, Jocelyn M.|Larose, Joanie|Boulay, Pierre|Kenny, Glen P.",,46,5S,879,879,,2014,31/05/2014,,,0195-9131,Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,"ACSM Annual Meeting, May 27-31, 2014, Orlando, Florida",,,American College of Sports Medicine,,,"Older adults may be at greater risk for occupational injuries given their reduced evaporative heat loss when full sweat evaporation is permitted, leading to greater thermal strain and potentially cognitive decrements. However, age-related differences in heat loss capacity may not be as evident under conditions which restrict evaporative heat loss (i.e., humidity, clothing), subsequently increasing the risk in all workers. Although industries increase air circulation in attempts to reduce thermal strain, the effectiveness in reducing physiological strain and cognitive function impairments are unknown.PURPOSE: To examine the effects of increased air velocity during exercise in humid heat on the capacity and rate of information processing and attention of young versus older adults.METHODS: Nine young (Mean±SE; Y: 24±1 yrs) and 9 older (O: 59±1 yrs) males, matched for body surface area and wearing coveralls, cycled 4 x 15 min (15 min rest) at a fixed rate of heat production (400 W) in humid heat (35°C, 60% relative humidity) under 0.5 (Low) and 3.0 m/s (High) air velocity. Rectal temperature (Tre) and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously. At baseline (PRE), immediately following exercise (POST), and the end of the 30 min final recovery (END), participants performed a Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT, 2s).RESULTS: Tre and HR were similar between age groups in Low and High, however were greater in Low (Tre POST: Y = 38.30±0.12, O = 38.31±0.08°C) than High (Tre POST: Y = 37.96±0.09, O = 37.84±0.09°C) for both groups. PASAT # of correct responses was similar between Y (POST: Low = 49±3, High = 51±3) and O (POST: Low = 46±5, High = 47±4) and conditions. When scored relative to age norms, no differences were observed between groups or conditions for z-scores or percentile (Low: Y = 69.0±7.5, O = 69.8±9.7; High: Y = 72.7±6.3, O = 73.0±8.3%).CONCLUSION: Preliminary data indicate that while cognitive decrements in attention and working memory were not observed following intermittent exercise in humid heat or altered air velocity, increased air velocity reduced thermal strain equally in young and older males. This Project was funded by research grants provided by the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (Ontario), Canada Foundation for Innovation-Leaders Opportunity Fund (G.P. Kenny), MITACS Accelerate (H.E. Wright).",,10.1249/01.mss.0000451286.84120.6c,23001344,,,,99883e67-918f-4b43-a89c-e02987d447cb,presentation,eng
Mismatch negativity and reorienting negativity demonstrated during EEG flight trials,"Keillor, J.|Atluri, S.|Petley, L.|Kissmann, P.|Craig, G.|Araujo, J.|Wright-Beatty, Heather|Wolde, M.",,85,3,333,333,,2014,15/05/2014,,,0095-6562,"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine","2014 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Aerospace Medical Association, May 10-15, 2014, San Diego, CA",,,Aerospace Medical Association,,,"INTRODUCTION: A physiological monitoring capability was
integrated into a National Research Council Canada Convair 580
research aircraft in order to investigate pilot workload and fatigue.
The goal of the project was to develop an objective means of
evaluating pilot workload and alertness that does not interfere with
a pilot’s fl ight task. To this end, an electroencephalography (EEG)
system was interfaced with the aircraft communication system to
present auditory stimuli to the pilot’s headset so that the resultant
event-related potentials (ERPs) could be analyzed. The result was a
precisely-timed technique for evaluating the cognitive processing of
an ignored auditory information stream in a fl ying pilot. METHODS:
An auditory oddball task was used such that 100 ms standard
(1000Hz) and deviant (1500Hz) tones were presented at a rate of
one per second. Deviant tones represented 10% of the tone
sequence, and were delivered at random, unpredictable times.
RESULTS: Across a series of 15-minute fl ight segments, characteristic
ERP sensory components (P1, N1, and P2) were observed in
response to the standard tones. More importantly, when the
event-related potentials to standard and deviant tones were
compared, a signifi cant mismatch negativity (MMN) with a classic
frontocentral distribution was observed. A statistically signifi cant
reorienting negativity (RON) was also observed, suggesting a
reorienting to the primary fl ight task following distraction by the
deviant tones. DISCUSSION: Mismatch and reorienting negativity
are small ERP components that can be diffi cult to detect in
environments that are high in electromagnetic noise. The demonstration
of reliable MMN and RON effects during actual fl ight
represents an important step in the development of pilot alertness
monitoring techniques.",,,23001342,,,,2a0def4e-3720-452d-9c16-9675b0b4bfc1,presentation,eng
Identification of microRNAs involved in Alzheimer's progression using a rabbit model of the disease,"Liu, Qing Yan|Chang, Marilyn N Vera|Lei, Joy X.|Koukiekolo, Roger|Smith, Brandon|Zhang, Dongling|Ghribi, Othman",American Journal of Neurodegenerative Disease,3,1,33,44,,2014,2014,,,2165-591X,,,,,e-Century Publishing,,,"In a collaboration involving 11 groups with research interests in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), we used a two-stage process to develop and in turn validate a new consensus protocol and scoring scheme for the assessment of CAA and associated vasculopathic abnormalities in post-mortem brain tissue. Stage one used an iterative Delphi-style survey to develop the consensus protocol. The resultant scoring scheme was tested on a series of digital images and paraffin sections that were circulated blind to a number of scorers. The scoring scheme and choice of staining methods were refined by open-forum discussion. The agreed protocol scored parenchymal and meningeal CAA on a 0-3 scale, capillary CAA as present/absent and vasculopathy on 0-2 scale, in the 4 cortical lobes that were scored separately. A further assessment involving three centres was then undertaken. Neuropathologists in three centres (Bristol, Oxford and Sheffield) independently scored sections from 75 cases (25 from each centre) and high inter-rater reliability was demonstrated. Stage two used the results of the three-centre assessment to validate the protocol by investigating previously described associations between APOE genotype (previously determined), and both CAA and vasculopathy. Association of capillary CAA with or without arteriolar CAA with APOE ?4 was confirmed. However APOE ?2 was also found to be a strong risk factor for the development of CAA, not only in AD but also in elderly non-demented controls. Further validation of this protocol and scoring scheme is encouraged, to aid its wider adoption to facilitate collaborative and replication studies of CAA.",angiopathy; amyloid; dementia; Delphi; validation; APOE; CAA; consensus; parenchymal; meningeal,,23001339,,,,42b12f5c-ac1d-4844-ba1b-7fa9811a23c6,article,eng
Standardized assessment of static neck strength capacity for representative in-flight head postures of CAF helicopter aircrew,"Gilchrist, I.|Wright-Beatty, H.|Keillor, J.|Pelland, L.",,,,,,,2014,26/11/2014,,,,,"5th Annual Military and Veteran Health Research Forum (MVHR Forum), Nov. 24-26, 2014, Toronto, Ontario",,,Canadian Institute for Military and Veteran Health Research,,,"Introduction: The capacity of the human neck to generate static moments of force is key in maintaining the stability of the cervical spine (c-spine) under various conditions of dynamic external load application. Compared to the lower cspine (T ?), the upper c-spine (C ?-C ?) has a decreased capacity to generate moments, and is therefore more susceptible to injury, as forces that exceed this maximal capacity will be borne by passive tissues (ligaments and vertebrae). Deviations in head posture from neutral will modify the balance of muscle moments, increasing the risk of upper cspine injury. The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of seven postures, typically held by helicopter aircrew during in-flight, on the static strength capacity of the upper and lower cspine of Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) helicopter aircrew. Methods: Seven postures were identified by measuring head-neck-torso angles, relative to self-selected neutral, of a CAF helicopter pilot seated in a Bell-412 helicopter: 1) Left 20? rotation, 20? flexion, 2) 0? rotation, 0? flexion; 3 and 4) left and right 45? rotation, respectively, 0? flexion; 5) left 45? rotation, 20? flexion; 6) 0? rotation, 10? extension; 7) right 45? rotation, 10? extension. Two male CAF CH-146 helicopter pilots (36 and 49 years old) performed one maximal voluntary isometric muscle effort (MVIE) in the seven head-on-neck postures. MVIEs were measured using a custom-modified Multi-Cervical Unit (2048Hz; BTE Technologies). Absolute peak external force (N) was measured using a thin-beam strain gauge load cell. Anatomical landmarks were digitized to establish reference points at C ?-C ? and T ?; (30Hz; Optotrak). Resultant peak moments (Mpeak, Nm) were calculated as the cross product of the external force and the distance from the load cell to the anatomical reference points. Results: Normalized T ? Mpeak relative to neutral (posture 2) was 0.85, 1.00, 0.87, 0.92, 0.53, 0.63, and 0.40 (postures 1-7, respectively). Magnitude of Mpeak generated at C ?-C ? was 41% compared to T ?. Head postures 3 and 5 elicited differential C ?-C ? vs. T ? Mpeak ratios of 47% vs. 34% and 44% vs. 26% (pilot 1 vs. 2, respectively). Conclusions: Head postures that combine sagittal head flexion or extension with axial rotation decrease the moment generating capacity and increase the vulnerability of the upper c-spine to injury. Static neck strength assessment in representative in-flight postures may help to identify pilots who may be at risk of developing flight-related neck pain, and identify postures that may increase the risk of injury",,,23001338,,,,17675444-3eba-455d-b409-aa37163441af,presentation,eng
Development of a rapid multiplex PCR assay to genotype pasteurella multocida strains by use of the lipopolysaccharide outer core biosynthesis locus,"Harper, Marina|John, Marietta|Turnic, Conny|Edmundsa, Mark|St. Michael, Frank|Adler, Ben|Blackall, P. J.|Cox, Andrew D.|Boyce, John D.",Journal of Clinical Microbiology,53,2,477,485,,2014,26/11/2014,,,0095-1137|1098-660X,,,,,American Society for Microbiology,,,"Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of a wide range of diseases in many animal species, including humans. A widely used method for differentiation of P. multocida strains involves the Heddleston serotyping scheme. This scheme was developed in the early 1970s and classifies P. multocida strains into 16 somatic or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serovars using an agar gel diffusion precipitin test. However, this gel diffusion assay is problematic, with difficulties reported in accuracy, reproducibility, and the sourcing of quality serovar-specific antisera. Using our knowledge of the genetics of LPS biosynthesis in P. multocida, we have developed a multiplex PCR (mPCR) that is able to differentiate strains based on the genetic organization of the LPS outer core biosynthesis loci. The accuracy of the LPS-mPCR was compared with classical Heddleston serotyping using LPS compositional data as the “gold standard.” The LPS-mPCR correctly typed 57 of 58 isolates; Heddleston serotyping was able to correctly and unambiguously type only 20 of the 58 isolates. We conclude that our LPS-mPCR is a highly accurate LPS genotyping method that should replace the Heddleston serotyping scheme for the classification of P. multocida strains.",,10.1128/JCM.02824-14,23000827,,,,12e0e9ba-b0d6-4739-9c04-1d41780309a1,article,eng
Characterization of phospholipid-encapsulated gold nanoparticles: a versatile platform to study drug delivery and cellular uptake mechanisms,"Wang, Meijing|Petersen, Nils O.",Canadian Journal of Chemistry|Revue canadienne de chimie,93,2,265,271,,2014,08/09/2014,,,0008-4042|1480-3291,,,,,,,,"The data presented in this work aim to provide a comprehensive characterization of lipid-coated gold nanoparticles. We show that it is possible to envelop gold nanoparticles with a coating of lipids during the formation of the gold nanoparticles, that the gold in these lipid-coated gold nanoparticles is crystalline and the size and shape can be controlled by the reaction conditions (within limits), that the lipid coating corresponds to a thickness consistent with the formation of a bilayer, that the bilayer can include fluorescent probes that, while quenched, can be used to trace the fate of the gold nanoparticles in cellular systems, that their surface charge, and hence their overall stability in solution, is influenced by the lipid coating, and that while some lipid dyes may exchange among the particles, they are sufficiently stable to exchange to permit their use as tracers in cell studies. We believe this is the most comprehensive characterization of these systems to date.|Les données présentées dans le cadre des présents travaux ont pour but de fournir une caractérisation approfondie des nanoparticules d’or enrobées de lipides. Nous montrons qu’il est possible d’envelopper les nanoparticules d’or dans un enrobage de lipides au cours de la formation de ces nanoparticules, que l’or existe sous forme cristalline dans ces nanoparticules enrobées de lipides et que la taille et la forme de ces nanoparticules peuvent être modulées (dans une certaine mesure) en fonction des conditions de réaction, que l’épaisseur de l’enrobage lipidique correspond à la formation d’une bicouche, que l’on peut intégrer à la bicouche des sondes fluorescentes qui, grâce à l’extinction de fluorescence, peuvent être utilisées pour suivre l’évolution des nanoparticules d’or dans des systèmes cellulaires, que leur charge superficielle, et par conséquent leur stabilité globale en solution, est influencée par l’enrobage lipidique et que, bien que certains pigments puissent s’échanger entre les particules, elles sont suffisamment stables à l’échange pour pouvoir être utilisées comme traceurs dans des études sur des cellules. Nous croyons que la présente caractérisation de ces systèmes est la plus approfondie à ce jour. [Traduit par la Rédaction]","gold nanoparticles, phospholipid, drug delivery",10.1139/cjc-2014-0280,23000722,,,,f44beb1b-4e2d-4b65-b9cf-e42da4203206,article,eng
"Cationic poly(2-aminoethylmethacrylate) and poly(N-(2-aminoethylmethacrylamide) modified cellulose nanocrystals: synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity","Hemraz, Usha D.|Campbell, Kendra A.|Burdick, James S.|Ckless, Karina|Boluk, Yaman|Sunasee, Rajesh",Biomacromolecules,16,1,319,325,,2014,01/12/2014,,,1525-7797|1526-4602,,,,,,,,"Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) continue to gain increasing attention in the materials community as sustainable nanoparticles with unique chemical and mechanical properties. Their nanoscale dimensions, biocompatibility, biodegradability, large surface area, and low toxicity make them promising materials for biomedical applications. Here, we disclose a facile synthesis of poly(2-aminoethylmethacrylate) (poly(AEM)) and poly(N-(2-aminoethylmethacrylamide) (poly(AEMA)) CNC brushes via the surface-initiated single-electron-transfer living radical polymerization technique. The resulting modified CNCs were characterized for their chemical and morphological features using a combination of analytical, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques. Zeta potential measurements indicated a positive surface charge, and further proof of the cationic nature was confirmed by gold deposition as evidenced by electron microscopy. The cytotoxicity of these cationic modified CNCs was evaluated utilizing a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in two different cell lines, J774A1 (mouse monocyte cells) and MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma cells). The results indicated that none of the cationic modified CNCs decreased cell viability at low concentrations, which could be suitable for biomedical applications.",,10.1021/bm501516r,23000720,,,,307fd0bf-1b8e-4f0a-8efa-ecb9e43abb64,article,eng
Bimodal dwell-fatigue Weibull distribution of forged titanium IMI 834,"Toubal, Lofti|Bocher, Philippe|Moreau, André",International Journal of Damage Mechanics,24,5,629,645,,2014,30/06/2014,,,1056-7895|1530-7921,,,,,,,,"This study addresses cumulative damage and its evolution during the cold dwell fatigue of a near-? titanium alloy. An experimental study was undertaken to examine the evolution of life, strain, strength and damage of 13 titanium IMI 834 samples cut from a single disk forging. The samples were tested in the same dwell-fatigue loading conditions. In the dwell phase, the load is maintained at 80% of ultimate tensile strength (824?MPa, 90% of yield strength) for 30?s. The secant Young’s modulus and inelastic strain at minimum load were measured in order to document the evolution of the irreversible damage against the number of cycles for all specimens. Experimental observations show significant differences in dwell-fatigue life and damage behavior. This mechanical analysis and an analysis of the cumulative Weibull reliability distribution suggest a bimodal dwell-fatigue failure process. Some features of the mechanical behavior can be used to sort the samples according to each of the two failure modes and improve the reliability of the fatigue test campaign.",,10.1177/1056789514541823,23000677,,,,28376429-9290-4d3a-9e06-27b7977a9aef,article,eng
Articulated statistical shape models of the spine,"Boisvert, Jonathan",,,,323,348,,2014,18/12/2014,Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics,18,2212-9391|2212-9413,,,Spinal Imaging and Image Analysis,,,978-3-319-12507-7|978-3-319-12508-4,,"The spine is a complex assembly of rigid vertebrae surrounded by various soft tissues (ligaments, spinal cord, intervertebral discs, etc.). Its motion for a given individual and its shape variations across a population are greatly influenced by this fact. We show in this chapter how statistical shape models can be constructed, used, and analyzed while taking into account the articulated nature of the spine. We begin by defining what articulated models are and how they can be extracted from existing 3D reconstructions or segmented models. As an example, we use data from scoliotic patients that have been reconstructed in 3D using bi-planar radiographs. Articulated models naturally belong to a manifold where conventional statistical tools are not applicable. In this context, a few key concepts allowing the computation of statistical models on Riemannian manifolds are presented. When properly visualized, the resulting statistical models can be quite useful to analyze and compare the shape variations in different groups of patients. Two different approaches to visualization are demonstrated graphically. Finally, another important use of statistical models in medical imaging is to constrain the solution of inverse problems. Articulated models can readily be used in this context, we illustrate this in the context of 3D model reconstruction using partial data. More precisely, we will show the benefits of integrating a simple regularization term based on articulated statistical models to well known algorithms.",Biomedical Engineering; Image Processing and Computer Vision; Imaging / Radiology,10.1007/978-3-319-12508-4_10,23000673,,,,b5e17233-6d6c-4619-8c64-412ceb36f733,chapter,eng
A general framework to generate sizing systems from 3D motion data applied to face mask design,"Bolkart, Timo|Bose, Prosenjit|Shu, Chang|Wuhrer, Stefanie",,1,,425,431,,2014,2014-12,,,,2014 2nd International Conference on 3D Vision,"2014 2nd International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV), December 8-11, 2014, Tokyo",,,IEEE,978-1-4799-7000-1,,"For the design of mass-produced wearable objects for a population it is important to find a small number of sizes, called a sizing system, that will fit well on a wide range of individuals in the population. To obtain a sizing system that incorporates the shape of an identity along with its motion, we introduce a general framework to generate a sizing system for dynamic 3D motion data. Based on a registered 3D motion database a sizing system is computed for task-specific anthropometric measurements and tolerances, specified by designers. We generate the sizing system by transforming the problem into a box stabbing problem, which aims to find the lowest number of points stabbing a set of boxes. We use a standard computational geometry technique to solve this, it recursively computes the stabbing of lower-dimensional boxes. We apply our framework to a database of facial motion data for anthropometric measurements related to the design of face masks. We show the generalization capabilities of this sizing system on unseen data, and compute, for each size, a representative 3D shape that can be used by designers to produce a prototype model.",,10.1109/3DV.2014.43,23000654,,,,e189052c-203c-420b-8994-1810dd172026,article,eng
Biocomposites and bioplastics for automotive PA and ABS based biocomposites,"Mihai, Mihaela|Stoeffler, Karen|Bravo, Victor|Legros, Nathalie",,,,,,,2014,06/05/2014,,,,,"AutoEpcon 2014 Conference, May 6, 2014, Trov., Detroit, USA",,,,,,,,10.4224/23000635,23000635,,,,6a9632f8-cba1-441e-9084-1e8f7ca82534,presentation,eng
Radio-continuum study of Large Magellanic Cloud supernova remnant J0509-6731,"Bozzetto, L. M.|Filipovi , M. D.|Urosevic, D.|Kothes, R.|Crawford, E. J.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,440,4,3220,3225,,2014,17/04/2014,,,0035-8711|1365-2966,,,,,Blackwell Publishing Ltd,,,"We present a detailed study of Australia Telescope Compact Array observations (? = 20, 13, 6 and 3 cm) of supernova remnant (SNR) J0509?6731 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The remnant has a ring morphology with brightened regions towards the south-western limb. We also find a second brightened inner ring which is only seen in the radio continuum. The SNR is almost circular, with a diameter ranging from 7 to 8 pc, and a steep radio spectral index between 36 and 3 cm of ? = ?0.73 ± 0.02, which is characteristic of younger SNRs. We also report detection of radially orientated polarization across the remnant at 6 cm, with a mean fractional polarization level of P ? (26 ± 13)?per?cent. We find the magnetic field (?168 ?G) and ?–D (? = 1.1 × 10?¹? W m?² Hz?¹ sr?¹, D = 7.35 pc) to be consistent with other young remnants.",Polarization|Supernova remnants|Magellanic Clouds|Radio continuum,10.1093/mnras/stu499,23000592,,,,7aa38d3f-0f08-4795-a575-ca41eb30ee6a,article,eng
Initial experimental and theoretical investigation of solar molten media methane cracking for hydrogen production,"Paxman, D.|Trottier, S.|Nikoo, M.|Secanell, M.|Ordorica-Garcia, G.",Energy Procedia,49,,2027,2036,,2014,01/06/2014,,,1876-6102,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Previous work assessed the fundamental technical and market risks associated with the development and deployment of solar fuels technology in Alberta. It identified methane cracking in solar-molten media as the hydrogen production technology featuring the best combination of technical risk, market acceptance, and breakthrough potential of all the techniques covered in the study. Alberta Innovates – Technology Futures (AITF) plans to advance the technology from a conceptual stage to a proof-of concept over a span of 4 years. The ultimate goal is to design, build and test a prototype solar receiver/reactor in a suitable solar simulator.
The paper outlines the activities to date concerning the initial bench-scale testing of methane cracking in molten media at temperatures ranging from 1023 to 1373 K. The design and construction of an experimental apparatus used to establish the fundamental thermo-chemical performance of the process is presented, along with preliminary results and lessons from the first testing campaign. A transient, non-isothermal, preliminary mathematical model of a reacting bubble within the molten metal has been developed using MATLAB. The model accounts for the chemical reactions, diffusion of the gases in the bubble and heat transfer from the molten metal to the reacting gases. The model can be used to predict the minimum bubble residence time needed to achieve a given hydrogen yield. The simulation tool will be used to numerically estimate methane conversions in the reactor at various conditions.",Methane cracking|Hydrogen production|Direct contact pyrolysis|Methane decomposition|Molten media|Liquid metals,10.1016/j.egypro.2014.03.215,23000549,,S1876610214006699,pii,77a35388-2a4c-4585-9d70-29c761a6b5d9,article,eng
"DADAR: a new situational awareness platform for data analysis, detection and response","Carter, Dave|Martin, Joel D.",,6,1,,,e126,2014,2014,,,1947-2579|1947-2579,Online Journal of Public Health Informatics,"2013 ISDS Conference: International Society for Disease Surveillance, December 12-13, 2013, New Orleans, LA, USA",,,University of Illinois at Chicago Library,,,"We introduce our new DADAR (Data Analysis, Detection, And Response) syndromic surveillance platform.",surveillance; situational awareness; data fusion; outbreak detection; informatics,10.5210/ojphi.v6i1.5065,23000520,,,,98c9f380-ca41-47f5-b63d-1687df52e72b,abstract,eng
Diagnostics and prognostics algorithms for an aircraft accessory gearbox,"Rezaei, Aida|Dadouche, Azzedine",,2,,1236,1239,,2014,2014-12,,,,5th World Tribology Congress,"5th World Tribology Congress, September 8-13 2013, Torino, Italy",,,Politecnico di Torino (DIMEAS),9781634393522,,,,,23000509,,,,6b28e57e-520c-44d0-a006-3bf3fabc69de,article,eng
Design of complex optical coatings,"Verly, P. G.",,,,26,61,,2014,24/03/2014,,,,,,Optical Thin Films and Coatings,,Elsevier,9780857095947,,"Thin film design is loosely subdivided in two categories: refinement and synthesis, where synthesis refers to different ways of generating potentially complex solutions virtually from scratch, without the need for special starting designs. This chapter first reviews several successful thin film synthesis approaches. It then discusses the desensitization of the solutions to manufacturing errors and gives several examples of hybrid situations outside the classical framework, where the interference in the coating is not the only concern or where the geometry of the problem significantly complicates the modeling.",Thin film design|Thin film synthesis|Error desensitization|Waveguide facet coating|Resonant grating coating|Solar cell design,10.1533/9780857097316.1.26,23000498,,,,127876c2-6706-4dc4-a40e-c2010d29b606,chapter,eng
Analysis of the stress-free interplanar spacing during solution heat treatment of 319 Al alloy engine blocks via in-situ neutron diffraction,"Lombardi, Anthony|Sediako, Dimitry|Ravindran, Comondore (Ravi)|Mackay, Robert",,1,,980,988,,2014,2014-01,,,,Materials Science & Technology Conference and Exhibition 2013,"Materials Science and Technology Conference and Exhibition 2013, October 27-31 2013, Montreal, QC, Canada",,,Materials Science and Technology,9781629933092,,"Aluminum alloy engine blocks have successfully replaced ferrous materials in order to maximize weight savings and improve vehicle fuel efficiency. However, the development of an optimal heat treatment process is required to improve engine block casting integrity and prevent potential problems such as in-service cylinder distortion. Optimization of heat treatment parameters requires an in-depth study to determine how residual stresses are relieved with time during solution heat treatment. In order to perform this analysis, however, in-situ neutron diffraction must first be carried out on stress-free samples of the same composition and processing history as the engine blocks to account for factors such as thermal expansion and changes in lattice parameter due to dissolution of secondary phases. The results from this study suggest that thermal expansion caused the largest change in d0 spacing, while prolonged exposure to solution temperatures of 470 and 500 °C did not cause significant changes in d0.",Engine blocks|Heat treatment parameters|In-situ neutron diffraction|Interplanar spacings|Vehicle fuel efficiencies|Engine cylinders,,23000458,,,,c861d3c9-80a4-4f3e-b00f-f445096dcfa0,article,eng
A quantum mechanical approach to establishing the magnetic field orientation from a maser Zeeman profile,"Green, J. A.|Gray, M. D.|Robishaw, T.|Caswell, J. L.|McClure-Griffiths, N. M.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,440,4,2988,2996,,2014,17/04/2014,,,0035-8711|1365-2966,,,,,Oxford University Press,,,"Recent comparisons of magnetic field directions derived from maser Zeeman splitting with those derived from continuum source rotation measures have prompted new analysis of the propagation of the Zeeman split components, and the inferred field orientation. In order to do this, we first review differing electric field polarization conventions used in past studies. With these clearly and consistently defined, we then show that for a given Zeeman splitting spectrum, the magnetic field direction is fully determined and predictable on theoretical grounds: when a magnetic field is oriented away from the observer, the left-hand circular polarization is observed at higher frequency and the right-hand polarization at lower frequency. This is consistent with classical Lorentzian derivations. The consequent interpretation of recent measurements then raises the possibility of a reversal between the large-scale field (traced by rotation measures) and the small-scale field (traced by maser Zeeman splitting).",Magnetic fields|Masers|Polarization|Radiative transfer,10.1093/mnras/stu429,23000440,,,,55fdd7bb-1d60-4814-9cac-14a7c1f15f34,article,eng
Asymmetric mutations in the tetrameric R67 dihydrofolate reductase reveal high tolerance to active-site substitutions,"Ebert, Maximilian C. C. J. C.|Morley, Krista L.|Volpato, Jordan P.|Schmitzer, Andreea R.|Pelletier, Joelle N.",Protein Science,24,4,495,507,,2014,26/12/2014,,,0961-8368,,,,,Wiley,,,"Type II R67 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a bacterial plasmid-encoded enzyme that is intrinsically resistant to the widely-administered antibiotic trimethoprim. R67 DHFR is genetically and structurally unrelated to E. coli chromosomal DHFR and has an unusual architecture, in that four identical protomers form a single symmetrical active site tunnel that allows only one substrate binding/catalytic event at any given time. As a result, substitution of an active-site residue has as many as four distinct consequences on catalysis, constituting an atypical model of enzyme evolution. Although we previously demonstrated that no single residue of the native active site is indispensable for function, library selection here revealed a strong bias toward maintenance of two native protomers per mutated tetramer. A variety of such “half-native” tetramers were shown to procure native-like catalytic activity, with similar KM values but kcat values 5- to 33-fold lower, illustrating a high tolerance for active-site substitutions. The selected variants showed a reduced thermal stability (Tm ?12°C lower), which appears to result from looser association of the protomers, but generally showed a marked increase in resilience to heat denaturation, recovering activity to a significantly greater extent than the variant with no active-site substitutions. Our results suggest that the presence of two native protomers in the R67 DHFR tetramer is sufficient to provide native-like catalytic rate and thus ensure cellular proliferation.",Trimethoprim resistance|Combinatorial mutations|Thermostability|Active site engineering|Homotetramer,10.1002/pro.2602,23000250,,,,7a9f0354-55fa-47d8-bdf9-e0b9897505dc,article,eng
The design of building elements for the sound insulation of mobile studio spaces,"Mahn, J.",,,,,,,2014,2014,,,,7th Forum Acusticum 2014,"7th Forum Acusticum 2014, September 7-12 2014, Krakow, Poland",,,European Acoustics Association,9788361402282,,"The city of Christchurch, New Zealand currently lacks performance studios where performers can practice due to the widespread damage caused by the 2011 earthquake. However, there are large areas of vacant lots in the city center where buildings have been removed, but redevelopment work has yet to begin. To solve the problem of the lack of available studio spaces and to take advantage of the available open spaces, a mobile building known as project BeatBox was proposed to be built in one of the available, vacant lots. The mobile building includes three studio spaces as well as office spaces. A stipulation for the building design was that it needed to be possible to disassemble the entire building so that it can be transported to a new site and reconstructed when the original building site is ready to be redeveloped. Additional stipulations included stringent sound insulation requirements between the studios, between the studios and the offices and between the studios and the outside. A novel design for the space was proposed to meet the airborne and impact sound insulation requirements based on prediction models. The final design was a compromise between the acoustic, earthquake, fire and structural requirements. The building design is presented and the measured sound insulation values of the studios are compared versus the original, predicted values.",,,23000184,,,,abce7aac-8876-4fd5-a344-3fc7668e6a46,article,eng
Analysis on structure-borne sound transmission at junctions of solid wood double walls with continuous floors,"Schoenwald, Stefan|Zeitler, Berndt|Sabourin, Ivan",,,,,,,2014,2014,,,,7th Forum Acusticum 2014,"7th Forum Acusticum 2014, September 7-12 2014, Krakow, Poland",,,European Acoustics Association,9788361402282,,"Structure-borne sound transmission across a cross-junction of double solid timber walls with a solid timber floor was analyzed in a recent research project. Both, the double walls as well as floor slab, were of so-called Cross Laminated Timber (CLT). The floor slab was continuous across the junction for structural reasons and thus, formed a sound bridge between the elements of the double wall. To gain a better understanding of the contributions of sound transmission between the wall and floor elements from the different possible paths, a thorough analysis was conducted. Hereby, direct sound transmission through, and radiation efficiencies of, the CLT elements were measured in a direct sound transmission facility; as well as, structure-borne sound transmission between CLT elements was measured on a junction mock-up. The experimental data was used as in-put data and for validation of the engineering model of EN 12354/ISO 15712 for the prediction of flanking sound insulation in buildings. The test procedures, analysis and results of this research project are presented here.",,,23000182,,,,db389fe1-0151-4159-b21d-c1dcaff43d43,article,eng
Cross-lingual discourse relation analysis: a corpus study and a semi-supervised classification system,"Li, Junyi Jessy|Carpuat, Marine|Nenkova, Ani",,1,,577,586,,2014,2014-10,,,,25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics,"25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 23-29 2014, Dublin, Ireland",,,Association for Computational Linguistics,978-1-63439-195-5,,"We present a cross-lingual discourse relation analysis based on a parallel corpus with discourse information available only for one language. First, we conduct a corpus study to explore differences in discourse organization between Chinese and English, including differences in information packaging, implicit/explicit discourse expression divergence, and discourse connective
ambiguities. Second, we introduce a novel approach to learning to recognize discourse relations,
using the parallel corpus instead of discourse annotation in the language of interest. Our resulting
semi-supervised system reaches state-of-art performance on the task of discourse relation
detection, and outperforms a supervised system on discourse relation classification.",,,23000181,,,,0d21da88-d16f-46e9-8f54-faea7be00c89,article,eng
Compression moulding of stiffened brackets using randomly-oriented strands thermoplastic composites,"Leblanc, D.|Levy, A.|Hubert, P.|Roy, S.|Yousefpour, A.",,,,,,,2014,2014,,,,CAMX 2014,"CAMX, The Composites and Advanced Materials Expo, October 13-16, 2014, Orlando, Florida, USA",,,Society of the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering,9781680154344,,"Randomly-oriented strands (ROS) composites offer the possibility to mould complex parts with fast processing cycles. This material is ideal for small complex parts such as brackets and hinges where varying wall thickness, tight radii and rib features are common. In this paper, the manufacturing of a ROS composite bracket with a rib feature is presented. The bracket was designed to have similar stiffness to that of an aluminum angle bracket. A four-point bending test method (ASTM D6415) was used to quantify the stiffness of the ROS and aluminum parts. Per weight basis, the ROS composite part was 19% stiffer than the aluminum bracket. The main findings show the use of ROS as a good material candidate to mould complex parts which could inherently replace typical metallic brackets that are commonly used in aircrafts.",,,23000180,,,,74b16762-f3cb-414d-b7df-c44b7ad6c085,article,eng
Simulation of shaped charge jet formation using ALE element formulation,"Downes, D.|Bouamoul, A.|Ensan, M. N.",,1,,179,186,,2014,2014,,,,Proceedings : 28th International Symposium on Ballistics,"28th International Symposium on Ballistics, September 24-26, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA",,,DEStech Publications,978-1-60595-149-2,,"This paper describes recent progress on numerical simulation of shaped charges (SC) using an Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eluerian (ALE) framework. The framework consists of simulating the formation, elongation and possible fragmentation of the liner. The aforementioned stages of SC development were modeled using the ALE element formulation in the LS-DYNA Finite Element Analysis software. The simulation incorporates features such as Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian-Multi-Material-Group, the High Explosive Burn, the Johnson-Cook constitutive material model, and the Jones Wilkins-Lee and Mei-Gruneisen Equations-of-State. The model provides a robust means of handling the large amount of deformation present in SC jet formation and elongation. Results for a shaped charge with a 80-mm cone diameter are resented.",,,23000170,,,,7cb026c5-c823-4182-80e4-8da770fa19a3,article,eng
Key advantages of high performance lubricants for the manufacturing of powder metallurgy parts,"Paris, Vincent|St-Laurent, Sylvain|Thomas, Yannig",,,,334,348,,2014,2014,,,,Advances in powder metallurgy & particulate materials - 2014 : proceedings of the PM2014 World Congress on Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials,"2014 World Congress on Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, May 18-22 2014, Orlando, Florida, USA",,,Metal Powder Industries Federation,9780985339760,,"In powder metallurgy, the usage of an admixed lubricant to aid the compaction and to ease the ejection of the green parts is most of the time unavoidable. Over the past years, many lubricant formulations which were either developed by metal powder producers or independent lubricant manufacturers were introduced to the market. All the while, some common powder metallurgy lubricants are still widely used in the industry, mostly due to the fact that their behaviour is well known and are also cost competitive.
Nevertheless, the actual offering of high performance lubricants offers many advantages over the
traditional lubricants. This paper offers a review of the major advantages of high performance lubricants
over traditional formulations.
The lubricants were evaluated in FC-0208 and FD-0208 steel powder compositions. Apparent density,
flow rate, compressibility, ejection behaviour, surface finish and sintered properties were evaluated. It is
demonstrated that high performance lubricants, despite their slightly higher cost compared to
conventional lubricants, can offer net benefits to parts manufacturers. The lubricants were tested at equal
concentrations (0.7% w/w) in order to offer a fair comparison and ease the process of selecting a given
lubricant when designing new parts.
Although great care was taken to insure all lubricants were tested equally, it is understood that some
lubricants may perform better than described herein in other compaction conditions or with different
powder formulations.",,,23000163,,,,a46f9333-ee5a-40ff-9804-db2276e0376c,article,eng
Using DNA microarray technology to monitor the distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from animal colibacillosis outbreaks,"Badagliacca, Pietro|Masson, Luke|Tonelli, Alfreda|Migliorati, Giacomo|Harel, Josée",,,,187,210,,2014,2014,,,,,,"Microarrays: Principles, Applications and Technologies",,Nova Science Publishers,978-1-62948-669-7,,"A customized DNA microarray was designed to detect Escherichia coli virulence genes in addition to Gram-negative genes conferring resistance to antimicrobials belonging to the aminoglycoside, ?-lactam, tetracycline, sulfonamide, phenicol, and quinolone families as well as to rifampin, erythromycin, trimethoprim, olaquindox, quaternary ammonium compound resistant determinant genes, and mobile genetic elements such as class 1, 2, 3 integrons and transposon Tn21. This microarray was applied in the genotyping of two collection strains coming from colibacillosis outbreaks in rabbit and cattle facilities located in Italy and Iran, respectively. For each collection, the positive gene distribution and frequency per encoded enzyme or protein involved in antimicrobial resistance was first determined. Thereafter, strains positive for integrons were matched with the presence of transposon Tn21 (tnpM gene) in order to highlight the genetic potential of resistance (multi-resistance) transferability in the examined strains. Fourteen of 26 strains in our rabbit E. coli collection were positive for a class 1 integron, six of which were associated with the tnpM gene and multidrug resistance-related genes to the aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and sulfonamide-trimethoprim antimicrobial families, prevalently. Class 1 and/or class 2 and 3 integrons were also detected in 23 out of 51 strains in our cattle E. coli collection, 13 of which were also positive for tnpM gene. The presence of multiple drug resistance involving the aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and sulfonamide antimicrobial families are positively associated with this tnpM gene group. Moreover, strains having positive genes for integrons and transposons were also carriers, to a lesser extent, of class A and/or class C ?-lactamase (11 strains) and quinolone (9 strains) resistant genes. The DNA microarray used in this chapter has proven to be a powerful tool in determining the genetic profile of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli field strains. The DNA microarray technology may be an appropriate technology for inclusion in antimicrobial resistance monitoring programs because of its adaptability to and ease of data collection for any particular monitoring program. Furthermore, this technology could be used to assess the effectiveness of antimicrobial use-reduction plans or in comparative studies between traditional and antibiotic-free animal production systems.",,,23000161,,,,3af56b64-1a79-4ad0-8daf-ce8c5e608fae,chapter,eng
Residual surface undulations in the OEB after the termination of wave generation in shallow water,"Zaman, Hasanat|Mak, Lawrence|Millan, Jim|McKay, Shane",,,,,,,2014,2014-03,,,,,,,,National Research Council Canada,,,"During the generation of any wave in the tank we get relevant primary wave component
along with bounded wave components if the incident primary wave has more than one
frequency. Inevitably we also get interacted wave components, natural frequency
components of the tank and other free waves. In this report the natural frequency energy
components in the OEB were investigated using several cases of mono- and bi-chromatic
waves in the tank. These natural frequency components were compared with the total
energy and bounded wave energy measured in the tank. The reason of this investigation
is to understand the extent of the natural frequency energy components of the tank of
different modes in the measured wave data and also the damping rate of the residual
surface undulation components in the tank with time. Results are shown for both monoand
bi-chromatic waves. It is found that the primary frequency components are
interacting with each other in different forms and wave energies are transferred to the
interacted frequency bands. Also from the data, we observed that the natural frequency
components for both longitudinal and transverse directions of the tank were too small
compare to the primary wave components at least in the cases that we considered here.",Wave damping in OEB; natural frequency; shallow water,10.4224/23000158,23000158,OCRE-TR-2014-013,,,6121872b-7b53-4cd3-8407-b9f10d679f08,technical report,eng
Chasing the magic wear rate,"Magel, E.|Kalousek, J.|Sroba, P.",,,,,,116,2014,2014,Civil-Comp Proceedings,104,1759-3433,"Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Railway Technology: Research, Development and Maintenance","Second International Conference on Railway Technology: Research, Development and Maintenance, 8-11 April 2014, Ajaccio, Corsica, France",,,Computational and Technology Resources,,,"The magic wear rate (MWR) is the rate of wear at which any rolling contact fatigue cracks that are in initial stages of development are removed either by natural or a combination of natural and artificial wear. It is a simple concept which recognizes that when there is little or no wear, the rail will usually fail as a result of contact fatigue, but when there is excessive wear, the life is unnecessarily wasted. The concept has direct application to rail maintenance practices, in particular rail grinding. This paper details the basic theory of the magic wear rate and includes a discussion about the impact of various influencing factors including wheel load, friction, track curvature and metallurgy. Application is made chiefly to rail grinding, although it is acknowledged that the principle also extends to wheel wear. Examples of current practices are given and a new approach to rail grinding is presented that would better target the magic wear rate.",magic wear rate; rolling contact fatigue; rail grinding,10.4203/ccp.104.116,23000156,,,,af279b2d-0658-4767-b4ad-de8d98b9b6ca,article,eng
Robust silicon waveguide polarization rotator with an amorphous silicon overlayer,"Xiong, Yule|Xu, Dan-Xia|Schmid, Jens H.|Cheben, Pavel|Janz, Siegfried|Ye, Winnie N.",IEEE Photonics Journal,6,2,1,9,,2014,15/02/2014,,,1943-0655,,,,,IEEE,,,"We propose a robust polarization rotator based on the mode-evolution mechanism.
The polarization rotation in a silicon wire waveguide is achieved by forming an amorphous
silicon (a-Si) overlayer and an SiO? spacer on top of the waveguide. A strip pattern of a
constant width is designed to be etched through the overlayer at a specific angle with respect
to the Si waveguide. The asymmetry in the a-Si overlayer affects the waveguide mode by
rotating the modal axis. This polarization rotator design is amenable to comparatively simple
fabrication compatible with standard silicon photonic processing for integration. The length of
the rotation section is 17 ?m, and the broadband operation is achieved with a rotation efficiency
higher than 90% for a wavelength range exceeding 135 nm. A maximum polarization
rotation efficiency of 99.5% is predicted by calculation.",Silicon waveguide|Polarization rotation|Amorphous silicon,10.1109/JPHOT.2014.2306827,23000127,,,,074e2b6a-a806-4ef9-bedd-b4de6211f546,article,eng
Characterization of the vaginal microbiota of healthy Canadian women through the menstrual cycle,"Chaban, Bonnie|Links, Matthew G.|Jayaprakash, Teenus Paramel|Wagner, Emily C.|Bourque, Danielle K.|Lohn, Zoe|Albert, Arianne Y. K.|van Schalkwyk, Julie|Reid, Gregor|Hemmingsen, Sean M.|Hill, Janet E.|Money, Deborah M.",Microbiome,2,23,1,12,,2014,04/07/2014,,,2049-2618,,,,,BioMed Central,,,"BACKGROUND: The vaginal microbial community plays a vital role in maintaining women’s health. Understanding the
precise bacterial composition is challenging because of the diverse and difficult-to-culture nature of many bacterial
constituents, necessitating culture-independent methodology. During a natural menstrual cycle, physiological
changes could have an impact on bacterial growth, colonization, and community structure. The objective of this
study was to assess the stability of the vaginal microbiome of healthy Canadian women throughout a menstrual
cycle by using cpn60-based microbiota analysis. Vaginal swabs from 27 naturally cycling reproductive-age women
were collected weekly through a single menstrual cycle. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify
the universal target region of the cpn60 gene and generate amplicons representative of the microbial community.
Amplicons were pyrosequenced, assembled into operational taxonomic units, and analyzed. Samples were also
assayed for total 16S rRNA gene content and Gardnerella vaginalis by quantitative PCR and screened for the
presence of Mollicutes by using family and genus-specific PCR.
RESULTS: Overall, the vaginal microbiome of most women remained relatively stable throughout the menstrual
cycle, with little variation in diversity and only modest fluctuations in species richness. Microbiomes between
women were more different than were those collected consecutively from individual women. Clustering of
microbial profiles revealed the expected groupings dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus iners,
and Lactobacillus jensenii. Interestingly, two additional clusters were dominated by either Bifidobacterium breve
or a heterogeneous mixture of nonlactobacilli. Direct G. vaginalis quantification correlated strongly with its
pyrosequencing-read abundance, and Mollicutes, including Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma
urealyticum, were detected in most samples.
CONCLUSIONS: Our cpn60-based investigation of the vaginal microbiome demonstrated that in healthy women
most vaginal microbiomes remained stable through their menstrual cycle. Of interest in these findings was the
presence of Bifidobacteriales beyond just Gardnerella species. Bifidobacteriales are frequently underrepresented
in 16S rRNA gene-based studies, and their detection by cpn60-based investigation suggests that their significance in the
vaginal community may be underappreciated.",Vaginal microbiome|cpn60|Menstrual cycle|Bifidobacteriales|Bifidobacterium|Lactobacillus|Mollicutes|Mycoplasma|Yreaplasma|Gardnerella|Vaginal bacteria,10.1186/2049-2618-2-23,23000126,,2049-2618-2-23,pii,72752aaf-7160-4227-8fe3-399ea55a4fdc,article,eng
Non-flammable electrolyte mixtures of ringed ammonium-based ionic liquids and ethylene carbonate for high voltage Li-ion batteries,"Salem, Nuhu|Abu-Lebdeh, Yaser",Journal of the Electrochemical Society,161,10,A1593,A1601,,2014,10/07/2014,,,0013-4651|1945-7111,,,,,The Electrochemical Society,,,"Three ionic liquids based on ringed ammonium cations with different ring sizes [seven: azepanium; six: piperidinium; five: pyrrolidinium] and imide anion mixed with ethylene carbonate, EC, have been evaluated as electrolytes in high voltage lithium-ion batteries. It is found that mixing the ionic liquids with ethylene carbonate gives electrolyte mixtures with lower viscosities, increased conductivities and improved electrochemical cathodic stability than the neat ionic liquids. The flammability and thermal stability of the electrolytes have been studied by open-cup flash point measurements and thermogravimetric analysis combined with Infrared and Mass Spectroscopy. It is found that the neat ionic liquids have good thermal stability above 300°C and no flammability compared to carbonate-based electrolyte but upon mixing with EC the mixture decomposes at temperature below 130°C but stays non-flammable. The electrolyte mixtures have been evaluated in Li/LiMn?.?Ni?.?O? (LMNO) and graphite/Li half cells and in the presence of fluoroethylene carbonate additive. Discharge capacities reaching 112–117 mAh.g?¹ and 280–293 mAh.g?¹ with coulombic efficiencies of 95% and 99% were obtained for graphite and LMNO, respectively, over 100 cycles at C/12.",,10.1149/2.0361410jes,23000102,,,,e2ea9425-f653-4fe9-a66d-fd533f61b922,article,eng
Fell-field soil microbiology,"Yergeau, Etienne",,,,115,129,,2014,08/03/2014,,,,,,Antarctic Terrestrial Microbiology,,Springer International Publishing,978-3-642-45212-3|978-3-642-45213-0,,"Only 0.33 % of the Antarctic land surface area is free of ice, with much of this area representing fell-field environments. Antarctic fell-fields are a type of tundra ecosystem that are generally nutrient-limited (especially N) and have a sparse cover of vegetation that is dominated by lichen or bryophytes, although dense vegetative cover and even vascular plants can be present in moister fell-field habitats. Environmental conditions are generally unfavourable in fell-field Antarctic environments, but these soils are spectacular in terms of the diversity of conditions that they offer for microbial life. This is reflected in the variety of microbial taxa and functions that can be found in these environments. Several factors were identified as having strong influences on the microbial communities inhabiting Antarctic fell-field soils, including water, temperature, plants, birds and pH. This chapter reviews microbiological studies that have been carried out in Antarctic fell-field soils.",Microbial ecology|Bacteriology|Microbial genetics|Microbial genomics|Geology,10.1007/978-3-642-45213-0_7,23000099,,,,0546015c-b9d8-4cb8-9649-f896494c724f,chapter,eng
A THz-bandwidth molecular memory for light,"Bustard, Philip J.|England, Duncan G.|Lausten, Rune|Sussman, Benjamin J.",,,,,,,2014,2014,,,,Frontiers in Optics 2014,"Frontiers in Optics, October 19-23, 2014, Tucson, Arizona, USA",,,The Optical Society,1-55752-286-3,,"We demonstrate a memory for light based on storing photons in the vibrations of hydrogen molecules. The THz-bandwidth memory is used to store 100-fs pulses for durations up to ?1ns, enabling ?10? operational time bins.",,10.1364/LS.2014.LTh1I.2,23000095,,,,bc38a341-db35-4983-8fed-f6bfd4cd5e3e,article,eng
Numerical nonlinear analysis of subcritical Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a horizontal confined enclosure filled with non-Newtonian fluids,"Benouared, Ouahiba|Mamou, Mahmoud|Messaoudene, Noureddine Ait",Physics of Fluids,26,7,,,73101,2014,31/07/2014,,,1070-6631|1089-7666,,,,,AIP Publishing,,,"Non-Newtonian subcritical convection in a Rayleigh-Bénard configuration was investigated numerically, using rigid boundary conditions. The flow configuration consisted of a finite aspect ratio enclosure subject to a vertical temperature gradient, which was established by heating and cooling the lower and the upper walls by either a constant heat flux or by applying constant temperatures. The non-Newtonian fluid viscosity was modeled using the Carreau-Yasuda model. The convective flow was governed by the conservation equations, which were solved numerically using a finite difference method with a time-accurate scheme. For a shallow enclosure, when the walls were subject to constant heat fluxes, an asymptotic solution was derived assuming a parallel flow behavior. A comparison between the numerical and asymptotic solutions was performed. The effects of the controlling parameters, namely, the Rayleigh and the Prandtl numbers, and the fluid rheological parameters on the onset of subcritical convective flow were investigated. The threshold for the onset of subcritical convection was found to be well below the threshold of stationary convection and decreased considerably (with the fluid rheological parameters variation) as the fluid became more and more shear thinning. Depending on the governing parameters, steady and unsteady-periodic flow solutions were possible. Within a square enclosure with slip or no-slip vertical walls, maintaining the active walls at a constant heat flux or at constant temperature, the rheological subcritical flow behavior remained qualitatively the same, but led to different subcritical convection thresholds.",Thermal convection|Shear thinning|Viscosity|Shear rate dependent viscosity|Boundary value problems,10.1063/1.4890829,23000093,,,,0c45cfc1-df29-40f8-a801-852303e976c5,article,eng
Quantitative analysis on the depletion rate of ?-NiAl phases in MCrAlY coating,"Kim, Daejin|Shin, Inhwan|Koo, Jaemean|Kim, Sangyoung|Seo, Dongyi|Kim, Jeongmin|Seok, Changsung",Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology,28,2,513,519,,2014,14/02/2014,,,1738-494X|1976-3824,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"In this study, a disk-shaped thermal barrier coating system for a gas turbine blade was isothermally aged at 1100°C for various times up to 800 h. The microstructures of the bond coat were observed by using an optical microscope for each aging condition. Diffusion of
primary elements consisting of the bond coat was characterized by using electron probe microanalyzer mapping. Semi-quantitative analysis by using scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray was insufficient to sense variations in the Al content within the bond coat according to exposure time. An area fraction of ?-NiAl phases within the bond coat was calculated by image analysis, and a
reasonable approach to estimate time for complete depletion of the Al-rich ?-NiAl phase within the bond coat was suggested.",?-NiAl depletion|Image analysis|Isothermal aging|TBC(thermal barrier coating)|TGO(thermally grown oxide),10.1007/s12206-013-1118-3,23000091,,1118,pii,f3a3f4e6-6951-43db-9821-b9f8a7aaf6dd,article,eng
Molecular mechanisms of geniposide and genipin against Alzheimer’s disease,"Liu, Jianhui|Yin, Fei|Guo, Lixia|Zhang, Junzeng|Zidichouski, Jeffrey",,,,221,227,,2014,29/11/2014,,,,,,Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological and Brain Disease,,Elsevier,9780124114623,,"Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized clinically by a progressive and gradual decline in cognitive function and neuropathologically by the presence of neuropil threads and specific neuronal and synapse losses in addition to postmortem confirmation of the presence of significantly elevated levels of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. Accumulating evidence suggests that ?-amyloid (A?) plays a crucial role and is purported to be a key factor involved in triggering a complex pathological cascade of events involved in the development and progression of AD. However, there is also accumulating evidence that other factors may be important in AD, such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, loss of cholinergic neurons, neuroinflammation, genetic factors, and yet to be discovered factors that play important roles in the development and likely the rate of progression of AD. Geniposide and its aglycone genipin are the main bioactive constitutes of traditional Chinese medicine Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, and increasing evidence links geniposide and genipin to improvements in learning and memory in studies performed on animal models of AD. Moreover, both compounds appear to exert an array of neuroprotective-related effects that may be in turn linked to functional improvements that were observed. This review will focus upon and probe into the biological actions of geniposide and genipin, concentrating particularly on molecular mechanisms as related to their neuroprotective effects and actions.",Alzheimer’s disease|?-amyloid (A?)|Geniposide|Molecular mechanisms|Neuroprotection,10.1016/B978-0-12-411462-3.00024-2,23000088,,,,b94414ce-575a-4bdb-bdea-dcda59fc76c7,chapter,eng
Climate change and microbial populations,"Yergeau, Etienne",,,,249,261,,2014,08/03/2014,,,,,,Antarctic Terrestrial Microbiology,,Springer International Publishing,978-3-642-45212-3|978-3-642-45213-0,,"By 2100, the mean air temperature at the Earth’s surface is predicted to increase by 1.4 °C to 5.8 °C, with a disproportionate effect at high altitudes and latitudes. This chapter reviews the currently available information regarding the responses of key microbial parameters, including diversity, community composition, abundance and functions, to climate change in Antarctic soils. For microorganisms inhabiting Antarctic soils, some insight has been gained by comparing microbial communities across latitudinal gradients, or through short-term laboratory incubations and field studies. Rapid responses of mosses, nematodes, soil algae, cyanobacteria, fungi, and bacteria have been observed in some Antarctic soils. Despite these interesting findings, it is difficult to specifically predict the effects of warming on Antarctic soil microorganisms. One reason is the extreme heterogeneity of soil habitats in this region, as they vary from moist eutrophic ornithogenic soils to nutrient- and water-limited Dry Valley soils. Climate change might have rapid and direct effects on soil microbes that are not otherwise limited, but the release of other limitations (e.g., water, nutrients) could be more important in several environments.",Microbial ecology|Bacteriology|Microbial genetic|Microbial genomics|Geology,10.1007/978-3-642-45213-0_13,23000087,,,,f3260c2e-e309-4ada-916c-c66658abdf0f,chapter,eng
"REVIEW: The rumen microbiome: composition, abundance, diversity, and new investigative tools","Chaucheyras-Durand, Frédérique|Ossa, Faisury",The Professional Animal Scientist,30,1,1,12,,2014,2014-02,,,1080-7446,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Ruminants are able to degrade and use fibrous feed as a source of energy and nutrients because of the presence of complex anaerobic microbiota in the rumen, composed mainly of bacteria, fungi, and ciliate protozoa. Ruminal microorganisms play different roles in feed digestion and act synergistically to ferment plant structural and nonstructural carbohydrates and proteins. This review reports the latest assessment of microbiota diversity in the rumen ecosystem and summarizes the molecular techniques and the newly available “omic” technologies, based on DNA and RNA sequence analysis, which allow for new insights into the structure and functions of these complex microbial communities.",Rumen|Microbiota|Ruminant digestion|Diversity|DNA-based technique|RNA-based technique,10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30076-0,23000072,,S1080744615300760,pii,f0f0a41f-7246-4c03-be01-f106f03b7a61,article,eng
Floating ice and ice pressure challenge to ships,"Kubat, Ivana|Fowler, David|Sayed, Mohamed",,,,647,676,,2014,07/11/2014,,,,,,"Snow and Ice-Related Hazards, Risks and Disasters",,Elsevier,9780123948496,,"The presence of floating ice in northern regions bears significant economic, environmental, and social implications. Navigation is one of the areas where the influence of floating ice is particularly evident. The history of ice threats to navigation and hardships experienced by early mariners are well known. At present, even with all the new technologies, ice can pose serious challenges. A major threat arises when ice around a ship starts to converge. The compression or ice pressure builds up if wind and water currents drive the ice cover against a land boundary. The ice cover compresses and ice accumulates to form ridges. If a ship is caught in such a situation, pressures on the hull will be high. Additionally, the ridges can introduce serious impediments to ship progress. Consequently, ice resistance would dramatically increase, and the ship can become beset. In extreme cases, ships can be damaged, and smaller vessels can be completely lifted onto the ice.
To understand how ice interacts with ships, we must start with ice properties and characteristics of ice covers. Ice ridges, for example, may represent formidable obstacles to ships. The way those ridges form and their properties determine the level of resistance that ships may encounter.
Although the effects of ice pressure are important over all Arctic and northern waters, the focus of this discussion is on the Canadian experience. The particular conditions that lead to ice pressure build-up and the impact on shipping at various specific locations in Canada are surveyed. The discussions conclude with a description of a Captain's experience in dealing with ice pressure on the Great Lakes.",Ice pressure|Ice compression|Ice ridging|Shipping in ice|Vessel besetting,10.1016/B978-0-12-394849-6.00018-4,23000054,,,,f192baa6-f504-4aa0-b569-000c7df6e342,chapter,eng
Flame response analysis of syngas,"Gorski, Jan|Chishty, Wajid Ali|Johnson, Matthew",,"Combustion, Fuels and Emissions Volume 4A",,,,V04AT04A026,2014,16/06/2014,,,,ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Expo,"ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, June 16-20, 2014, Düsseldorf, Germany",,,ASME,978-0-7918-4568-4,,"The motivation for the work comes from the requirement to assess the feasibility of using alternative fuels in lean-premixed land-based stationary gas turbine combustion systems. Lean-premixed systems are prone to combustion instability issues and the need is to determine how the use of alternative fuels would affect such instabilities.
The paper presents the results of an acoustically-forced laminar flat flame study that was conducted to measure the influence of flow velocity oscillations on the response of syngas flames under various operating conditions and in comparison to natural gas flames.
The results indicate that syngas concentration in a methane-syngas-air mixture significantly affects the flame response. On the other hand, the ratio of hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide in the syngas was found to have a negligible effect on the flame response for a fuel blend made up of 50% methane and 50% syngas. Flame liftoff distance and flame speed were found to be important parameters that govern the flame transfer function magnitude and resonant frequency for a thermally stabilized flat flame. The paper also presents insights into flame transfer function scaling based on a refined Strouhal definition.",syngas|flames,10.1115/GT2014-25409,23000025,,,,124c8242-da7f-412c-ad02-fb51814901c1,article,eng
"Clarifying values, risk perceptions, and attitudes to resolve or avoid social conflicts in invasive species management","Estévez, Rodrigo A.|Anderson, Christopher B.|Pizarro, J. Cristobal|Burgman, Mark A.",Conservation Biology,29,1,19,30,,2014,22/08/2014,,,0888-8892,,,,,Wiley,,,"Decision makers and researchers recognize the need to effectively confront the social dimensions and conflicts inherent to invasive species research and management. Yet, despite numerous contentious situations that have arisen, no systematic evaluation of the literature has examined the commonalities in the patterns and types of these emergent social issues. Using social and ecological keywords, we reviewed trends in the social dimensions of invasive species research and management and the sources and potential solutions to problems and conflicts that arise around invasive species. We integrated components of cognitive hierarchy theory and risk perceptions theory to provide a conceptual framework to identify, distinguish, and provide understanding of the driving factors underlying disputes associated with invasive species. In the ISI Web of Science database, we found 15,915 peer-reviewed publications on biological invasions, 124 of which included social dimensions of this phenomenon. Of these 124, 28 studies described specific contentious situations. Social approaches to biological invasions have emerged largely in the last decade and have focused on both environmental social sciences and resource management. Despite being distributed in a range of journals, these 124 articles were concentrated mostly in ecology and conservation-oriented outlets. We found that conflicts surrounding invasive species arose based largely on differences in value systems and to a lesser extent stakeholder and decision maker's risk perceptions. To confront or avoid such situations, we suggest integrating the plurality of environmental values into invasive species research and management via structured decision making techniques, which enhance effective risk communication that promotes trust and confidence between stakeholders and decision makers.",biological invasions|cognitive hierarchy theory|non-native species|publication trends|risk analysis|science and society|social dimensions,10.1111/cobi.12359,23000014,,,,ca504d2d-21ce-4291-bbb0-8c581f29fb89,article,eng
Air distribution over a combustor liner,"Jiang, Leiyong|Corber, P. Andrew",,"Combustion, Fuels and Emissions 4A",,V04AT04A025,,,2014,16/06/2014,,,,ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Expo,"ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, June 16-20, 2014, Düsseldorf, Germany",,,ASME,978-0-7918-4568-4,,"The splitting of the airflow that passes through the openings in the combustor liner is vital to its performance. Traditionally, numerical simulations of the gas turbine combustor have limited the computational domain to only the flow field inside the liner, while the airflow distribution over the liner is estimated based on semi-empirical correlations. In addition, the airflow rates are assumed to be the same through the identical open passages at each combustor axial cross-section. In the present study, the internal and external flow fields of a practical gas turbine combustor liner are directly coupled, so the air splitting is determined by comprehensive simulations. The predicted results for the air distribution are closely correlated to the dataset estimated from recently improved semi-empirical correlations for passage discharge-coefficients. The simulations also show that the effects of the combustion process on the air splitting can be neglected. Lastly, the results reveal that the airflow through identical passages at the same axial cross-section are not equal, and can vary by up to ±25% of the mean. In summary, the present study suggests that when performing computational models of gas turbine combustor flows, the simulations should couple the liner’s internal and external air splits whenever possible.",,10.1115/GT2014-25405,23000012,,,,39ee2715-6d9f-4bc9-842f-33f3cb71aef5,article,eng
Climate change and microbial populations,"Yergeau, Etienne",,,,249,261,,2014,08/03/2014,,,,,,Antarctic Terrestrial Microbiology,,Springer International Publishing,978-3-642-45212-3|978-3-642-45213-0,,"By 2100, the mean air temperature at the Earth’s surface is predicted to increase by 1.4 °C to 5.8 °C, with a disproportionate effect at high altitudes and latitudes. This chapter reviews the currently available information regarding the responses of key microbial parameters, including diversity, community composition, abundance and functions, to climate change in Antarctic soils. For microorganisms inhabiting Antarctic soils, some insight has been gained by comparing microbial communities across latitudinal gradients, or through short-term laboratory incubations and field studies. Rapid responses of mosses, nematodes, soil algae, cyanobacteria, fungi, and bacteria have been observed in some Antarctic soils. Despite these interesting findings, it is difficult to specifically predict the effects of warming on Antarctic soil microorganisms. One reason is the extreme heterogeneity of soil habitats in this region, as they vary from moist eutrophic ornithogenic soils to nutrient- and water-limited Dry Valley soils. Climate change might have rapid and direct effects on soil microbes that are not otherwise limited, but the release of other limitations (e.g., water, nutrients) could be more important in several environments.",microbial ecology|bacteriology|microbial genetic|microbial genomics|geology,10.1007/978-3-642-45213-0_13,23000010,,,,d5a3c322-7804-4b47-b849-3535c45edfb0,chapter,eng
Predicting the origins of anti-blood group antibody specificity: a case study of the ABO A- and B-antigens,"Makeneni, Spandana|Ji, Ye|Watson, David C.|Young, N. Martin|Woods, Robert J.",Frontiers in Immunology,5,,,,,2014,22/08/2014,,,1664-3224,,,,,Frontiers Media,,,"The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system in human transfusion medicine. Here, we explore the specificity of antibody recognition toward ABO blood group antigens using computational modeling and biolayer interferometry. Automated docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to explore the origin of the specificity of an anti-blood group A antibody variable fragment (Fv AC1001). The analysis predicts a number of Fv-antigen interactions that contribute to affinity, including a hydrogen bond between a HisL49 and the carbonyl moiety of the GalNAc in antigen A. This interaction was consistent with the dependence of affinity on pH, as measured experimentally; at lower pH there is an increase in binding affinity. Binding energy calculations provide unique insight into the origin of interaction energies at a per-residue level in both the scFv and the trisaccharide antigen. The calculations indicate that while the antibody can accommodate both blood group A and B antigens in its combining site, the A antigen is preferred by 4 kcal/mol, consistent with the lack of binding observed for the B antigen.",Molecular docking|MD simulations|Blood group antigens|Antibody specificity|GLYCAM|AMBER,10.3389/fimmu.2014.00397,23000007,,,,c8152272-f3dd-4c3e-9365-c84233439b70,article,eng
Light and behavior: a summary,"Boyce, Peter R.|Veitch, Jennifer A.",,,,11,27,,2014,30/04/2014,,,,"Proceedings of IES Light + Behavior Symposium II, April 6-8, 2014, Cleveland, OH (LS-2-14)","IES Research Symposium II: Light + Behavior – Light’s Influence on Human Behavior, April 6-8, 2014, Cleveland, OH, USA",,,Illuminating Engineering Society of North America,,,"In April 2014 the Illuminating Engineering Society held its second research symposium on the topic of “Light and Behavior”. Behavior is the output produced by people in response to physical and social stimulation. Lighting can certainly change the physical stimulation experienced by people so it is certainly one of the many factors that affect human behavior. Whereas the effects of lighting on visibility are well understood, how lighting changes human behavior is not; however, it is widely believed that different lighting conditions can influence work performance, individual comfort, safety, health and well-being and the overall quality of life. In an innovative format, speakers representing the design and research perspectives discussed their approaches to lighting for education, outdoor environment or healthcare applications. The designers presented examples of the issues they face in designing for the application and the researchers discussed the latest findings relevant to the application. This article is a summary of the symposium based on the authors' expertise, and includes research questions and new directions arising from the discussions over the two days of stimulating presentations and discussion.",,,21277614,NRC-CONST-56204,,,ed575eee-4568-4278-98f2-3f79a31f28f9,article,eng
Operability of lifeboats in pack ice: coxswains’ skill and design factors,"Billard, Randy|Rahman, Md Samsur|Kennedy, Allison|Simões Ré, António|Veitch, Brian",,,,,,OTC-24610-MS,2014,2014,,,,"Arctic Technology Conference: Proceedings; 10-12 Februray 2014, Houston Texas","OTC Arctic Technology Conference, 10-12 February 2014, Houston, Texas",,,,978-1-61399-355-2|1613993552,,"The paper describes an investigation into the operability of conventional lifeboats in pack ice conditions. The investigation was based on field trials of a small Totally Enclosed Motor Propelled Survival Craft (TEMPSC) lifeboat that was operated in a range of controlled pack ice conditions. The study focused on observing how operators with different levels of experience and backgrounds operated in ice, how their behaviors impacted their ability to maneuver through the ice field and the impact on the vessel and crew. Participants in the trials had different levels of experience operating in ice and in small crafts. The coxswains who participated in the investigation had a range of operational experience with vessels in ice, including operators who have worked aboard icebreaking vessels, but with limited experience operating in small vessels, and operators with experience operating small vessels, but with limited experience operating in ice. During the field trials, coxswains employed different tactics for advancing through ice. The outcomes of the study were used to analyze the impact of different driving techniques on the ability of the coxswain to successfully maneuver through ice and the impact of driving style on vessel integrity and crew comfort. The results of the study assess the tactics which can be employed by coxswains in different ice concentrations and the outcomes can be used to define learning objectives for training programs designed to prepare coxswains for emergency operations in ice covered waters.",,10.4043/24610-MS,21277604,OCRE-PR-2014-010,,,88a89586-ff42-40df-9af0-31c1c2ab38a3,article,eng
Peak ice loads on a lifeboat in pack ice conditions,"Kennedy, Allison|Simões Ré, António|Veitch, Brian",,,,,,OTC-24608-MS,2014,2014,,,,"Arctic Technology Conference: Proceedings; 10-12 Februray 2014, Houston Texas","OTC Arctic Technology Conference, 10-12 February 2014, Houston, Texas",,,,978-1-61399-355-2|1613993552,,"Field testing of a modified Totally Enclosed Motor Propelled Survival Craft (TEMPSC) was conducted in March 2013 in managed level ice conditions. This testing was part of a multi-year trials program, conducted by the National Research Council (NRC), which aims to investigate design considerations for a conventional TEMPSC operating in ice. During the March 2013 testing campaign, the TEMPSC was equipped with a side impact panel and bow visor, both instrumented with load cells to measure local ice impact forces. The resulting local ice load measurements taken during this field trials campaign are presented and the operational performance is discussed. This was the first year during the trials campaign in which local loads on the stem were measured and recorded. The results of this set of field trials could be useful to support the implementation of new TEMPSC design considerations to allow for better performance in harsh, northern conditions. It could also provide operational insight to promote more effective and low stress navigation through ice conditions.",,10.4043/24608-MS,21277603,OCRE-PR-2014-009,,,cfd64590-8a13-4c36-9598-162436c3c60b,article,eng
Land based multi-trophic aquaculture research at the wave energy research centre,"Fiander, Leon|Graham, Mike|Murray, Harry|Boileau, Renee",,,,,,,2014,2014,Oceans ... Conference,,0197-7385,2014 Oceans - St. John's,"OCEANS'14 MTS/IEEE St. John's, 14-19 September, 2014, St. John's, NL",,,,978-1-4799-4920-5|978-1-4799-4918-2,,"The collapse of the Atlantic cod fishery in the 1990s devastated the economies of many coastal Newfoundland communities. While many have survived through a combination of a much reduced fishery, government funding, and off shore or out of province employment, none of these are sustainable longterm solutions. Sea-based aquaculture (“fish farming” in pens) has provided stable employment in some areas, but only where there are suitable sites with protected, deep inlets with significant tidal or river current flushing. These geographic characteristics are not usually compatible with prosecuting the inshore fishery. Sites that were close to the open fishing grounds with minimal near shore currents were prized by the small boat fishers, but wind and wave protection were a secondary concern. Thus there are many towns and villages that are significant distances from ideal sea-based aquaculture sites.",aquaculture; wave energy integrated multi-trophic aquaculture; IMTA,10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003181,21277589,OCRE-PR-2014-014,,,543d494b-95b1-4c30-ab48-7463b14e29ab,article,eng
Detailed ice ridge loading events on the Norströmsgrund lighthouse,"Poirier, Louis|Sudom, Denise|Frederking, Robert",,,,,,ICETECH14-138-RF,2014,2014,,,,"Proceedings of International Conference on Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice (ICETECH), 28-31 July, 2014, Banff, Alberta","International Conference on Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice (ICETECH), 28-31 July, 2014, Banff, Alberta",,,,,,"Three ridged ice loading events have been analyzed from the Norströmsgrund lighthouse, off the Swedish coast. Ice load data from 1999 and 2000 were collected as part of the LOLEIF project. The three events described in this paper occurred in March and April 2000. The ridges were relatively small, with maximum keels of less than 5 m depth and sails of less than 0.5 m height.",Consolidated layer; ice load; keel; ridge,,21277588,OCRE-PR-2014-030,,,dff33527-1f8a-40a8-b26e-2c405fda285b,article,eng
An overview of ice loads on structures,"Frederking, Robert|Shkhinek, Karl|Barker, Anne",,,,19,27,,2014,2014,,,,Proceedings of the 22nd IAHR International Symposium on Ice,"22nd IAHR International Symposium on Ice, August 11 to 15, 2014, Singapore",,,,978-981-09-0750-1,,"Ice of many forms grows annually on rivers, lakes and the sea, and as a consequence can interact with hydrotechnical or coastal structures, generating forces on them. These forces must be appropriately assessed and accounted for in the design of structures in water bodies affected by ice. Ice conditions such as thickness, strength, morphology and floe size influence ice forces and must be characterized and suitable extreme values of these features determined. The environmental driving forces of wind, current and temperature must also be understood. Information on ice conditions and environmental factors are combined to provide guidance on calculating the magnitude of ice forces that a structure might be expected to withstand over its lifetime. Various national and international standards and codes that provide guidance on ice forces have been introduced and a high level overview of determining ice loads provided. Areas that would benefit from further research include; investigation of compressive strength of ice for rates greater than 10-3 s-1, the relation between rate effects in laboratory tests and rate in ice loading of structures, and analytical work to implement ice constitutive relations into the nonuniform stress states of ice indentation.",,,21277587,OCRE-PR-2014-027,,,c85068e5-22eb-43d9-a501-11a7a8edd62a,article,eng
Ice keel load distribution on cylindrical structures,"Frederking, R.|Sand, B.|Sudom, D.",,,,535,545,,2014,2014,,,,Proceedings of the 22nd IAHR International Symposium on Ice,"22nd IAHR International Symposium on Ice, August 11 to 15, 2014, Singapore",,,,978-981-09-0750-1,,"The ability to reliably predict ice forces generated by ridged ice features is very important for the design of offshore structures in many cold regions. Analytical models have been developed for predicting the loads on a structure due to interaction of an ice ridge keel or rubble, but few data exist for validating these models. In the present paper, the ice keel load distribution across the face of a vertical cylindrical structure is assessed. Ice load data collected in 2002 as part of the STRICE project at Norströmsgrund lighthouse were examined. Events for which the instrumented part of the lighthouse was responding only to ice keel loading were analysed to quantify horizontal ice keel pressures. The results have been compared with predictions of a numerical model. Numerical modeling is also used to predict the global ice forces and ice failure behavior for ridges of different size. From both full scale field data and numerical simulations of ridge interaction with the lighthouse, a trend of higher forces with increasing keel depths can be seen. In addition to generating larger global loads, larger ridges appear to create greater local loads around the waterline of the cylindrical structure. The load distribution across the lighthouse is not uniform. For some events, the forces on the load panels show a parabolic-type distribution while for others a different load distribution with two maxima is seen.",,,21277586,OCRE-PR-2014-026,,,5c9d1ea8-931d-4cbc-8b3b-390e5a2bb680,article,eng
Re-analysis of load and pressure data acquired from ice impacts during the CCGS Louis St-Laurent 1994 Arctic voyage,"Gagnon, Robert",,,,,,,2014,2014-08,,,,"Proceedings of the 22nd IAHR Internation Symposium on Ice, Singapore, August 2014","22nd IAHR International Symposium on Ice, August 11 to 15, 2014, Singapore",,,,978-981-09-0750-1,,"Ice load and pressure data from the 1994 CCGS Louis St-Laurent trip through the Arctic were reanalyzed using a different method than was used for the original report. The impact events that were chosen for re-analysis spanned a variety of ship speeds, ice thicknesses and concentrations. For any given impact event all sub-panel segments (cells) of the strain-gauged hull panel for which a signal registered above the deemed noise level were considered to be subjected to ice load. Consequently all of the ice contact area, and associated ice load, was taken into account regardless of whether the ice contact consisted of a single area or multiple non-contiguous areas on the impacted panel. The data from a total of 51 randomly selected events covering a range of ice contact areas from 1.4 m2 to 16.8 m2 were initially analyzed to yield load and pressure distribution at the time of peak load for each event. Then further analysis was conducted to identify well-behaved events where the loaded areas were more contained on the panel and less concentrated at its edges. The effects of using this selection strategy are shown. For the data from the well-behaved events the pressure-area relationship was essentially flat with an average value 0.49 MPa over the stated range of contact area. Another set of 12 impact events were also analyzed, for which the full time-series of pressure on each of the 30 cells that comprise the panel were available from the original reduction of data. An analysis of load and contact area from these events demonstrated the effect of having oversized cells on ice impact panels, that leads to overestimates of ice contact area and underestimates of average pressure. The analysis suggested that the best estimates of actual ice contact area and average pressure, though still not fully accurate, are obtained when the contact area is the greatest, i.e. usually at peak load.",,,21277572,OCRE-PR-2014-029,,,13dd7872-fbf5-42b6-b7a3-26ce8516033f,article,eng
First lab tests of the blade runners concept for reducing ice induced vibration of structures,"Gagnon, Robert",,,,,,,2014,2014-08,,,,"Proceedings of the 22nd IAHR Internation Symposium on Ice, Singapore, August 2014","22nd IAHR International Symposium on Ice, August 11 to 15, 2014, Singapore",,,,978-981-09-0750-1,,"To test the Blade Runners concept for reducing ice induced vibration and loads on structures a simple configuration consisting of a single stationary blade on a rigid flat metal crushing plate was chosen for ice crushing tests in NRC-OCRE’s Large Cold Room facility. Five wedge-shaped columnar-grained freshwater ice samples were crushed against a thick plate with a low-profile blade on it and the results were compared with those from another five crushing experiments using a plate without a blade. The two crushing plates were made of aluminum and had identical characteristics other than that one of them had a blade on it. The blade had an isosceles right triangular section profile with a height of 1 mm and base of 2 mm. The blade spanned the length of the plate and was centered relative to the wedge-shaped ice samples and parallel with their long axes. Tests were conducted at -10oC and the nominal crushing plate displacement rate was 10 mm/s. High-speed imaging was used to observe the ice contact zone, by viewing through the ice samples, as it evolved and moved around somewhat during the tests. Load records from the tests using the bladeless crushing plate exhibited a high-amplitude sawtooth load pattern, resulting from fairly regular ice spalling events, that is typical of ice crushing in the brittle regime. This type of spalling behaviour, and associated sawtooth load pattern, is responsible for ice induced vibration of structures when ice sheets encroach on them. The average loads were roughly the same during either set of tests. However, for those tests where the plate with the blade on it was used it was observed that when the blade was in the hard zone region of the ice contact area the load pattern was dramatically affected. In those cases the blade effectively smoothed the sawtooth loading pattern by greatly increasing the spalling rate and reducing the spall size. Consequently the amplitudes of the load sawteeth were significantly reduced.",,,21277571,OCRE-PR-2014-028,,,9a7a97c8-3e74-46a1-bae8-ae5c4b4be52f,article,eng
Solution to papal chemistry challenge,"Meija, Juris",Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,406,1,,,,2014,01/01/2014,,,1618-2642,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"The papal chemistry challenge sought to find a lesser-known connection between pontiffs and chemistry. The papal chemistry challenge has delved into the systematic nomenclature for naming newly discovered or not yet discovered elements. The element of the challenge is said to be Pope, as the symbol of the hypothetical chemical element with the atomic number 5859 is Pope.",Atoms|Atomic numbers|Chemical elements,10.1007/s00216-013-7440-x,21277440,,,,fa8d9ebb-7baa-4233-9efe-0cfabfb3b1e7,article,eng
From physical chemistry to mass spectrometry to government lab manager in half a century,"Boyd, Robert",Mass Spectrometry Reviews,35,2,272,310,,2014,09/06/2014,,,0277-7037,,,,,Wiley,,,"Robert Boyd pens down his journey and achievements from different stages of his career. In the initial days of his student life, he was attracted towards physical chemistry. He did his Ph.D work with Charles Horrex, and under his direction, managed to acquire some degree of skill in glass-blowing, Electronics, and machine shop, in order to construct his apparatus. His research project involved extension of an earlier student's work on a method of estimating carbon-iodine bond energies through study of pyrolysis of the organic iodides in excess HI. He had his first brush with mass spectrometry during his Ph.D. years. In 1964, he came to Ottawa to take up a job in the research laboratories of the British Electricity Board, then a publicly-owned utility located in Surrey in the south of England. He was involved in the open-cycle magnetohydrodynamics power generation project. His involvement with the journal Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry as an erstwhile Assistant Editor became much more intense in 1997 when he agreed to take over as Editor-in-Chief from John Beynon.",Carbon|Chemical bonds|Glass manufacture|Machine shops|Magnetohydrodynamics|Mass spectrometry|Physical chemistry|Research laboratories|Spectrometry|Analytical applications|Carbon-iodine bonds|Different stages|Glass-blowing|Open cycles|Power generation projects|Rapid communication|Tandem mass spectrometry|Chemical analysis,10.1002/mas.21433,21277489,,,,f2df79f7-dba8-4bb7-9998-fb4d0be685fb,article,eng
Effect of freestream turbulence on airfoil limit-cycle oscillations at transitional reynolds numbers,"Yuan, Weixing|Poirel, Dominique|Wang, Baoyuan|Benaissa, Azemi",Journal of Aircraft,52,4,1214,1225,,2014,10/09/2014,,,0021-8669,,,,,American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,,,"Numerical simulations are performed to study the effect of freestream turbulence on small-amplitude limit-cycle oscillations of an airfoil at transitionalReynolds numbers.Aone-degree-of-freedomaeroelastic modelwas coupledwith the National Research Council Canada in-house computational-fluid-dynamics code INSflow to perform unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations for flows around a rigid NACA 0012 airfoil in free-to-rotate conditions. Without coupling a transitionmodel, unsteadyReynolds-averagedNavier-Stokes computations basedonthe commonly used shear-stress-transport turbulencemodel could not capture the limit-cycle oscillations. Thiswas expected because it had been previously shown that the limit-cycle oscillations were fed by negative aerodynamic damping due to laminar boundary-layer separation. A correlation-based transition model was then implemented in the code and applied to investigate the turbulence effects. The computed results confirmed qualitatively the experimental observations of the turbulence effects on the limit-cycle oscillations by varying the values of the turbulence intensity and length scale. It was observed that the limit-cycle oscillationsweremore sensitive to the turbulence intensity than to the latter. In general, the freestream turbulence suppressed the limit-cycle oscillations. The pitch amplitude became smaller when the freestream turbulence intensity was increased, which was qualitatively in good agreement with experimental results. The limit-cycle oscillations could not be sustainedwhen the input freestreamturbulence level reached around 1.25%.An examination of the unsteady flowfield revealed that the freestream turbulence affected the location of the separation points and suppressed the laminar-turbulent transition process.",Airfoils|Boundary layer flow|Boundary layers|Computational fluid dynamics|Laminar boundary layer|Navier Stokes equations|Reynolds number|Shear stress|Turbulence|Boundary-layer separation|Computational Fluid Dynamics codes|Correlation-based transition models|Freestream turbulence intensity|Laminar turbulent transitions|Limit Cycle Oscillation (LCO)|National Research Council|Unsteady reynolds-averaged navier-stokes|Atmospheric thermodynamics,10.2514/1.C032807,21277387,,,,14cba407-cdda-4790-8590-eb3ac2296899,article,eng
"Tissue composition, blood biochemistry and histology of digestive organs in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles fed diets containing different plant protein ingredients","Rodiles, A.|Herrera, M.|Hachero-Cruzado, I.|Ruiz-Jarabo, I.|Mancera, J. M.|Cordero, M. L.|Lall, S. P.|Alarcón, F. J.",Aquaculture Nutrition,21,6,767,779,,2014,07/11/2014,,,1353-5773,,,,,Wiley,,,"The aim of this study was to determine the impact of diets with different plant protein ingredients on proximate composition, tissue metabolites and tissue fatty acid composition, as well as hepatic and intestinal histological modifications in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Fish (21.5 ± 2.8 g body weight) were fed six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets during 11 weeks. A control diet containing fish meal as the main protein source was compared with five experimental diets replacing 30% fish meal protein by different plant protein sources: soybean meal (SBM), soybean protein concentrate (SPC), soybean protein isolate (SPI), wheat gluten meal (WGM) or pea protein concentrate (PPC). The inclusion of different plant protein did not significantly affect growth and proximate composition of fish. The hepatosomatic index was not significantly different to the control group; however, utilization of WGM significantly increased hepatocyte size. Plasma protein values and muscle triglycerides were influenced by the inclusion of SBM and WGM in the diets respectively. Feeding fish on SBM, WGM and PPC diets significantly enhanced n-6 fatty acid levels in muscle, particularly linoleic acid. None of the plant protein ingredient used in the diets decreased arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic as well as docosahexaenoic acid values in liver and muscle. Overall, histological studies did not reveal the existence of any intestinal alterations induced by the inclusion of different plant proteins. Despite moderate changes produced by SBM, SPC and WGM, inclusion of dietary plant protein ingredients has no major impact on growth, tissue and blood biochemistry, fatty acid profile and gut integrity of Senegalese sole juveniles.",,10.1111/anu.12207,21277330,,,,b97a4c1d-fd63-44e5-9733-1b4a9da2039e,article,eng
High and low cycle fatigue behavior of linear friction welded Ti-6Al-4V,"Stinville, J. C.|Bridier, F.|Ponsen, D.|Wanjara, P.|Bocher, P.",International Journal of Fatigue,70,,278,288,,2014,12/10/2014,,,0142-1123,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Linear friction welded Ti-6Al-4V was investigated in fatigue at various stress amplitudes ranging from the high cycle fatigue (HCF) to the low cycle fatigue (LCF) regime. The base material was composed of hot-rolled Ti-6Al-4V plate that presented a strong crystallographic texture. The welds were characterized in terms of microstructure using electron backscatter diffraction and hardness measurements. The microstructural gradients across the weld zone and thermomechanically affected zone of the linear friction welds are discussed in terms of the crystallographic texture, grain shape and hardness levels, relative to the parent material. The location of crack nucleation under fatigue loading was analyzed relative to the local microstructural features and hardness gradients. Though crack nucleation was not observed within the weld or thermomechanically affected zones, its occurrence within the base material in LCF appears to be affected by the welding process. In particular, by performing high resolution digital image correlation during LCF, the crack nucleation site was related to the local accumulation of plastic deformation in the vicinity of the linear friction weld.",Digital image correlations|Electron back scatter diffraction|Fatigue properties|High and low cycle fatigue|Linear friction|Ti alloys|Ti-6 Al-4 V|Friction welding,10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2014.10.002,21277360,,,,e64fba34-2b5f-45a7-b58a-dfcb72e25753,article,eng
"Symbols of the elements, part II","Meija, Juris",Chemistry International,36,3,18,20,,2014,2014-05,,,0193-6484|1365-2192,,,,,,,,"Typographical symbols of chemical elements were established in the early 19th century and they soon spread throughout the textbooks of chemistry. This spread, however, was not an exemplary adoption of international standards. Rather, a garden variety of individual notations soon emerged. This is a brief story of their eradication.",element,10.1515/ci.2014.36.3.18,21277298,,,,96f0d358-c7dd-42c9-adc9-c45e3336f05e,article,eng
"Symbols of the elements, part III (concluded)","Meija, Juris",Chemistry International,36,4,25,26,,2014,2014-07,,,0193-6484|1365-2192,,,,,,,,"During the 20th century the IUPAC symbols for all known chemical elements gradually became the international standard. With the house all in order, the proposed symbols for all newly discovered elements were now scrutinized more than ever, and the nomenclature was set for elements which have not yet been discovered. This is the story of the 20th century.",element,10.1515/ci.2014.36.4.25,21277297,,,,0c7d838e-0eee-42dc-9c00-f38657d974d8,article,eng
"Updated temperature, salinity and strength distributions for old ice","Johnston, M.|Frederking, R.",,,,,,ICETECH14-134-RF,2014,2014,,,,IceTech '11,"The 11th International Conference and Exhibition on Ships and Structures in Ice, July 28-31, 2014, Banff, Alberta, Canada",,,,,,"This paper presents updated distributions of the temperatures, salinities and borehole strengths of old ice, as a function of time of year. Thousands of measurements are compiled from old ice floes across the Arctic. Probability of exceedance curves are used to show the more ‘extreme’ values that can occur at various depths in the ice, whereas properties over the full ice thickness are obtained from (i) the means of populations and (ii) by depth-averaging measurements from the same borehole.",old ice; ice temperature; salinity; borehole strength; flexural strength; probability of exceedance,,21277251,,,,94a371a7-ff32-4870-8d4e-cec940874a80,article,eng
Role of skeletal muscle in mandible development,"Rot, Irena|Mardesic-Brakus, Snjezana|Costain, Willard J.|Saraga-Babic, Mirna|Kablar, Boris",Histology and Histopathology,29,,1377,1394,,2014,2014,,,0213-3911,,,,,,,,"As a continuation of the previous study on palate development (Rot and Kablar, 2013), here we explore the relationship between the secondary cartilage mandibular condyles (parts of the temporomandibular joint) and the contributions (mechanical and secretory) from the adjacent skeletal musculature. Previous analysis of Myf5-/-:MyoD-/- mouse fetuses lacking skeletal muscle demonstrated the importance of muscle contraction and static loading in mouse skeletogenesis. Among abnormal skeletal features, micrognathia (mandibular hypoplasia) was detected: small, bent and posteriorly displaced mandible. As an example of Waddingtonian epigenetics, we suggest that muscle, in addition to acting via mechanochemical signal transduction pathways, networks and promoters, also exerts secretory stimuli on skeleton. Our goal is to identify candidate molecules at that muscle-mandible interface. By employing Systematic Subtractive Microarray Analysis approach, we compared gene expression between mandibles of amyogenic and wild type mouse fetuses and we identified up- and down-regulated genes. This step was followed by a bioinformatics approach and consultation of web-accessible mouse databases. We searched for individual tissue-specific gene expression and distribution, and for the functional effects of mutations in a particular gene. The database search tools allowed us to generate a set of candidate genes with involvement in mandibular development: Cacna1s, Ckm, Des, Mir300, Myog and Tnnc1. We also performed mouse-to-human translational experiments and found analogies. In the light of our findings we discuss various players in mandibular morphogenesis and make an argument for the need to consider mandibular development as a consequence of reciprocal epigenetic interactions of both skeletal and non-skeletal compartments.",Skeletal muscle; Mandible; Mouse; Development; Epigenetics,10.14670/HH-29.1377,21277174,,,,371d0f96-8bf2-4fba-bc91-91aea9d01b6c,article,eng
V363 And: a detached eclipsing binary,"Nelson, Robert H.",Information Bulletin on Variable Stars,,6115,,,,2014,2014-09,,,0374-0676,,,,,,,,,,,21277085,,,,3e13b927-ed42-42ac-9e85-b1506a7273cd,article,eng
Performance in fire of fibre reinforced polymer strengthened concrete beams and columns: recent research and implications for design,"Green, Mark|Hollingshead, Kevin|Bénichou, Noureddine",Journal of Structural Fire Engineering,5,4,353,366,,2014,18/11/2014,,,2040-2317,,,,,,,,This paper considers the fire performance of concrete beams and columns that have been strengthened with fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs). Results from four recent full-scale tests are presented. A newly developed type of insulation was employed and the thickness of the insulation (15 to 20 mm) was approximately half that provided in earlier tests. All of the members survived four hours of the fire exposure. A conceptual model for design to determine when insulation is required is also presented. Further research needed to fully develop the conceptual model to a more practical design tool is outlined.,Fire; Fibre Reinforced Polymers; Concrete; Strengthening; Repair; Rehabilitation,10.1260/2040-2317.5.4.353,21276828,,,,6983ca1d-5607-4ea0-bda4-59397820c1c1,article,eng
Semi-classical methods in non-sequential double ionization,"Johnson, Allan S.|Staudte, André|Villeneuve, D. M.",Chinese journal of physics,52,1-II,329,339,,2014,2014-02,,,0577-9073,,,,,,,,"Non-sequential double ionization of an atom in an intense lasereld is a prototypical problem in multi-body strong eld interactions. To examine non-sequential double ionization, an often used approach is the semi-classical method, by which initial conditions are set according to quantum expressions and the ensuing dynamics modelled classically. Here we present a comparative study of quantum and semi-classical methods in the single active electron approximation. We show that semi-classical methods over-estimate the kinetic energy of rescattered electrons by up to 150%. We further show that the return time of the recolliding electrons deviates between quantum and semi-classical methods at low intensities, and that the deviation is attributable to the choice of the initial tunnelling position.",,,21276373,,,,053d0e9e-1db0-452e-9f8b-60e7ff11a3fa,article,eng
Intense few-cycle infrared laser pulses at the advanced laser light source,"Schmidt, B. E.|Shiner, A. D.|Giguère, M.|Trallero-Herrero, C.|Lassonde, P.|Thiré, N.|Villeneuve, D. M.|Corkum, P. B.|Légaré, F.",Chinese Journal of Physics,52,1-II,537,545,,2014,2014-02,,,,,,,,,,,"To push the generation of isolated attosecond pulses towards shorter XUV wavelengths (0.3 to 1 keV), intense few-cycle driving pulses are required whose center frequency is significantly red shifted compared to established Ti-Sa technology. A simple route for generating these pulses is demonstrated using an optical parametric amplifier (OPA). Its infrared (IR) multi-cycle laser pulses with millijoule of energy are spectrally broadened by nonlinear propagation in a hollow-core fiber (HCF) filled with Argon. For the OPA Signal wavelength (? = 1.4 micron), chirped mirrors were used for dispersion compensation with a resulting pulse duration of 13.1 fs. For the OPA Idler wavelength at 1.8 micron, a new compression scheme has been developed with which 11.2 fs laser pulses have been characterized (1 cycle= 6 fs). Here, pulse compression is achieved through the combined effects of self-steepening during nonlinear propagation in the HCF followed by anomalous dispersion during linear propagation in fused silica.",,10.6122/CJP.52.537,21276362,,,,bf845e24-72c1-4bec-ba8d-b5e4f3b17804,article,eng
Control of femtosecond laser ablation of thin films from a dielectric surface by nonlinear interaction with the substrate,"Mercadier, Laurent|Rayner, David M.|Corkum, Paul B.",Physical Review Applied,2,3,,,34001,2014,02/09/2014,,,2331-7019,,,,,,,,"Controlling the interaction of an ultrafast laser pulse with a thin film remains a difficult task, especially when aiming to confine material modifications to subwavelength scales. We introduce a method to achieve reproducible submicron ablation of thin films from a dielectric surface, in a back-irradiation geometry. First, the pulse of 45-fs duration and 800-nm central wavelength nonlinearly interacts with the dielectric and undergoes strong but reproducible modifications of its intensity profile. Then, the pulse ablates a thin polymer film [four bilayers of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrene-sulfonate), 8 nm thick] from the back surface. We measure the hole with atomic force microscopy and study the influence of laser energy and focal plane position. The radius of the resulting hole is determined by a threshold intensity for ablation. Therefore, we also demonstrate how measuring the radius as a function of focal plane position provides a new approach to profiling a tightly focused laser beam under nonlinear propagation conditions. We compare the beam profile with that predicted by a widely used propagation model and show that the latter can semiquantitatively be applied to estimate the size of achievable holes.",,10.1103/PhysRevApplied.2.034001,21276361,,,,95aaf778-b28d-4e18-8262-ab85c7151172,article,eng
Photon momentum sharing between an electron and an ion in photoionization: from one-photon (photoelectric effect) to multiphoton absorption,"Chelkowski, Szczepan|Bandrauk, André D.|Corkum, Paul B.",Physical Review Letters,113,26,,,,2014,2014-12,,,0031-9007|1079-7114,,,,,,,,"We investigate photon-momentum sharing between an electron and an ion following different photoionization regimes. We find very different partitioning of the photon momentum in one-photon ionization (the photoelectric effect) as compared to multiphoton processes. In the photoelectric effect, the electron acquires a momentum that is much greater than the single photon momentum ??/c [up to (8/5) ??/c] whereas in the strong-field ionization regime, the photoelectron only acquires the momentum corresponding to the photons absorbed above the field-free ionization threshold plus a momentum corresponding to a fraction (3/10) of the ionization potential Ip. In both cases, due to the smallness of the electron-ion mass ratio, the ion takes nearly the entire momentum of all absorbed N photons (via the electron-ion center of mass). Additionally, the ion takes, as a recoil, the photoelectron momentum resulting from mutual electron-ion interaction in the electromagnetic field. Consequently, the momentum partitioning of the photofragments is very different in both regimes. This suggests that there is a rich, unexplored physics to be studied between these two limits which can be generated with current ultrafast laser technology.",,10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.263005,21276360,,,,9ff5c8a8-5c38-401f-bbc3-4068c2ffb137,article,eng
Applications of ultrafast wavefront rotation in highly nonlinear optics,"Quéré, F.|Vincenti, H.|Borot, A.|Monchocé, S.|Hammond, T.J.|Kim, K.T.|Wheeler, J.A.|Zhang, C.|Ruchon, T.|Auguste, T.|Hergott, J.F.|Villeneuve, D.M.|Corkum, P.B.|Lopez-Martens, R.","Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics",47,12,,,124004,2014,2014,,,0953-4075,,,,,,,,"This paper provides an overview of ultrafast wavefront rotation of femtosecond laser pulses and its various applications in highly nonlinear optics, focusing on processes that lead to the generation of high-order harmonics and attosecond pulses. In this context, wavefront rotation can be exploited in different ways, to obtain new light sources for time-resolved studies, called 'attosecond lighthouses', to perform time-resolved measurements of nonlinear optical processes, using 'photonic streaking', or to track changes in the carrier-envelope relative phase of femtosecond laser pulses. The basic principles are explained qualitatively from different points of view, the experimental evidence obtained so far is summarized, and the perspectives opened by these effects are discussed. © 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd.",Harmonic generation|Light sources|Nonlinear optics|Ultrafast lasers|Wavefronts|Attosecond pulse|Experimental evidence|High harmonic generation|Nonlinear optical process|Spatio-temporal|Time resolved measurement|Time resolved studies|Ultrafast measurements|Ultrashort pulses,10.1088/0953-4075/47/12/124004,21276242,,,,209c2c42-d286-4d22-af32-c46d4f8e7a79,article,eng
Alignment dependent enhancement of the photoelectron cutoff for multiphoton ionization of molecules,"Smeenk, C.T.L.|Arissian, L.|Sokolov, A.V.|Spanner, M.|Lee, K.F.|Staudte, A.|Villeneuve, D.M.|Corkum, P.B.",Physical Review Letters,112,25,,,253001,2014,2014,,,0031-9007,,,,,,,,"The multiphoton ionization rate of molecules depends on the alignment of the molecular axis with respect to the ionizing laser polarization. By studying molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions from N2, O2, and benzene, we illustrate how the angle-dependent ionization rate affects the photoelectron cutoff energy. We find alignment can enhance the high energy cutoff of the photoelectron spectrum when probing along a nodal plane or when ionization is otherwise suppressed. This is supported by calculations using a tunneling model with a single ion state. © 2014 American Physical Society.",Alignment|Molecules|Photoelectrons|Photons|Angle-dependent|Cutoff energies|Ionization rates|Laser polarization|Multiphoton ionization|Photoelectron angular distributions|Photoelectron spectrum|Tunneling models|Photoionization,10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.253001,21276246,,,,d91aae88-2da3-4113-9d85-0724d0db3b34,article,eng
Manipulating quantum paths for novel attosecond measurement methods,"Kim, K.T.|Villeneuve, D.M.|Corkum, P.B.",Nature Photonics,8,3,187,194,,2014,2014,,,1749-4885,,,,,,,,"Sources of attosecond-duration light pulses provide the fastest time resolutions available today for observing ultrafast phenomena in atoms, molecules and condensed matter. The measurement of such pulse durations is challenging because the spectrum lies in the vacuum ultraviolet or soft X-ray range. Two classes of pulse duration measurements now exist; they are classified according to whether the measurement is performed in the generating medium or in a second medium. The first measurement class is called 'in situ' and depends on gently perturbing the electron responsible for attosecond pulse formation. The second measurement class, which we refer to as 'ex situ', takes place in a second medium in which photoelectrons are produced by the attosecond pulses; a synchronized laser field perturbs the photoelectron spectrum. This Review compares and contrasts these two approaches for measuring attosecond pulses. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited.",Attosecond measurement|Attosecond pulse|Condensed matter|Photoelectron spectrum|Soft x-ray range|Synchronized laser|Time resolution|Vacuum ultraviolets|Photonics,10.1038/nphoton.2014.26,21276215,,,,3c93df10-1806-4a29-aa8e-1ef388ec3510,article,eng
Subcycle control of electron-electron correlation in double ionization,"Zhang, L.|Xie, X.|Roither, S.|Zhou, Y.|Lu, P.|Kartashov, D.|Schöffler, M.|Shafir, D.|Corkum, P.B.|Baltuška, A.|Staudte, A.|Kitzler, M.",Physical Review Letters,112,19,,,193002,2014,2014,,,0031-9007,,,,,,,,"Double ionization of neon with orthogonally polarized two-color (OTC) laser fields is investigated using coincidence momentum imaging. We show that the two-electron emission dynamics in nonsequential double ionization can be controlled by tuning the subcycle shape of the electric field of the OTC pulses. We demonstrate experimentally switching from correlated to anticorrelated two-electron emission, and control over the directionality of the two-electron emission. Simulations based on a semiclassical trajectory model qualitatively explain the experimental results by a subcycle dependence of the electron recollision time on the OTC field shape. © 2014 American Physical Society.",Computer simulation|Electric fields|Ionization of gases|Coincidence momentum imaging|Double ionization|Electron recollisions|Electron-electron correlation|Emission dynamics|Laser fields|Nonsequential double ionizations|Trajectory modeling|Electron emission,10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.193002,21276218,,,,eb1bc9a5-32d4-4440-ac44-07d624a63a90,article,eng
Creating high-harmonic beams with controlled orbital angular momentum,"Gariepy, G.|Leach, J.|Kim, K.T.|Hammond, T.J.|Frumker, E.|Boyd, R.W.|Corkum, P.B.",Physical Review Letters,113,15,,,153901,2014,2014,,,0031-9007,,,,,,,,"A beam with an angular-dependant phase ?=? about the beam axis carries an orbital angular momentum of per photon. Such beams are exploited to provide superresolution in microscopy. Creating extreme ultraviolet or soft-x-ray beams with controllable orbital angular momentum is a critical step towards extending superresolution to much higher spatial resolution. We show that orbital angular momentum is conserved during high-harmonic generation. Experimentally, we use a fundamental beam with | =1 and interferometrically determine that the harmonics each have orbital angular momentum equal to their harmonic number. Theoretically, we show how any small value of orbital angular momentum can be coupled to any harmonic in a controlled manner. Our results open a route to microscopy on the molecular, or even submolecular, scale. © 2014 American Physical Society.",Orbital angular momentum,10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.153901,21276161,,,,1b6b2449-d349-4e65-87f2-5b45b4f22f55,article,eng
Strong field processes inside gallium arsenide,"Golin, S.M.|Kirkwood, S.E.|Klug, D.D.|Villeneuve, D.M.|Rayner, D.M.|Herrero, C.A.T.|Corkum, P.B.","Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics",47,20,,,204025,2014,2014,,,0953-4075,,,,,,,,"We demonstrated experimentally that the multiphoton ionization rate in gallium arsenide depends on the alignment of the laser polarization with respect to the crystal axis. We observed modulation in the ionization rate of a linearly-polarized 1900 nm laser beam directly by measuring its transmission while rotating the crystal, without Fourier analysis. We propose that the modulation in the ionization rate arises from periodic variation in the reduced carrier mass, as predicted by Keldysh theory. We show direct comparison of the experimental transmission modulation depth with Keldyshs non-resonant ionization theory for solids. This opens up a novel method for non-invasive crystallography of semiconductor materials. © 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd.",Semiconductor materials|GaAs|Strong field|Ultra-fast|Ionization,10.1088/0953-4075/47/20/204025,21276153,,,,ee388b42-4349-4e7e-bee8-7a9290f5b33a,article,eng
Laser-sub-cycle two-dimensional electron-momentum mapping using orthogonal two-color fields,"Zhang, L.|Xie, X.|Roither, S.|Kartashov, D.|Wang, Y.|Wang, C.|Schöffler, M.|Shafir, D.|Corkum, P.B.|Baltuška, A.|Ivanov, I.|Kheifets, A.|Liu, X.|Staudte, A.|Kitzler, M.","Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics",90,6,,,61401,2014,2014,,,1050-2947,,,,,,,,We study laser-sub-cycle control over electron trajectories concomitantly in space and time using orthogonally polarized two-color laser fields. We compare experimental photoelectron spectra of neon recorded by coincidence momentum imaging with photoelectron spectra obtained by semiclassical and numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. We find that a resolution of a quarter optical cycle in the photoelectron trajectories can be achieved. It is shown that depending on their sub-cycle birth time the trajectories of photoelectrons are affected differently by the ion's Coulomb field. © 2014 American Physical Society.,Photoelectrons|Photons|Trajectories|Coincidence momentum imaging|Dinger equation|Electron momentum|Electron trajectories|Numerical solution|Optical cycles|Photoelectron spectrum|Two-color laser fields|Photoelectron spectroscopy,10.1103/PhysRevA.90.061401,21276251,,,,bf7defa7-f096-4c82-8a69-9b04792b50ba,article,eng
Control of atomic single and double ionization dynamics using orthogonally polarized two-color laser pulses,"Zhang, L.|Xie, X.|Roither, S.|Kartashov, D.|Schöffler, M.|Shafir, D.|Corkum, P.B.|Baltuka, A.|Staudte, A.|Kitzler, M.",,488,SECTION 3,,,32011,2014,2014,,,1742-6588,Journal of Physics: Conference Series,"28th International Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions, ICPEAC 2013, 24 July 2013 through 30 July 2013, Lanzhou",,,,,,"Single- and double-ionization of neon with orthogonally polarized two-color (OTC) laser fields is investigated using the COLTRIMS method. We study the influence of the long range Coulomb potential of the parent ion on the final momentum distribution of electrons emitted during single ionization. Furthermore, we investigate nonsequential double ionization in OTC fields and demonstrate that the electron-electron correlation is highly sensitive to the sub-cycle field shape of the OTC pulses, in agreement with recent theoretical predictions.",Electric fields|Impact ionization|Ionization of gases|Atoms|Electric fields|Electron correlations|Impact ionization|Ionization|Ionization of gases|Coulomb potential|Double-ionization dynamics|Electron-electron correlation|Laser fields|Momentum distributions|Nonsequential double ionizations|Single ionization|Two-color laser pulse|Double ionization|Atoms|Ionization potential,10.1088/1742-6596/488/3/032011,21276256,,,,7cadd761-e635-47b8-84a0-cdcff225f3e2,article,eng
Theoretical analysis of high-harmonic generation in solids,"Vampa, G.|McDonald, C.R.|Orlando, G.|Klug, D.D.|Corkum, P.B.|Brabec, T.",Physical Review Letters,113,7,,,73901,2014,2014,,,0031-9007,,,,,,,,"We investigate theoretically high-harmonic generation (HHG) in bulk crystals exposed to intense midinfrared lasers with photon energies smaller than the band gap. The two main mechanisms, interband and intraband HHG, are explored. Our analysis indicates that the interband current neglected so far is the dominant mechanism for HHG. Saddle point analysis in the Keldysh limit yields an intuitive picture of interband HHG in solids similar to atomic HHG. Interband and intraband HHG exhibit a fundamentally different wavelength dependence. This signature can be used to experimentally distinguish between the two mechanisms in order to verify their importance. © 2014 American Physical Society.",Atomic physics|Physics|Bulk crystals|Dominant mechanism|Exposed to|High harmonic generation|Midinfrared lasers|Photon energy|Saddle point|Wavelength dependence|Harmonic generation,10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.073901,21276204,,,,b9d4e5b3-086e-4c46-829a-3f9e3f8900c4,article,eng
Study of processing conditions on the forming of ribbed features using randomly-oriented strands thermoplastic composites,"LeBlanc, Dominic|Landry, Benoit|Levy, Arthur|Roy, Steven|Yousefpour, Ali|Quinlan, Erin|Hubert, Pascal",,,,1062,1070,,2014,22/05/2014,Annual Forum Proceedings - AHS International,,1552-2938,AHS 70th Annual Forum,"70th American Helicopter Society International Annual Forum 2014, May 20-22, 2014, Montreal, Quebec",,,American Helicopter Society,978-163266691-8,,"Compression moulding of randomly-oriented strands composites offer the possibility to manufacture complex parts with fast processing cycle. In this paper, effects of pressure, strand size, temperature and material placement in the mould cavity on the quality of a T-shape part were studied experimentally. Low pressure results showed both strand size and temperature effects on the filling of a 25 mm rib deep cavity. Critical filling pressures for three strand sizes were obtained. A pressure of 10 bar was enough to fully consolidate parts with smaller strand (3.17 mm × 6.35 mm) at 400 °C. Parts processed at filling pressure showed a void content no greater than 1.2 %. Increasing pressure to 70 bar resulted in decreased void content between 0.44 % and 0.03 %. The lowest void content was obtained for parts processed at lower temperature. Short-beam shear (ASTM D2344) showed similar strength for ribs processed at filling pressure and high pressure (70 bar). This same trend was observed for component testing of the T-shape. At the component level, initial strand placement greatly affected mechanical performance as merging flow fronts caused a knit line and a reduction of at most 40 % in strength. The main findings show that processing a complex feature at filling pressure Pfill was sufficient to reach nominal mechanical properties. This suggested that moderate porosity was not detrimental to the mechanical performance for the given tests.","Mechanical properties; Component testing; Filling pressures; Lower temperatures; McGill University; Mechanical performance; Montreal , Canada; Processing condition; Thermoplastic composite; Helicopters",,21276128,,,,2e726838-49c4-4663-bcca-761e5b2d5396,article,eng
Assessing the discourse factors that influence the quality of machine translation,"Li, Junyi Jessy|Carpuat, Marine|Nenkova, Ani",,,,283,288,,2014,27/06/2014,,,,"52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2014","52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2014, June 22-27, 2014, Baltimore, Maryland",,,,978-193728473-2,,"We present a study of aspects of discourse structure - specifically discourse devices used to organize information in a sentence- that significantly impact the quality of machine translation. Our analysis is based on manual evaluations of translations of news from Chinese and Arabic to English. We find that there is a particularly strong mismatch in the notion of what constitutes a sentence in Chinese and English, which occurs often and is associated with significant degradation in translation quality. Also related to lower translation quality is the need to employ multiple explicit discourse connectives (because, but, etc.), as well as the presence of ambiguous discourse connectives in the English translation. Furthermore, the mismatches between discourse expressions across languages significantly impact translation quality.",Computer aided language translation; Discourse structure; Machine translations; Translation quality; Computational linguistics,,21276126,,,,9acb3f2a-4cd2-47f7-b3ca-a73aa0efa9df,article,eng
Expanded fatigue damage and load time signal estimation for dynamic helicopter components using computational intelligence techniques,"Cheung, Catherine|Rocha, Bruno|Valdés, Julio J.|Kotwicz-Herniczek, Mark|Stefani, Anton",,4,,2656,2665,,2014,22/05/2014,Annual Forum Proceedings: AHS International,,1552-2938,Forum 70: American Helicopter Association,"70th American Helicopter Society International Annual Forum 2014, May 20-22, 2014, Montreal, Quebec",,,"American Helicopter Society International, Inc.",978-163266691-8,,"Load signal prediction and fatigue damage accumulation estimation results are presented for a wide range of flight conditions from the S-70A-9 Black Hawk flight loads survey performed in 2000. Results from twelve manoeuvres were included in this study, ranging from very specific steady state and transient manoeuvres to more general manoeuvres with varying speed, direction, and aircraft orientations. The load time signal predictions were obtained following a simplified methodology and then the resulting fatigue damage accumulation was calculated for each manoeuvre. These estimates were generated using developed computational models, consisting of a variety of computational intelligence techniques and statistical methods, coupled with online Rainflow counting, the material specific S-N curve, and Palmgren-Miner's linear damage rule",artificial intelligence; military helicopters; signal filtering and prediction; computational intelligence techniques; computational model; estimation results; fatigue damage accumulation; flight conditions; linear damage rule; rainflow counting; steady state and transients; fatigue damage,,21276113,,,,2e9b0a4f-b0df-4610-b884-5c56880dd506,article,eng
A model of ice friction for skeleton sled runners,"Lozowski, Edward|Szilder, Krzysztof|Maw, Sean|Morris, Alexis",,,,1102,1110,,2014,20/06/2014,Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference,,1098-6189,"24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE 2014","24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, June 15-20, 2014, Busan, Korea",,,International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,978-188065391-3,,"A numerical model of ice friction for the runners of a skeleton sled has been devised. The skeleton runner consists of a standard stainless steel rod of approximately 16 mm diameter. Two grooves are machined into the trailing half of the runner. The distance between the grooves is approximately 1mm, giving rise to a spine or blade at the centre of the runner. The skeleton sled has no apparent mechanism for steering. Hence, steering is accomplished by the athlete, using either lateral air drag forces (tilting the helmet), dragging a toe, or by attempting to make the spine of the runner “dig into” the ice more on one side than the other. Until now, the physics of the latter steering mechanism has been poorly understood. It has been assumed that when the spine “digs into” the ice, the ice friction increases. Our numerical model calculates the details of the contact footprint of the runner on the ice. It also considers frictional heating, heat conduction into the ice and lateral squeeze flow in order to calculate the ice friction coefficient, assuming fully lubricated friction conditions. The model suggests that skeleton sliding can occur in two regimes. The first is one where the sides of the spine do not contact the ice. The second occurs when the spine “digs into” the ice and the sides of the spine contact the ice. By exploring the second regime, we have shown that, as the contact area between the sides of the spine and the ice increases, the ploughing force increases, in accordance with the traditional explanation of steering. However, the shear stress force in the lubricating layer also increases, resulting in a significantly higher ice friction coefficient for the runner with the longer spine contact. This result provides scientific evidence to support the athlete’s experience, that by engaging more of the spine by torqueing the frame of the sled, it is possible to steer the sled, using the differential ice friction on the left and right runners.",Friction; Ice; Model; Physics; Skeleton sled; Theory,,21276110,,,,6a285389-0c06-4c49-9e42-e7b1ba70b574,article,eng
Compression moulding of complex parts using randomly-oriented strands thermoplastic composites,"LeBlanc, Dominic|Landry, Benoit|Levy, Arthur|Hubert, Pascal|Roy, Steven|Yousefpour, Ali",,,,1,13,,2014,05/06/2014,,,,SAMPLE Seattle 2014,"SAMPE Tech Seattle 2014 Conference, June 2-5, 2014, Seattle, Washington",,,,978-193455116-5,,"Randomly-oriented strands composites offer the possibility to mould complex parts with fast processing cycle. In this paper, effects of pressure and strand size on the quality of a T-shape part were studied experimentally. Low pressure results showed strand size effects on the filling of a 25 mm rib cavity. Filling pressures for three strand sizes were obtained. 10 bar of pressure was enough to fully consolidate parts with smaller strands (3.17 mm × 6.35 mm). Analyzing parts processed at minimal filling pressure showed a void content in the rib feature no greater than 1.2 %. Processing at higher pressure reduced void content between 0.22 % and 0.44 %. Mechanical testing (ASTM D2344) showed similar strength for ribs processed at filling pressure and high pressure. This same trend was obtained for component testing of the T-shape. The main findings show that processing a complex feature at filling pressure Pfill was sufficient to reach nominal mechanical properties. This suggested that porosity was not detrimental to the mechanical performance for the given tests.",Complex parts; Component testing; Fast Processing; Filling pressures; High pressure; Mechanical performance; Thermoplastic composite; Void contents,,21276109,,,,dee39d08-59bb-49f5-a730-b71425a1bc12,article,eng
Conduction heating for adhesive bonding of rotorcraft primary structure,"Hind, S.|Djokic, D.|Verdino, J.|Yousefpour, A.",,,,1440,1444,,2014,22/05/2014,Annual Forum Proceedings - AHS International,,1552-2938,70th American Helicopter Society International Annual Forum,"70th American Helicopter Society International Annual Forum, May 20-22, 2014, Montreal, Quebec",,,American Helicopter Society,978-163266691-8,,"A final stage in the manufacturing of a rotorcraft structural article is presented. A single-part composite skin is stiffened with a series of pre-cured composite frames. Legacy designs feature either mechanically fastened metallic skin and frames, or longitudinally split composite skin bonded and fastened to composite frames. In the new design, all frames are simultaneously bonded using a high-performance, thermally-activated film adhesive. No fasteners are used. This approach improved the load transfer, damage tolerance, and part count. The success of this complex bonding operation is highly dependent on the control of the process parameters, mainly the bondline temperature. Required temperature uniformity across all bondlines was achieved by independently controlled conductive Heat Transfer Tiles (HTT's) dedicated to each frame. The National Research Council's HTT technology delivers nonuniform heat flux based on variable thermal boundary conditions which results in improved temperature uniformity compared to traditional heater blankets. Custom HTTs, control system and fixturing were evaluated and used to manufacture seven test articles. The success of the exercise was confirmed by process data, non-destructive, destructive, and full-scale testing.",Flight control systems; Heat flux; Heat transfer; Helicopter rotors; Helicopters; Manufacture; Structural frames; Conductive heat transfer; Full-scale testing; National Research Council; Non-uniform heat fluxes; Primary structures; Process parameters; Temperature uniformity; Thermal boundary conditions; Rotors,,21276105,,,,e1cb0386-0d82-4d0d-aa4b-3fe5875981d6,article,eng
Natural attenuation potential for oil in ice in the Canadian Arctic marine environment,"Greer, Charles W.|Wyglinski, Joanne|Michel, Christine|Fortin, Nathalie|Sanschagrin, Sylvie|Niemi, Andrea|Whyte, Lyle G.|King, Thomas L.|Lee, Kenneth|Yergeau, Etienne",,,,666,681,,2014,05/06/2014,,,,37th AMOP Technical Seminar on Environmental Contamination and Response,"37th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program, June 3-5, 2014, Canmore, Alberta",,,,,,"The exploration and exploitation of oil and gas resources in Canada’s Arctic carries with it certain risks that include the potential for oil spills and their effects on this fragile, yet extreme ecosystem. To develop an effective response strategy for an oil spill in an Arctic environment that would consist of a mixture of seawater and sea ice, a survey was conducted in the area of Cornwallis Island to develop baseline data on the natural microbial community structures and to determine whether these indigenous species possess the capacity to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. Metagenomics and high throughput sequencing are relatively new approaches using modern genomics techniques to directly study communities of microorganisms in their natural environments, avoiding the need for traditional isolation and culturing. This provides more relevant ecological data, since the results directly relate to the population structure of the microorganisms that are present as well as the functional potential of the community, such as, for example, its inherent capacity to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. Based on high-throughput sequencing of total community 16S rRNA gene amplicons and metagenomic sequencing, the indigenous bacterial populations in sea water were significantly different from those associated with the underside of the sea ice. Both sea water and sea ice were dominated by Bacteroidetes (Flavobacteria) but seawater was also abundant in Proteobacteria, primarily Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria. The bottom of the sea ice demonstrated selective enrichment for Gammaproteobacteria, which contains numerous genera of obligate hydrocarbon degrading bacteria, such as Alkanivorax and Oleispira. There were both spatial and physicochemical influences on the microbial population structures, indicating that variations in the local environment can shape the structure of the microbial community, findings that are supported by other studies on polar microbial communities. These results demonstrate that seawater and sea ice in the Canadian Arctic possess natural microbial communities with the inherent ability to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons.",Bacteria; Ecosystems; Energy resources; Hydrocarbons; Oil shale; Oil spills; Petroleum chemistry; Petroleum deposits; Population statistics; RNA; Sea ice; Seawater effects; Throughput; Exploration and exploitation; High-throughput sequencing; Hydrocarbon degrading bacteria; Microbial community structures; Microbial populations; Petroleum hydrocarbons; Physicochemical influences; Population structures; Natural attenuation,,21276104,,,,1922a5d1-5a72-4f2f-a165-4013a8b54cb4,article,eng
Development of thermoplastic composite cones for helicopter tail boom application,"Hoa, Suong V.|Shadmehri, Farjad|Cai, Xiao|Simpson, Jeff|Hubert, Pascal|Quinlan, Erin|Brulotte, Xavier|D’Arienzo, Vincent|Beaulieu, Peter|Dion, Michel|Hojjati, Mehdi|Chen, Jihua",,,,1689,1698,,2014,22/05/2014,Annual Forum Proceedings - AHS International,,1552-2938,AHS Forum 70,"70th American Helicopter Society International Annual Forum, May 20-22, 2014, Montreal, Quebec",,,NAmerican Helicopter Society,978-163266691-8,,"Thermoplastic composites offer many attractive characteristics such as no shelf life, high fracture toughness, high temperature resistance, recyclability etc. The short coming of thermoplastic composites is their high viscosity, even at processing temperature. Due to the high viscosity, techniques for the manufacturing of thermoplastic composite have been limited to molding processes such as compression molding, high temperature stamping, where high temperature, high pressure and long duration are used. The advent of automated fiber placement machine brings forward possibilities to manufacture of large thermoplastic composite components. This is due to the fact that heating and compaction is done on the go directly on the surface of the substrate, and the flexibility of the feeding head to conform to the shape of the mold. It is in the spirit of exploration for new manufacturing possibilities that Bell Helicopter has supported an inter industry- university project for the development of thermoplastic composite cones aimed at helicopter tail boom applications. The cone represents a segment of the helicopter tail boom. It is made using carbon/PEEK material and automated fiber placement. The work consists of the Determination of the lay-up sequence to address the loads, the Development of the manufacturing processes, the Measurement of temperature variation during the making of a ring, the Checking of the quality of the cone, Development of tube bending test set up, Development of theoretical calculations to determine the buckling load of the cone subjected to bending, Testing the cone under bending load, and Comparing the experimental buckling with calculated buckling load.",,,21276102,,,,80063015-5ce4-461a-98ed-8a924d40f823,article,eng
Calcium-sensing receptors of human astrocyte-neuron teams : amyloid-?-driven mediators and therapeutic targets of Alzheimer’s disease,"Pra, I.|Chiarini, A.|Pacchiana, R.|Gardenal, E.|Chakravarthy, B.|Whitfield, J.|Armato, U.",Current Neuropharmacology,12,4,353,364,,2014,28/08/2014,,,1570-159X,,,,,,,,"It is generally assumed that the neuropathology of sporadic (late-onset or nonfamilial) Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is driven by the overproduction and spreading of first Amyloid-?x-42 (A?42) and later hyperphosphorylated (hp)-Tau oligomeric “infectious seeds”. Hitherto, only neurons were held to make and spread both oligomer types; astrocytes would just remove debris. However, we have recently shown that exogenous fibrillar or soluble A? peptides specifically bind and activate the Ca2+-sensing receptors (CaSRs) of untransformed human cortical adult astrocytes and postnatal neurons cultured in vitro driving them to produce, accrue, and secrete surplus endogenous A?42. While the A?-exposed neurons start dying, astrocytes survive and keep oversecreting A?42, nitric oxide (NO), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. Thus astrocytes help neurons’ demise. Moreover, we have found that a highly selective allosteric CaSR agonist (“calcimimetic”), NPS R-568, mimics the just mentioned neurotoxic actions triggered by A??CaSR signaling. Contrariwise, and most important, NPS 2143, a highly selective allosteric CaSR antagonist (“calcilytic”), fully suppresses all the A??CaSR signaling-driven noxious actions. Altogether our findings suggest that the progression of AD neuropathology is promoted by unceasingly repeating cycles of accruing exogenous A?42 oligomers interacting with the CaSRs of swelling numbers of astrocyte-neuron teams thereby recruiting them to overrelease additional A?42 oligomers, VEGF-A, and NO. Calcilytics would beneficially break such A?/CaSR-driven vicious cycles and hence halt or at least slow the otherwise unstoppable spreading of AD neuropathology",Alzheimer’s disease; amyloid-beta oligomers; astrocyte-neuron teams; calcium-sensing receptor; calcilytics; calcimimetics.,10.2174/1570159X12666140828214701,21276095,,,,b460e522-ece7-4f69-8d98-ea0b460ab7a6,article,eng
Searching for patterns in imbalanced data : methods and alternatives with case studies in life sciences,"Famili, A. Fazel",,,,159,166,,2014,2014,,8827,0302-9743|1611-3349,,"19th Iberoamerican Congress, CIARP 2014, November 2-5, 2014, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico",,,,978-3-319-12567-1|978-3-319-12568-8,,"The prime motivation for pattern discovery and machine learning research has been the collection and warehousing of large amounts of data, in many domains such as life sciences and industrial processes. Examples of unique problems arisen are situations where the data is imbalanced. The class imbalance problem corresponds to situations where majority of cases belong to one class and a small minority belongs to the other, which in many cases is equally or even more important. To deal with this problem a number of approaches have been studied in the past. In this talk we provide an overview of some existing methods and present novel applications that are based on identifying the inherent characteristics of one class vs the other. We present the results of a number of studies focusing on real data from life science applications.",Knowledge discovery; imbalanced data; gene expression data,10.1007/978-3-319-12568-8_20,21276087,,,,8d8af267-d0d1-4463-a8ea-02d4a83e970c,chapter,eng
Addressing the requirements for the practical implementation and ongoing maintenance of the redefined kilogram,"Davidson, Stuart|Berry, James|Silvestri, Zaccari|Hogstrom, Richard|Green, Richard",,,,161,166,,2014,05/02/2014,,,,"IMEKO 22nd TC3, 12th TC5 and 3rd TC22 International Conferences","IMEKO 22nd TC3, 12th TC5 and 3rd TC22 International Conferences, Feb. 3-5, 2014, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa",,,,978-163266728-1,,"The unit of mass, the kilogram, is the last of the seven base units of the International System of Units (SI) to be defined in terms of a material artefact rather than by relation to an invariant of nature. Progress is being made towards a redefinition in terms of the Planck constant (h), realised via the watt balance and Avogadro experiments. This paper describes the results of investigations to develop mass standards compatible with use in vacuum, and methods for the transfer, storage and cleaning of these standards in order to satisfactorily implement and disseminate the kilogram redefinition.",Cleaning; Kilogram; Redefinition; Storage; Transfer; Vacuum,,21276055,,,,51a54c4f-4ae1-422a-bb8d-99b5cb03bda5,article,eng
Hybrid fiber laser – arc welding of high strength low alloy steel,"Cao, X.J.|Wanjara, P.|Bernard, A.|Pudo, D.|Munro, C.|Nolting, A.E.",Materials Science Forum,783-786,,663,668,,2014,2014-05,,,0255-5476,,,,,,,,"High strength low alloy (HSLA) grade 80 (HSLA-80) steel with a thickness of 9.1-mm was successfully welded in a single pass using a 5-kW fiber laser combined with an arc welding process. It was found that the maximum gap size in the Y-groove butt joint configuration should remain below 0.2 mm for a 9.1-mm section thickness. Sound butt joints with no welding cracks but some minor microporosity were successfully obtained. However, an underfill defect was frequently observed on the top surface of the weldments. Underfilling could be mitigated through increasing the filler wire addition so as to exceed the groove volume; however, due to significant evaporation and expulsion of the molten pool at the high laser power density, the underfill defect would be difficult to fully eliminate. At slow cooling rates, slight softening in the heat affected zone (HAZ) was present in the mid-thickness region but its elimination is possible at high welding speeds.",Butt Joint; HSLA-80 Steel; Hybrid Laser-Arc Welding; Weldability,10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.783-786.663,21276049,,,,be25bd7f-deb4-4377-ae5c-3ed9d61c4b06,article,eng
Evaluation of algal biomass and biodiesel co-products for bioenergy applications,"Nicol, R. W.|Lamers, A.|Lubitz, W. D.|Mcginn, P. J.",Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy,8,4,429,436,,2014,01/08/2014,,,1556-6560|1556-6579,,,,,,,,"Several forms of energy, such as hydrogen gas, butanol, biogas, and ethanol can be produced from renewable, biological resources. However, many bioenergy technologies are currently at the lab scale and the list of commercial operations successfully producing bioenergy in Canada is much shorter. Currently, Canada's bioenergy production is dominated by biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel, biomass for combustion and the use of anaerobic digesters for biogas production. Bioenergy production in Canada is relatively new, especially in comparison to other renewable energy technologies like hydroelectricity, and therefore opportunities exist to improve bioenergy's economic and environmental impact. One route for improvement is through the valorization of co-products, and our efforts to use fungi to convert biodiesel wastewater and biodiesel derived crude glycerol to the value-added product single cell oil is reviewed. Wastewater is generated during biodiesel production through water washing of the unfinished biodiesel, and COD values for biodiesel wastewater are reported to range from approximately 31,000 to 590,000 mg L-1 . Glycerol is generated in biodiesel production during the tranesterification reaction of intact triacylglycerol molecules with an alcohol and a strong base. This glycerol is a crude co-product, and can contain high levels of methanol, residual oils and water. Cultivation of the newly described oleaginous fungus Galactomyces geotrichum in 50 g L-1 crude glycerol, 10 g L-1 casein and 200 mL L-1 biodiesel wastewater yielded fungal biomass with an average single cell oil content of 51.1%. We also review our data on the use of microalga Nannochloropsis granulata as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion. This work was completed in a 2.2 m3 pilot anaerobic digester and is unique as it is much larger in scope than the vast majority of literature sources reporting on the use of algae in anaerobic digestion applications. The use of N. granulata as a co-digestion substrate with swine manure reduced the methane yield as compared to swine manure alone. Algal biomass added at 0.5 kg volatile solids per day, 1.1 kg volatile solids per day and 1.6 kg volatile solids per day reduced methane yield by 48.4%, 55.9% and 64.7% respectively. The observed reductions may have been due to inhibitory metabolites produced during algal digestion or because of recalcitrance of the algal cell wall. The digester inoculum was not pre-adapted to microalgae degradation and this may have also played a role. Use of algal biomass as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion is still in its infancy, and biomass pre-treatments, different algal strains or different digestion techniques could be needed for the successful utilization of algae. Microalgae have other positive attributes including the ability to remediate waste streams and recycle nutrients as well act as a single source for multiple products and more research is needed in order to successfully exploit this versatile feedstock.",Anaerobic Digestion; Biodiesel Wastewater; Bioenergy in Canada; Biogas; Crude Glycerol; Galactomyces geotrichum; Nannochloropsis granulate,10.1166/jbmb.2014.1454,21275992,NRC-ACRD-56115,,,d6d53205-5503-4826-ae07-ca16c80948dd,article,eng
Impact of overlapping trajectories in laser micro-polishing,"Chow, M. T. C.|Knopf, G.|Bordatchev, E. V.",,,,174,178,,2014,2014,,,,Proceedings of the 2014 International Symposium on Optometchatronic Technologies,"2014 International Symposium on Optomechantronic Technologies, November 5-7, 2014, Seattle, WA, USA",,,,978-146736752-3,,"The quality of a laser micro-polished (L?P) surface is dependent upon the part material, initial surface topography and roughness, and the energy density of the beam used to produce a thin molten layer on the finished part. Prior research has shown that the amount of energy delivered to the work piece can also be controlled by adjusting the “focal offset distance” (FOD) of the laser optics. In this paper, the impact of using multiple overlapping trajectories for laser polishing on the average surface roughness (Ra) is investigated. The analysis is performed on ball-end micromilled H13 tool steel specimens polished using a nanosecond Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The initial surface roughness is dependent on the height and width of micromilled scallops. The trajectory overlap percentage (TO%) is an advanced machining parameter used to describe the ratio between the size of the polishing step and the molten L?P diameter. The average surface roughness of the “best” experimental specimen was reduced from a Ra of 746 nm to 205 nm (~73% improvement) using a short distance polishing regime (1.3 mm <; FOD <; 1.8 mm) with a TO% = 96.8% (or 2 ?m step trajectory). Similar, but less dramatic, reductions in profile Ra were also observed for the longer polishing regime (FOD > 2.2 mm). The experiments also illustrate that the quality of the final surface finish can be further improved by combining continuous wave laser polishing (CW-LP) and L?P.",,10.1109/ISOT.2014.49,21275990,,,,74332f59-00ab-43df-8f6b-6e4e911deca7,article,eng
Biomodal dwell-fatigue Weibull distribution of forged titanium IMI 834,"Toubal, Lotfi|Bocher, Philippe|Moreau, André",International Journal of Damage Mechanics,,,,,,2014,30/06/2014,,,1056-7895|1530-7921,,,,,,,,"This study addresses cumulative damage and its evolution during the cold dwell fatigue of a near-alpha titanium alloy. An experimental study was undertaken to examine the evolution of life, strain, strength and damage of 13 titanium IMI 834 samples cut from a single disk forging. The samples were tested in the same dwell-fatigue loading conditions. In the dwell phase, the load is maintained at 80% of ultimate tensile strength (824 MPa, 90% of yield strength) for thirty seconds. The secant Young's modulus and inelastic strain at minimum load were measured in order to document the evolution of the irreversible damage against the number of cycles for all specimens. Experimental observations show significant differences in dwell-fatigue life and damage behavior. This mechanical analysis and an analysis of the cumulative Weibull reliability distribution suggest a bimodal dwell-fatigue failure process. Some features of the mechanical behavior can be used to sort the samples according to each of the two failure modes and improve the reliability of the fatigue test campaign.","titanium alloy; dwell-fatigue; bimodal Weibull distribution; damage, strain",10.1177/1056789514541823,21275984,NRC-EME-55664,,,9649ccdf-fa27-4b43-834d-31cfe4cca2f7,article,eng
Exploring the chemical space for rare-earth additions to optimize aerospace alloys,"Mercier, P. H. J.|Rodgers, J. R.",,,,,,,2014,2014-01,,,,Materials Science and Technology 2013 Conference Proceedings,"Materials Science and Technology 2013, Montreal, QC Canada",,,,9781629933092,,"We have embarked upon building a database of the calculated physical, electrical, optical and magnetic properties of known rare earth element (REE) alloys and compounds using computational methods. These methods, in materials research, offer powerful tools to provide fundamental understanding of the behaviors of materials and to support the selection and design of materials that meet application requirements. With advances in computational science and information technology in recent years, materials research and development are shifting from the empirical approaches to the design to achieve optimal functionality based on integrated computational-prediction and experimental-validation methods. REE additions to non-ferrous metal alloys improve their physical and mechanical properties, resulting in lightweight and high strength alloys with special application in the aerospace industry. Physical property results will be presented on (i) a number of binary REE-alloys families and (ii) on the use of rare-earths in improving the mechanical properties of lightweight alloys.",materials informatics; rare earth elements; ab initio calculations; aerospace alloys,,21275979,NRC-EME-53246,,,9ddadf9a-6f10-4334-b469-b516ab8aca1e,article,eng
Bilingual sentiment consistency for statistical machine translation,"Chen, Boxing|Zhu, Xiaodan",,,,607,615,,2014,30/04/2014,,,,EACL 2014,"Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, April 26-30 2014, Gothenburg, Sweden",,,Association for Computer Linguistics,978-163266396-2,,"In this paper, we explore bilingual sentiment knowledge for statistical machine translation (SMT). We propose to explicitly model the consistency of sentiment between the source and target side with a lexicon-based approach. The experiments show that the proposed model significantly improves Chinese-to-English NIST translation over a competitive baseline. © 2014 Association for Computational Linguistics.",Lexicon-based; Statistical machine translation; Computational linguistics,,21275948,,,,d23168f2-8ee4-4559-8a93-bf5b228c3660,article,eng
Monitoring strategy for characterization of airborne nanoparticles,"Niu, J.|Rasmussen, P.|Magee, R.|Nilsson, G.",,1,,495,496,,2014,18/06/2014,,,,"Nanotechnology 2014: Graphene, CNTs, Particles, Films and Composites","Nanotech 2014: Technical Proceedings of the 2014 NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Expo, June 15-18, 2014, Washington, DC",,,,978-148225826-4,,"A major challenge in monitoring indoor exposures to nanoparticles is the selection and effective use of suitable instrumentation. Comparability, portability, response time, and reliability are important selection criteria in addition to reasonable cost. Amongst these criteria, instrument comparability is especially critical due to the requirement for multiple instruments in a single exposure assessment and the lack of reference standards for instrument calibration. Testing and verifying instrument comparability, therefore, is essential to ensure the reliability of exposure assessment data. In this study, a variety of portable and non-portable direct-reading instruments, including scanning mobility particle sizers, condensation particle counters, aerodynamic particle sizers, diffusion charger and aerosol mass monitors, were deployed simultaneously. Instrument performance was evaluated in a room-sized environmentally-controlled chamber with the goal of recommending a suite of instruments to provide particle number, surface area, particle size distribution and mass measurements with an acceptable level of uncertainty. The instrumental strategy was then applied to monitoring background aerosols in a typical workplace setting, where laser printers provided a point source for monitoring response time and comparing peak-to-background signals. The study also explored filter-based methods for collecting nanoparticles for subsequent elemental analysis using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS).",Background characterization; CPC; ICP-MS; Instrument comparison; Nanoparticle exposures; Sampling; Size distribution; SMPS,,21275947,,,,539ea30c-be15-4fc8-9343-c19ec248adf8,article,eng
Hybrid fiber laser-arc welding of 10-mm thick Ca6Nm stainless steel,"Mirakhorli, Fatemeh|Cao, Xinjin|Pham, Xuan-Tan|Wanjara, Priti|Fihey, Jean-Luc",,3,,1891,1900,,2014,16/10/2014,,,,Materials Science and Technology Conference and Exhibition 2014,"MS and T 2014 (Materials Science and Technology Conference and Exhibition 2014), Oct. 12-16, 2014, Pittsburgh, PA",,,,978-163439723-0,,"Single pass butt welds were successfully manufactured using a 5.2 kW fiber laser in tandem with arc welding to join 10-mm thick plates of CA6NM, a low carbon martensitic stainless steel in cast form that is widely used for hydroelectric turbines. The joint integrity was evaluated in terms of the weld geometry, discontinuities, microstructure and mechanical properties (tensile and Charpy impact) in both the as-welded and post-weld tempered conditions. Though visible cracks were absent, some defects such as porosity and underfill were observed. The as-welded fusion zone consisted mainly of lath martensite and residual delta ferrite; the latter transformed to tempered lath martensite after post-weld tempering. Four distinct heat affected zones were identifiable through characterization of the microstructure and hardness evolution. Evaluation of the mechanical properties indicated acceptable tensile strength in both the as-welded and post-weld tempered conditions, though the latter was critical for attaining acceptable Charpy impact energy values.",CA6NM cast stainless steel; Defects; Hybrid laser-arc welding (HLAW); Mcrostructure; Mechanical properties.; Post-weld heat treatment; Tempering,,21275946,,,,a0086381-ab8f-4f69-abc3-7cfd430a8ec0,article,eng
Sentiment analysis of short informal texts,"Kiritchenko, Svetlana|Zhu, Xiaodan|Mohammad, Saif M.",Journal of Artifcial Intelligence Research,50,,723,762,,2014,01/08/2014,,,1076-9757,,,,,,,,"We describe a state-of-the-art sentiment analysis system that detects (a) the sentiment of short informal textual messages such as tweets and SMS (message-level task) and (b) the sentiment of a word or a phrase within a message (term-level task). The system is based on a supervised statistical text classification approach leveraging a variety of surface-form, semantic, and sentiment features. The sentiment features are primarily derived from novel high-coverage tweet-specific sentiment lexicons. These lexicons are automatically generated from tweets with sentiment-word hashtags and from tweets with emoticons. To adequately capture the sentiment of words in negated contexts, a separate sentiment lexicon is generated for negated words. The system ranked first in the SemEval-2013 shared task `Sentiment Analysis in Twitter' (Task 2), obtaining an F-score of 69.02 in the message-level task and 88.93 in the term-level task. Post-competition improvements boost the performance to an F-score of 70.45 (message-level task) and 89.50 (term-level task). The system also obtains state-of-the-art performance on two additional datasets: the SemEval-2013 SMS test set and a corpus of movie review excerpts. The ablation experiments demonstrate that the use of the automatically generated lexicons results in performance gains of up to 6.5 absolute percentage points.",Classification (of information); Semantics; Text processing; Ablation experiments; Automatically generated; Percentage points; Sentiment analysis; Sentiment features; Sentiment lexicons; State-of-the-art,10.1613/jair.4272,21275945,,,,f3c48029-99e0-48c7-9aaf-271e9715465b,article,eng
???????????????|High performance lubricants for demanding PM applications,"St-Laurent, Sylvain|Thomas, Yannig|Azzi, Lhoucine",Fenmo Yejin Jishu/Powder Metallurgy Technology,32,3,226,234,,2014,22/08/2014,,,1001-3784,,,,,,,,"The achievement of high density at reasonable cost is without a doubt one of the major ques of the P/M industry. Hish density can be achieved through various processing mutes involving the shaping of the part and/or the sintering. In particular, single pressing methods such as warm compaction and die wall lubrication are known to give green density in the range of 7.2 to 7.5 g·cm-3 depening on the powder formulation. Nevertheless, these pressing techniques normally require tighter control, are costly and may reduce productivity compared to conventional pressing method. More recently, new high performance lubricants were developed to achieve higher green density than conventional lubricant by cold compaction or temperature-controlled die compaction. This paper presents the green and sintered characteristics of these newly developed high performance lubricants in a laboratory and production scale. In particular, the compaction and ejection characteristics of these new lubricants ale compared to that obtained with other conventional lubricants.",Lubicants; PM parts,10.3969/j.issn.1001-3784.2014.03.013,21275944,,,,551919db-fd52-4074-9799-4346c49d95a0,article,eng
Vacuum-bag-only prepreg processing of honeycomb structures : from lab-scale experiments to an aircraft demonstrator,"Kratz, J.|Genest, M.|Preau, M.|Hubert, P.",,,,,,,2014,05/06/2014,,,,International SAMPE Technical Conference,"SAMPE Tech Seattle 2014 Conference, June 2-5, 2014, Seattle, Washington",,,,978-193455116-5,,"An aircraft demonstrator was manufactured using out-of-autoclave prepreg and vacuum-bag-only processing techniques. The demonstrator featured flat, double-curvature, joggles, abrupt geometry changes, and honeycomb inserts. The scientific literature was used to assess and mitigate the processing risks for this demonstrator. Low through-thickness gas permeability and ply-bridging in small radii corners were thought to be the most significant risks. The through-thickness permeability of the target material was undetectable, therefore spiking was used to increase gas evacuation. Unfortunately, the available mould had small radii that could not be increased, as a result ply bridging was observed in these corners. Miniature pressure sensors were successfully embedded in the demonstrator to monitor the honeycomb core pressure throughout the lay-up, including intermittent de-bulking, the pre-cure vacuum hold, and the elevated temperature cure. The sensors identified two insightful process phenomena: 1) gas evacuation increased with additional plies, and 2) non-uniform pressure response was observed in the part during cure. Visible part quality was acceptable, excluding small radii geometrical features. Internal part quality (voidage) was estimated using pulsed infrared thermography non-destructive-evaluation. While void contents are not exact, the thermography revealed local voidage can vary significantly over the part.",Curing; Gas permeability; Risk assessment; Thermography (imaging); Elevated temperature; Geometrical features; Non-uniform pressures; Out of autoclaves; Processing technique; Scientific literature; Through-thickness; Through-thickness permeability,,21275940,,,,9d0c4419-9830-4796-a8d3-fa27526007d5,article,eng
Identification of aeroelastic parameters for helicopter tail rotor limit cycle oscillation monitoring,"Chen, Yong|Wickramasinghe, Viresh|Zimcik, David G.",,,,1,18,,2014,08/10/2014,,,,International Conference on Adaptive Structures and Technologies,"ICAST2014 : 25nd International Conference on Adaptive Structures and Technologies, October 6-8th, 2014, The Hague, The Netherlands",,,,9781600869372,,"The aeroelastic parameters of helicopter tail rotors are required in the monitoring and evaluation of rotor aeroservoelastic instability incidents such as limit cycle oscillations (LCO). However, in-situ measurement of these parameters on helicopters is generally difficult due to the need to transfer vibration data across a rotating interface. This paper presents a novel center frequency scaling factor relationship of the aeroelastic parameters between the rotating and stationary frames. Together with the stochastic parameter identification technique, this methodology enables real-time estimation and tracking of the critical aeroelastic parameters in the rotating frame during LCO events based on vibration information measured exclusively in the stationary frame. The methodology has been validated using flight vibration data measured from both the rotating and stationary frames of a helicopter tail rotor system during an LCO event. Moreover, this methodology has been applied to the analysis of vibration data measured from the teeter tail rotor system on the Canadian CH-149 Cormorant helicopters to derive the critical aeroelastic parameters during several LCO events.",Aeroelasticity; Aeroservoelasticity; Fighter aircraft; Helicopter rotors; Helicopters; Identification (control systems); Stochastic systems; Vibration analysis; Center frequency; In-situ measurement; Limit Cycle Oscillation,,21275938,,,,9c5804de-d532-4670-8491-4ab06432314a,article,eng
Canadian photonics : the foundation for a quantum leap,"Decker, Jennifer|Tennant, John|Sussman, Ben",Optics and Photonics News,25,10,18,20,,2014,01/10/2014,,,1047-6938,,,,,,,,"Stakeholders at the national and local levels are committed to advancing the field of quantum technologies in Canada. Canada is a world leader in photonics research and development, and continues that trend in the emerging field of quantum technologies. Deeply rooted in photonics, quantum technologies utilize unusual quantum features to build technologies and devices radically different than is possible with traditional physics. Canadian photonics “firsts” include the development of the fiber Bragg grating in 1978, high-speed data transport (10 Gbit), as well as the breakthrough invention of the quantum key distribution protocol in 1984.",,,21275936,,,,ab2019a6-fdd4-424a-8c63-f41a6377c595,article,eng
Direct impact sound insulation of cross laminate timber floors with and without toppings|Directimpactsound insulation of cross laminate timber floors with and without toppings,"Zeitler, Berndt|Schoenwald, Stephan|Sabourin, Ivan",,,,1,6,,2014,19/11/2014,,,,International Congress on Noise Control Engineering: Improving the World Through Noise Control,"Inter-Noise 2014: 43rd International Congress on Noise Control Engineering: Improving the World Through Noise Control, Nov. 16-19, 2014, Melbourne, Australia",,,,9780909882020,,"Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), which is well suited for construction of tall buildings, is becoming a more popular construction material in North America. However, to ensure comfortable living conditions, sound insulation measures are necessary. The study presented here compares results of direct impact sound insulation of 5- and 7-ply CLT floors covered with different a concrete toppings on various interlayers. Improvements of up to 21dB in Weighted Normalized Impact Sound Pressure Level (Ln,w) were observed using a newly proposed reference floor for CLTs. Furthermore, the improvements of floor coverings on CLT floors are compared to those achieved on other types of construction, such as the reference concrete floor. The improvements of Ln,w tend to be higher on the concrete floors than on the CLT floors tested. These and other findings will be presented.",Impact Sound; Insulation; CLT; reference curve,,21275935,,,,90cfede6-5413-4e57-921b-1ae79e6d5a66,article,eng
Modelling of mechanical properties of randomly oriented strands thermoplastic composites,"Selezneva, M.|Meldrum, S.|Roy, S.|Lessard, L.|Yousefpour, A.",,,,,,,2014,26/06/2014,,,,European Conference on Composite Materials,"16th European Conference on Composite Materials, ECCM 2014, June 22-26, 2014, Seville, Spain",,,,978-000000000-2,,"Randomly oriented strands (ROS) thermoplastic composites have attractive properties, such as great formability and high modulus, but their properties are highly variable due to heterogeneous macrostructure. This paper proposes a stochastic finite element technique that predicts strength and modulus of ROS composites. It is based on the concept of random strands generation to model variability, and it utilizes Hashin's failure criteria and fracture energies to estimate strength. Overall, the model matches experimental results and shows that failure of ROS composites is matrix-dominated and follows the ""weakest-link"" principle.",Mechanical properties; Randomly oriented strands; Thermoplastics,,21275934,,,,868f848d-1f08-406a-8ba4-a03d28ae04a6,article,eng
Numerical simulations of ice forces on moored and thruster-assisted drillships,"Sayed, Mohamed|Kubat, Ivana|Wright, Brian|Millan, Jim",,,,1,14,,2014,2014,,,,Offshore Technology Conference OTC 2014,"OTC Arctic Technology Conference, Feb. 10-12, 2014, Houston, Texas",,,Offshore Technology Conference,,,"The present work examines the loads on moored/DP-assisted drillships and their responses in managed pack ice. Numerical simulations are used to determine deformations and stresses within the ice cover and the movements of the vessel. The results give ice forces and moments on the vessel, as well as its surge, sway and yaw responses. The drillship assumed in this simulation work has a length of 230 m, a beam of 42 m, and a mass of 100,000 Mt. Simulations examine a case representing a moored vessel in a managed ice field consisting of 50 m floes that are 1 m in thickness, moving at a constant speed of 0.3 m/s. For ice moving along the surge direction, the peak surge force was approximately 2 MN. The corresponding maximum surge was 1.5 m. A parametric study further examines several aspects of ice interaction with the vessel. The results quantify various effects of ice management (the role of floe size), ice thickness and drift speed, the direction of ice movement, and stiffness of the mooring system. A case of combined mooring and thruster-assisted mooring is also examined. The additional contribution of the thrusters (or control of the DP system) is shown to somewhat reduce the offsets of the vessel. The work presents a methodology for evaluating the stationkeeping performance of vessels in managed pack ice and quantifying the role of the mooring/DP system characteristics.",,10.4043/24647-MS,21275933,,,,dc969e74-38aa-41bc-9fc1-79951e003684,article,eng
Compression molding of composite tailboom frames,"Roy, Steven|Yousefpour, Ali|Bednar, Felix|Beaulieu, Pete",,,,2272,2276,,2014,22/05/2014,,,,AHS 70th Annual Forum,"70th American Helicopter Society International Annual Forum, May 20-22, 2014, Montréal, Québec",,,,,,"Composite helicopter tailboom frames were manufactured by compression molding using a carbon fiber thermoset bulk molding compound. A mold was designed for compression molding and installed in a hydraulic press. The mold features two shear edges, guide pins and an integrated part ejection system. A material preforming method was developed to improve consistency in material distribution, which improved process robustness. A number of parts were produced and inspected for void content and dimensional stability. No significant porosity or voids were found in the samples examined. Part thickness uniformity was studied and improved, in order to meet the required tolerances. Dimensional inspection before and after a free standing post cure showed no significant part distortion. This work showed that compression molded tailboom frames are a viable alternative to current tailboom frames using continuous pre-impregnated fabric materials and cured by autoclave. This alternate processing method has the potential to reduce touch time and manufacturing costs.",Carbon fibers; Curing; Helicopters; Hydraulic machinery; Molds; Bulk molding compounds; Dimensional inspection; Improved process; Manufacturing cost; Material distribution; Pre-impregnated fabrics; Processing method; Thickness uniformity; Compression molding,,21275930,,,,bef18d0e-87ae-45a0-b63b-a7d323389cbd,article,eng
Knowing the limits of a trend : examining the onset of asymptotic stable fracture behaviour in mode II fatigue delamination growth,"Rans, C. D.|Atkinson, J.|Li, C.",,,,1,8,,2014,26/06/2014,,,,European Conference on Composite Materials,"16th European Conference on Composite Materials, ECCM 2014, June 22-26, 2014, Seville, Spain",,,,,,"This study is motivated by the possibility that experimental data sets, particularly those obtained at high R-ratios, may unknowingly contain data points within the asymptotic stable fracture region that influence its perceived log-linear behaviour and the fit of various loglinear delamination growth models. Results from the experimental investigation indicate that the asymptotic stable fracture region can extend to GIImax values as low as 0.7GIIc.",asymptotic behaviour; Delamination growth; Fatigue; Mode II,,21275929,,,,a199efed-caae-411e-a559-c60950988210,article,eng
An empirical study on the effect of negation words on sentiment,"Zhu, Xiaodan|Guo, Hongyn|Mohammad, Saif|Kiritchenko, Svetlana",,,,304,313,,2014,25/06/2014,,,,Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics,"52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2014, June 23-25, 2014, Baltimore, Maryland",,,,9781634391917,,"Negation words, such as no and not, play a fundamental role in modifying sentiment of textual expressions. We will refer to a negation word as the negator and the text span within the scope of the negator as the argument. Commonly used heuristics to estimate the sentiment of negated expressions rely simply on the sentiment of argument (and not on the negator or the argument itself). We use a sentiment treebank to show that these existing heuristics are poor estimators of sentiment. We then modify these heuristics to be dependent on the negators and show that this improves prediction. Next, we evaluate a recently proposed composition model (Socher et al., 2013) that relies on both the negator and the argument. This model learns the syntax and semantics of the negator's argument with a recursive neural network. We show that this approach performs better than those mentioned above. In addition, we explicitly incorporate the prior sentiment of the argument and observe that this information can help reduce fitting errors.",Neural networks; Semantics; Composition model; Empirical studies; Fitting error; Recursive neural networks; Treebanks; Computational linguistics,,21275928,,,,7a80d264-7741-470f-9778-da1ff7c33cb3,article,eng
Enhanced transmission and beam confinement using bullseye plasmonic lenses at THz frequencies,"Heggie, Tanner J.|Naylor, David A.|Gom, Brad G.|Bordatchev, Evgueni V.",,,,89851G-1,89851G-11,,2014,2014,Proceedings of SPIE,Vol. 8985,0277-786X,"Terahertz, RF, Millimeter, and Submillimeter-Wave Technology and Applications VII","New Developments in THz, RF, Millimeter-Waves, and Sub-Millimeter Waves III, February 1 2014, San Fransisco, CA",,,Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engingeers,,,"A major limitation in terahertz (THz) imaging applications is the relatively poor diffraction limited spatial resolution. A common approach to achieve subwavelength resolution is near-field imaging using a subwavelength aperture, but the low transmission efficiency through the aperture limits the sensitivity of this method. Bullseye structures, consisting of a single subwavelength circular aperture surrounded by concentric periodic corrugations, have been shown to enhance transmission through subwavelength apertures. At optical wavelengths, the fabrication of bullseye structures has been traditionally achieved by lithographic or chemical processes. Since the scale of plasmonic structures depends on the incident wavelength, precision micromilling techniques are well suited for THz applications. In this paper we describe a diamond micromilling process for the fabrication a plasmonic lenses operating at 325 GHz. Theoretical simulations are obtained using an FDTD solver and the performance of the lens is measured using a customized THz test bed.",Plasmonics; bullseye lens; terahertz; micromilling; subwavelength imaging; surface plasmons,10.1117/12.2040335,21275919,,,,0fc8d866-f537-4616-8fad-627fa83b2602,article,eng
A new approach to building acoustics regulation in Canada,"Zeitler, Berndt|Schoenwald, Stephan|Quirt, David",,,,1,8,,2014,19/11/2014,,,,43rd International Congress on Noise Control Engineering: Improving the World through Noise Control,"Internoise 2014, Nov. 16-19, 2014, Melbourne Australia",,,,,,"A new approach to the control of sound transmission is among the proposed changes in the 2015 edition of the National Building Code of Canada. The design objective is changing from a minimum STC for the wall or floor/ceiling assembly separating adjacent units to a requirement for the Apparent Sound Transmission Class (ASTC) including flanking. The approach to design is based on combining the ASTM data from conventional laboratory measurement of direct transmission through wall or floor/ceiling assemblies with measurements of flanking transmission conforming to ISO 10848 and predictions using ISO 15712-1. To support the design and regulatory approval process, the National Research Council is preparing a series of reports detailing the design procedure for a broad range of heavy monolithic and lightweight framed constructions, and providing the supporting generic data in form of web-based tools and tables from two decades of research studies in flanking test laboratories.",Sound|Insulation|Transmission|Flanking,,21275916,,,,e315929c-5d62-4aa3-b893-d35ad24cc1ee,article,eng
AFP monocoque composite tailboom full scale fatigue testing,"Beltempo, André|Rogers, John E.|Rutledge, Robert S.|Colle, Alain R.|Drouin, Pierre|Lapalme, Maxime",,,,,,,2014,22/05/2014,,,,Forum 70 : Americam Helicopter Society,"AHS 70th Annual Forum, May 20–22, 2014, Montréal, Québec, Canada",,,,,,"This paper describes two phases of full scale testing performed on a Bell Helicopter Textron Canada Limited (BHTCL) composite monocoque tailboom manufactured using Automated Fiber Placement (AFP). This technical demonstrator tailboom was designed for use on a Bell 407 model as part of a collaboration program with Bombardier Inc., Composite Atlantic Ltd. and the National Research Council Canada (NRC). The tailboom cone consisted of a skin made from an AFP layup of carbon epoxy fiber tape combined to a hand layup made from fabric. The skin is then bonded to six hand layup frames. The fatigue test objectives were to validate the component to flaw tolerant safe life requirements and establish damage tolerance to light and medium caliber ballistic impacts. The test article, containing embedded flaws, impact damages, and representative repairs, was subjected to a full four lifetime fatigue test at NRC. All testing during this phase was conducted at 250 °F ‘hot-dry’ conditions to simulate operating temperatures seen in service. The test article successfully sustained four lifetimes of fatigue testing, followed by residual strength testing to both limit and ultimate loads. In the second phase of the full scale testing, the article was subjected to six ballistic impacts with deadweights replicating a critical load condition in the field, interspersed with short ‘go-home’ fatigue cycling in the laboratory. Regular inspections and near-real-time data analyses were performed throughout testing. No permanent deformation, new damage or existing damage growth was sustained by the tested composite components during the fatigue tests, subsequent residual strength tests, or fatigue loads following ballistic impact, thereby proving the flaw and damage tolerance capability of the structure.",,,21275915,,,,d18da899-bcbd-4f62-8200-20b9f34598c0,article,eng
Parametric study of direct airborne insulation of wood stud walls in midrise construction,"Zeitler, Berndt|Schoenwald, Stefan|King, Frances",,,,1,8,,2014,19/11/2014,,,,International Congress on Noise Control Engineering: Improving the World through Noise Control,"Internoise 2014: 43rd International Congress on Noise Control Engineering November 16-19, 2014, Melbourne, Australia",,,,,,"There has been a proposal in Canada to increase the maximum allowable height of wood framed construction in the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) from 4 stories to 6 stories. Design of taller buildings will lead to a change in the details of the walls that have to withstand the higher axial and lateral loads. However, also requirements of other building physics disciplines, one of those being the sound insulation, still have to be met. In the study presented here various assemblies that meet the higher load requirements are compared for direct airborne sound insulation. Parameters that were modified include: sheathing membranes, stud arrangement, stud depth, and resilient channels. Some of the wall design variants that work well structurally have very poor sound insulation properties and most of them require the use of resilient channels to obtain somewhat acceptable sound insulation properties. These and more results will be presented here.","sound, insulation, transmission",,21275911,,,,babad062-7321-4041-af73-993b9b9f6e64,article,eng
Manufacturing of composite helicopter tailboom using AFP process|Manufacturing of composite helicopter tailboom using automated fiber placement,"Chen, Jihua|Octeau, Marc-Andre|Roy, Steven|Yousefpour, Ali|Gingras, Richard|Beaulieu, Pete|Morris, Kevin",,,,1,7,,2014,31/07/2014,,,,Forum 70 : American Helicopter Society,"AHS 70th Annual Forum, May 20-22, 2014, Montréal, Québec, Canada",,,,,,"This paper briefly summarizes the manufacturing process of a composites helicopter tailboom prototype, with the focus on improving quality and productivity as well as reducing manufacturing cost. The ultimate goal of the project is to develop a stable and reliable automated fiber placement process for mass production of the composite tailboom. For this purpose, different fiber path generation scenarios were first explored in the early stage of the project. Information such as fiber angle deviations, gaps and overlaps were collected. Feedback was provided to the designers to further improve the tailboom design. Second, since fiber placement process is influenced by different variables, including layup speed, compaction force, heater temperature, humidity level, etc., the interactions of different process parameters were investigated. The optimum layup speed was identified under different conditions. Third, to achieve the quality requirements, methodologies were developed to reduce machine downtime and to track and repair manufacturing defects. As a result of the project, a one-piece, fiber placed composites tailboom was successfully manufactured.",,,21275907,,,,810f685c-6565-4282-9d80-0295f0ac3493,article,eng
Gene-based SNP discovery and genetic mapping in pea,"Sindhu, Anoop|Ramsay, Larissa|Sanderson, Lacey-Anne|Stonehouse, Robert|Li, Rong|Condie, Janet|Shunmugam, Arun S.K.|Liu, Yong|Jha, Ambuj B.|Diapari, Marwan|Burstin, Judith|Aubert, Gregoire|Tar'an, Bunyamin|Bett, Kirstin E.|Warkentin, Thomas D.|Sharpe, Andrew G.",Theoretical and Applied Genetics,127,10,2225,2241,,2014,2014-10,,,1432-2242,,,,,,,,"Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the world’s oldest domesticated crops and has been a model system in plant biology and genetics since the work of Gregor Mendel. Pea is the second most widely grown pulse crop in the world following common bean. The importance of pea as a food crop is growing due to its combination of moderate protein concentration, slowly digestible starch, high dietary fiber concentration, and its richness in micronutrients; however, pea has lagged behind other major crops in harnessing recent advances in molecular biology, genomics and bioinformatics, partly due to its large genome size with a large proportion of repetitive sequence, and to the relatively limited investment in research in this crop globally. The objective of this research was the development of a genome-wide transcriptome-based pea single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker platform using next-generation sequencing technology. A total of 1,536 polymorphic SNP loci selected from over 20,000 non-redundant SNPs identified using deep transcriptome sequencing of eight diverse Pisum accessions were used for genotyping in five RIL populations using an Illumina GoldenGate assay. The first high-density pea SNP map defining all seven linkage groups was generated by integrating with previously published anchor markers. Syntenic relationships of this map with the model legume Medicago truncatula and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) maps were established. The genic SNP map establishes a foundation for future molecular breeding efforts by enabling both the identification and tracking of introgression of genomic regions harbouring QTLs related to agronomic and seed quality traits.",Pisum sativum L.; genetic mapping,10.1007/s00122-014-2375-y,21275906,56003,,,1549504e-0d6b-48d1-b4d3-bebb8c920874,article,eng
A preliminary ventilation rate study for residential buildings and offices based on VOC emission database,"Ye, W.|Zhang, X.|Won, D.",,,,1070,1077,,2014,12/07/2014,,,,International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate,"13th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Indoor Air 2014, July 7-12, 2014, Hong Kong",,,International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate,,,"Scenarios involving four standard rooms and different material loadings were analyzed to study adequate ventilation rates for residential buildings and offices. The study followed the IAQ procedure recommended by ASHRAE. The emission source data were from the National Research Council Canada (NRC) database. The building material emissions and VOC concentrations were predicted by using the concept of characteristic emission factor. The ventilation rate was calculated for seven scenarios to meet the thresholds given by six indoor air quality standards. The results show that the ventilation rate depends heavily on the selected standard and material loading ratio. The dominating chemical substance in determining ventilation rate in various cases is not unique. The time to take for the emission to complete was about to 3 to 7 years for all seven cases. The typical ventilation rate was about 1 h-1 for living room, bedroom and private room, and was 3.2 h-1 for open office.",building material; characteristic emission rate; standard room; ventilation rate,,21275903,,,,7bdaa1ed-9e7c-4625-92c0-d9880d04fae3,article,eng
Molecular dynamics simulations of hydrogen bonding in clathrate hydrates with ammonia and methanol guest molecules,"Alavi, Saman|Shin, Kyuchul|Ripmeester, John A.",Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data,60,2,389,397,,2014,18/09/2014,,,0021-9568,,,,,ACS Publications,,,"We performed molecular dynamics simulations of the ammonia and methanol-based clathrate hydrates with the emphasis on characterizing hydrogen-bonding interactions of these guest molecules with the water lattice. Systems studied include structure II (sII) binary clathrate hydrates of tetrahydrofuran (THF) (large cage, L) + NH3 (small cage, S) and THF (L) + CH3OH (S), the structure I (sI) pure NH3 (L), pure CH3OH (L), the binary NH3 (L) + CH4 (S), and binary CH3OH (L) + CH4 (S) clathrate hydrates. We simulated these clathrate hydrates with the transferable intermolecular potential with four point changes (TIP4P) water potential and the TIP4P/ice water potential to determine the effect of the water potential on the predicted hydrogen bonding of the guest molecules. Simulations show that, despite strongly hydrogen bonding with the framework water molecules, clathrate hydrate phases with NH3 and CH3OH can be stable within temperatures ranges up to 240 K. Indeed, a limited number of thermodynamic integration free energy calculations show that both NH3 and CH3OH molecules give more stable guest-host configurations in the large sI clathrate hydrate cages than methane guests. Predictions of hydrogen bonding from simulations with the two different water potentials used can differ substantially. To study the effect of proton transfer from water to the basic NH3 guests, simulations were performed on a binary NH3 + CH4 sI clathrate hydrate where less than 10 % of the ammonia guests in the large cages were converted to NH4 + and a water molecule of the hydrate lattice in the same large cage was converted to OH-. The small percentage of proton transfer to ammonia guests in the large cages did not affect the stability of the resultant hydrate. The structural perturbations in the lattice that result from this proton transfer are characterized.",Ammonia|Free energy|Gas hydrates|Hydration|Hydrogen|Methane|Methanol|Molecular dynamics|Molecules|Organic solvents|Proton transfer|Binary clathrate hydrates|Clathrate hydrate|Free-energy calculations|Hydrogen bonding interactions|Intermolecular potentials|Molecular dynamics simulations|Structural perturbation|Thermodynamic integration|Hydrogen bonds,10.1021/je5006517,21275843,,,,e521c8d6-1fed-4c24-b9f5-fb4811994437,article,eng
A regenerating ultrasensitive electrochemical impedance immunosensor for the detection of adenovirus,"Lin, Donghai|Tang, Thompson|Harrison, D. Jed|Lee, William E.|Jemere, Abebaw B.",Biosensors and Bioelectronics,68,,129,134,,2014,16/12/2014,,,0956-5663,,,,,Elsevier,,,"We report on the development of a regenerable sensitive immunosensor based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the detection of type 5 adenovirus. The multi-layered immunosensor fabrication involved successive modification steps on gold electrodes: (i) modification with self-assembled layer of 1,6-hexanedithiol to which gold nanoparticles were attached via the distal thiol groups, (ii) formation of self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid onto the gold nanoparticles, (iii) covalent immobilization of monoclonal anti-adenovirus 5 antibody, with EDC/NHS coupling reaction on the nanoparticles, completing the immunosensor. The immunosensor displayed a very good detection limit of 30 virus particles/ml and a wide linear dynamic range of 105. An electrochemical reductive desorption technique was employed to completely desorb the components of the immunosensor surface, then re-assemble the sensing layer and reuse the sensor. On a single electrode, the multi-layered immunosensor could be assembled and disassembled at least 30 times with 87% of the original signal intact. The changes of electrode behavior after each assembly and desorption processes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques.",Cyclic voltammetry|Desorption|Electrochemical electrodes|Fiber optic sensors|Gold|Metal nanoparticles|Nanoparticles|Self assembled monolayers|Spectroscopy|Viruses|X ray photoelectron spectroscopy|11-mercaptoundecanoic acid|Adenovirus|Covalent immobilization|Electrochemical impedance|Linear dynamic ranges|Modified electrodes|Reductive desorption|Self-assembled layers|Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy|gold nanoparticle|undecanoic acid|virus antibody|chemical modification|chemical reaction|concentration (parameters)|controlled study|cyclic potentiometry|electrochemical impedance spectroscopy|electrode|immobilization|immunosensor|limit of detection|virus detection|Human adenovirus type 5,10.1016/j.bios.2014.12.032,21275836,,,,d4a99124-a009-4e86-b524-02b93676adde,article,eng
Numerical modelling complements physical testing in staged design of ocean wave-driven pump,"Boileau, Renee|Raman-Nair, Wayne|Graham, Michael",,,,,,7003281,2014,14/09/2014,Oceans ... Conference,,0197-7385,"2014 Oceans - St. John's, OCEANS 2014","2014 Oceans - St. John's, OCEANS 2014, 14 September 2014 through 19 September 2014",,,IEEE,9781479949182|978-1-4799-4920-5,,"National Research Council Canada (NRC) is collaborating with College of the North Atlantic (CNA) to develop an ocean wave-driven pump to supply the CNA shore-based aquaculture centre in Lord's Cove, Newfoundland. NRC provides a combination of physical model testing under controlled laboratory conditions and computer simulation using numerical modelling tools developed at NRC and commercial software. The CNA plans to demonstrate the sustainability of a shore-based aquaculture centre in the context of rural Newfoundland. The efficiency of the centre depends in part on its energy consumption, a major part of which is supplying seawater to a facility some distance from the ocean and above sea level. The development of a seawater supply pump driven by the power of ocean waves would reduce the electrical costs for the centre. The NRC is supporting a staged design program through numerical and physical model testing to select a robust design optimized for the local sea conditions at the Lord's Cove mooring site. The wave pump is inspired by designs for wave energy converters. But since wave energy converters have not converged on a single design, there are major risks and costs in designing a wave pump, from construction and testing of physical models for competing designs to mooring failure and potential loss of the device in the hurricane-force storms typical of southern Newfoundland. Using lessons learned in the energy sector, risks can be mitigated by systematically testing the behaviour and response of proposed concepts through a staged design program, starting from characterizing the hydrodynamic characteristics of a simplified model through progressively larger, more complex physical and numerical models used in functional tests. This approach systematically directs the design process toward a single prototype optimized for performance in specified wave conditions using scaled model tests in advance of the most costly stage of sea trials. The goals of the staged design program for the CNA wave-driven pump are to • evaluate various design concepts • select a design suited to the CNA mooring site • optimize the design for a typical sea state and • specify a mooring robust enough to keep the platform on station during the sometimes extreme sea states at Lord's Cove. The program began with characterization of the chosen mooring site outside Lord's Cove. Processed wave buoy data from this site informed the estimation of mooring line loads using numerical tools developed by NRC and typical sea states on which to focus design optimization. In the second stage, a numerical tool was developed to estimate pump output and validated against test results for a physical pump. In the third stage, various wave pump platform design concepts were evaluated based on estimation of hydrodynamic characteristics. The designs were characterized using a combination of physical model tests in the NRC 200-metre wave tank in St. John's and computer simulations using Ansys Aqwa and Matlab. A sample pump platform design is shown as a scale model and a numerical mesh in Fig. 1. In the fourth stage, which will precede a full-scale prototype deployment at sea, a design has been selected and an operational scale model wave pump platform has been tested in the NRC wave facilities. Numerical modelling is used to choose a mooring for the full-scale deployment. In this staged design program, the use of physical model tests and computer simulation are complementary methods used alternatively to solve potentially costly and time-consuming problems. A selection of the problems encountered in the design of the wave pump platform is presented along with a critique of the solutions applied by NRC to build confidence in a wave-driven pump design tailored for the CNA site.",Aquaculture|Energy utilization|Fluid dynamics|Hydrodynamics|MATLAB|Mooring|Numerical models|Ocean currents|Oceanography|Sea level|Seawater|Site selection|Stages|Water waves|Wave power|Complementary methods|Controlled laboratories|Hurricane-force storm|Hydrodynamic characteristics|National Research Council|Numerical and physical modeling|Physical model testing|Wave energy converters|Wave energy conversion,10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003281,21275832,OCRE-PR-2014-013,,,fd4e711c-6e83-4a00-8c27-781729e89fb8,article,eng
Sensor dynamics in high dimensional phase spaces via nonlinear transformations: Application to helicopter loads monitoring,"Valdes, Julio J.|Cheung, Catherine|Li, Matthew",,,,365,372,7008691,2014,09/12/2014,,,,"IEEE SSCI 2014 - 2014 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence - CIDM 2014: 2014 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Data Mining, Proceedings","5th IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Data Mining, CIDM 2014, 9 December 2014 through 12 December 2014",,,IEEE,9781479945191,,"Accurately determining component loads on a helicopter is an important goal in the helicopter structural integrity field, with repercussions on safety, component damage, maintenance schedules and other operations. Measuring dynamic component loads directly is possible, but these measurement methods are costly and are difficult to maintain. While the ultimate goal is to estimate the loads from flight state and control system parameters available in most helicopters, a necessary step is understanding the behavior of the loads under different flight conditions. This paper explores the behavior of the main rotor normal bending loads in level flight, steady turn and rolling pullout flight conditions, as well as the potential of computational intelligence methods in understanding the dynamics. Time delay methods, residual variance analysis (gamma test) using genetic algorithms, unsupervised non-linear mapping and recurrence plot and quantification analysis were used. The results from this initial work demonstrate that there are important differences in the load behavior of the main rotor blade under the different flight conditions which must be taken into account when working with machine learning methods for developing prediction models.",Aircraft control|Data mining|Delay control systems|Genetic algorithms|Helicopter services|Helicopters|Mathematical transformations|Phase space methods|Time delay|Computational intelligence methods|High dimensional phase space|Machine learning methods|Maintenance schedules|Measurement methods|Non-linear transformations|Nonlinear mappings|Quantification analysis|Flight control systems,10.1109/CIDM.2014.7008691,21275822,,,,4a05eb86-7321-4b1f-b307-a562f2cde208,article,eng
Numerical study of soot formation in laminar coflow diffusion flames of methane doped with primary reference fuels,"Consalvi, Jean-Louis|Liu, Fengshan|Contreras, Jorge|Kashif, Muhammad|Legros, Guillaume|Shuai, Shijin|Wang, Jianxin",Combustion and Flame,162,4,1153,1163,,2014,26/11/2014,,,0010-2180,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Laminar methane diffusion flames doped by vapors of different blends of n-heptane and iso-octane burning in a coflow of air diluted with CO2 were simulated numerically in this study. These laminar coflow diffusion flames have been experimentally investigated recently by Kashif et al. (2014). Numerical simulations were performed using a detailed reaction model containing 175 species and 1189 reactions together with a sectional soot model. The soot model consists of inception as a result of the collision of two pyrene molecules, heterogeneous surface growth and oxidation following the hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition (HACA) mechanism, soot particle coagulation, and PAH surface condensation. The numerical model provides prediction in fairly good quantitative agreement with the experimental data and reproduces successfully the influence of the fuel blend composition and CO2 dilution of air on the flame structure and soot production. The soot production increases and decreases linearly with the molar concentration of iso-octane in the fuel stream and CO2 content of the air stream, respectively. In addition, the efficiency of CO2 dilution to suppress soot is reduced as the concentration of iso-octane increases. This is likely due to the greater contributions of PAH condensation with increasing iso-octane concentration relative to soot surface growth through HACA. The increase in soot production with the molar concentration of iso-octane results primarily from an increase in the concentration of propargyl radical. The self-reaction of propargyl then produces higher concentrations of benzene and pyrene, leading to higher nucleation rates and consequently an increase the soot surface area. The higher surface area then results in higher surface growth and condensation rates. The enhanced pyrene concentration is another factor to prompt soot surface condensation. An analysis of the reaction rates shows that propargyl radicals are mainly produced from propylene. The decomposition and oxidation of iso-octane was found much more efficient to produce propylene than that of n-heptane.",Atmospheric composition|Carbon dioxide|Condensation|Diffusion|Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons|Polyols|Reaction rates|Coflow diffusion flames|Detailed reaction model|Heterogeneous surface|Hydrogen abstraction|Primary reference fuels|Quantitative agreement|Surface condensation|Dust|fuel|heptane|methane|propylene|pyrene|chemical model|controlled study|decomposition|diffusion coefficient|dilution|environmental temperature|flame|flow rate|laminar coflow diffusion flame|laminar flow|oxidation|particle size|quantitative study|reaction analysis|refraction index|soot|soot formation|surface property|thermal diffusion,10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.10.008,21275823,,,,cc2d899e-3640-4d44-bad0-27651cc391be,article,eng
Spatial and temporal variability of incidental nanoparticles in indoor workplaces: Impact on the characterization of point source exposures,"Niu, Jianjun|Rasmussen, Pat E.|Magee, Robert|Nilsson, Gregory",Environmental Sciences: Processes and Impacts,17,1,98,109,,2014,29/10/2014,,,2050-7887,,,,,Royal Society of Chemistry,,,"This study deployed a suite of direct-reading instruments in six locations inside one building to characterize variability of the background aerosol, including incidental nanoparticles (NP), over a six month period. The instrument suite consisted of a portable Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) for assessing particle number concentrations and size distributions in the nano-scale range; an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) for assessing micron-scale particle number concentrations and size distributions; plus a desktop Aerosol Monitor (DustTrak DRX) and a Diffusion Charger (DC2000CE) for assessing total particle mass and surface area concentrations respectively. In terms of number concentration, NPs (<100 nm) were the dominant particles observed in the background aerosol, contributing up to 53-93% of the total particle number concentrations. The particle size distributions were bimodal with maxima around 19-79 nm and 50-136 nm, respectively, depending on workplace locations. The average detected background particle number, surface area and total mass concentrations were below 7.1 × 103 # cm-3, 22.9 ?m2 cm-3 and 33.5 ?g m-3, respectively in spring samples and below 1.8 × 103 # cm-3, 10.1 ?m2 cm-3 and 12.0 ?g m-3, respectively in winter samples. A point source study using an older model laser printer as the emission source indicated that NPs emitted from the investigated printer were distinguishable from background. However, more recent low emitting printers are likely to be indistinguishable from background, and chemical characterization (e.g. VOCs, metals) would be required to help identify emission sources.","nanoparticle|aerosol|air pollutant|air monitoring|ambient air|molecular weight|occupational exposure|particle size|seasonal variation|spring|surface property|winter|work environment|workplace|chemical model|environmental monitoring|exposure|indoor air pollution|Inhalation Exposure|Models, Chemical",10.1039/c4em00478g,21275798,,,,ea7d53bd-2e05-4f54-abe7-a71ec0a9debe,article,eng
An integrated creep-fatigue theory for material damage modeling,"Wu, Xijia",,627,,341,344,,2014,26/09/2014,,,1013-9826,Key Engineering Materials,"13th International Conference on Fracture and Damage Mechanics, FDM 2014, September 23-25, 2014",,,Trans Tech Publications,,,"This paper presents an integrated creep-fatigue (ICF) theory to describe the non-linear creep-fatigue interaction during thermo-mechanical loading. The ICF theory recognizes the damage evolution as a holistic process consisting of nucleation and propagation of surface or subsurface cracks in coalescence with internally distributed damage, leading to final fracture. In a polycrystalline material under combined cyclic and dwell loading, crack nucleation and propagation occurs by fatigue or oxidation mechanisms, whereas internally distributed damage often occurs in the form of grain boundary cavities or microcracks due to creep or dwell effects, particularly at high temperatures. Based on the above mechanism, a damage evolution equation is mathematically derived, and the generality of the above physical mechanisms warrants the applicability of the ICF theory over a wide range of stresses and temperatures. This paper uses Mar-M 509, a cobalt base superalloy, as an example to illustrate how the ICF theory describes creep and low cycle fatigue (LCF).",Algorithms|Cracks|Creep|Grain boundaries|Nucleation|Polycrystalline materials|Cobalt-base superalloys|Creep-fatigue interactions|Damage evolution equation|Life predictions|Material damage model|Oxidation mechanisms|Thermo-mechanical loading|Fatigue damage,10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.627.341,21275796,,,,bab00153-adb8-4211-b28e-1a1b08edd981,article,eng
Effect of wind and current on course control of a maneuvering vessel,"Raman-Nair, Wayne|Gash, Robert|Sullivan, Michael",,,,,,7003296,2014,14/09/2014,,,,OCEANS 2014 MTS/IEEE,"2014 Oceans - St. John's, OCEANS 2014, Sept. 14-19, 2014, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador",,,IEEE,9781479949182,,"The equations of motion of a maneuvering vessel under the action of wind, current, rudder and propulsion are solved by the MATLAB Runge-Kutta solver ode45. The hydrodynamic derivatives used are those presented by Clarke et al. (1982)[1]. Wind and current loads are applied to segments of the vessel via a relative velocity formulation and drag coefficients. Course control is achieved by autopilot gains derived from a first order Nomoto approximation. The intent is to provide a tool for assessing a vessel's maneuvering capabilities in terms of a simple single parameter (track deviation) under various environmental conditions. Results of simulations are presented for various wind and current scenarios.",Electric currents|MATLAB|Runge Kutta methods|Wind|Current loads|Environmental conditions|Hydrodynamic derivatives|maneuvering|Maneuvering capability|Relative velocity|Single parameter|track deviation|Equations of motion,10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003296,21275774,OCRE-PR-2014-018,,,dd0053fd-d235-4d55-b27b-b5e4932070aa,article,eng
Preservation of cognitive performance with age during exertional heat stress under low and high air velocity,"Wright Beatty, Heather E.|Keillor, Jocelyn M.|Hardcastle, Stephen G.|Boulay, Pierre|Kenny, Glen P.",BioMed Research International,2015,,,,619103,2014,05/11/2014,,,2314-6133,,,,,Hindawi Publishing,,,"Older adults may be at greater risk for occupational injuries given their reduced capacity to dissipate heat, leading to greater thermal strain and potentially cognitive decrements. Purpose. To examine the effects of age and increased air velocity, during exercise in humid heat, on information processing and attention. Methods. Nine young (24 ± 1 years) and 9 older (59 ± 1 years) males cycled 4 × 15 min (separated by 15 min rest) at a fixed rate of heat production (400 W) in humid heat (35°C, 60% relative humidity) under 0.5 (low) and 3.0 (high) m · s-1 air velocity wearing coveralls. At rest, immediately following exercise (end exercise), and after the final recovery, participants performed an abbreviated paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT, 2 sec pace). Results. PASAT numbers of correct responses at end exercise were similar for young (low = 49 ± 3; high = 51 ± 3) and older (low = 46 ± 5; high = 47 ± 4) males and across air velocity conditions, and when scored relative to age norms. Psychological sweating, or an increased sweat rate with the administration of the PASAT, was observed in both age groups in the high condition. Conclusion. No significant decrements in attention and speeded information processing were observed, with age or altered air velocity, following intermittent exercise in humid heat.",adult|age|cardiovascular response|cognition|controlled study|exercise|heat stress|humidity|male|normal human|sweating|task performance|thermogenesis,10.1155/2015/619103,21275776,,,,a0dafabb-7eac-4c85-9481-76992156fe67,article,eng
"Heat release rate variations in a globally stoichiometric, stratified iso-octane/air turbulent V-flame","Vena, Patrizio C.|Deschamps, Béatrice|Guo, Hongsheng|Smallwood, Gregory J.|Johnson, Matthew R.",Combustion and Flame,162,4,944,959,,2014,21/10/2014,,,0010-2180,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Combustion intensity variations along a globally stoichiometric, stratified iso-octane/air turbulent V-flame were measured in the presence of four different equivalence ratio gradients and compared to a reference fully-premixed case. Instantaneous heat release rate (HRR) images were obtained from the simultaneous acquisition of OH and CH2O Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) images, providing the first direct estimates of local heat release rate in a stratified, iso-octane/air turbulent flame. Detailed numerical simulations were conducted to validate the use of (OH LIF)(CH2O LIF) for measurements of HRR in iso-octane/air flames over a broad range of equivalence ratios. Flame images were analyzed for specific mean equivalence ratio gradient effects for near stoichiometric flame regions within a fixed mean equivalence ratio range of 0.95???1.05. The location of the interrogation window, or region of interest (ROI), was obtained through 3-pentanone tracer PLIF of the reactants and ensured that any observed variation could be attributed specifically to mean equivalence ratio gradient effects, rather than simple mixture strength effects. Results showed small but measurable, decreases in the mean HRR for near stoichiometric flame regions within the ROI as the gradient was varied, and differences of up to 4.4% relative to the reference premixed case were directly attributable to the imposed mean ? gradient, separate from potential effects of local mixture strength. By contrast, general stratification effects were also considered for flames of comparable global equivalence ratios but with much broader ranges of mixture strength, and results showed offsetting effects of increased 2D flame length (up to ~17%) and decreased HRR per flame length (up to ~22%), resulting in small variations in the overall HRR of ~9%. The present analysis suggests that gradient effects on local flame properties may differ significantly from general stratification effects in which different ranges of mixture strengths are present, and separating these aspects of partially premixed combustion is critical to the proper interpretation of data, where both may be relevant in different applications.",Equivalence classes|Fluorescence|Image segmentation|Laser optics|Laser produced plasmas|Polyols|Equivalence ratio gradient|Stratified combustion|Turbulent combustion|V flames|Combustion|3 pentanone|alkanone|fluorescent dye|formaldehyde|hydroxide|isooctane|octane|combustion|fire and fire related phenomena|flame|flammability|fluorescence imaging|heat release rate|planar laser induced fluorescence|stoichiometry|temperature measurement|temperature sensitivity|turbulent flow|validation study,10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.09.019,21275780,,,,b624c439-24f6-4d30-9e9d-3758dbd2b04b,article,eng
Dynamic feature modelling for closed-loop machining process control of complex parts,"Liu, Changqing|Li, Yingguang|Shen, Weiming",International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing,28,7,753,765,,2014,24/03/2014,,,0951-192X,,,,,Taylor &Francis Group,,,"Dynamically changing machining conditions and uncertain manufacturing resource availability are forcing manufacturing enterprises to implement advanced process planning and control systems with an adaptive machining information model in order to increase productivity and ensure product quality. This article proposes a dynamic feature modelling method for closed-loop machining process control of complex parts. A software platform is developed to include feature modelling software units with algorithms to represent and integrate geometric, machining, inspection and monitoring information and a service software unit with algorithms to update dynamic feature information and trigger online inspection. A multi-thread execution approach and a finite state machine method are adopted to support the execution and collaboration of multiple algorithms for dynamic feature modelling. A sharing memory approach is utilised for real-time communication between software units and the computer numerical control (CNC) kernel. The dynamic feature model is highly informative and can support autonomous decision-making and bidirectional information flow. By implementing the proposed dynamic feature modelling, a closed-loop process machining control including the integration of process planning, machining, inspection and monitoring for complex parts can be achieved.",Adaptive control systems|Algorithms|Closed loop control systems|Computer control|Computer control systems|Inspection|Logic circuits|Machining|Machining centers|Monitoring|Quality control|Closed loops|Closed-loop machining|Computer numerical control|Dynamic features|Manufacturing enterprise|Manufacturing resource|Monitoring information|Real-time communication|Process control,10.1080/0951192X.2014.900870,21275756,,,,43590cdd-d0cf-4d35-8027-002ecbcfe858,article,eng
Time-dependent mass transport for O2 reduction at the Pt | perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer interface,"Novitski, David|Xie, Zhong|Holdcroft, Steven",ECS Electrochemistry Letters,4,1,F9,F12,,2014,01/11/2014,,,2162-8726,,,,,The Electrochemical Society,,,"Chronoamperometric analysis of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at Pt microelectrode | perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer interfaces in a solid state electrochemical cell reveals an increase in both the oxygen diffusion coefficient (Db) and oxygen permeability (Dbcb) upon consecutive potential step measurements. From a vapor-equilibrated, electrochemically unperturbed state under conditions of 70% RH and 50°C, Db and Dbcb increased by factors of 2 and 1.5, respectively. Db and Dbcb return to their initial values after resting the electrode at the open circuit potential. The electrochemical generation of water is believed responsible for the time-dependent mass transport parameters of ORR.",Diffusion|Electrodes|Electrolytic reduction|Ionomers|Lanthanum compounds|Microelectrodes|Oxygen|Platinum|Reduction|Electrochemical Generation|Open circuit potential|Oxygen diffusion coefficients|Oxygen reduction reaction|Perfluorosulfonic acid|Perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers|Potential step measurements|Solid-state electrochemical cells|Interface states,10.1149/2.0051501eel,21275753,,,,a858165c-c3c7-4d3b-8e53-6360d6ece4f4,article,eng
Density functional theory study of the effects of substituents on the carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of asphaltene model compounds,"Oliveira, Jackeline S. C.|Da Costa, Leonardo M.|Stoyanov, Stanislav R.|Seidl, Peter R.",Energy and Fuels,29,5,2843,2852,,2014,01/12/2014,,,0887-0624,,,,,ACS Publications,,,"Petroleum asphaltenes are a complex mixture of organic molecules containing mainly fused polyaromatic and naphthenic systems and pendant chains, polar moieties with heteroatoms (S, N, and O), and transition metals. A variety of spectroscopic techniques has been employed to characterize asphaltenes, but their structures remain largely elusive because of the complexity, variety of samples, and assignment limitations. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy has contributed extensively to asphaltene characterization. However, proper assignment of 13C NMR spectra is very challenging because spectra of natural asphaltenes feature a large number of peaks in unusual environments, which may be hard to assign and interpret. We employ the dispersion-corrected ?B97X-D density functional with 6-31G(d,p) basis set to rationalize common trends in the 13C NMR chemical shifts of asphaltene model compounds. The calculated 13C NMR chemical shifts for a calibration series of 14 aromatic and heterocyclic reference compounds containing C atoms of types similar to those in the asphaltene model compounds are found to correlate linearly with the respective experimental values. The linear fitting yields a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.99 and absolute errors of less than 10 ppm. Moreover, we calculate and calibrate the 13C chemical shifts of asphaltenes extracted from Brazilian vacuum residues to analyze and correlate the C atom types with those of the reference compounds. It is found that the presence of heteroatoms as well as environments with a high aromatic condensation index can significantly affect the chemical shifts. The effect of heteroatoms on the chemical shift, a situation that has scarcely been addressed in the literature, is evaluated here in detail. The results are intended to help interpret 13C NMR spectra and allow for a more complete characterization of asphaltene molecules.",Aromatic compounds|Asphaltenes|Carbon|Chemical analysis|Chemical compounds|Chemical shift|Density functional theory|Molecules|Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|Transition metals|Correlation coefficient|Experimental values|Nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts|Petroleum asphaltenes|Reference compounds|Spectroscopic technique|Nuclear magnetic resonance,10.1021/ef502078n,21275738,,,,4b978d3c-01d1-4d16-957e-83c61babe7c6,article,eng
Comparison of sample digestion techniques for the determination of trace and residual catalyst metal content in single-wall carbon nanotubes by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,"Grinberg, Patricia|Sturgeon, Ralph E.|Diehl, Liange de O.|Bizzi, Cezar A.|Flores, Erico M. M.",Spectrochimica Acta - Part B Atomic Spectroscopy,105,01-Mar-15,89,94,,2014,18/10/2014,,,0584-8547,,,,,Elsevier,,,"A single-wall carbon nanotube material produced by laser ablation of renewable biochar in the presence of Ni and Co catalyst was characterized for residual catalyst (Co and Ni) as well as trace metal impurity content (Fe, Mo, Cr, Pb and Hg) by isotope dilution ICP-MS following sample digestion. Several matrix destruction procedures were evaluated, including a multi-step microwave-assisted acid digestion, dry ashing at 450 C and microwave-induced combustion with oxygen. Results were benchmarked against those derived from neutron activation analysis and also supported by solid sampling continuum source GF-AAS for several of the elements. Although laborious to execute, the multi-step microwave-assisted acid digestion proved to be most reliable for recovery of the majority of the analytes, although content of Cr remained biased low for each approach, likely due to its presence as refractory carbide.",Activation analysis|Carbides|Carbon nanotubes|Catalysts|Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry|Isotopes|Laser ablation|Lead|Mass spectrometers|Mass spectrometry|Mercury (metal)|Molybdenum|Neutron activation analysis|Nickel|Trace analysis|Trace elements|ICP-MS|Metal content determination|Microwave-assisted acid digestion|Microwave-induced combustion|Ni and co catalysts|SWCNT|Trace metal impurities|Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCN),10.1016/j.sab.2014.09.009,21275746,,,,ce3a46cd-6285-45d6-bb07-a1cff8b7e97a,article,eng
Peanut shell hybrid sodium ion capacitor with extreme energy-power rivals lithium ion capacitors,"Ding, Jia|Wang, Huanlei|Li, Zhi|Cui, Kai|Karpuzov, Dimitre|Tan, Xuehai|Kohandehghan, Alireza|Mitlin, David",Energy and Environmental Science,8,3,941,955,,2014,28/11/2014,,,1754-5692,,,,,Royal Society of Chemistry,,,"This is the first report of a hybrid sodium ion capacitor (NIC) with the active materials in both the anode and the cathode being derived entirely from a single precursor: peanut shells, which are a green and highly economical waste globally generated at over 6 million tons per year. The electrodes push the envelope of performance, delivering among the most promising sodiation capacity-rate capability-cycling retention combinations reported in the literature for each materials class. Hence the resultant NIC also offers a state-of-the-art cyclically stable combination of energy and power, not only in respect to previously but also as compared to Li ion capacitors (LICs). The ion adsorption cathode based on Peanut Shell Nanosheet Carbon (PSNC) displays a hierarchically porous architecture, a sheet-like morphology down to 15 nm in thickness, a surface area on par with graphene materials (up to 2396 m2 g-1) and high levels of oxygen doping (up to 13.51 wt%). Scanned from 1.5-4.2 V vs. Na/Na+ PSNC delivers a specific capacity of 161 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and 73 mA h g-1 at 25.6 A g-1. A low surface area Peanut Shell Ordered Carbon (PSOC) is employed as an ion intercalation anode. PSOC delivers a total capacity of 315 mA h g-1 with a flat plateau of 181 mA h g-1 occurring below 0.1 V (tested at 0.1 A g-1), and is stable at 10000 cycles (tested at 3.2 A g-1). The assembled NIC operates within a wide temperature range (0-65 °C), yielding at room temperature (by active mass) 201, 76 and 50 W h kg-1 at 285, 8500 and 16500 W kg-1, respectively. At 1.5-3.5 V, the hybrid device achieved 72% capacity retention after 10000 cycles tested at 6.4 A g-1, and 88% after 100000 cycles at 51.2 A g-1.",Capacitors|Carbon|Cathodes|Electrodes|Metal ions|Oilseeds|Shells (structures)|Capacity retention|Hierarchically porous|Ion intercalation|Li-ion capacitors|Lithium-ion capacitors|Single precursors|adsorption|ion|lithium|power generation|sodium|surface area|Arachis hypogaea,10.1039/c4ee02986k,21275717,,,,e85c73ef-c75a-40ab-8150-97a7e958de78,article,eng
CuPc:C60 nanocomposite: a pathway to control organic microstructure and phase transformation,"Stock, Taylor J. Z.|Ogundimu, Tolu|Baribeau, Jean-Marc|Lu, Zheng-Hong|Nogami, Jun",Physica Status Solidi (B) Basic Research,252,3,545,552,,2014,12/11/2014,,,0370-1972,,,,,Wiley,,,"Growth and thermal behavior of copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc) and fullerene (C60) organic nanocomposite thin films, grown on SiO2 and Cu(111) surfaces, have been studied using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). It is found that the growth of pure CuPc organic thin films follows an island-type growth mode. The island formation is found to be dramatically suppressed by the inclusion of C60 during deposition. XRD and STM studies reveal that the CuPc molecular packing is altered upon C60 inclusion, producing disordered CuPc-C60 interfaces. The ordered molecular stacking of CuPc is found to be disrupted completely when C60 concentration reaches 30wt.%. The thermal stability of the CuPc thin film has been significantly improved upon C60 inclusion. It is suggested that the molecular diffusion kinetics rather than thermodynamics are responsible for the improved stability.",,10.1002/pssb.201451354,21275702,,,,113b8451-9860-4536-aa03-e0bccddce5e9,article,eng
Waveguide sub-wavelength structures: a review of principles and applications,"Halir, Robert|Bock, Przemek J.|Cheben, Pavel|Ortega-Moñux, Alejandro|Alonso-Ramos, Carlos|Schmid, Jens H.|Lapointe, Jean|Xu, Dan-Xia|Wangüemert-Pérez, J. Gonzalo|Molina-Fernández, Íñigo|Janz, Siegfried",Laser and Photonics Reviews,9,1,25,49,,2014,30/09/2014,,,1863-8880,,,,,Wiley,,,"Periodic structures with a sub-wavelength pitch have been known since Hertz conducted his first experiments on the polarization of electromagnetic waves. While the use of these structures in waveguide optics was proposed in the 1990s, it has been with the more recent developments of silicon photonics and high-precision lithography techniques that sub-wavelength structures have found widespread application in the field of photonics. This review first provides an introduction to the physics of sub-wavelength structures. An overview of the applications of sub-wavelength structures is then given including: anti-reflective coatings, polarization rotators, high-efficiency fiber-chip couplers, spectrometers, high-reflectivity mirrors, athermal waveguides, multimode interference couplers, and dispersion engineered, ultra-broadband waveguide couplers among others. Particular attention is paid to providing insight into the design strategies for these devices. The concluding remarks provide an outlook on the future development of sub-wavelength structures and their impact in photonics.",Anti reflective coatings|Athermal waveguides|Broadband waveguides|Dispersion engineering|Grating couplers|Sub-wavelength structures|Waveguide crossings|Wavelength demultiplexers,10.1002/lpor.201400083,21275709,,,,481c4163-f195-42e5-8888-b5834de8102a,article,eng
Intelligent thermal control of resistance welding of fiberglass laminates for automated manufacturing,"Zammar, Imad Ali|Mantegh, Iraj|Huq, M. Saiful|Yousefpour, Ali|Ahmadi, Mojtaba",IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics,20,3,1069,1078,6966767,2014,25/11/2014,,,1083-4435,,,,,IEEE,,,"A novel approach to automate large-scale resistance welding of thermoplastic composite materials, based on real-time temperature control, is presented in this paper. Resistance welding, a kind of fusion bonding, is a widespread alternative process to mechanical fastening and adhesive bonding in joining thermoplastic composites. A second-order linear observer was identified to estimate the online temperature at the weld interface. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was designed to control the weld temperature using both process voltage and linear weld speed as the control inputs and using the temperature estimate as the feedback signal. The FLC was implemented in real time with the experimental setup using an industrial robot - KUKA KR 210. The closed-loop controller was capable of successfully controlling the weld temperature within 10% of the desired temperature, resulting in superior weld quality when compared to open-loop results. The results thus affirm the suitability of the control strategy for large-scale automated welding.",Automation|Composite materials|Controllers|Fuzzy control|Fuzzy logic|Intelligent control|Laser beam welding|Reinforced plastics|Resistance welding|Thermoplastics|Welding|Welds|Automated Manufacturing|Closed loop controllers|Fuzzy logic controllers|Intelligent Manufacturing|Intelligent thermal controls|Thermoplastic composite|Thermoplastic composite material|Welding automation,10.1109/TMECH.2014.2366100,21275696,,,,f41b69e9-1323-4c9e-b1e7-b17733aa0e44,article,eng
Geniposide protects pancreatic INS-1E ? cells from hIAPP-induced cell damage: potential involvement of insulin degrading-enzyme,"Zhang, Yonglan|Yin, Fei|Liu, Jianhui|Wang, Yanwen",Cell Biology International,39,4,373,378,,2014,10/11/2014,,,1065-6995,,,,,Wiley,,,"Islet amyloid deposition is increasingly seen as a pathogenic feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with the deposits containing the unique amyloidogenic peptide islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP, also known as amylin). The fibril precursors of IAPP contribute to its cytotoxicity on pancreatic ? cells and be important in causing ?-cell dysfunction in T2DM. However, the development of effective this study, inhibitors against the toxicity of IAPP has been extremely challenging. We have found that pre-incubation with geniposide dose-dependently prevented human IAPP (hIAPP)-induced cell damage in INS-1E cells, and bacitracin, an inhibitor of IDE activity, prevented significantly the protective effects of geniposide in pancreatic INS-1E cells significantly. Geniposide induced the expression of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), a key degrading protein of hIAPP, but had no significant effect on the aggregation of hIAPP. These findings indicate that geniposide prevents hIAPP-induced cytotoxicity in INS-1E cells involving upregulation of IDE expression.",geniposide|insulinase|animal cell|cell damage|cell mediated cytotoxicity|cell protection|concentration response|controlled study|drug mechanism|enzyme activity|gene expression regulation|nonhuman|pancreas islet beta cell|protein aggregation|rat|upregulation,10.1002/cbin.10394,21275701,,,,053f7359-9a1b-4221-b6e1-f052fa155b9c,article,eng
A computational study on the steric effects of naphthenic moieties on aggregation interactions of nonconventional petroleum constituents,"Seidl, Peter R.|Oliveira, Jackeline S. C.|Da Costa, Leonardo M.|Stoyanov, Stanislav R.",Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry,28,3,234,241,,2014,20/07/2014,,,0894-3230,,,,,Wiley,,,"Nonconventional oil is usually heavy and extra heavy crude or light oil that is relatively unstable. This oil contains varying proportions of larger, more aromatic constituents rather than molecules that can be distilled directly into fuels and petrochemicals. We perform density functional theory (?B97X-D/6-31G(d,p)) calculations to study the contributions of steric effects and dispersion interactions in a series of dimers and trimers of model hydrocarbons containing fused aromatic and cyclohexyl (referred to in the petroleum literature as naphthenic) rings. The aggregation behavior of these molecules is analyzed in terms of the optimized geometry, atomic charges, interaction enthalpy (?H), and Gibbs free energy (?G298). The ?H and ?G298 values show that all the dimerization and trimerization processes are exothermic, and only a few are spontaneous at 298 K. The naphthenic hydrogen atoms have a key role in the orientation of the monomers in dimer and trimer aggregates. The interaction among naphthenic hydrogen atoms belonging to adjacent monomers causes steric repulsion. The interaction of naphthenic hydrogen atoms with the ?-electronic clouds of aromatic rings in adjacent molecules causes attraction. In both cases, the naphthenic hydrogen atoms cause deviation of the monomer from the initial parallel displaced configuration in dimers and trimers. These results reflect the importance of naphthenic rings and their steric interactions in determining the relationship between structures of nonconventional petroleum constituents and their tendency to aggregate and cause fouling.",Aggregates|Aromatic compounds|Aromatic hydrocarbons|Aromatization|Atoms|Computation theory|Density functional theory|Free energy|Gibbs free energy|Hydrogen|Monomers|Oil shale|Oligomers|Aggregation behavior|Aromatic rings|Computational studies|DFT calculation|Dispersion interaction|Interaction enthalpies|Optimized geometries|Steric interactions|Dimers,10.1002/poc.3329,21275682,,,,c87f6f64-74be-4ca7-8181-33dbe521f384,article,eng
The core and O-polysaccharide structure of the Caulobacter crescentus lipopolysaccharide,"Jones, Michael D.|Vinogradov, Evgeny|Nomellini, John F.|Smit, John",Carbohydrate Research,402,,111,117,,2014,24/10/2014,,,0008-6215,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Here we describe the analysis of the structure of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Caulobacter crescentus strain JS1025, a derivative of C. crescentus CB15 NA1000 with an engineered amber mutation in rsaA, leading to the loss of the protein S-layer and gene CCNA-00471 encoding a putative GDP-l-fucose synthase. LPS was isolated using an aqueous membrane disruption method. Polysaccharide and core oligosaccharide were produced by mild acid hydrolysis and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemical methods. Spectra revealed the presence of two polysaccharides, one of them, a rhamnan, could be removed using periodate oxidation. Another polymer, built from 4-amino-4-deoxy-d-rhamnose (perosamine), mannose, and 3-O-methyl-glucose, should be the O-chain of the LPS according to genetic data. The attribution of the rhamnan as a part of LPS or a separate polymer was not possible.",Chemical analysis|Gene encoding|Nuclear magnetic resonance|Chemical method|Core oligosaccharide|Extracellular polysaccharides|Lipopolysaccharides|Mild acid hydrolysis|O-polysaccharide structure|Periodate oxidation|3 methylglucose|4 amino 4 deoxy d rhamnose|guanosine diphosphate fucose|guanosine diphosphate fucose synthase|lipopolysaccharide|mannose|O antigen|oligosaccharide|periodate|polysaccharide|rhamnose|bacterial polysaccharide|bacterium lipopolysaccharide|perosamine|rhamnan|carbohydrate analysis|Caulobacter crescentus|hydrolysis|membrane damage|oxidation|proton nuclear magnetic resonance|carbohydrate synthesis|Caulobacter vibrioides,10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.003,21275679,,,,ebb93d00-6dce-4910-8908-f36ec82154fd,article,eng
A 3D wave model to simulate the interaction of wave field in the presence of multi-structures,"Zaman, M. Hasanat|Winsor, Fraser",,,,,,7003299,2014,14/09/2014,,,,"2014 Oceans - St. John's, OCEANS 2014","2014 Oceans - St. John's, OCEANS 2014, 14 September 2014 through 19 September 2014",,,IEEE,978-1-4799-4920-5|9781479949182,,"A 3D dispersive numerical model has been developed and utilized to study the interacted wave field in the Offshore Engineering Basin (OEB) of National Research Council Canada in the presence of array of structures. The basic physics of the numerical model follows the concept of the depth averaged velocity distribution along with an enhanced dispersion relation. The Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) algorithm has been employed for the solution of the governing equations. As an application, the model has been used to study the wave propagation in the presence of different combinations of structures where the effects due to the reflection and diffraction are also incorporated. Relevant experiments are carried out in the OEB. Total 10 wave probes are deployed to measure the data at different locations in the Basin. Later the numerical results are compared with the experimental results in the OEB at different probe locations for different wave and structure conditions. The comparisons of the numerical results show great agreement with the experimental results. In this paper the results for regular waves will only be presented and discussed.",Dispersions|Numerical models|Probes|Wave propagation|Alternating direction implicit|Combinations of structures|Depth-averaged velocity distributions|Dispersion relations|Interaction of waves|Offshore engineering basins|Structure conditions|Dispersion (waves),10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003299,21275669,OCRE-PR-2014-016,,,55bf2c2c-3408-47b3-bca6-501079c9781d,article,eng
Host fate is rapidly determined by innate effector-microbial interactions during acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia,"Bruhn, Kevin W.|Pantapalangkoor, Paul|Nielsen, Travis|Tan, Brandon|Junus, Justin|Hujer, Kristine M.|Wright, Meredith S.|Bonomo, Robert A.|Adams, Mark D.|Chen, Wangxue|Spellberg, Brad",Journal of Infectious Diseases,211,8,1296,1305,,2014,05/11/2014,,,0022-1899,,,,,Oxford University Press,,,"Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Defining mechanisms driving pathogenesis is critical to enable new therapeutic approaches. Methods. We studied virulence differences across a diverse panel of A. baumannii clinical isolates during murine bacteremia to elucidate host-microbe interactions that drive outcome. Results. We identified hypervirulent strains that were lethal at low intravenous inocula and achieved very high early, and persistent, blood bacterial densities. Virulent strains were nonlethal at low inocula but lethal at 2.5-fold higher inocula. Finally, relatively avirulent (hypovirulent) strains were nonlethal at 20-fold higher inocula and were efficiently cleared by early time points. In vivo virulence correlated with in vitro resistance to complement and macrophage uptake. Depletion of complement, macrophages, and neutrophils each independently increased bacterial density of the hypovirulent strain but insufficiently to change lethality. However, disruption of all 3 effector mechanisms enabled early bacterial densities similar to hypervirulent strains, rendering infection 100% fatal. Conclusions. The lethality of A. baumannii strains depends on distinct stages. Strains resistant to early innate effectors are able to establish very high early bacterial blood density, and subsequent sustained bacteremia leads to Toll-like receptor 4-mediated hyperinflammation and lethality. These results have important implications for translational efforts to develop therapies that modulate host-microbe interactions.","Acinetobacter baumannii|bacteremia|bacterial clearance|bacterial strain|bacterial virulence|bacterium identification|bacterium isolate|cell transport|growth rate|host pathogen interaction|in vitro study|in vivo study|inoculation|molecular dynamics|Acinetobacter infection|C3H mouse|immunology|innate immunity|macrophage|microbiology|multidrug resistance|neutrophil|organismal interaction|virulence|antiinfective agent|virulence factor|Anti-Bacterial Agents|Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial|Mice, Inbred C3H|Microbial Interactions",10.1093/infdis/jiu593,21275670,,,,0d80185e-99e2-4f8f-a22d-89ac8dd31b1c,article,eng
Assessment of life saving appliances regulatory requirements - Human factors knowledge gaps,"Power, Jonathan|Ré, António Simões",,,,,,7003297,2014,2014,,,,"2014 Oceans - St. John's, OCEANS 2014","2014 Oceans - St. John's, OCEANS 2014, 14 September 2014 through 19 September 2014",,,IEEE,9781479949182,,"Life saving appliances are used throughout Canada and around the world every day by a large number of individuals who work or travel over open water. Personnel rely on these life saving appliances to help provide protection from harsh environments, and reduce the risk of injury or death in the event of a marine accident. Due to their importance in helping to save lives at sea, life saving appliances are built and tested according to specific standards and regulations to ensure that they provide the level of performance required. Unfortunately, life saving appliances do not always perform as expected which can lead to unexpected injuries or loss of life. Given that life saving appliances must meet specific performance goals as prescribed by standards and regulations, it is often these goals that fall short of what is actually needed during a marine accident. A knowledge gap is created when the testing conditions, as outlined in a standard or regulation, do not accurately reflect those conditions found during a marine accident. As a result, a life saving appliance will often meet performance goals that are below those required to prevent an injury or loss of life during an actual marine accident. The Canadian regulation: 'Life Saving Equipment Regulations' C.R.C., c. 1436 was reviewed and possible knowledge gaps with respect to human factors were identified. The goals and requirements for life saving appliances in the regulation were compared against existing work done in the area of marine safety to determine if what was prescribed adequately reflected what could be found during a marine accident. There were many gaps identified in the regulation, commonly caused by prescriptive wording specifying conditions not commonly found during a marine accident. These knowledge gaps will widen as conditions become more severe than what is prescribed in the regulations possibly leading to even further decrease in life saving appliance performance than what is already measured.",Human engineering|Harsh environment|Knowledge gaps|Lifesaving appliances|Marine accidents|Marine safety|regulations|Regulatory requirements|Testing conditions|Accidents,10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003297,21275664,OCRE-PR-2014-017,,,85539135-06f8-43e1-8f58-52c5543fe9c9,article,eng
Ship performance monitoring and analysis to improve fuel efficiency,"Mak, Lawrence|Sullivan, Michael|Kuczora, Andrew|Millan, James",,,,,,7003300,2014,14/09/2014,,,,"2014 Oceans - St. John's, OCEANS 2014","2014 Oceans - St. John's, OCEANS 2014, 14 September 2014 through 19 September 2014",,,IEEE,9781479949182,,"A pilot project was launched to monitor vessel performance and to explore ways to reduce fuel consumption. A prototype Vessel Performance Monitoring and Analysis System (VPMAS) was used to collect information over a three week period. The project objective was to collect needed data, conduct preliminary analysis to establish trends, explore key performance indicators (KPI) to establish baseline, and explore data products for performance management. Performance management includes improving vessel performance and supporting efficient operation to reduce fuel consumption. For the pilot project, only a subset of vessel performance data was collected. Current key performance indicators (KPIs) include fuel consumption per trip, fuel consumption per distance travelled, fuel consumption per displacement distance and fuel consumption per payload distance. The dataset will expand in the future and will include the effect of environmental conditions. Preliminary analysis includes comparing the normal route for calm sea states and irregular routes taken probably to avoid heavy sea states; assessing the maneuvers in and out of harbors, computing key performance indicators, assessing the data trends and general statistics, and identifying data products to support performance management. Initial results show that automatic fuel measurement was in good agreement with manual tank sounding. A voyage on an irregular route consumed almost twice the amount of fuel consumed in a normal route. Fuel consumption would be reduced if constant speed is used in open water and if deviations from the desired routes could be minimized, for example, through optimized autopilot.",Benchmarking|Ocean currents|Environmental conditions|General statistics|Key performance indicators|Performance management|Performance monitoring and analysis|Preliminary analysis|Project objectives|Prototype vessels|Fuels,10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003300,21275643,OCRE-PR-2014-015,,,e4a4f546-0b8d-45b7-b2a9-0333a4edca48,article,eng
Morphology of supported polymer electrolyte ultrathin films: a numerical study,"Borges, Daiane Damasceno|Gebel, Gerard|Franco, Alejandro A.|Malek, Kourosh|Mossa, Stefano",The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,119,2,1201,1216,,2014,08/12/2014,,,1932-7447,,,,,ACS Publications,,,"Morphology of polymer electrolytes membranes (PEM), e.g., Nafion, inside PEM fuel cell catalyst layers has a significant impact on the electrochemical activity and transport phenomena that determine cell performance. In those regions, Nafion can be found as an ultrathin film, coating the catalyst and the catalyst support surfaces. The impact of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of these surfaces on the structural formation of the films has not been sufficiently explored yet. Here, we report an extensive molecular dynamics simulation investigation of the substrate effects on the ionomer ultrathin film morphology at different hydration levels. We use a mean-field-like model that we introduced in previous publications for the interaction of the hydrated Nafion ionomer with a substrate, characterized by a tunable degree of hydrophilicity. We show that the affinity of the substrate with water plays a crucial role in the molecular rearrangement of the ionomer film, resulting in completely different morphologies. Detailed structural description in different regions of the film shows evidence of strongly heterogeneous behavior. A qualitative discussion of the implications of our observations on the PEMFC catalyst layer performance is finally proposed.",Catalyst supports|Catalysts|Electrolytes|Fuel cells|Hydration|Hydrophilicity|Ionomers|Molecular dynamics|Morphology|Polymer films|Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)|Solid electrolytes|Ultrathin films|Electrochemical activities|Hydrophilic/hydrophobic|Molecular dynamics simulations|Molecular rearrangement|Polymer electrolyte|Structural descriptions|Structural formation|Transport phenomena|Polyelectrolytes,10.1021/jp507598h,21275647,,,,e36e5c84-a42a-42e5-81c1-3157dd7e199a,article,eng
A multi-view two-level classification method for generalized multi-instance problems,"Wang, Xiaoguang|Liu, Xuan|Matwin, Stan|Japkowicz, Nathalie|Guo, Hongyu",,,,104,111,7004363,2014,27/10/2014,,,,2014 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data),"2nd IEEE International Conference on Big Data, IEEE Big Data 2014, October 27-30, 2014, Washington, DC, USA",,,IEEE,978-1-4799-5665-4|978-1-4799-5666-1,,"Multi-instance (MI) learning is different than standard propositional classification, as it uses a set of bags containing many instances as input. While the instances in each bag are not labeled, the bags themselves are, as positive or negative. In this paper, we present a novel multi-view, two-level classification framework to address the generalized multi-instance problems. We first apply supervised and unsupervised learning methods to transform a MI dataset into a multi-view, single meta-instance dataset. Then we develop a multi-view learning approach that can integrate the information acquired by individual view learners on the meta-instance dataset from the previous step, and construct a final model. Our empirical studies show that the proposed method performs well compared to other popular MI learning methods.",Big data|Unsupervised learning|Classification framework|Classification methods|Empirical studies|Learning methods|Multi-instance problems|Multi-view learning|Multi-views|Supervised and unsupervised learning|Learning systems,10.1109/BigData.2014.7004363,21275640,,,,85e659c5-7de8-4d10-a9fa-56eb8c25f143,article,eng
Multi-scale investigation of the performance of limestone in concrete,"Bentz, Dale P.|Ardani, Ahmad|Barrett, Tim|Jones, Scott Z.|Lootens, Didier|Peltz, Max A.|Sato, Taijiro|Stutzman, Paul E.|Tanesi, Jussara|Weiss, W. Jason",Construction and Building Materials,75,,1,10,,2014,26/11/2014,,,0950-0618,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) has long been a critical component of concrete, whether as the primary raw material for cement production, a fine powder added to the binder component, or a source of fine and/or coarse aggregate. This paper focuses on the latter two of these examples, providing a multi-scale investigation of the influences of both fine limestone powder and conventional limestone aggregates on concrete performance. Fine limestone powder in the form of calcite provides a favorable surface for the nucleation and growth of calcium silicate hydrate gel at early ages, accelerating and amplifying silicate hydration, and a source of carbonate ions to participate in reactions with the aluminate phases present in the cement (and fly ash). Conversely, the aragonite polymorph of CaCO3 exhibits a different crystal (and surface) structure and therefore neither accelerates nor amplifies silicate hydration at a similar particle size/surface area. However, because these two forms of CaCO3 have similar solubilities in water, the aragonite does contribute to an enhancement in the reactivity of the aluminate phases in the investigated systems, chiefly via carboaluminate formation. In 100% ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concretes, 10% of the OPC by volume can be replaced with an equivalent volume of limestone powder, while maintaining acceptable performance. A comparison between limestone and siliceous aggregates indicates that the former often provide higher measured compressive strengths at equivalent levels of hydration, even when the two aggregate types exhibit similar elastic moduli. This suggests that the interfacial transition zone in the limestone-based concretes exhibits a higher degree of bonding, likely due to the favorable physical (texture) and chemical nature of the limestone surfaces. These observations reinforce the value of utilizing limestone to increase the performance and sustainability of 21st century concrete construction.",Aggregates|Calcite|Calcium|Calcium carbonate|Calcium silicate|Carbonate minerals|Chemical bonds|Compressive strength|Concrete aggregates|Concretes|Crystal structure|Fly ash|Hydrates|Hydration|Particle size|Portland cement|Precipitation (chemical)|Setting|Silicate minerals|Acceptable performance|Aragonite|Calcium silicate hydrate gel|Heat release|Interfacial transition zone|Ordinary Portland cement|Volume of limestone powders|Limestone,10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.042,21275626,NRC-CONST-56178,,,62f7313f-d40b-4bc2-bcf6-826ad2fff3cf,article,eng
Thiophene mitigates high temperature fouling of metal surfaces in oil refining,"Stephenson, Tyler|Hazelton, Mike|Kupsta, Martin|Lepore, Justin|Andreassen, Einar J.|Hoff, Anne|Newman, Bruce|Eaton, Paul|Gray, Murray|Mitlin, David",Fuel,139,,411,424,,2014,04/09/2014,,,0016-2361,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Inorganically driven fouling of metal heat-transfer surfaces employed in crude oil refining operations is not well understood. The object of this study is twofold: First, we systematically elucidate the time-dependent mechanism of the interrelated carbonaceous and sulfidic build up that occurs at high temperatures on a metal surface (540 °C metal temperature, 250°C oil bath temperature). Second, we demonstrate that additions of 0.5, 1.3 and 5.7 vol% thiophene (C4H4S) cause a 2×, 10×, and 20× reduction in the fouling factor after a 1400 min exposure. Analytical techniques including TEM, SEM-EDX, FIB, Auger electron spectroscopy and XRD were employed to detail the fouling phenomenology for a heated stainless steel wire immersed in atmospheric bottoms fraction crude oil, exposed for 1-1400 min. A key microstructural observation is the transformation of the wire's as-received near-surface textured austenitic grain structure into a micron scale (e.g. ?10 ?m at 1400 min) highly porous inner-sulfide/chromium oxide bilayer composite. Additionally, we observe significant localized sulfidic attack into the bulk of the metal. During testing, an iron sulfide (pyrrhotite Fe(1 - x )S) corrosion product forms almost instantaneously at the metal surface, followed by coke formation around its periphery at longer times. This temporal sequence, combined with the observation that the thicker regions of the foulant are clearly associated with detached plumes of the sulfide, leads us to argue that the sulfide is essential for promoting organic fouling. This is brought about by the sulfide's action as a potent dehydrogenation catalyst that drives the transformation of pitch to coke. We hypothesize that the tremendous fouling inhibition effect of the thiophene originates from its adsorption onto the sulfide surfaces, thereby blocking the dehydrogenation reactions.",Fouling|Refining|Steel|High temperature|Metal surfaces|Oil|Oil refining|Organic|Corrosion,10.1016/j.fuel.2014.08.049,21275627,,,,60604904-0a67-477e-80f5-bdfd12c7b350,article,eng
Present opto-mechanical design status of NFIRAOS,"Byrnes, Peter W. G.|Atwood, Jenny|Boucher, Marc-Andre|Fitzsimmons, Joeleff|Hill, Alexis|Herriot, Glen|Spanò, Paolo|Szeto, Kei|Wevers, Ivan",,9148,,,,914837,2014,21/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496164,,"This paper describes the current opto-mechanical design of NFIRAOS (Narrow Field InfraRed Adaptive Optics System) for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). The preliminary design update review for NFIRAOS was successfully held in December 2011, and incremental design progress has since occurred on several fronts. The majority of NFIRAOS is housed within an insulated and cooled enclosure, and operates at -30 C to reduce background emissivity. The cold optomechanics are attached to a space-frame structure, kinematically supported by bipods that penetrate the insulated enclosure. The bipods are attached to an exo-structure at ambient temperature, which also supports up to three client science instruments and a science calibration unit.",Optical telescopes|Structural frames|Adaptive optics systems|Incremental designs|NFIRAOS|Opto-mechanical design|Preliminary design|Space frame structure|Thirty Meter Telescope|TMT|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2056941,21275617,,,,0b6b79ff-994a-4841-a64b-185b4aae0711,article,eng
Kinetics studies of rapid strain-promoted [3+2] cycloadditions of nitrones with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne,"Mackenzie, Douglas A.|Pezacki, John Paul",Canadian Journal of Chemistry,92,4,337,340,,2014,2014-04,,,0008-4042,,,,,National Research Council Canada. Research Press,,,"Strain-promoted alkyne-nitrone cycloaddition (SPANC) reactions represent a bioorthogonal labeling strategy that is both very rapid and at the same time efficient and selective. Nitrones provide increased reaction rates as well as greater susceptibility toward stereoelectronic modification when compared with organic azides. We find that strain-promoted cycloadditions of cyclic nitrones with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne react with second-order rate constants as large as 1.49 L mol-1 s-1 at 25 °C. These reactions display rate constants that are up to 37-fold greater than those of the analogous reactions of benzyl azide with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne. We observed that reactions of nitrones with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne showed a stronger dependence on substituent effect for the reaction, as evidenced by a larger Hammett Ï value, than that for biaryl-aza-cyclooctanone. We demonstrate the ability to stereoelectronically tune the reactivity of nitrones towards different cyclooctynes in SPANC reactions. This ability to introduce selectivity into different SPANC reactions through substituent provides the opportunity to perform multiple SPANC reactions in one reaction vessel and opens up potential applications in multiplex labeling.","1 ,3-dipolar cycloadditions|Bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne|Click chemistry|Cycloadditions|Nitrones|Strain-promoted alkyne-nitrone cycloaddition (SPANC)|Hydrocarbons|Rate constants|Cycloaddition",10.1139/cjc-2013-0577,21275612,,,,72f591d7-3ff3-4b27-b08c-19168d011277,article,eng
Polarization splitter and rotator with subwavelength grating for enhanced fabrication tolerance,"Xiong, Yule|Wangüemert-Pérez, J.Gonzalo|Xu, Dan-Xia|Schmid, Jens H.|Cheben, Pavel|Ye, Winnie N.",Optics Letters,39,24,6931,6934,,2014,12/12/2014,,,0146-9592,,,,,OSA Publishing,,,"We propose a novel method to implement a compact and fabrication-tolerant polarization splitter and rotator (PSR) on the silicon-on-insulator platform. The PSR consists of a silicon wire waveguide coupled to a subwavelength grating (SWG) waveguide in an asymmetrical directional coupler. The SWG effect allows an additional degree of design freedom to engineer the equivalent material refractive index. This is advantageously used to effectively compensate for fabrication inaccuracies in PSRs. Our simulation results show that the PSR has a low TM-to-TE polarization conversion loss of -0.13 dB (a conversion efficiency of 97%) at the wavelength of 1550 nm, and better than -0.4 dB conversion loss over the entire C-band wavelength range. Compared to the PSRs made of conventional wire waveguides, the use of SWG index engineering improves the waveguide width fabrication tolerance substantially, from ±3 nm to ±40 nm. A compact device size with a coupling length of 25 ?m is achieved.",Optical waveguides|Polarization|Refractive index|Silicon|Silicon on insulator technology|Waveguides|Fabrication tolerances|Polarization splitters|Silicon wire waveguides|Silicon-on-insulator platforms|Subwavelength grating|Waveguide widths|Wavelength ranges|Wire wave guides,10.1364/OL.39.006931,21275613,,,,09d531c2-747e-4c2e-b0a5-28d2dc8d86d4,article,eng
Effect of tool kinematics on the drilling forces and temperature in low frequency high amplitude vibration assisted drilling,"Sadek, A.|Meshreki, M.|Attia, M. H.",,2A,,,,,2014,14/11/2014,,,,"ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings (IMECE)","ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE 2014, 14 November 2014 through 20 November 2014",,,American Society of Mechanical Engineers,9780791846438,,"1Defects associated with drilling of fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) are of major economic and safety concerns for aerospace manufacturers. Delamination of layers and thermal damage of the matrix are the most critical defects associated with drilling of FRP laminates, which can be avoided by keeping the drilling forces and temperatures below some threshold levels. Vibration-assisted drilling (VAD) is an emerging drilling process that uses intermittent cutting to reduce the drilling forces and temperatures, and achieve easier chip removal compared to conventional drilling. In this paper an extensive experimental study has been conducted to provide insight into the effect of the tool kinematics corresponding to the VAD parameters (speed, feed, frequency and amplitude) on the geometry of the formed chip determined by the intersection of the trajectories of the cutting edges as well as on the drilling forces and temperature. The combinations of the VAD parameters used in this study were selected from ranges of speeds 6,000 rpm to 12,000 rpm, feeds 0.05 mm/rev to 0.15 mm/rev, frequencies 30 Hz and 60 Hz, and amplitudes 40 ?m to 400 ?m. The Amplitude and feed were found to have the most dominant effect on the VAD forces, while the feed and speed had the dominant effect on the VAD temperatures. The thermal performance of the VAD process was found to be enhanced by the formation of vortices in the air gap created by the separation between the tool and the machined surface, which is mainly controlled by the feed and the rotational speed of the tool.",Fiber reinforced plastics|Kinematics|Laminates|Conventional drilling|Critical defects|Fiber reinforced polymers|High-amplitude vibrations|Intermittent cutting|Thermal Performance|Threshold levels|Vibration assisted drilling|Drilling,10.1115/IMECE2014-39370,21275614,,,,18c3e8ec-ad48-421a-a5cd-2a654883541b,article,eng
"Real-time monitoring, diagnosis, and time-course analysis of microalgae Scenedesmus AMDD cultivation using dual excitation wavelength fluorometry","Karakach, Tobias K.|McGinn, Patrick J.|Choi, Jerome|MacQuarrie, Scott P.|Tartakovsky, Boris",Journal of Applied Phycology,,,,,,2014,23/12/2014,,,0921-8971,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"Dual excitation wavelength fluorometry was used for real-time monitoring and diagnosis of the growth of the microalgae Scenedesmus AMDD in a 300-L continuous photobioreactor (PBR). Emission spectra were acquired at 1-min intervals using excitation lights at 365 and 540 nm. Real-time dry weight estimations were achieved using linear regression with the chlorophyll peak, while protein estimations required a more complex Principal Component Regression model, which takes advantage of the full emission spectrum. The resulting regression coefficients were 0.95 and 0.80, respectively. Furthermore, the spectra were analyzed using multivariate curve resolution technique. The proposed approach for fluorescence-based, real-time measurements of key algae cultivation parameters and culture state diagnosis was successfully demonstrated in a 42-day PBR validation test.",,10.1007/s10811-014-0494-0,21275615,,,,ab8d3d55-c320-4463-833c-0e066413f9c3,article,eng
Effects of area ratio and mean rise angle on the aerodynamics of inter-turbine ducts,"Zhang, Yanfeng|Hu, Shuzhen|Mahallati, Ali|Zhang, Xue-Feng|Vlasic, Edward",,2A,,,,,2014,14/06/2014,,,,Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo,"ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2014, 16 June 2014 through 20 June 2014",,,American Society of Mechanical Engineers,9780791845608,,"The present work, a continuation of a series of investigations on the aerodynamics of aggressive inter-turbine ducts (ITD), is aimed at providing detailed understanding of the flow physics and loss mechanisms in four different ITD geometries. A systematic experimental and computational study was carried out for varying duct mean rise angles and outlet-toinlet area ratio while keeping the duct length-to-inlet height ratio, Reynolds number and inlet swirl constant in all four geometries. The flow structures within the ITDs were found to be dominated by the counter-rotating vortices and boundary layer separation in both the casing and hub regions. The duct mean rise angle determined the severity of adverse pressure gradient in the casing's first bend whereas the duct area ratio mainly governed the second bend's static pressure rise. The combination of upstream wake flow and the first bend's adverse pressure gradient caused the boundary layer to separate and intensify the strength of counter-rotating vortices. At high mean rise angle, the separation became stronger at the casing's first bend and moved farther upstream. At high area ratios, a 2-D separation appeared on the casing. Pressure loss penalties increased significantly with increasing duct mean rise angle and area ratio.",Aerodynamics|Boundary layer flow|Pressure gradient|Reynolds number|Turbines|Vortex flow|Adverse pressure gradient|Boundary-layer separation|Computational studies|Counter-rotating vortices|Pressure loss|Static pressure|Upstream wake|Ducts,10.1115/GT2014-27207,21275616,,,,7665e5dd-44e8-41bd-b8bb-1f64dc3b0d69,article,eng
Solid-state polymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate): Effect of organoclay concentration,"Dini, Maryam|Carreau, Pierre J.|Kamal, Musa R.|Ton-That, Minh-Tan|Esmaeili, Babak",Polymer Engineering and Science,,,,,,2014,22/01/2014,,,0032-3888,,,,,Wiley,,,"Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/Cloisite 30B (C30B) nanocomposites of different organoclay concentrations were prepared using a water-assisted extrusion process. The reduction of the molecular weight (Mw) of the PET matrix, caused by hydrolysis during water-assisted extrusion, was compensated by subsequent solid-state polymerization (SSP). Viscometry, titration, rheological, and dynamic scanning calorimetry measurements were used to analyze the samples from SSP. The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of PET increased significantly through SSP. PET nanocomposites exhibited solid-like rheological behavior, and the complex viscosity at high frequencies was scaled with the Mw of PET. The Maron-Pierce model was used to evaluate the Mw of PET in the nanocomposites before and after SSP. It was found that the extent and the rate of the SSP reaction in nanocomposites were lower than those for the neat PETs, due to the barrier effect of clay platelets. Consequently, the SSP rate of PET increased with decreasing particle size for the neat PET and PET nanocomposites. The effect of the Mw of PET on the crystallization temperature, crystallinity, and the half-time, t1/2, of nonisothermal crystallization was also investigated. With increasing Mw of PET, t1/2 increased, whereas Tc and Xc decreased.",,10.1002/pen.23853,21275618,,,,90660fde-de3c-4cfa-9224-14fc9410e93b,article,eng
Introduction to special issue on post-editing,"O’Brien, Sharon|Simard, Michel",Machine Translation,28,03-Apr,159,164,,2014,21/11/2014,,,0922-6567,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,,,10.1007/s10590-014-9166-8,21275597,,,,fa3cbab6-35b2-43bf-8234-c22e97258f5c,article,eng
Membrane order parameters for interdigitated lipid bilayers measured via polarized total-internal-reflection fluorescence microscopy,"Ngo, An T.|Jakubek, Zygmunt J.|Lu, Zhengfang|Joós, Béla|Morris, Catherine E.|Johnston, Linda J.",Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes,1838,11,2861,2869,,2014,26/07/2014,,,0005-2736,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Incorporating ethanol in lipid membranes leads to changes in bilayer structure, including the formation of an interdigitated phase. We have used polarized total-internal-reflection fluorescence microscopy (pTIRFM) to measure the order parameter for Texas Red DHPE incorporated in the ethanol-induced interdigitated phase (L?I) formed from ternary lipid mixtures comprising dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and egg sphingomyelin or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. These lipid mixtures have 3 co-existing phases in the presence of ethanol: liquid-ordered, liquid-disordered and L?I. pTIRFM using Texas Red DHPE shows a reversal in fluorescence contrast between the L?I phase and the surrounding disordered phase with changes in the polarization angle. The contrast reversal is due to changes in the orientation of the dye, and provides a rapid method to identify the L?I phase. The measured order parameters for the L?I phase are consistent with a highly ordered membrane environment, similar to a gel phase. An acyl-chain labeled BODIPY-FL-PC was also tested for pTIRFM studies of ethanol-treated bilayers; however, this probe is less useful since the order parameters of the interdigitated phase are consistent with orientations that are close to random, either due to local membrane disorder or to a mixture of extended and looping conformations in which the fluorophore is localized in the polar headgroup region of the bilayer. In summary, we demonstrate that order parameter measurements via pTIRFM using Texas Red-DHPE can rapidly identify the interdigitated phase in supported bilayers. We anticipate that this technique will aid further research in the effects of alcohols and other additives on membranes.",,10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.07.020,21275598,,,,1e474d87-6268-4484-a9c3-de07b6466336,article,eng
Ion transport and switching speed in redox-gated 3-terminal organic memory devices,"Das, Bikas C.|Szeto, Bryan|James, David D.|Wu, Yiliang|McCreery, Richard L.",Journal of the Electrochemical Society,161,12,H831,H838,,2014,10/09/2014,,,0013-4651,,,,,The Electrochemical Society,,,"The dynamics of redox gated organic memory devices based on dynamic doping of polythiophene were examined in detail in order to improve ""write"" and ""erase"" speed and determine ultimate performance. A 3-terminal geometry similar to a field effect transistor provided a source/gate circuit which reversibly oxidized a polythiophene polymer to cause a large increase in conductance between the source and drain electrodes. The devices were cycled for >1000 complete R/W/R/E cycles, and operated at relatively low voltage compared to commercial ""flash"" memory. The ""write"" and ""erase"" speeds were improved by a factor of >100 by using a spin-coated electrolyte layer and by small increases in device temperature. The influence of charging current and polaron propagation on response time were determined to be minor, with the rate limiting process being identified as the rate of conducting polaron generation. The main factor determining the W/E time was themobility of ions in the polyethylene oxide electrolyte layer, which resulted in resistance losses during the application of the S-G ""write"" pulse. Response time was strongly dependent on the atmosphere, with water or acetonitrile vapor significantly increasing the rate of polaron generation. The results are important for design of molecular memory devices based on dynamic doping, and indicate likely avenues for further performance improvements.",Carrier transport|Electrolytes|Field effect transistors|Polarons|Polyethylene oxides|Charging current|Device temperature|Electrolyte layers|Molecular memory devices|Organic memory devices|Oxide electrolytes|Rate-limiting process|Source and drain electrodes|Flash memory,10.1149/2.0831412jes,21275588,,,,d39aff29-dd9e-4e2b-a5c1-2a3c9f9e76ea,article,eng
Measurement of the on-road turbulence environment experienced by heavy duty vehicles,"McAuliffe, Brian R.|Belluz, Leanna|Belzile, Marc",SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles,7,2,,,,2014,30/09/2014,,,1946-391X,,,,,SAE International,,,"Terrestrial winds play an important role in affecting the aerodynamics of road vehicles. Of increasing importance is the effect of the unsteady turbulence structure of these winds and their influence on the process of optimizing aerodynamic performance to reduce fuel consumption. In an effort to predict better the aerodynamic performance of heavy-duty vehicles and various drag reduction technologies, a study was undertaken to measure the turbulent wind characteristics experienced by heavy-duty vehicles on the road.To measure the winds experienced on the road, a sport utility vehicle (SUV) was outfitted with an array of four fast-response pressure probes that could be arranged in vertical or horizontal rake configurations that provided measurements up to 4.0 m from the ground and spanning a width of 2.4 m. To characterize the influence of the proximity of the vehicle on the pressure signals of the probes, the SUV and its measurements system was calibrated in a large wind tunnel. On-road measurements of the turbulence intensities, turbulence length scales, wind spectra, and spatial correlations were performed. Eight days of testing over a two month period in late 2012 were conducted over roads in Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec, Canada. Dates and test routes were selected to provide a variety of conditions. The time-series of on-road turbulence data were segmented and classified based on differences in the terrain roughness, traffic density, and wind strength experienced during the measurements.Of the three classification categories, traffic density provided the greatest influence on the measured turbulence characteristics by modifying the strength of the high-frequency/small-scale turbulence structures in the wind. Conversely, the strength of the terrestrial winds provided a strong influence on the low-frequency/large-scale turbulence. In the near-ground region of the current study (0.5 to 4.0 m), which represents the vertical extent of typical heavy duty vehicles on the road, the turbulence length scales showed a much greater sensitivity to vertical distance than did the turbulence intensity, resulting from damping of the large-scale/low-frequency wind fluctuations near the ground.Based on the frequency of the various conditions experienced on the road, a target set of wind conditions, (intensities, length scales, spectra, correlation lengths) are recommended that differ from previously-published recommendations.",Aerodynamic configurations|Aerodynamic drag|Aerodynamics|Roads and streets|Transportation|Vehicles|Wind|Wind tunnels|Aero-dynamic performance|Reduction technologies|Spatial correlations|Sport utility vehicles|Turbulence characteristics|Turbulence intensity|Turbulence structures|Unsteady turbulences|Turbulence,10.4271/2014-01-2451,21275589,,,,829bd2a5-e8a3-455b-a60d-623654cd76e5,article,eng
Gasification of bio-waste and biomass products through exposure to high density and low density supercritical water,"Desnoo, Bob|Huang, Xiao|Ma, Weiguo|Yoo, Yeong",,6A,,,,,2014,14/11/2014,,,,"ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings (IMECE)","ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE 2014, 14 November 2014 through 20 November 2014",,,American Society of Mechanical Engineers,,,"Biomass as a sustainable and renewable energy source is starting to gain momentum, especially as more economical energy extraction methods prevail. Supercritical water biomass gasification (SCWBG) is one of the more promising methods to extract energy from biomass in a gaseous form due to its lower temperature and simpler setup. In this work, two biomass samples (considered livestock feed) and two biomass waste samples are gasified in supercritical water (SCW). To compare the gasification of the real biomass samples (beat skin and straw) to previous works on model biomass compounds, two temperature states (hence different water densities) were used during gasification. An increase in temperature and decrease in water density was found to have similar effects on real biomass compared to that of model compounds. As temperature increases and water density decreases, combustible gas yields tend to increase due to changes in reaction pathways and reaction rates. In this work an analytical comparison is also made between the four different types of biomass in terms of which produce the most combustible gases and of which will generate the most energy. As a result of this analysis beet skins produce the most methane and corn silage yields the most hydrogen. It is the two bio-waste products, however, that generated the largest higher heating values (HHV).",Anaerobic digestion|Density of gases|Gasification|Methane|Renewable energy resources|Biomass Gasification|Energy from biomass|Higher heating value|Renewable energy source|Supercritical water|Biomass,10.1115/IMECE2014-36140,21275591,,,,37875975-7d58-41a6-9224-8f17c379d105,article,eng
"Insulin resistance, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer's disease","Najem, Dema|Bamji-Mirza, Michelle|Chang, Nina|Liu, Qing Yan|Zhang, Wandong",Reviews in the Neurosciences,25,4,509,525,,2014,2014-08,,,0334-1763,,,,,de Gruyter,,,"Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Pathologically, it is characterized by degeneration of neurons and synapses, the deposition of extracellular plaques consisting of aggregated amyloid-â (Aâ) peptides, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles made up of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Recently, the spotlights have been centered on two characteristics of AD, neuroinflammation and insulin resistance. Because both of these pathways play roles in synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration, they become potential targets for therapeutic intervention that could impede the progression of the disease. Here, we present an overview of the traditional amyloid hypothesis, as well as emerging data on both inflammatory and impaired insulin signaling pathways in AD. It becomes evident that more than one concurrent treatment can be synergistic and various combinations should be discussed as a potential therapeutic strategy to correct the anomalies in AD. Insulin resistance, Aâ/tau pathologies, neuroinflammation, and dysregulation of central nervous system homeostasis are intertwined processes that together create the complex pathology of AD and should be considered as a whole picture.",amyloid|insulin|tau protein|amyloid precursor protein|age|Alzheimer disease|autophosphorylation|central nervous system|degenerative disease|drug targeting|insulin resistance|nerve degeneration|nervous system inflammation|neurofibrillary tangle|neurotoxicity|risk factor|inflammation|metabolism|signal transduction|Inflammation,10.1515/revneuro-2013-0050,21275594,,,,23e8fc3d-827e-4d6c-92ff-af42e8e9b868,article,eng
Testing magnetic field models for the class 0 protostar L1527,"Davidson, J. A.|Li, Z. -Y.|Hull, C. L. H.|Plambeck, R. L.|Kwon, W.|Crutcher, R. M.|Looney, L. W.|Novak, G.|Chapman, N. L.|Matthews, B. C.|Stephens, I. W.|Tobin, J. J.|Jones, T. J.",The Astrophysical Journal,797,2,,,74,2014,26/11/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,IOP Publishing,,,"For the Class 0 protostar L1527 we compare 131 polarization vectors from SCUPOL/JCMT, SHARP/CSO, and TADPOL/CARMA observations with the corresponding model polarization vectors of four ideal-MHD, nonturbulent, cloud core collapse models. These four models differ by their initial magnetic fields before collapse; two initially have aligned fields (strong and weak) and two initially have orthogonal fields (strong and weak) with respect to the rotation axis of the L1527 core. Only the initial weak orthogonal field model produces the observed circumstellar disk within L1527. This is a characteristic of nearly all ideal-MHD, nonturbulent, core collapse models. In this paper we test whether this weak orthogonal model also has the best agreement between its magnetic field structure and that inferred from the polarimetry observations of L1527. We found that this is not the case; based on the polarimetry observations, the most favored model of the four is the weak aligned model. However, this model does not produce a circumstellar disk, so our result implies that a nonturbulent, ideal-MHD global collapse model probably does not represent the core collapse that has occurred in L1527. Our study also illustrates the importance of using polarization vectors covering a large area of a cloud core to determine the initial magnetic field orientation before collapse; the inner core magnetic field structure can be highly altered by a collapse, and so measurements from this region alone can give unreliable estimates of the initial field configuration before collapse.",,10.1088/0004-637X/797/2/74,21275595,,,,f2708e7c-9091-418c-94ba-625b22cc5023,article,eng
Polarization entangled photons from quantum dots embedded in nanowires,"Huber, Tobias|Predojevi?, Ana|Khoshnegar, Milad|Dalacu, Dan|Poole, Philip J.|Majedi, Hamed|Weihs, Gregor",Nano Letters,14,12,7107,7114,,2014,14/11/2014,,,1530-6984,,,,,ACS Publications,,,"In this Letter, we present entanglement generated from a novel structure: a single InAsP quantum dot embedded in an InP nanowire. These structures can grow in a site-controlled way and exhibit high collection efficiency; we detect 0.5 million biexciton counts per second coupled into a single mode fiber with a standard commercial avalanche photo diode. If we correct for the known setup losses and detector efficiency, we get an extraction efficiency of 15(3) %. For the measured polarization entanglement, we observe a fidelity of 0.76(2) to a reference maximally entangled state as well as a concurrence of 0.57(6).",Avalanche diodes|Light|Nanowires|Polarization|Quantum optics|Semiconductor quantum dots|Single mode fibers|Biexcitons|Detector efficiency|Extraction efficiencies|High collection efficiency|Maximally entangled state|Novel structures|Polarization entanglement|Polarization-entangled photons|Quantum entanglement,10.1021/nl503581d,21275596,,,,58c9a609-e3bb-4e35-adad-38b91b86d82d,article,eng
The 384-channel prototype of DM Electronics for ELT AO systems,"Caputa, Kris|Atwood, Jenny|Herriot, Glen|Veran, Jean-Pierre|Spanò, Paolo|Zielinski, Adam",,9148,,,,914844,2014,22/08/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496164,,"High order AO subsystems of the ELT require technological advancements in the Deformable Mirror (DM) construction and corresponding improvements in the drive electronics. Advanced prototyping is currently under way at NSI-Herzberg to reduce risks of deploying untried technology in the TMT AO subsystem NFIRAOS. We have developed a 96-channel output module and constructed a sub-scale DM Electronics prototype NDME384 with 384 output channels based on 4 such modules. French DM vendor Cilas has fabricated the NFIRAOS DM Breadoboard with 360 piezoelectric actuators in a 60×6 matrix, to demonstrate the DM technology to be deployed in NFIRAOS wavefront correctors. We present the results of testing our NDME384 prototype while driving the NFIRAOS DM Breadoboard.",Actuators|Amplifiers (electronic)|Deformation|Mirrors|Piezoelectric actuators|Piezoelectricity|Vision aids|Voltage regulators|Deformable mirrors|Drive electronics|ELT|High voltage amplifier|NFIRAOS|Output channels|Technological advancement|Wavefront corrector|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2056580,21275600,,,,eb3de871-534a-4f98-9dc4-37ff3fa45534,article,eng
ALMA band 10 (787-950 GHz) first astronomical fringes,"Asayama, Shin’ichiro|Knee, Lewis B. G.|Calisse, Paolo G.|Colque, Juan P.|Lopez, Cristian M.|Nakos, Theodoros|Phillips, Neil M.|Plarre, Kurt H.|Radiszcz, Matias C.|Siringo, Giorgio|Whyborn, Nicholas D.|Yatagai, Hiroshi",,9145,,,,91454I,2014,22/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496133,,"The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Band 10 receiver covering 787 to 950 GHz is the highest frequency receiver of the ten bands envisioned for the ALMA Front End system. The Band 10 receivers have been undergoing installation and commissioning since 2012. After the Band 10 receiver tuning scripts (Josephson currents suppression, LO power optimization) and operation procedures had been developed and implemented, astronomical verification procedures (radio pointing, focus, beam squint, and end-to-end spectroscopic verification) were established in single dish mode at the ALMA Operations Support Facility (OSF; 2900 m elevation). Subsequently, the first Band 10 astronomical fringes were achieved at the Array Operations Site in October 2013 (AOS; 5000 m elevation). This is the highest frequency ever achieved by a radio interferometer and opens up a new window into submillimeter astrophysics.",Astrophysics|Interferometers|Interferometry|Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA)|Frequency receivers|Power Optimization|Radio interferometers|SIS mixers|Submillimeter astrophysics|Submillimeters|Airborne telescopes,10.1117/12.2054966,21275590,,,,83bc908e-3820-4498-b657-114c66d6f03f,article,eng
Results of the NFIRAOS RTC trade study,"Véran, Jean-Pierre|Boyer, Corinne|Ellerbroek, Brent L.|Gilles, Luc|Herriot, Glen|Kerley, Daniel A.|Ljusic, Zoran|McVeigh, Eric A.|Prior, Robert|Smith, Malcolm|Wang, Lianqi",,9148,,,,91482F,2014,21/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496164,,"With two large deformable mirrors with a total of more than 7000 actuators that need to be driven from the measurements of six 60x60 LGS WFSs (total 1.23Mpixels) at 800Hz with a latency of less than one frame, NFIRAOS presents an interesting real-time computing challenge. This paper reports on a recent trade study to evaluate which current technology could meet this challenge, with the plan to select a baseline architecture by the beginning of NFIRAOS construction in 2014. We have evaluated a number of architectures, ranging from very specialized layouts with custom boards to more generic architectures made from commercial off-the-shelf units (CPUs with or without accelerator boards). For each architecture, we have found the most suitable algorithm, mapped it onto the hardware and evaluated the performance through benchmarking whenever possible. We have evaluated a large number of criteria, including cost, power consumption, reliability and flexibility, and proceeded with scoring each architecture based on these criteria. We have found that, with today's technology, the NFIRAOS requirements are well within reach of off-the-shelf commercial hardware running a parallel implementation of the straightforward matrix-vector multiply (MVM) algorithm for wave-front reconstruction. Even accelerators such as GPUs and Xeon Phis are no longer necessary. Indeed, we have found that the entire NFIRAOS RTC can be handled by seven 2U high-end PC-servers using 10GbE connectivity. Accelerators are only required for the off-line process of updating the matrix control matrix every ?10s, as observing conditions change.",Benchmarking|Computer hardware|Matrix algebra|Program processors|Real time control|Wavefronts|Base-line architecture|Commercial off the shelves|Generic architecture|Large deformable mirrors|Matrix vector multiply|Parallel implementations|Real time computing|Wave front reconstruction|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2057323,21275608,,,,8e5df2d5-8106-40f4-8433-8b8b003cb1c6,article,eng
Adaptive optics program at TMT,"Boyer, C.|Adkins, Sean|Andersen, David R.|Atwood, Jenny|Bo, Yong|Byrnes, Peter|Caputa, Kris|Cavaco, Jeff|Ellerbroek, Brent|Gilles, Luc|Gregory, James|Herriot, Glen|Hickson, Paul|Ljusic, Zoran|Manter, Darren|Marois, Christian|Otárola, Angel|Pagès, Hubert|Schoeck, Matthias|Sinquin, Jean-Christophe|Smith, Malcolm|Spano, Paolo|Szeto, Kei|Tang, Jinlong|Travouillon, Tony|Véran, Jean-Pierre|Wang, Lianqi|Wei, Kai",,9148,,,,91480X,2014,21/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496164,,"The TMT first light Adaptive Optics (AO) facility consists of the Narrow Field Infra-Red AO System (NFIRAOS) and the associated Laser Guide Star Facility (LGSF). NFIRAOS is a 60 × 60 laser guide star (LGS) multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) system, which provides uniform, diffraction-limited performance in the J, H, and K bands over 17-30 arc sec diameter fields with 50 per cent sky coverage at the galactic pole, as required to support the TMT science cases. NFIRAOS includes two deformable mirrors, six laser guide star wavefront sensors, and three low-order, infrared, natural guide star wavefront sensors within each client instrument. The first light LGSF system includes six sodium lasers required to generate the NFIRAOS laser guide stars. In this paper, we will provide an update on the progress in designing, modeling and validating the TMT first light AO systems and their components over the last two years. This will include pre-final design and prototyping activities for NFIRAOS, preliminary design and prototyping activities for the LGSF, design and prototyping for the deformable mirrors, fabrication and tests for the visible detectors, benchmarking and comparison of different algorithms and processing architecture for the Real Time Controller (RTC) and development and tests of prototype candidate lasers. Comprehensive and detailed AO modeling is continuing to support the design and development of the first light AO facility. Main modeling topics studied during the last two years include further studies in the area of wavefront error budget, sky coverage, high precision astrometry for the galactic center and other observations, high contrast imaging with NFIRAOS and its first light instruments, Point Spread Function (PSF) reconstruction for LGS MCAO, LGS photon return and sophisticated low order mode temporal filtering.",Astronomy|Deformation|Laser mirrors|Light|Mirrors|Optical testing|Optical transfer function|Stars|Wavefronts|Design and Development|Diffraction limited|Extremely Large Telescopes|High contrast imaging|Point spread function reconstruction|Processing architectures|Real time controllers|Wave front sensors|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2056863,21275601,,,,671f796f-d081-44f3-a833-337cb02a3fdd,article,eng
Gemini Planet Imager observational calibrations I: Overview of the GPI data reduction pipeline,"Perrin, Marshall D.|Maire, Jerome|Ingraham, Patrick|Savransky, Dmitry|Millar-Blanchaer, Max|Wolff, Schuyler G.|Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste|Wang, Jason J.|Draper, Zachary H.|Sadakuni, Naru|Marois, Christian|Rajan, Abhijith|Fitzgerald, Michael P.|MacIntosh, Bruce|Graham, James R.|Doyon, René.|Larkin, James E.|Chilcote, Jeffrey K.|Goodsell, Stephen J.|Palmer, David W.|Labrie, Kathleen|Beaulieu, Mathilde|De Rosa, Robert J.|Greenbaum, Alexandra Z.|Hartung, Markus|Hibon, Pascale|Konopacky, Quinn|Lafreniere, David|Lavigne, Jean-Francois|Marchis, Franck|Patience, Jenny|Pueyo, Laurent|Rantakyrö, Fredrik T.|Soummer, Rémi|Sivaramakrishnan, Anand|Thomas, Sandrine|Ward-Duong, Kimberly|Wiktorowicz, Sloane",,9147,,,,91473J,2014,08/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496157,,"The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) has as its science instrument an infrared integral field spectrograph/polarimeter (IFS). Integral field spectrographs are scientificially powerful but require sophisticated data reduction systems. For GPI to achieve its scientific goals of exoplanet and disk characterization, IFS data must be reconstructed into high quality astrometrically and photometrically accurate datacubes in both spectral and polarization modes, via flexible software that is usable by the broad Gemini community. The data reduction pipeline developed by the GPI instrument team to meet these needs is now publicly available following GPI's commissioning. This paper, the first of a series, provides a broad overview of GPI data reduction, summarizes key steps, and presents the overall software framework and implementation. Subsequent papers describe in more detail the algorithms necessary for calibrating GPI data. The GPI data reduction pipeline is open source, available from planetimager.org, and will continue to be enhanced throughout the life of the instrument. It implements an extensive suite of task primitives that can be assembled into reduction recipes to produce calibrated datasets ready for scientific analysis. Angular, spectral, and polarimetric differential imaging are supported. Graphical tools automate the production and editing of recipes, an integrated calibration database manages reference files, and an interactive data viewer customized for high contrast imaging allows for exploration and manipulation of data.",Astronomy|Calibration|Data handling|Extrasolar planets|Open source software|Pipelines|Polarimeters|Spectrographs|Exo-planets|High contrast imaging|Integral field spectrograph|Integral Field Spectroscopy|Polarization modes|Reduction systems|Scientific analysis|Data reduction,10.1117/12.2055246,21275602,,,,6e015f7c-f6c6-4954-ab43-4551027be3f6,article,eng
Dynamic mechanical thermo-analysis of Portland cement paste hydrated for 45 years,"Pourbeik, P.|Beaudoin, J. J.|Alizadeh, R.|Raki, L.",Materials and Structures|Matériaux et Constructions,,,,,,2014,27/12/2014,,,1359-5997,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,The effect of prolonged hydration of Portland cement paste on engineering behavior was investigated using dynamic mechanical thermo-analysis (DMTA) methods. Specimens ranged in age from 3 days to 45 years. Compacts of hydrated cement powders and normally hydrated paste specimens were tested. Age dependent nanostructural characteristics of C–S–H were shown to influence the mechanical response of cement paste. Evidence was provided to support the use of compacts as structural models for hydrated cement paste. Details of ageing effects on the DMTA parameters (storage modulus and internal friction) as a function of temperature and porosity are reported.,Dynamics|Hydration|Porosity|Portland cement|Powders|Ageing effects|Cement paste|Dynamic mechanical|Hydrated cement pastes|Mechanical response|Nanostructural characteristics|Portland cement paste|Structural models|Dynamic mechanical analysis,10.1617/s11527-014-0500-7,21275606,,,,00dd834a-969b-47d3-8df3-b93d0aac44f3,article,eng
Guest-induced symmetry lowering of an ionic clathrate material for carbon capture,"Muromachi, S.|Udachin, K. A.|Shin, K.|Alavi, S.|Moudrakovski, I. L.|Ohmura, R.|Ripmeester, J. A.",Chemical Communications,50,78,11476,11479,,2014,29/05/2014,,,1359-7345,,,,,Royal Society of Chemistry,,,"We report a new lattice structure of the ionic clathrate hydrate of tetra-n-butylammonium bromide induced by guest CO2 molecules, which is found to provide high CO2 storage capacity. The structure was characterized by a set of methods, including single crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR, and MD simulations.",carbon|ionic clathrate hydrate|tetrabutylammonium|unclassified drug|chemical structure|crystal structure|encapsulation|molecular docking|nuclear magnetic resonance|proton nuclear magnetic resonance|X ray diffraction,10.1039/c4cc02111h,21275603,,,,2b7c2ef9-531e-418a-bfbc-9e9c66fd353f,article,eng
"Speech-based interaction: Myths, challenges, and opportunities","Munteanu, Cosmin|Penn, Gerald",,,,1035,1036,,2014,2014,,,,Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings,"32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA 2014, 26 April 2014 through 1 May 2014, Toronto, ON",,,Association for Computing Machinery,9781450324748,,"HCI research has for long been dedicated to better and more naturally facilitating information transfer between humans and machines. Unfortunately, humans' most natural form of communication, speech, is also one of the most difficult modalities to be understood by machines - despite, and perhaps, because it is the highest-bandwidth communication channel we possess. While significant research efforts, from engineering, to linguistic, and to cognitive sciences, have been spent on improving machines' ability to understand speech, the CHI community has been relatively timid in embracing this modality as a central focus of research. This can be attributed in part to the relatively discouraging levels of accuracy in understanding speech, in contrast with often-unfounded claims of success from industry, but also to the intrinsic difficulty of designing and especially evaluating speech and natural language interfaces. As such, the development of interactive speech-based systems is mostly driven by engineering efforts to improve such systems with respect to largely arbitrary performance metrics, often void of any user-centered design principles or consideration for usability or usefulness. The goal of this course is to inform the CHI community of the current state of speech and natural language research, to dispel some of the myths surrounding speech-based interaction, as well as to provide an opportunity for researchers and practitioners to learn more about how speech recognition and speech synthesis work, what are their limitations, and how they could be used to enhance current interaction paradigms. Through this, we hope that HCI researchers and practitioners will learn how to combine recent advances in speech processing with user-centred principles in designing more usable and useful speech-based interactive systems.",Engineering research|Human computer interaction|Human engineering|Natural language processing systems|Speech processing|Speech recognition|Speech synthesis|Telecommunication systems|User interfaces|Automatic speech recognition|Current interactions|Information transfers|NAtural language processing|Natural user interfaces|Speech and natural language interface|Speech interaction|User centered designs|Speech communication,10.1145/2702613.2706679,21275604,,,,eb3c39fa-996a-441e-b8a6-bf414a9d20d4,article,eng
Lactone-bound structures of cyclohexanone monooxygenase provide insight into the stereochemistry of catalysis,"Yachnin, Brahm J.|McEvoy, Michelle B.|Maccuish, Roderick J. D.|Morley, Krista L.|Lau, Peter C. K.|Berghuis, Albert M.",ACS Chemical Biology,9,12,2843,2851,,2014,29/09/2014,,,1554-8929,,,,,ACS Publishing,,,"The Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) are microbial enzymes that catalyze the synthetically useful Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reaction. The available BVMO crystal structures all lack a substrate or product bound in a position that would determine the substrate specificity and stereospecificity of the enzyme. Here, we report two crystal structures of cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO) with its product, ?-caprolactone, bound: the CHMOTight and CHMOLoose structures. The CHMOTight structure represents the enzyme state in which substrate acceptance and stereospecificity is determined, providing a foundation for engineering BVMOs with altered substrate spectra and/or stereospecificity. The CHMOLoose structure is the first structure where the product is solvent accessible. This structure represents the enzyme state upon binding and release of the substrate and product. In addition, the role of the invariant Arg329 in chaperoning the substrate/product during the catalytic cycle is highlighted. Overall, these data provide a structural framework for the engineering of BVMOs with altered substrate spectra and/or stereospecificity.",cyclohexanone|enzyme|lactone|microbial enzyme|polycaprolactone|unspecific monooxygenase|binding site|catalysis|conformational transition|crystal structure|enzyme structure|oxidation|protein conformation|protein cross linking|stereochemistry|stereospecificity,10.1021/cb500442e,21275605,NRC-ACRD-56113,,,1e2b203d-281c-480e-8f7c-309ea82bfa26,article,eng
Broadband two-mode multiplexer with taper-etched directional coupler on SOI platform,"Xiong, Yule|Xu, Dan-Xia|Schmid, Jens H.|Cheben, Pavel|Janz, Siegfried|Ye, Winnie N.",,,,39,40,6962017,2014,27/08/2014,,,1949-2081,IEEE International Conference on Group IV Photonics GFP,"11th International Conference on Group IV Photonics, GFP 2014, 27 August 2014 through 29 August 2014",,,IEEE,9781479922833,,"We propose an original two-mode (TE0/TE1) division multiplexer using a taper-etched directional coupler. The multiplexer has a low insertion loss of -0.1 dB within C-band with a minimum loss of -0.05 dB, a modal crosstalk below -40 dB and a robust fabrication tolerance (>100 nm).",,10.1109/Group4.2014.6962017,21275607,,,,22febcc5-ec30-4795-a62a-05ec10b74a93,article,eng
Tribological properties of boride based thermal diffusion coatings,"Medvedovski, E.|Jiang, J. R.|Robertson, M.",Advances in Applied Ceramics,113,7,427,437,,2014,2014-10,,,1743-6753,,,,,Maney Publishing,,,"Engineering components, e.g. tubing systems for the down-hole applications in the oil and gas industry (in particular, sucker rod pumps, progressing cavity pumps and some other components of the artificial lifting systems), as well as numerous valves and seats, bearings, gears and plungers, require protection against friction and sliding abrasion service conditions. The hard boride based coatings on steels and alloys obtained through the thermal diffusion process have a high potential for these severe application conditions over many other types of coatings as they can be obtained on the entire working surfaces of large size and complex shape products. Intensive tribological studies of the iron boride based coatings on carbon steel obtained at Endurance Technologies Inc. have been conducted using the Cameron-Plint testing unit (reciprocating sliding of the metallic rod under the load over a flat surface of the coated samples). The friction wear loss, friction coefficient and structural changes of the coatings have been studied in dry and lubricating (water-oil) friction conditions, which simulate actual application conditions. It was demonstrated that the obtained boride coatings have the friction loss significantly smaller than untreated steel (e.g. ?10-30 times in the dry conditions and at least 5 times in the lubricating conditions) with no peeling and flaking-off. The friction coefficients of the boride coatings are steady over the test duration. The influence of the thickness on the boride coatings performance is demonstrated. The encouraging results are explained by the specific coating structure of the hard coating obtained through the thermal diffusion process and the thin 'tribofilm' formed during a friction mode.",Friction|Thermal diffusion|Coefficient of frictions|Iron boride|Tribological properties|Coatings,10.1179/1743676114Y.0000000175,21275610,,,,64282dcf-856d-46c3-9054-be00fc5e954c,article,eng
Globular cluster systems in brightest cluster galaxies: A near-universal luminosity function?,"Harris, William E.|Morningstar, Warren|Gnedin, Oleg Y.|O'Halloran, Heather|Blakeslee, John P.|Whitmore, Bradley C.|Côté, Patrick|Geisler, Douglas|Peng, Eric W.|Bailin, Jeremy|Rothberg, Barry|Cockcroft, Robert|DeGraaff, Regina Barber",The Astrophysical Journal,797,2,,,128,2014,08/12/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,IOP Publishing,,,"We present the first results from our Hubble Space Telescope brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) survey of seven central supergiant cluster galaxies and their globular cluster (GC) systems. We measure a total of 48,000 GCs in all seven galaxies, representing the largest single GC database. We find that a log-normal shape accurately matches the observed the luminosity function (LF) of the GCs down to the globular cluster luminosity function turnover point, which is near our photometric limit. In addition, the LF has a virtually identical shape in all seven galaxies. Our data underscore the similarity in the formation mechanism of massive star clusters in diverse galactic environments. At the highest luminosities (L ? 107L?), we find small numbers of ""superluminous"" objects in five of the galaxies; their luminosity and color ranges are at least partly consistent with those of ultra-compact dwarfs. Last, we find preliminary evidence that in the outer halo (R ? 20 kpc), the LF turnover point shows a weak dependence on projected distance, scaling as L0 ? R-0.2, while the LF dispersion remains nearly constant.",,10.1088/0004-637X/797/2/128,21275568,,,,7dfcf0f0-38a0-4d6d-9b5f-bb1bf1d32bde,article,eng
The wetting behavior of TiO2 nanotube arrays with perfluorinated surface functionalization,"Farsinezhad, Samira|Waghmare, Prashant|Wiltshire, Benjamin D.|Amiri, Saeid|Mitra, Sushanta K.|Shankar, Karthik",,9,,,,,2014,14/10/2014,,,,"ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings (IMECE)","ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE 2014, 14 November 2014 through 20 November 2014",,,American Society of Mechanical Engineers,,,"A facile electrochemical anodization method was used for producing hierarchically textured surfaces based on TiO2 nanotubes in two different configurations. It was found that perfluoro-functionalized TiO2 nanotubes exhibit high static contact angles for a variety of liquids such as apolar, polar aprotic and polar protic solvents. Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter theories were applied for theoretical contact angle calculations for the present study. By using Cassie theories, it is shown that a drop of polar liquid was in a fakir or Cassie-Baxter (CB) state on perfluoro-functionalized nanotube surfaces. The fakir state prevents spreading of the liquid on the surface. On the other hand, the wetting of non-polar liquids such as hexane is characterized by either Wenzel states or transition states characterized by partial imbibition that lie in between the CB and Wenzel states.",Contact angle|Liquids|Titanium dioxide|Wetting|Electro-chemical anodization|Functionalized nanotubes|Functionalized tio|Nonpolar liquids|Static contact angle|Surface Functionalization|Transition state|Wetting behavior|Nanotubes,10.1115/IMECE2014-39395,21275570,,,,c566f8a1-790f-4485-8fe5-00951345e6c9,article,eng
"Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet), a potential platform for the production of plant-made proteins","Polowick, Patricia L.|Loukanina, Natalia N.|Doshi, Ketan M.",In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant,,,,,,2014,27/03/2014,,,1054-5476,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"A robust, reproducible method of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was developed for Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (tarwi), a large-seeded Andean legume. Initially, a regeneration and transformation protocol was developed using a plasmid which contained a bifunctional fusion gene conferring both ?-glucuronidase (gus) and neomycin phosphotransferase activities, under the control of a constitutive 35S35SAMV promoter. The tissue explants consisted of longitudinal slices from embryonic axes of imbibed, mature seed. Using a series of tissue culture media for cocultivation, shoot initiation, shoot elongation, and rooting, kanamycin-resistant transgenic plants were recovered from approximately 1% of the explants. This transformation protocol was further used with a construct that contained the human adenosine deaminase (hADA) gene under the control of a legumin seed-specific promoter, also with a kanamycin resistance cassette for chemical selection. Changes made during the course of this study, which included adjustments to the antibiotic concentration during the shoot elongation and rooting phases plus the incorporation of techniques to improve ventilation in the tissue culture system, resulted in major improvements in shoot quality and, most significantly, rooting. The outcome was an increased frequency of transgenic plant recovery (7.4%), with a low (9.6%) rate of plants that escaped selection. The inheritance of the hADA gene was documented and showed the expected Mendelian segregation pattern. The produced hADA protein was a fully functional enzyme and localized only in the seed, as expected. Thus, this legume species is an excellent candidate for a nonfood plant host platform for the production of plant-made proteins.",,10.1007/s11627-014-9601-9,21275572,,,,31f2f7f2-fb01-454f-a75a-2613af57f4b9,article,eng
Spatially resolved imaging of the two-component ? crv debris disk with herschel,"Duchêne, G.|Arriaga, P.|Wyatt, M.|Kennedy, G.|Sibthorpe, B.|Lisse, C.|Holland, W.|Wisniewski, J.|Clampin, M.|Kalas, P.|Pinte, C.|Wilner, D.|Booth, M.|Horner, J.|Matthews, B.|Greaves, J.",The Astrophysical Journal,784,2,,,148,2014,18/03/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,IOP Publishing,,,"We present far-infrared and submillimeter images of the ? Crv debris disk system obtained with Herschel and SCUBA-2, as well as Hubble Space Telescope visible and near-infrared coronagraphic images. In the 70 ?m Herschel image, we clearly separate the thermal emission from the warm and cold belts in the system, find no evidence for a putative dust population located between them, and precisely determine the geometry of the outer belt. We also find marginal evidence for azimuthal asymmetries and a global offset of the outer debris ring relative to the central star. Finally, we place stringent upper limits on the scattered light surface brightness of the outer ring. Using radiative transfer modeling, we find that it is impossible to account for all observed properties of the system under the assumption that both rings contain dust populations with the same properties. While the outer belt is in reasonable agreement with the expectations of steady-state collisional cascade models, albeit with a minimum grain size that is four times larger than the blow-out size, the inner belt appears to contain copious amounts of small dust grains, possibly below the blow-out size. This suggests that the inner belt cannot result from a simple transport of grains from the outer belt and rather supports a more violent phenomenon as its origin. We also find that the emission from the inner belt has not declined over three decades, a much longer timescale than its dynamical timescale, which indicates that the belt is efficiently replenished.",,10.1088/0004-637X/784/2/148,21275573,,,,ce577c41-d46a-4623-98a3-30b7422fb71e,article,eng
Tabletop imaging of structural evolutions in chemical reactions demonstrated for the acetylene cation,"Ibrahim, Heide|Wales, Benji|Beaulieu, Samuel|Schmidt, Bruno E.|Thiré, Nicolas|Fowe, Emmanuel P.|Bisson, Éric.|Hebeisen, Christoph T.|Wanie, Vincent|Giguére, Mathieu|Kieffer, Jean-Claude|Spanner, Michael|Bandrauk, André D|Sanderson, Joseph|Schuurman, Michael S.|Légaré, François",Nature Communications,5,,,,4422,2014,18/07/2014,,,2041-1723,,,,,Macmillan Publishers,,,"The introduction of femto-chemistry has made it a primary goal to follow the nuclear and electronic evolution of a molecule in time and space as it undergoes a chemical reaction. Using Coulomb Explosion Imaging, we have shot the first high-resolution molecular movie of a to and fro isomerization process in the acetylene cation. So far, this kind of phenomenon could only be observed using vacuum ultraviolet light from a free-electron laser. Here we show that 266 ‰nm ultrashort laser pulses are capable of initiating rich dynamics through multiphoton ionization. With our generally applicable tabletop approach that can be used for other small organic molecules, we have investigated two basic chemical reactions simultaneously: proton migration and C=C bond breaking, triggered by multiphoton ionization. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with the timescales and relaxation pathways predicted by new and quantitative ab initio trajectory simulations.",acetylene|cation|proton|acetylene|cation|chemical reaction|molecular analysis|ab initio calculation|absorption|chemical reaction|density functional theory|electric field|electron|imaging|ionization|isomerization|laser|molecule|photon|ultraviolet radiation|vacuum,10.1038/ncomms5422,21275575,,,,9933dbdc-6220-4c17-b762-b5892a962e94,article,eng
Laser assisted reduction of printed GO films and traces,"Sinar, Dogan|Knopf, George K.|Nikumb, Suwas",,,,549,553,6968086,2014,18/08/2014,,,,"14th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology, IEEE-NANO 2014","2014 14th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology, IEEE-NANO 2014, 18 August 2014 through 21 August 2014",,,IEEE,9781479956227,,"Non-conductive graphene oxide (GO) particles (70% carbon, 30% oxygen) synthesized directly from inexpensive graphite powders are hydrophilic and can be dispersed homogeneously in water based solutions. In this study, thin film electrode traces are produced from a GO aqueous suspension using a commercially available inkjet printer. Once deposited on the functionalized substrate the printed film is thermally annealed to remove excess water and harden the material. The electrical conductivity of the high resistance (>10M?) annealed film is increased through the removal of oxygen molecules using a focused 775nm, 120fs pulsed laser. The electrical properties of select target areas on the thermally reduced graphene oxide (rGO) film can be tuned by adjusting the laser power, material feed rate, and the number of passes that the beam makes over the target surface. Experiments demonstrate that the rGO trace can be modified over a wide range of sheet resistance values (1M? to 2k?) for a ?1?m thick film. The proposed fabrication method can also be used to create a variety of resistive and semiconductor components on printed thin films, conductive electrodes and micro-circuit traces.",Conductive films|Electrodes|Graphene|Ink jet printers|Printing presses|Semiconductor lasers|Suspensions (fluids)|Thick films|Thin films|Aqueous suspensions|Conductive electrodes|Electrical conductivity|Functionalized substrates|Reduced graphene oxides (RGO)|Semiconductor components|Thin-film electrode|Water-based solutions|Pulsed lasers,10.1109/NANO.2014.6968086,21275576,,,,c21feb4b-4830-4deb-9f25-9ecfebc9aecd,article,eng
Transition metal chalcogenides for oxygen reduction electrocatalysts in PEM fuel cells,"Lee, Kunchan|Alonso-Vante, Nicolas|Zhang, Jiujun",,,,157,182,,2014,21/03/2014,,,,,,Non-Noble Metal Fuel Cell Catalysts,,Wiley,9783527664900|9783527333240,,"This chapter covers the process of oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR) for fuel-cell systems of nonprecious electrocatalyst centers explored since the 1960s, showing the progress achieved with regard to their catalytic activity and stability. The catalytic centers investigated so far are transition metal chalcogenides and metal-macrocycles; in particular, the chalcogenides and the macrocycles containing cobalt or iron metals. The chapter also displays the progress made via theoretical studies on non-noble metal chalcogenides made in understanding of the ORR mechanism and factors that affect the ORR activity and stability.",,10.1002/9783527664900.ch4,21275577,,,,73c3e956-f320-4a56-885b-65ec6e0d8c54,chapter,eng
Expression of human hepatic lipase negatively impacts apolipoprotein A-I production in primary hepatocytes from Lipc-null mice,"Bamji-Mirza, Michelle|Zhang, Wandong|Yao, Zemin",Journal of Biomedical Research,28,3,201,212,,2014,2014-05,,,1674-8301,,,,,National Center for Biotechnology Information,,,"This study aimed to examine whether expression of human hepatic lipase (hHL) exerted an intracellular effect on hepatic production of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I. The levels of secreted and cell-associated apoA-I were contrasted between primary hepatocytes isolated from Lipc-null and C57BL/6 mice, and between Lipc-null hepatocytes transfected with either hHL-encoding or control adenovirus. An HSPG-binding deficient hHL protein (hHLmt) was used to determine the impact of cell surface binding on HL action. Accumulation of apoA-I in conditioned media of primary hepatocytes isolated from Lipc-null mice was increased as compared to that from C57BL/6 mice. Metabolic labeling experiments showed that secretion of 35S-apoA-I from Lipc-null cells was significantly higher than that from C57BL/6 cells. Expression of hHL in Lipc-null hepatocytes, through adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, resulted in decreased synthesis and secretion of 35S-apoA-I, but not 35S-apoE, as compared with cells transfected with control adenovirus. Expression of HSPG-binding deficient hHLmt in Lipc-null cells also exerted an inhibitory effect on apoA-I production, even though hHLmt displayed impaired exit from the endoplasmic reticulum as compared with hHL. Subcellular fractionation revealed that expression of hHL or hHLmt led to increased microsome-association of apoA-I relative to non-transfected control. Expression of hHL negatively impacts hepatic production of apoA-I.",apolipoprotein A1|apolipoprotein E|liver triacylglycerol lipase|Adenoviridae|animal cell|cell fractionation|cell surface|cellular distribution|controlled study|endoplasmic reticulum|female|gene transfer|genetic transfection|HepG2 cell line|human cell|immunoblotting|liver cell|microsome|mouse|null cell|protein expression|protein secretion|secretory pathway,10.7555/JBR.28.20130184,21275578,,,,5fefec5e-02ab-497e-b210-5711e1e32667,article,eng
Theoretical modeling of non-noble metal electrocatalysts for acid and alkaline PEM fuel cells,"Dy, Eben|Shi, Zheng",,,,205,242,,2014,21/03/2014,,,,,,Non-Noble Metal Fuel Cell Catalysts,,Wiley,9783527664900|9783527333240,,"This chapter presents theoretical studies (mainly with first principle methods) of non-noble metal electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acid and alkaline PEM fuel cells. The focus is on fundamental understanding of effect of structure and properties of these electrocatalysts on oxygen reduction reaction mechanism and electrocatalytic activity. The chapter begins with a brief review of current understanding of oxygen reduction mechanism. The difference between ORR in acidic and alkali media is discussed. Four major types of non-nobel metal electrocatalysts are presented. These include transition metal N-macrocyclic complexes, heat-treated M-Nx/C, functionalized graphitic materials, and conducting polymers. Theoretical investigation of these electrocatalytic systems are presented and discussed; especially, the active site structures and electronic properties of electrocatalysts, adsorption configurations of oxygen and various ORR intermediates on electrocatlysts, energetics of possible reaction pathways, and effect of potentials on activity. These theoretical insights contribute greatly to our knowledge of the electrocatalytic systems and are invaluable for further development in this area.",,10.1002/9783527664900.ch6,21275583,,,,4199ae87-4e35-429b-8fc3-c70bb4592605,chapter,eng
Residual life assessment of a critical component of a gas turbine-achievements and challenges,"Beres, W.|Zhang, Z.|Dudzinski, D.|Chen, W.R.|Wu, X.J.",,7A,,,,,2014,2014,,,,Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo,"ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2014, 16 June 2014 through 20 June 2014",,,,9780791845769,,"The residual life assessment of a turbine spacer from a gas turbine engine is presented. The spacer has been identified as one of the safety critical components of the engine, therefore the useful life of this component significantly affects economic operation of the fleet. Numerical analyses of fatigue crack propagation at one critical location of the spacer were performed using both three dimensional (3D) finite element based method and the weight function method. These results combined with the material data allowed for basic assessment of the damage tolerance of this component. Experimental validation of the spacer life was performed in a spin rig facility. During this validation, two sets of spacers were tested and the number of cycles to appearance of a detectable crack was recorded. Moreover, a fractographic study was conducted on the fracture surfaces of two spin rig tested spacers using scanning electronic microscopy techniques. It was found that crack nucleation occurred at multiple sites and crack propagation occurred by a mixed mode of striation formation and faceted fracture. Therefore it was concluded that the mixed mode interaction should be considered in predicting the fatigue life of the spacer. Finally, the paper describes the challenges and pitfalls encountered during preparation and execution of the analyses and tests, including availability of engine and operational data and also uncertainties in interpretation of the results. Copyright © 2014 by Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.",Crack propagation|Cracks|Damage detection|Engines|Fatigue crack propagation|Fatigue of materials|Finite element method|Fracture|Numerical methods|Uncertainty analysis|Economic operations|Experimental validations|Mixed-mode interactions|Safety critical components|Scanning electronic microscopy|Striation formation|Threedimensional (3-d)|Weight function method|Gas turbines,10.1115/GT2014-26423,21275584,,,,38b9ef08-59dd-4068-871c-4ea333eb663e,article,eng
Multi-objective selection of cutting conditions in advanced machining processes via an efficient global optimization approach,"Aly, Mohamed|Hamza, Karim|Tauhiduzzaman, Mohammed|Meshreki, Mouhab|Nassef, Ashraf O.|Veldhuis, Stephen|Attia, Helmi",,2A,,,,,2014,17/08/2014,,,,Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference,"ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, IDETC/CIE 2014, 17 August 2014 through 20 August 2014",,,American Society of Mechanical Engineers,9780791846315,,"Optimum selection of cutting conditions in high-speed and ultra-precision machining processes often poses a challenging task due to several reasons; such as the need for costly experimental setup and the limitation on the number of experiments that can be performed before tool degradation starts becoming a source of noise in the readings. Moreover, oftentimes there are several objectives to consider, some of which may be conflicting, while others may be somewhat correlated. Pareto-optimality analysis is needed for conflicting objectives; however the existence of several objectives (highdimension Pareto space) makes the generation and interpretation of Pareto solutions difficult. The approach adopted in this paper is a modified multi-objective efficient global optimization (m-EGO). In m-EGO, sample data points from experiments are used to construct Kriging meta-models, which act as predictors for the performance objectives. Evolutionary multi-objective optimization is then conducted to spread a population of new candidate experiments towards the zones of search space that are predicted by the Kriging models to have favorable performance, as well as zones that are underexplored. New experiments are then used to update the Kriging models, and the process is repeated until termination criteria are met. Handling a large number of objectives is improved via a special selection operator based on principle component analysis (PCA) within the evolutionary optimization. PCA is used to automatically detect correlations among objectives and perform the selection within a reduced space in order to achieve a better distribution of experimental sample points on the Pareto frontier. Case studies show favorable results in ultraprecision diamond turning of Aluminum alloy as well as highspeed drilling of woven composites.",Aluminum alloys|Diamond drilling|Global optimization|Interpolation|Machining centers|Optimization|Pareto principle|Principal component analysis|Diamond turning|Efficient global optimization|High speed machining|Kriging|Principle component analysis|Multiobjective optimization,10.1115/DETC2014-34624,21275585,,,,0400e48b-3821-4a7a-ad3a-e67fc4ce142d,article,eng
Femtosecond laser induced fiber Bragg gratings for harsh environment sensing applications,"Mihailov, S. J.|Grobnic, D.|Walker, R. B.|Lu, P.|Ding, H.",,9288,,,,92880T,2014,24/09/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Photonics North 2014, 28 May 2014 through 30 May 2014",,,SPIE,9781628413632,,"Fiber Bragg grating sensors have been developed beyond a laboratory curiosity to become a mainstream sensing technology because of their small size, passive nature, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and capability to simultaneously measure multiple physical parameters such as temperature, strain and pressure. Recently, high temperature stable gratings based on regeneration techniques and femtosecond infrared laser processing have shown promise for use in extreme environments such as high temperature, pressure or ionizing radiation. Such gratings are ideally suited for energy production applications where there is a requirement for advanced energy system instrumentation and controls that are operable in harsh environments. This presentation will give a review of some of the more recent developments of femtosecond laser induced fiber Bragg gratings.",Bragg gratings|Electromagnetic pulse|Fiber optic sensors|Ionizing radiation|Optical sensors|Ultrashort pulses|Advanced energy systems|Energy productions|Extreme environment|Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors|Instrumentation and control|Nonlinear optical process|Physical parameters|Sensing technology|Fiber Bragg gratings,10.1117/12.2074594,21275586,,,,22c9a53c-a921-4ee5-9241-be4b968d5282,article,eng
Measuring transmission and forces from observatory equipment vibration,"Thompson, Hugh|MacMartin, Douglas G.|Byrnes, Peter W. G|Tomono, Daigo|Terada, Hiroshi",,9145,,,,91454G,2014,22/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496133,,"We describe measurements of both the vibration forces imparted by various types of observatory equipment, and the transmission of these forces through the soil, foundations and telescope pier. These are key uncertainties both in understanding how to mitigate vibration at existing observatories and for developing a vibration budget in the design of future observatories such as the Thirty Meter Telescope. Typical vibration surveys have measured only the resulting motion (acceleration); however, this depends on both the source and the system being excited (for example, isolating equipment results in less force being transmitted, but greater motion of the equipment itself). Instead, here we (a) apply a known force input to the pier from a shaker and measure the response at different locations, and (b) use isolator properties combined with measured acceleration to infer the forces applied by various equipment directly. The soil foundation and pier transmission can then be combined with a finite element model based vibration transmission analysis to estimate the optical consequences. Estimates of plausible source levels supports the development of a vibration budget for TMT that allocates allowable forces to the sources of vibration; this is described in a companion paper.",Airborne telescopes|Equipment|Finite element method|Observatories|Optical telescopes|Extremely Large Telescopes|Soil foundation|Thirty Meter Telescope|TMT|Vibration|Vibration forces|Vibration transmission|Vibration analysis,10.1117/12.2057206,21275587,,,,f87b24fc-7361-44ed-9d35-a998b8fa8fc0,article,eng
Gemini planet imager observational calibrations VI: Photometric and spectroscopic calibration for the integral field spectrograph,"Maire, JérômeJ.|Ingraham, Patrick J.|De Rosa, Robert J.|Perrin, Marshall D.|Rajan, Abhijith|Savransky, Dmitry|Wang, Jason J.|Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste|Wolff, Schuyler G.|Chilcote, Jeffrey K.|Doyon, René|Graham, James R.|Greenbaum, Alexandra Z.|Konopacky, Quinn M.|Larkin, James E.|MacIntosh, Bruce A.|Marois, Christian|Millar-Blanchaer, Max|Patience, Jennifer|Pueyo, Laurent A.|Sivaramakrishnan, Anand|Thomas, Sandrine J.|Weiss, Jason L.",,9147,,,,914785,2014,28/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496157,,"The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a new facility instrument for the Gemini Observatory designed to provide direct detection and characterization of planets and debris disks around stars in the solar neighborhood. In addition to its extreme adaptive optics and coronagraphic systems which give access to high angular resolution and high-contrast imaging capabilities, GPI contains an integral field spectrograph providing low resolution spectroscopy across five bands between 0.95 and 2.5 ?m. This paper describes the sequence of processing steps required for the spectro-photometric calibration of GPI science data, and the necessary calibration files. Based on calibration observations of the white dwarf HD 8049 B we estimate that the systematic error in spectra extracted from GPI observations is less than 5%. The flux ratio of the occulted star and fiducial satellite spots within coronagraphic GPI observations, required to estimate the magnitude difference between a target and any resolved companions, was measured in the H-band to be ?m = 9.23 ± 0.06 in laboratory measurements and ?m = 9.39 ± 0.11 using on-sky observations. Laboratory measurements for the Y, J, K1 and K2 filters are also presented. The total throughput of GPI, Gemini South and the atmosphere of the Earth was also measured in each photometric passband, with a typical throughput in H-band of 18% in the non-coronagraphic mode, with some variation observed over the six-month period for which observations were available. We also report ongoing development and improvement of the data cube extraction algorithm.",Adaptive optics|Astronomy|Calibration|Earth atmosphere|Photometry|Spectrographs|Spectrophotometry|Stars|Exo-planets|High angular resolutions|High contrast imaging|IFS|Integral field spectrograph|Laboratory measurements|Low resolution spectroscopies|Spectroscopic calibrations|White dwarfs,10.1117/12.2056732,21275569,,,,bcb010fc-01fc-4b3f-85f2-4ec3f502ab1d,article,eng
The integral field spectrograph for the Gemini planet imager,"Larkin, James E.|Chilcote, Jeffrey K.|Aliado, Theodore|Bauman, Brian J.|Brims, George|Canfield, John M.|Cardwell, Andrew|Dillon, Daren|Doyon, René|Dunn, Jennifer|Fitzgerald, Michael P.|Graham, James R.|Goodsell, Stephen|Hartung, Markus|Hibon, Pascale|Ingraham, Patrick|Johnson, Christopher A.|Kress, Evan|Konopacky, Quinn M.|MacIntosh, Bruce A.|Magnone, Kenneth G.|Maire, Jerome|McLean, Ian S.|Palmer, David|Perrin, Marshall D.|Quiroz, Carlos|Rantakyrö, Fredrik|Sadakuni, Naru|Saddlemyer, Leslie|Serio, Andrew|Thibault, Simon|Thomas, Sandrine J.|Vallee, Philippe|Weiss, Jason L.",,9147,,,,91471K,2014,08/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496157,,"The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a complex optical system designed to directly detect the self-emission of young planets within two arcseconds of their host stars. After suppressing the starlight with an advanced AO system and apodized coronagraph, the dominant residual contamination in the focal plane are speckles from the atmosphere and optical surfaces. Since speckles are diffractive in nature their positions in the field are strongly wavelength dependent, while an actual companion planet will remain at fixed separation. By comparing multiple images at different wavelengths taken simultaneously, we can freeze the speckle pattern and extract the planet light adding an order of magnitude of contrast. To achieve a bandpass of 20%, sufficient to perform speckle suppression, and to observe the entire two arcsecond field of view at diffraction limited sampling, we designed and built an integral field spectrograph with extremely low wavefront error and almost no chromatic aberration. The spectrograph is fully cryogenic and operates in the wavelength range 1 to 2.4 microns with five selectable filters. A prism is used to produce a spectral resolution of 45 in the primary detection band and maintain high throughput. Based on the OSIRIS spectrograph at Keck, we selected to use a lenslet-based spectrograph to achieve an rms wavefront error of approximately 25 nm. Over 36,000 spectra are taken simultaneously and reassembled into image cubes that have roughly 192x192 spatial elements and contain between 11 and 20 spectral channels. The primary dispersion prism can be replaced with a Wollaston prism for dual polarization measurements. The spectrograph also has a pupil-viewing mode for alignment and calibration.",Aberrations|Adaptive optics|Astronomy|Optical systems|Prisms|Speckle|Spectrographs|Wavefronts|Chromatic aberration|Complex optical systems|Diffraction limited|Dual-polarizations|Integral field spectrograph|RMS wavefront error|Speckle suppression|Wavelength ranges|Extrasolar planets,10.1117/12.2056504,21275581,,,,32cf7973-31de-4873-86b6-9d02e4b29955,article,eng
Heavy-duty vehicle rear-view camera systems,"McWha, Tyson",SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles,7,2,,,,2014,30/09/2014,,,1946-391X,,,,,SAE International,,,"Transport Canada, through its ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles program, retained the services of the National Research Council Canada to undertake a test program to examine the operational and human factors considerations concerning the removal of the side mirrors on a Class 8 tractor equipped with a 53 foot dry van semi-trailer. Full scale aerodynamic testing was performed in a 2 m by 3 m wind tunnel on a system component basis to quantify the possible fuel savings associated with the removal of the side mirrors. The mirrors on a Volvo VN780 tractor were removed and replaced with a prototype camera-based indirect vision system consisting of four cameras mounted in the front fender location; two cameras on either side of the vehicle. Four monitors mounted in the vehicle - two mounted on the right A-pillar and two mounted on the left A-pillar - provided indirect vision information to the vehicle operator. Four commercial drivers were asked to perform a series of tests simulating typical driving scenarios on a closed course test track. The tests included an object identification test, a blind spot comparison test, a coupling and uncoupling test, a quasi-static lane change test, a dynamic lane change test and an evasive manoeuvres test. The tests were performed both with the mirrors and with the camera-based indirect vision system. The results of the study provide an analysis of driver performance while using the mirrors in comparison to driver performance while using the camera-based indirect vision system. Driver acceptance of the camera-based indirect vision system was also analyzed through the use of questionnaires.",Aerodynamics|Automobile testing|Cameras|Computer vision|Fuel economy|Mirrors|Software testing|Surveys|Tractors (truck)|Truck transportation|Wind tunnels|Aerodynamic testing|Commercial drivers|Driver acceptance|Driver performance|Heavy duty vehicles|Object identification|Vehicle operators|Optical testing,10.4271/2014-01-2381,21275546,,,,62563c4c-332a-4016-ae59-0bc1efdf112d,article,eng
Resolved imaging of the HR 8799 debris disk with Herschel,"Matthews, Brenda|Kennedy, Grant|Sibthorpe, Bruce|Booth, Mark|Wyatt, Mark|Broekhoven-Fiene, Hannah|Macintosh, Bruce|Marois, Christian",The Astrophysical Journal,780,1,,,97,2014,04/01/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,IOP Publishing,,,"We present Herschel far-infrared and submillimeter maps of the debris disk associated with the HR 8799 planetary system. We resolve the outer disk emission at 70, 100, 160, and 250 ?m and detect the disk at 350 and 500 ?m. A smooth model explains the observed disk emission well. We observe no obvious clumps or asymmetries associated with the trapping of planetesimals that is a potential consequence of planetary migration in the system. We estimate that the disk eccentricity must be <0.1. As in previous work by Su et al., we find a disk with three components: a warm inner component and two outer components, a planetesimal belt extending from 100 to 310 AU, with some flexibility (±10 AU) on the inner edge, and the external halo that extends to ?2000 AU. We measure the disk inclination to be 26° ± 3° from face-on at a position angle of 64° E of N, establishing that the disk is coplanar with the star and planets. The spectral energy distribution of the disk is well fit by blackbody grains whose semi-major axes lie within the planetesimal belt, suggesting an absence of small grains. The wavelength at which the spectrum steepens from blackbody, 47 ± 30 ?m, however, is short compared with other A star debris disks, suggesting that there are atypically small grains likely populating the halo. The PACS longer wavelength data yield a lower disk color temperature than do MIPS data (24 and 70 ?m), implying two distinct halo dust-grain populations.",,10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/97,21275547,,,,601244d5-4af0-4603-b4c3-30f0e294239a,article,eng
Tensile properties of laser additive manufactured Inconel 718 using filler wire,"Zhang, Yi-Nan|Cao, Xinjin|Wanjara, Priti|Medraj, Mamoun",Journal of Materials Research,29,17,2006,2020,,2014,14/09/2014,,,0884-2914,,,,,Cambridge University Press,,,"A 5 kW continuous wave fiber laser welding system was used to deposit INCONEL® alloy 718 (IN718) on service-exposed IN718 parent metal (PM) substrates using filler wire addition. The microstructure of the deposits was characterized in the fully heat treated condition. The service-exposed IN718 PM and the direct laser deposited (DLD) specimens were then evaluated through room temperature tensile testing. The yield and tensile strengths were well above the minimum values, as defined in the aerospace specifications AMS 5596K and 5663M. However, the ductility at room temperature of the DLD and DLD-PM samples was slightly lower than that specified in AMS 5596K and 5663M. The tensile fracture surfaces of the service-exposed IN718 PM, DLD, and DLD-PM specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the tensile failure mechanisms are discussed in detail, particularly for the important roles of the secondary particles (MC carbides) and intermetallics (platelet Ni3Nb-? and Laves phases).",Carbides|Fiber lasers|Fillers|Fracture|Intermetallics|Laser beam welding|Scanning electron microscopy|Tensile testing|Wire|Continuous Wave|Heat treated condition|Secondary particles|Tensile failures|Tensile fracture surfaces|Yield and tensile strength|Tensile strength,10.1557/jmr.2014.199,21275548,,,,763fd55c-fae9-47e0-8d21-d87297f82070,article,eng
The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XV. The photometric redshift estimation for background sources,"Raichoor, A.|Mei, S.|Erben, T.|Hildebrandt, H.|Huertas-Company, M.|Ilbert, O.|Licitra, R.|Ball, N. M.|Boissier, S.|Boselli, A.|Chen, Y. -T.|Côté, P.|Cuillandre, J. -C.|Duc, P. A.|Durrell, P. R.|Ferrarese, L.|Guhathakurta, P.|Gwyn, S. D. J.|Kavelaars, J. J.|Lanc¸on, A.|Liu, C.|MacArthur, L. A.|Muller, M.|Muñoz, R. P.|Peng, E. W.|Puzia, T. H.|Sawicki, M.|Toloba, E.|Van Waerbeke, L.|Woods, D.|Zhang, H.",The Astrophysical Journal,797,2,,,102,2014,05/12/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,IOP Publishing,,,"The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS) is an optical imaging survey covering 104 deg2 centered on the Virgo cluster. Currently, the complete survey area has been observed in the u? giz bands and one third in the r band. We present the photometric redshift estimation for the NGVS background sources. After a dedicated data reduction, we perform accurate photometry, with special attention to precise color measurements through pointspread function homogenization. We then estimate the photometric redshifts with the Le Phare and BPZ codes. We add a new prior that extends to iAB = 12.5 mag. When using the u?griz bands, our photometric redshifts for 15.5mag ? i ? 23 mag or zphot ? 1 galaxies have a bias |Äz| < 0.02, less than 5% outliers, a scatter óoutl.rej., and an individual error on zphot that increases with magnitude (from 0.02 to 0.05 and from 0.03 to 0.10, respectively).When using the u?giz bands over the same magnitude and redshift range, the lack of the r band increases the uncertainties in the 0.3 ? zphot ? 0.8 range (-0.05 < Äz < -0.02, óoutl.rej ? 0.06, 10%-15% outliers, and zphot.err. ? 0.15). We also present a joint analysis of the photometric redshift accuracy as a function of redshift and magnitude. We assess the quality of our photometric redshifts by comparison to spectroscopic samples and by verifying that the angular auto- and cross-correlation function w(?) of the entire NGVS photometric redshift sample across redshift bins is in agreement with the expectations.",,,21275549,,,,bf63dc42-e284-41d2-be33-23397e341c71,article,eng
Sulfide oxidations for LC-MS analysis of methionine-containing microcystins in dolichospermum flos-aquae NIVA-CYA 656,"Miles, Christopher O.|Melanson, Jeremy E.|Ballot, Andreas",Environmental Science and Technology,48,22,13307,13315,,2014,21/10/2014,,,0013-936X,,,,,ACS Publications,,,"Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptides produced by a range of cyanobacteria. More than 150 microcystin analogues have been reported from cultures, algal blooms, or other contaminated samples. Relatively few analytical standards are available, making identification and quantitation of these toxins a challenge, even with LC-MS technology. We developed a two-step oxidative procedure that allows LC-MS identification of microcystins containing methionine and methionine sulfoxide, and reveals the oxidation state of the methionyl sulfur atom. The procedure was used in parallel with mercaptoethanol derivatization and LC-MS2 analysis to demonstrate the presence of [Asp3]MC-MR (12) and MC-MR (17) in a culture of Dolichospermum flos-aquae, together with low levels of [Asp3]MC-M(O)R (5) and MC-M(O)R (7), as well as 20 other microcystins. Fresh culture contained only traces of sulfoxides 5 and 7, but these increased during storage or sample extraction and preparation. This suggests that microcystins containing methionine sulfoxide are primarily postextraction oxidation artifacts, rather than being produced by biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. A simple, rapid extraction under inert gas followed promptly by LC-MS analysis minimized oxidation artifacts for D. flos-aquae.",Amino acids|Extraction|Inert gases|Lc-ms analysis|Oxidation state|Rapid extraction|Sample extraction|Sulfide oxidation|mercaptoethanol|methionine|methionine sulfoxide|microcystin|oxidation|oxide|peptide|sulfide|algal bloom|Anabaena|bacterium culture|derivatization|Dolichospermum flos aquae|high performance liquid chromatography|liquid chromatography|mass spectrometry|signal noise ratio|tandem mass spectrometry|ultra performance liquid chromatography|algae|Cyanobacteria|Flos,10.1021/es5029102,21275551,,,,d0b1e963-6897-4d93-83c5-8b0808c6c840,article,eng
Signatures of warm carbon monoxide in protoplanetary discs observed with Herschel SPIRE,"Van der Wie, M. H. D.|Naylor, D. A.|Kamp, I.|Ménard, F.|Thi, W. -F.|Woitke, P.|Olofsson, G.|Pontoppidan, K. M.|Di Francesco, J.|Glauser, A. M.|Greaves, J. S.|Ivison, R. J.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,444,4,3911,3925,,2014,18/09/2014,,,0035-8711,,,,,Oxford University Press,,,"Molecular gas constitutes the dominant mass component of protoplanetary discs. To date, these sources have not been studied comprehensively at the longest far-infrared and shortest submillimetre wavelengths. This paper presents Herschel SPIRE FTS spectroscopic observations towards 18 protoplanetary discs, covering the entire 450-1540 GHz (666-195 ?m) range at ?/?? ? 400-1300. The spectra reveal clear detections of the dust continuum and, in six targets, a significant amount of spectral line emission primarily attributable to 12CO rotational lines. Other targets exhibit little to no detectable spectral lines. Low signal-to-noise detections also include signatures from 13CO, [C I] and HCN. For completeness, we present upper limits of non-detected lines in all targets, including low-energy transitions of H2O and CH+ molecules. The 10 12CO lines that fall within the SPIRE FTS bands trace energy levels of 50-500 K. Combined with lower and higher energy lines from the literature, we compare the CO rotational line energy distribution with detailed physical-chemical models, for sources where these are available and published. Our 13CO line detections in the disc around Herbig Be star HD 100546 exceed, by factors of 10-30, the values predicted by a model that matches a wealth of other observational constraints, including the SPIRE 12CO ladder. To explain the observed 12CO/13CO ratio, it may be necessary to consider the combined effects of optical depth and isotope selective (photo)chemical processes. Considering the full sample of 18 objects, we find that the strongest line emission is observed in discs around Herbig Ae/Be stars, although not all show line emission. In addition, two of the six T Tauri objects exhibit detectable 12CO lines in the SPIRE range.",,10.1093/mnras/stu1462,21275552,,,,ca4c9226-a38b-44e5-a842-022a3c8fa0e6,article,eng
Abscisic acid analogs as chemical probes for dissection of abscisic acid responses in Arabidopsis thaliana,"Benson, Chantel L.|Kepka, Michal|Wunschel, Christian|Rajagopalan, Nandhakishore|Nelson, Ken M.|Christmann, Alexander|Abrams, Suzanne R.|Grill, Erwin|Loewen, Michele C.",Phytochemistry,113,May-15,96,107,,2014,09/04/2014,,,0031-9422,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone known to mediate numerous plant developmental processes and responses to environmental stress. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ABA acts, through a genetically redundant family of ABA receptors entitled Regulatory Component of ABA Receptor (RCAR)/Pyrabactin Resistant 1 (PYR1)/Pyrabactin Resistant-Like (PYL) receptors comprised of thirteen homologues acting in concert with a seven-member set of phosphatases. The individual contributions of A. thaliana RCARs and their binding partners with respect to specific physiological functions are as yet poorly understood. Towards developing efficacious plant growth regulators selective for specific ABA functions and tools for elucidating ABA perception, a panel of ABA analogs altered specifically on positions around the ABA ring was assembled. These analogs have been used to probe thirteen RCARs and four type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) and were also screened against representative physiological assays in the model plant Arabidopsis. The 1?-O methyl ether of (S)-ABA was identified as selective in that, at physiologically relevant levels, it regulates stomatal aperture and improves drought tolerance, but does not inhibit germination or root growth. Analogs with the 7?- and 8?-methyl groups of the ABA ring replaced with bulkier groups generally retained the activity and stereoselectivity of (S)- and (R)-ABA, while alteration of the 9?-methyl group afforded an analog that substituted for ABA in inhibiting germination but neither root growth nor stomatal closure. Further in vitro testing indicated differences in binding of analogs to individual RCARs, as well as differences in the enzyme activity resulting from specific PP2Cs bound to RCAR-analog complexes. Ultimately, these findings highlight the potential of a broader chemical genetics approach for dissection of the complex network mediating ABA-perception, signaling and functionality within a given species and modifications in the future design of ABA agonists.",,10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.03.017,21275554,,,,dc3abfdb-a20a-409d-af23-b8e3a93b9a0b,article,eng
High-efficiency single etch step apodized surface grating coupler using subwavelength structure,"Benedikovic, Daniel|Cheben, Pavel|Schmid, Jens H.|Xu, Dan-Xia|Lapointe, Jean|Wang, Shurui|Halir, Robert|Ortega-Moñux, Alejandro|Janz, Siegfried|Dado, Milan",Laser and Photonics Reviews,,,,,,2014,13/10/2014,,,1863-8880,,,,,Wiley,,,"Grating couplers are key elements enabling the coupling of light between planar waveguide circuits and optical fibers. In this work, it is demonstrated using simulations and experiments that a high coupling efficiency can be achieved for an arbitrary buried oxide thickness by judicious adjustment of the grating radiation angle. The coupler strength is engineered by subwavelength structure, allowing straightforward apodization and single etch step fabrication. The design has been implemented using Fourier-eigenmode expansion and finite difference time domain methods. The measured coupling loss of a continuously apodized grating is -2.16 dB with a 3 dB bandwidth of 64 nm, therefore opening promising prospects for low-cost and high-volume fabrication using 193 nm deep-ultraviolet lithography. It is also shown by simulations that a coupling loss as low as -0.42 dB is predicted for a modified coupler structure with bottom mirror.",Finite difference time domain method|Integrated optics|Optical fiber fabrication|Optical fibers|Time domain analysis|Buried oxide thickness|Grating couplers|Planar waveguide circuit|Silicon-on- insulators (SOI)|Sub-wavelength structures|Subwavelength grating|Surface grating couplers|Ultraviolet lithography|Optical fiber coupling,10.1002/lpor.201400113,21275556,,,,885a37ba-79f2-4820-9727-e05f38d89e0e,article,eng
Transcriptome and methylome profiling reveals relics of genome dominance in the mesopolyploid Brassica oleracea,"Parkin, Isobel A. P.|Koh, Chushin|Tang, Haibao|Robinson, Stephen J.|Kagale, Sateesh|Clarke, Wayne E.|Town, Chris D.|Nixon, John|Krishnakumar, Vivek|Bidwell, Shelby L.|Denoeud, France|Belcram, Harry|Links, Matthew G.|Just, Jérémy|Clarke, Carling|Bender, Tricia|Huebert, Terry|Mason, Annaliese S.|Pires, J. Chris|Barker, Guy|Moore, Jonathan|Walley, Peter G.|Manoli, Sahana|Batley, Jacqueline|Edwards, David|Nelson, Matthew N.|Wang, Xiyin|Paterson, Andrew H.|King, Graham|Bancroft, Ian|Chalhoub, Boulos|Sharpe, Andrew G.",Genome Biology,15,6,,,R77,2014,10/06/2014,,,1474-7596,,,,,BioMed Central,,,"Background: Brassica oleracea is a valuable vegetable species that has contributed to human health and nutrition for hundreds of years and comprises multiple distinct cultivar groups with diverse morphological and phytochemical attributes. In addition to this phenotypic wealth, B. oleracea offers unique insights into polyploid evolution, as it results from multiple ancestral polyploidy events and a final Brassiceae-specific triplication event. Further, B. oleracea represents one of the diploid genomes that formed the economically important allopolyploid oilseed, Brassica napus. A deeper understanding of B. oleracea genome architecture provides a foundation for crop improvement strategies throughout the Brassica genus. Results: We generate an assembly representing 75% of the predicted B. oleracea genome using a hybrid Illumina/Roche 454 approach. Two dense genetic maps are generated to anchor almost 92% of the assembled scaffolds to nine pseudo-chromosomes. Over 50,000 genes are annotated and 40% of the genome predicted to be repetitive, thus contributing to the increased genome size of B. oleracea compared to its close relative B. rapa. A snapshot of both the leaf transcriptome and methylome allows comparisons to be made across the triplicated sub-genomes, which resulted from the most recent Brassiceae-specific polyploidy event. Conclusions: Differential expression of the triplicated syntelogs and cytosine methylation levels across the sub-genomes suggest residual marks of the genome dominance that led to the current genome architecture. Although cytosine methylation does not correlate with individual gene dominance, the independent methylation patterns of triplicated copies suggest epigenetic mechanisms play a role in the functional diversification of duplicate genes.",Brassica oleracea|Brassica rapa|controlled study|DNA methylation|gene dosage|gene expression|gene mapping|genome size|hexaploidy|plant genome|plant leaf|polyploidy|transcriptomics|Brassica oleracea,10.1186/gb-2014-15-6-r77,21275559,,,,30346eb8-00f2-4fe5-9745-8a4d4e9d5b8d,article,eng
The in-situ TEM study of microstructure alteration of MoS2 under carburization,"Chen, Jian|Wei, Qiang|Chen, Jinwen",,20,3,176,177,,2014,27/08/2014,,,1431-9276,Microscopy and Microanalysis,"Microscopy and Microanalysis 2014, M and M 2014, 3 August 2014 through 7 August 2014",,,Cambridge University Press,,,,,10.1017/S1431927614002608,21275560,,,,e7d05c3f-f92e-43ac-8be0-6fda07fb3187,article,eng
First light of the Gemini Planet Imager,"Macintosh, Bruce|Graham, James R.|Ingraham, Patrick|Konopacky, Quinn|Marois, Christian|Perrin, Marshall|Poyneer, Lisa|Bauman, Brian|Barman, Travis|Burrows, Adam S.|Cardwell, Andrew|Chilcote, Jeffrey|De Rosa, Robert J.|Dillon, Daren|Doyon, Rene|Dunn, Jennifer|Erikson, Darren|Fitzgerald, Michael P.|Gavel, Donald|Goodsell, Stephen|Hartung, Markus|Hibon, Pascale|Kalas, Paul|Larkin, James|Maire, Jerome|Marchis, Franck|Marley, Mark S.|McBride, James|Millar-Blanchaer, Max|Morzinski, Katie|Norton, Andrew|Oppenheimer, B. R.|Palmer, David|Patience, Jennifer|Pueyo, Laurent|Rantakyro, Fredrik|Sadakuni, Naru|Saddlemyer, Leslie|Savransky, Dmitry|Serio, Andrew|Soummer, Remi|Sivaramakrishnan, Anand|Song, Inseok|Thomas, Sandrine|Wallace, J. Kent|Wiktorowicz, Sloane|Wolff, Schuyler",Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,111,35,12661,12666,,2014,12/05/2014,,,0027-8424,,,,,PNAS,,,"The Gemini Planet Imager is a dedicated facility for directly imaging and spectroscopically characterizing extrasolar planets. It combines a very high-order adaptive optics system, a diffraction-suppressing coronagraph, and an integral field spectrograph with low spectral resolution but high spatial resolution. Every aspect of the Gemini Planet Imager has been tuned for maximum sensitivity to faint planets near bright stars. During first-light observations, we achieved an estimated H band Strehl ratio of 0.89 and a 5-? contrast of 106 at 0.75 arcseconds and 105 at 0.35 arcseconds. Observations of Beta Pictoris clearly detect the planet, Beta Pictoris b, in a single 60-s exposure with minimal postprocessing. Beta Pictoris b is observed at a separation of 434 ± 6 milliarcseconds (mas) and position angle 211.8 ± 0.5°. Fitting the Keplerian orbit of Beta Pic b using the new position together with previous astrometry gives a factor of 3 improvement in most parameters over previous solutions. The planet orbits at a semimajor axis of 9:0-0.4+0.8 AU near the 3:2 resonance with the previously known 6-AU asteroidal belt and is aligned with the inner warped disk. The observations give a 4% probability of a transit of the planet in late 2017.",brightness|diffraction|Fourier transformation|gemini planet imager|gravity|imaging system|infrared wavefront sensor|interferometer|light|optics|polarimetry|priority journal|satellite imagery|sensor|telescope,10.1073/pnas.1304215111,21275564,,,,112d6506-f5f0-4036-bb2c-31efb7e0bdee,article,eng
Microstructural design for thermal creep and radiation damage resistance of titanium aluminide alloys for high-temperature nuclear structural applications,"Zhu, Hanliang|Wei, Tao|Carr, David|Harrison, Robert|Edwards, Lyndon|Seo, Dongyi|Maruyama, Kouichi|Dargusch, Matthew S.",Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science,18,5,269,278,,2014,19/09/2014,,,1359-0286,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Microstructure plays an important role in strengthening of metallic materials. Various microstructures can be developed in titanium aluminide (TiAl) alloys, which can enable different combinations of properties for various extreme environments in advanced nuclear systems. In the present paper the mechanisms for microstructural strengthening and the effects of various microstructural features on thermal creep and radiation damage resistance of TiAl alloys are reviewed and compared. On the basis of the results, the evidence-based optimum microstructure for the best combination of thermal creep and radiation damage resistance of TiAl alloys is proposed. The heat treatment processes for manufacturing the optimal microstructure are also discussed.",Alloys|Creep|Creep resistance|High temperature applications|Microstructural evolution|Microstructure|Radiation damage|Radiation effects|Titanium|Titanium compounds|Advanced nuclear system|Extreme environment|Heat treatment process|Microstructural design|Microstructural features|Optimal microstructure|Structural applications|Titanium aluminide alloy|Titanium alloys,10.1016/j.cossms.2014.07.003,21275565,,,,d7083906-2ccb-4d1a-a1f5-7c219ccf30c1,article,eng
Silicon-on-insulator polarization controller with relaxed fabrication tolerances,"Sarmiento-Merenguel, J. D.|Alonso-Ramos, C.|Halir, R.|Vivien, L.|Cheben, P.|Ortega-Moñux, A.|Molina-Fernández, I.|Leroux, X.|Marris-Morini, D.|Xu, D. -X.|Schmid, J. H.|Janz, S.",,,,87,88,6962034,2014,27/08/2014,,,1949-2081,IEEE International Conference on Group IV Photonics GFP,"11th International Conference on Group IV Photonics, GFP 2014, 27 August 2014 through 29 August 2014",,,IEEE,9781479922833,,"Polarization control is essential in applications ranging from optical communications to interferometric sensors. The implementation of integrated polarization controllers is challenging as they require polarization rotating waveguides with stringent fabrication tolerances. Here, we present a fully integrated polarization controller scheme that significantly relaxes the requirements on the rotating waveguides, alleviating fabrication tolerances. We analytically establish a technology-independent, easily measurable tolerance condition for the rotating waveguides. Polarization control in the presence of waveguide width errors of ?25 % is shown through full vectorial simulation.",,10.1109/Group4.2014.6962034,21275566,,,,05118cd6-8751-4e5d-8ed6-d01a5bae70af,article,eng
Evidence for large grains in the star-forming filament OMC 2/3,"Schnee, Scott|Mason, Brian|Di Francesco, James|Friesen, Rachel|Li, Di|Sadavoy, Sarah|Stanke, Thomas",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,444,3,2303,2312,,2014,10/09/2014,,,0035-8711,,,,,Oxford University Press,,,"We present a new 3.3 mm continuum map of the Orion Molecular Cloud (OMC) 2/3 region. When paired with previously published maps of 1.2 mm continuum and NH3-derived temperature, we derive the emissivity spectral index of dust emission in this region, tracking its changes across the filament and cores. We find that the median value of the emissivity spectral index is 0.9, much shallower than previous estimates in other nearby molecular clouds. We find no significant difference between the emissivity spectral index of dust in the OMC 2/3 filament and the starless or protostellar cores. Furthermore, the temperature and emissivity spectral index, ?, are anticorrelated at the 4? level. The low values of the emissivity spectral index found in OMC 2/3 can be explained by the presence of millimetre-sized dust grains in the dense regions of the filaments to which these maps are most sensitive. Alternatively, a shallow dust emissivity spectral index may indicate non-power-law spectral energy distributions, significant free-free emission, or anomalous microwave emission. We discuss the possible implications of millimetre-sized dust grains compared to the alternatives.",,10.1093/mnras/stu1596,21275567,,,,1ae4be75-b817-4a3e-8f03-026354f5dd42,article,eng
Accurate astronomical atmospheric dispersion models in ZEMAX,"Spanò, P.",,9151,,,,915157,2014,28/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation, 23 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496195,,"ZEMAX provides a standard built-in atmospheric model to simulate atmospheric refraction and dispersion. This model has been compared with other ones to assess its intrinsic accuracy, critical for very demanding application like ADCs for AO-assisted extremely large telescopes. A revised simple model, based on updated published data of the air refractivity, is proposed by using the ""Gradient 5"" surface of Zemax. At large zenith angles (65 deg), discrepancies up to 100 mas in the differential refraction are expected near the UV atmospheric transmission cutoff. When high-accuracy modeling is required, the latter model should be preferred.",Adaptive optics|Refraction|Telescopes|ADC|Atmospheric dispersion|Atmospheric model|Atmospheric refractions|TMT|ZEMAX|Atmospheric movements,10.1117/12.2057072,21275558,,,,5cea3e23-21e5-4843-a265-ad51a316af0d,article,eng
Gemini planet imager observational calibrations IX: Least-squares inversion flux extraction,"Draper, Zachary H.|Marois, Christian|Wolff, Schuyler|Perrin, Marshall|Ingraham, Patrick J.|Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste|Rantakyrö, Fredrik T.|Hartung, Markus|Goodsell, Stephen J.",,9147,,,,91474Z,2014,24/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496157,,"The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is an instrument designed to directly image planets and circumstellar disks from 0.9 to 2.5 microns (the YJHK infrared bands) using high contrast adaptive optics with a lenslet-based integral field spectrograph. We develop an extraction algorithm based on a least-squares method to disentangle the spectra and systematic noise contributions simultaneously. We utilize two approaches to adjust for the effect of flexure of the GPI optics which move the position of light incident on the detector. The first method is to iterate the extraction to achieve minimum residual and the second is to cross-correlate the detector image with a model image in iterative extraction steps to determine an offset. Thus far, this process has made clear qualitative improvements to the cube extraction by reducing the Moiré pattern. There are also improvements to the automated routines for finding flexure offsets which are reliable to with ? 0.5 pixel accuracy compared to pixel accuracy prior. Further testing and optimization will follow before implementation into the GPI pipeline.",Adaptive optics|Astronomy|Iterative methods|Pixels|Exo-planets|flexure|Gemini Planet Imager|GPI|inversion|Least Square|Least squares approximations,10.1117/12.2057156,21275562,,,,0bbcd016-bfc5-48d6-87f4-b660bc4c24f1,article,eng
On-sky performance during verification and commissioning of the Gemini Planet Imager's adaptive optics system,"Poyneer, Lisa A.|De Rosa, Robert J.|MacIntosh, Bruce|Palmer, David W.|Perrin, Marshall D.|Sadakuni, Naru|Savransky, Dmitry|Bauman, Brian|Cardwell, Andrew|Chilcote, Jeffrey K.|Dillon, Daren|Gavel, Donald|Goodsell, Stephen J.|Hartung, Markus|Hibon, Pascale|Rantakyrö, Fredrik T.|Thomas, Sandrine|Veran, Jean-Pierre",,9148,,,,91480K,2014,21/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496164,,"The Gemini Planet Imager instrument's adaptive optics (AO) subsystem was designed specifically to facilitate high-contrast imaging. It features several new technologies, including computationally efficient wavefront reconstruction with the Fourier transform, modal gain optimization every 8 seconds, and the spatially filtered wavefront sensor. It also uses a Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) controller (aka Kalman filter) for both pointing and focus. We present on-sky performance results from verification and commissioning runs from December 2013 through May 2014. The efficient reconstruction and modal gain optimization are working as designed. The LQG controllers effectively notch out vibrations. The spatial filter can remove aliases, but we typically use it oversized by about 60% due to stability problems.",Wavefronts|Gemini Planet Imager|LQG control|Modal gain|Wave front reconstruction|Wave front sensors|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2057092,21275550,,,,aa0203ab-c691-4617-a2a8-bdecf33a231a,article,eng
ASTROSAT mission,"Singh, Kulinder Pal|Tandon, S. N.|Agrawal, P. C.|Antia, H. M.|Manchanda, R. K.|Yadav, J. S.|Seetha, S.|Ramadevi, M. C.|Rao, A. R.|Bhattacharya, D.|Paul, B.|Sreekumar, P.|Bhattacharyya, S.|Stewart, G. C.|Hutchings, J.|Annapurni, S.|Ghosh, S. K.|Murthy, J.|Pati, A.|Rao, N. K.|Stalin, C. S.|Girish, V.|Sankarasubramanian, K.|Vadawale, S.|Bhalerao, V. B.|Dewangan, G. C.|Dedhia, D. K.|Hingar, M. K.|Katoch, T. B.|Kothare, A. T.|Mirza, I.|Mukerjee, K.|Shah, H.|Shah, P.|Mohan, R.|Sangal, A. K.|Nagabhusana, S.|Sriram, S.|Malkar, J. P.|Sreekumar, S.|Abbey, A. F.|Hansford, G. M.|Beardmore, A. P.|Sharma, M. R.|Murthy, S.|Kulkarni, R.|Meena, G.|Babu, V. C.|Postma, J.",,9144,,,,91441S,2014,29/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496126,,"Is India'€™s first astronomy satellite that will carry an array of instruments capable of simultaneous observations in a broad range of wavelengths: from the visible, near ultraviolet (NUV), far-UV (FUV), soft X-rays to hard X-rays. There will be five principal scientific payloads aboard the satellite: (i) a Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT), (ii) three Large Area Xenon Proportional Counters (LAXPCs), (iii) a Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride Imager (CZTI), (iv) two Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescopes (UVITs) one for visible and near-UV channels and another for far-UV, and (v) three Scanning Sky Monitors (SSMs). It will also carry a charged particle monitor (CPM). Almost all the instruments have qualified and their flight models are currently in different stages of integration into the satellite structure in ISRO Satellite Centre. ASTROSAT is due to be launched by India'€™s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) in the first half of 2015 in a circular 600 km orbit with inclination of ?6 degrees, from Sriharikota launching station on the east coast of India. A brief description of the design, construction, capabilities and scientific objectives of all the main scientific payloads is presented here. A few examples of the simulated observations with ASTROSAT and plans to utilize the satellite nationally and internationally are also presented.",Astronomy|Cadmium alloys|Cadmium telluride|Charged particles|Orbits|Satellites|Space telescopes|Spacecraft equipment|Sun|Telescopes|X ray optics|Astronomy satellite|ASTROSAT|Cadmium zinc tellurides|Polar satellite launch vehicles|Satellite structure|Simultaneous observation|X ray telescope|Gamma rays,10.1117/12.2062667,21275553,,,,27ca9ba3-dbf6-476c-96eb-94d1933a45ff,article,eng
Large scale test apparatus to test external leak detection technologies,"Apps, Chris|Ozkan, Istemi|Rizwan, Tania|Derakhshesh, Marzie|Medynski, Scott",,1,,,,,2014,29/09/2014,,,,"Proceedings of the Biennial International Pipeline Conference, IPC","2014 10th International Pipeline Conference, IPC 2014, 29 September 2014 through 3 October 2014",,,American Society of Mechanical Engineers,9780791846100,,"When it comes to evaluating traditional computational leak detection technologies pipeline operators have a suite of simulated testing methods available. In the last several years however External Leak Detection Technologies have become more mature and potentially could provide operators with another layer of leak detection with more sensitivity than seen in traditional methods. The challenge with these technologies is in the evaluation of their sensitivity, reliability, and robustness. ENBRIDGE INC (Enbridge) and C-FER Technologies 1999 Inc. (C-FER) begun a comprehensive study to assess the state-of-the-art external, continuously distributed sensors for leak detection in early 2012. Initially, a technology review was undertaken to identify commercial, off-the-shelf technologies with the potential to detect small leaks of oil from buried pipelines. From this literature review, four technologies were identified; Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS), Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS), Vapor Sensing Tubes (VST), and Hydrocarbon Sensing Cables (HSC). All four methods require proprietary materials and technology, which have had limited independent testing efforts to date. To evaluate these four leak detection methods and their vendors in an objective way, Enbridge and C-FER initiated the design and construction of a large-scale External Leak Detection Experimental Research apparatus (ELDER) that can accommodate a full-size segment of pipeline within a trench, at the same scale used in pipeline construction in North America. An instrumented pipe segment is buried in the trench with sensing cables laid alongside. The apparatus generates leaks with controlled variables including rate, pressure and temperature, and at various locations to accurately represent pipeline leaks. This paper summarizes the literature review on the four selected leak detection technologies that were identified as candidates for large-scale evaluation. The discussion will also include features of the ELDER apparatus, and re-engineered pipeline construction techniques that were required to accurately represent a full-scale pipeline trench within a laboratory environment.",Cables|Leak detection|Materials testing|Pipeline laying|Temperature sensors|Distributed temperature sensing|Laboratory environment|Leak detection technology|Pipeline construction|Pressure and temperature|Trenching,10.1115/IPC2014-33579,21275563,,,,975997a1-2edd-4de2-8fb0-bcda74210564,article,eng
Evidence of in situ microbial activity and sulphidogenesis in perennially sub-0 °C and hypersaline sediments of a high Arctic permafrost spring,"Lamarche-Gagnon, Guillaume|Comery, Raven|Greer, Charles W.|Whyte, Lyle G.",,19,1,,,,2014,09/11/2014,,,1431-0651,Extremophiles,"10th International Conference on Extremophiles, Sept. 7-11, 2014, Saint Petersburg, Russia",,,Springer International Publishing,,,"The lost hammer (LH) spring perennially discharges subzero hypersaline reducing brines through thick layers of permafrost and is the only known terrestrial methane seep in frozen settings on Earth. The present study aimed to identify active microbial communities that populate the sediments of the spring outlet, and verify whether such communities vary seasonally and spatially. Microcosm experiments revealed that the biological reduction of sulfur compounds (SR) with hydrogen (e.g., sulfate reduction) was potentially carried out under combined hypersaline and subzero conditions, down to ?20 °C, the coldest temperature ever recorded for SR. Pyrosequencing analyses of both 16S rRNA (i.e., cDNA) and 16S rRNA genes (i.e., DNA) of sediments retrieved in late winter and summer indicated fairly stable bacterial and archaeal communities at the phylum level. Potentially active bacterial and archaeal communities were dominated by clades related to the T78 Chloroflexi group and Halobacteria species, respectively. The present study indicated that SR, hydrogenotrophy (possibly coupled to autotrophy), and short-chain alkane degradation (other than methane), most likely represent important, previously unaccounted for, metabolic processes carried out by LH microbial communities. Overall, the obtained findings provided additional evidence that the LH system hosts active communities of anaerobic, halophilic, and cryophilic microorganisms despite the extreme conditions in situ.",,10.1007/s00792-014-0703-4,21275555,,,,e13f4e23-dd98-452b-9593-e194624e0d61,article,eng
Microstructures of nicraly coating applied on CMSX-4 by cathodic arc deposition,"Zhao, L. R.|Lupandina, O.|Pankov, V. V.|McKellar, R. C.",,6,,,,,2014,16/06/2014,,,,Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo,"ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2014, 16 June 2014 through 20 June 2014",,,American Society of Mechanical Engineers,9780791845752,,"NiCrAlY overlay coatings were applied on Ni-base single-crystal superalloy CMSX-4 substrates by cathodic arc deposition. The coated specimens were subjected to one- and two-step heat treatments performed under 870°C/20h/AC (AC stands for air cooling) and 1140°C/6h/AC+870°C/20h/AC conditions, respectively. The microstructure of the original NiCrAlY cathodes fabricated by spark plasma sintering and the as-deposited as well as heat-treated coatings were characterized using the scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. It was observed that the cathodes contained multiple phases uniformly distributed across the cathode volume. The as-deposited coatings exhibited a duplex microstructure consisting of splats and inter-splat regions with the latter showing internal porosity and a significantly lower Al concentration compared to that of the cathodes. The post-deposition heat treatments eliminated the porosity but further reduced the Al content, resulting in a coating microstructure dominated by the solid solution ?-Ni phase. The total thickness of the coating including the interdiffusion zone increased significantly during the two-step heat treatment. The oxide scale formed on the coating surface during heat treatment consisted primarily of ?-Al2O3, with Y2O3 pegs underpinning the scale to the coating. The oxide scale was continuous on the smooth sections of the coating surface, but became fragmented at the protruding macroparticles present on the coating surface.",Aluminum|Cathodes|Deposition|Electrodes|Energy dispersive spectroscopy|Heat treatment|Microstructure|Nickel|Porosity|Scale (deposits)|Scanning electron microscopy|Single crystals|Sintering|Spark plasma sintering|X ray diffraction|Cathodic arc deposition|Coating microstructures|Duplex microstructures|Heat-treated coatings|Ni-base single crystal superalloy|Postdeposition heat treatment|Two-step heat treatment|X-ray diffraction techniques|Aluminum coatings,10.1115/GT2014-25537,21275527,,,,7d51486a-f7a9-405b-bc63-6dc38565c454,article,eng
Measuring strain fields surrounding grain-boundary dislocations in silicon using scanning transmission electron microscopy,"Couillard, Martin",,20,3,1048,1049,,2014,24/08/2014,,,1431-9276,Microscopy and Microanalysis,"Microscopy and Microanalysis 2014, M and M 2014, 3 August 2014 through 7 August 2014",,,Cambridge University Press,,,,,10.1017/S1431927614006965,21275528,,,,a51f9b4d-8d4e-4c55-b45e-63033d87121d,article,eng
Parsec-scale magnetic fields in Arp 220,"McBride, James|Robishaw, Timothy|Heiles, Carl|Bower, Geoffrey C.|Sarma, Anuj P.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,447,2,1103,1111,,2014,19/12/2014,,,0035-8711,,,,,Oxford University Press,,,"We present the first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) detections of Zeeman splitting in another galaxy. We used Arecibo Observatory, the Green Bank Telescope, and the Very Long Baseline Array to perform dual-polarization observations of OH maser lines in the merging galaxy Arp 220. We measured magnetic fields of ~1-5 mG associated with three roughly parsec-sized clouds in the nuclear regions of Arp 220. Our measured magnetic fields have comparable strengths and the same direction as features at the same velocity identified in previous Zeeman observations with Arecibo alone. The agreement between single dish and VLBI results provides critical validation of previous Zeeman splitting observations of OH megamasers that used a single large dish. The measured magnetic field strengths indicate that magnetic energy densities are comparable to gravitational energy in OH maser clouds. We also compare our total intensity results to previously published VLBI observations of OH megamasers in Arp 220. We find evidence for changes in both structure and amplitude of the OH maser lines that are most easily explained by variability intrinsic to the masing region, rather than variability produced by interstellar scintillation. Our results demonstrate the potential for using high-sensitivity VLBI to study magnetic fields on small spatial scales in extragalactic systems.",,10.1093/mnras/stu2489,21275529,,,,7df99eb4-ac31-4f5a-9ed2-201a8496bef0,article,eng
Designing speech and language interactions,"Munteanu, Cosmin|Aylett, Mathhew|Jones, Matt|Penn, Gerald|Whittaker, Steve|Brewster, Stephen|Oviatt, Sharon|D'Alessandro, Nicolas",,,,75,78,,2014,2014,,,,Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings,"32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA 2014, 26 April 2014 through 1 May 2014, Toronto, ON",,,Association for Computing Machinery,9781450324748,,"Speech and natural language remain our most natural forms of interaction; yet the HCI community have been very timid about focusing their attention on designing and developing spoken language interaction techniques. While significant efforts are spent and progress made in speech recognition, synthesis, and natural language processing, there is now sufficient evidence that many real-life applications using speech technologies do not require 100% accuracy to be useful. This is particularly true if such systems are designed with complementary modalities that better support their users or enhance the systems' usability. Engaging the CHI community now is timely - many recent commercial applications, especially in the mobile space, are already tapping the increased interest in and need for natural user interfaces (NUIs) by enabling speech interaction in their products. This multidisciplinary, one-day workshop will bring together interaction designers, usability researchers, and general HCI practitioners to analyze the opportunities and directions to take in designing more natural interactions based on spoken language, and to look at how we can leverage recent advances in speech processing in order to gain widespread acceptance of speech and natural language interaction.",Human computer interaction|Human engineering|Speech processing|Speech recognition|User interfaces|Automatic speech recognition|Commercial applications|Interaction techniques|Natural interactions|Natural language interaction|NAtural language processing|Natural user interfaces|Real-life applications|Natural language processing systems,10.1145/2559206.2559228,21275530,,,,eda6c59a-efd3-4bb1-9e7e-36b47f337f31,article,eng
Experimental and numerical investigation of corner stall in a highly-loaded compressor cascade,"Zhang, Yanfeng|Mahallati, Ali|Benner, Michael",,2A,,,,,2014,14/06/2014,,,,Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo,"ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2014, 16 June 2014 through 20 June 2014",,,American Society of Mechanical Engineers,9780791845608,,"Three-dimensional corner stall is one of the most important factors limiting compressor performance. This paper presents a complementary experimental and computational study of corner stall in a highly-loaded compressor cascade subjected to three inlet boundary layer thicknesses, two levels of freestream turbulence intensity and two Reynolds numbers. Experiments included seven-hole pressure probe traverses, airfoil loading and surface oil flow visualization. Measurements were supplemented with the numerical predictions from a commercially available CFD code. It was found that the low momentum boundary layer on the endwall was unable to overcome the large streamwise adverse pressure gradient in this high-lift profile and turned sharply towards the midspan due to the strong cross-passage pressure gradient. The corner stall, with distinct regions of three-dimensional reversed flow, started at 50% chord and occupied a large area of the suction surface as well as the downstream passage. Only a small region of the inlet boundary layer, very close to the endwall seemed to play a role in the corner stall. As such, the flow in the endwall region was found to be nearly independent of the inlet boundary layer thickness, freestream turbulence intensity and Reynolds number. Based on the endwall flow structures, a new topology of corner stall for compressor cascades with high airfoil diffusion factor and high flow turning has also been proposed.",Airfoils|Boundary layer flow|Compressors|Computational fluid dynamics|Inlet flow|Pressure gradient|Reynolds number|Turbulence|Wakes|Adverse pressure gradient|Compressor cascade|Compressor performance|Freestream turbulence intensity|Inlet boundary layer|Numerical investigations|Numerical predictions|Atmospheric thermodynamics,10.1115/GT2014-27204,21275531,,,,7f83ca7e-9959-4377-94ab-6a55f694a149,article,eng
The initial mass function and star formation law in the outer disc of NGC 2915,"Bruzzese, S. M.|Meurer, G. R.|Lagos, C. D. P.|Elson, E. C.|Werk, J. K.|Blakeslee, J. P.|Ford, H.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,447,1,618,635,,2014,18/12/2014,,,0035-8711,,,,,Oxford University Press,,,"Using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys/Wide Field Camera data we present the photometry and spatial distribution of resolved stellar populations in the outskirts of NGC 2915, a blue compact dwarf with an extended H I disc. These observations reveal an elliptical distribution of red giant branch stars, and a clumpy distribution of mainsequence stars that correlate with the H I gas distribution. We constrain the upper-end initial mass function (IMF) and determine the star formation law(SFL) in this field, using the observed main-sequence stars and an assumed constant star formation rate. Previously published H? observations of the field, which show one faint H II region, are used to provide further constraints on the IMF. We find that the main-sequence luminosity function analysis alone results in a best-fitting IMF with a power-law slope ? = -2.85 and upper-mass limit Mu = 60M. However, if we assume that all H? emission is confined to H II regions then the upper-mass limit is restricted to Mu 20M. For the luminosity function fit to be correct, we have to discount the H? observations implying significant diffuse ionized gas or escaping ionizing photons. Combining the HST photometry with H I imaging, we find the SFL has a power-law index N = 1.53 ± 0.21. Applying these results to the entire outer H I disc indicates that it contributes 11-28 per cent of the total recent star formation in NGC 2915, depending on whether the IMF is constant within the disc or varies from the centre to the outer region.",,10.1093/mnras/stu2461,21275533,,,,fdb71d7a-947b-4998-8964-60c822a0dc04,article,eng
Measurement of serum immunoglobulin G in dairy cattle using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy: A reagent free approach,"Elsohaby, Ibrahim|Riley, Christopher B.|Hou, Siyuan|McClure, J. Trenton|Shaw, R. Anthony|Keefe, Gregory P.",Veterinary Journal,202,3,510,515,,2014,20/09/2014,,,1090-0233,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Simple, rapid and cost-effective methods are sought for measuring immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in bovine serum, which can be applied for diagnosis of failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI). The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential use of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, with partial least squares (PLS) regression, to measure IgG concentrations in bovine serum. Serum samples collected from calves and adult cows were tested in parallel by radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay and FTIR spectroscopy. The sample IgG concentrations obtained by the RID method were linked to pre-processed spectra and divided into two sets: a combined set and a test set. The combined set was used for building a calibration model, while the test set was used to assess the predictive ability of the calibration model, resulting in a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 307.5-mg/dL.The concordance correlations between the IgG measured by RID and predicted by FTIR spectroscopy were 0.96 and 0.93 for the combined and test data sets, respectively. Analysis of the data using the Bland-Altman method did not show any evidence of systematic bias between FTIR spectroscopy and RID methods for measurement of IgG. The clinical applicability of FTIR spectroscopy for diagnosis of FTPI was evaluated using the entire data set and showed a sensitivity of 0.91 and specificity of 0.96, using RID as the reference standard. The FTIR spectroscopy method, described in the present study, demonstrates potential as a rapid and reagent-free tool for quantification of IgG in bovine serum, as an aid to diagnosis of FTPI in calves.",immunoglobulin G|calibration|correlation coefficient|dairy cattle|diagnostic accuracy|diagnostic test accuracy study|diagnostic value|false negative result|false positive result|immunodiffusion|immunoglobulin blood level|infrared spectroscopy|partial least squares regression|passive immunization|placental transfer|quantitative assay|sensitivity and specificity|Bos|Bovinae,10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.014,21275535,,,,7937cce4-5237-4514-9212-828fb49926a5,article,eng
A versatile cost-effective and one step process to engineer ZnO superhydrophobic surfaces on Al substrate,"Siddaramanna, Ashoka|Saleema, N.|Sarkar, D. K.",Applied Surface Science,311,,182,188,,2014,17/05/2014,,,0169-4332,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Multifunctional superhydrophobic surfaces based on photocatalytic material, ZnO have generated significant research interest from both fundamental and potential applications. Superhydrophobic ZnO surfaces are usually made in multi steps by creating rough surface and subsequent hydrophobization by low-surface-energy materials. Herein, a simple and one step chemical bath deposition has been developed to prepare superhydrophobic ZnO surfaces on aluminum substrate. The aluminum surfaces covered with randomly distributed ZnO particles can not only present multiscale surface roughness, but also readily coordinate with fatty acid, leading to special wettability. The contact angle of the resulting superhydrophobic surface reaches up to 165 ± 2° and contact angle hysteresis of 4°. The contact angle and contact angle hysteresis variation as a function of particle size has been discussed systematically based on surface morphology.",Aluminum|Aluminum coatings|Contact angle|Hysteresis|Infrared spectroscopy|Surface morphology|Surface properties|Surface roughness|Wetting|X ray diffraction|Zinc oxide|Chemical-bath deposition|Multiscale surface|Photocatalytic materials|Super-hydrophobic surfaces|Superhydrophobicity|ZnO particles|Hydrophobicity,10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.05.039,21275536,,,,945e4341-3168-43e5-a324-71a13a3dac01,article,eng
Antiproliferative quillaic acid and gypsogenin saponins from Saponaria officinalis L. roots,"Lu, Yuping|Van, Dang|Deibert, Leah|Bishop, Greg|Balsevich, John",Phytochemistry,113,May-15,108,120,,2014,19/12/2014,,,0031-9422,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Nine quillaic acid and five gypsogenin bisdesmosides were isolated from roots of Saponaria officinalis L. (Caryophyllaceae). Seven of the quillaic acid saponins possessed a 3-O-?-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-[?-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 ? 3)]-?-d-glucuronopyranosyl unit, but differed from each other in oligosaccharide units linked to the C-28 ester. The five gypsogenin saponins isolated from the roots all possessed the 3-O-?-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-[?-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 ? 3)]-?-d-glucuronopyranosyl unit, with their oligosaccharide units linked to the C-28 ester differing. Structures were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The saponins were evaluated for growth inhibitory activity in two human cancer cell lines and hemolytic activity in sheep red blood cells.",Saponins; Saponaria officinalis L.; Caryophyllaceae; Quillaic acid; Gypsogenin; 2D NMR spectroscopy,10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.11.021,21275538,,,,797fbd14-e338-47cd-9fdf-aad79a07729a,article,eng
An MCAO test bench for NFIRAOS,"Turri, Paolo|Andersen, David R.|Véran, Jean-Pierre|Spanò, Paolo|Rosensteiner, Matthias|McVeigh, Eric A.",,9148,,,,91485Y,2014,22/08/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496164,,"At NRC Herzberg - Astronomy we are developing a closed-loop multi-conjugate adaptive optics bench to simulate a scaled-down version of NFIRAOS, the first light MCAO system on the Thirty Meter Telescope. The current bench consists of four laser guide stars, an evenly spaced array of natural guide stars, two magnetic deformable mirrors, a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor and a science camera at the focal plane for the evaluation of the performance and the tip-tilt measurements. Three phase screens conjugated at different altitudes simulate the atmospheric perturbation over the telescope. We can recreate the spot elongation on the SHWFS by defocusing the ground DM and at the same time modulating the intensity of the LGS spots in order to simulate the timevarying density profile of the sodium layer. The goals of this experiment are to compare the experimental performance on the bench with the predicted results of NFIRAOS models and to test the robustness of the tomographic reconstruction under conditions including the use of faint guide stars, non-uniform density profiles of the sodium layer and known non-common path aberrations. In this paper we present an update on the status of the bench and some first results.",Laser mirrors|Optical telescopes|Sodium|Stars|Telescopes|Atmospheric perturbations|MCAO|Multiconjugate adaptive optics|NFIRAOS|Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors|Thirty Meter Telescope|TMT|Tomographic reconstruction|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2056908,21275526,,,,74ec8379-87c5-438b-8417-afc195412450,article,eng
Current status and future plans for the maunakea spectroscopic explorer (MSE),"Simons, Douglas A.|Crampton, David|Côté, Pat|McConnachie, Alan|Szeto, Kei|Salmon, Derrick|Devost, Daniel|Murowinski, Richard",,9145,,,,914515,2014,22/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496133,,"The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE; formerly ngCFHT) will be a large format wide field spectroscopic facility that replaces the existing 3.6 m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Capable of recording tens of thousands of spectra on faint targets each night, and sustain that pace for years, MSE will be an ideal complement to emerging space- and ground-based imaging survey facilities. The combination of aperture, spectral resolution, and dedicated access to support large surveys makes MSE distinct from any other facilities under development or being planned. We provide an overview of the MSE technical design, organization of the project office, and the core science goals that will help drive MSE for decades.",Airborne telescopes|Fibers|Spectroscopy|Faint target|Imaging surveys|Large surveys|ngCFHT|optical|Wide field|Surveys,10.1117/12.2056389,21275537,,,,2a8a629c-e24e-4aba-b3d2-12d5b38faf88,article,eng
Thirty Meter Telescope astrometry error budget,"Schöck, Matthias|Do, Tuan|Ellerbroek, Brent L.|Gilles, Luc|Herriot, Glen|Meyer, Leo|Suzuki, Ryuji|Wang, Lianqi|Yelda, Sylvana",,9148,,,,91482L,2014,21/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496164,,"The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) with its first-light multi-conjugate adaptive optics system, NFIRAOS, and high-resolution imager, IRIS, is expected to take differential astrometric measurements with an accuracy on the order of tens of micro arcsec. This requires the control, correction, characterization and calibration of a large number of error sources and uncertainties, many of which have magnitudes much in excess of this level of accuracy. In addition to designing the observatory such that very high precision and accuracy astrometric observations are enabled, satisfying the TMT requirements can only be achieved by a careful calibration, observation and data reduction strategy. In this paper, we present descriptions of the individual errors sources, how and when they apply to different astrometry science cases and the mitigation methods required for each of them, as well as example results for individual error terms and the overall error budgets for a variety of different science cases.",Calibration|Optical telescopes|Telescopes|Astrometric measurements|Astrometry|Extremely Large Telescopes|High resolution|Mitigation methods|Multi-conjugate adaptive optics systems|Reduction strategy|Thirty Meter Telescope|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2057089,21275540,,,,bdbfb7ac-8f33-4544-83e7-b02c0e878f7c,article,eng
Conceptual design study to determine optimal enclosure vent configuration for the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE),"Szeto, Kei|Vogiatzis, Konstantinos|Hangan, Horia|Jubayer, Chowdhury M.|Breckenridge, Craig|Loewen, Nathan|Bauman, Steven|Salmon, Derrick",,9145,,,,91450A,2014,22/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496133,,"The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE; formerly Next Generation Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope) is a dedicated, 10m aperture, wide-field, fiber-fed multi-object spectroscopic facility proposed as an upgrade to the existing Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on the summit of Mauna Kea. The enclosure vent configuration design study is the last of three studies to examine the technical feasibility of the proposed MSE baseline concept. The enclosure vent configuration study compares the aero-thermal performance of three enclosure ventilation configurations based on the predicted dome thermal seeing and air flow attenuation over the enclosure aperture opening of a Calotte design derived from computational fluid dynamics simulations. In addition, functional and operation considerations such as access and servicing of the three ventilation configurations is discussed.",Airborne telescopes|Computational fluid dynamics|Conceptual design|Domes|Spectrographs|Ventilation|aero-thermal|Baseline concepts|Computational fluid dynamics simulations|Dome seeing|flushing|MSE|Thermal Performance|Vent configurations,10.1117/12.2056728,21275542,,,,070c835b-661e-49cc-8db5-1c4083ca86a0,article,eng
Recent results and future DMs for astronomy and for space applications at CILAS,"Sinquin, Jean-Christophe|Bastard, Arnaud|Beaufort, Emmanuel|Berkefeld, Thomas|Cadiergues, Laurent|Costes, Vincent|Cousty, Raphaël|Dekhtiar, Charles|Di Gesu, Frédéric|Gilbert, Xavier|Grèzes-Besset, Catherine|Groeninck, Denis|Hartung, Markus|Krol, Hélène|Moreau, Aurélien|Morin, Pierre|Pagès, Hubert|Palomo, Richard|Scharmer, Göran|Soltau, Dirk|Véran, Jean-Pierre",,9148,,,,91480G,2014,21/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496164,,"We present recent experimental results obtained with CILAS deformable mirrors (DMs) or demonstration prototypes in solar and night-time astronomy (with ground-based telescopes) as well as observation of the Earth (with space telescopes). These important results have been reached thanks to CILAS technology range composed of monomorph and piezostack deformable mirrors, drivers and optical coatings. For instance, the monomorph technology, due to a simple architecture can offer a very good reliability for space applications. It can be used for closed or open loop correction of the primary mirror deformation (thermal and polishing aberrations, absence of gravity). It can also allow a real-time correction of wavefront aberrations introduced by the atmosphere up to relatively high spatial and temporal frequencies for ground-based telescopes. The piezostack technology is useful for very high order correction at high frequency and under relatively low operational temperature (down to -30°C), which is required for future Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs). This wide range of applications is exposed through recent examples of DMs performances in operation and results obtained with breadboards, allowing promising DMs for future needs.",Aberrations|Astronomy|Deformation|Laser pulses|Mirrors|Optical coatings|Space applications|bimorph|Deformable mirrors|Extremely Large Telescopes|Ground-based telescopes|High order corrections|monomorph|Operational temperature|Piezo stack|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2056287,21275532,,,,b5d6dde1-ab63-4756-8800-540f6f7f37c0,article,eng
Photometric performance of LGS MCAO with science-based metrics: First results from Gemini/GeMS observations of Galactic globular clusters,"Turri, Paolo|McConnachie, Alan W.|Stetson, Peter B.|Fiorentino, Giuliana|Andersen, David R.|Bono, Giuseppe|Véran, Jean-Pierre",,9148,,,,91483V,2014,07/08/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496164,,"Multi-conjugate adaptive optics can achieve diffraction limited images over a field of arcminutes and is a central technology for the future ELTs: Gemini/GeMS is the first facility-class LGS MCAO system to operate. With it we have taken images in J and Ks bands of the globular cluster NGC 1851 for which we also have HST/ACS observations in the visible. In this paper we present the deepest to date near-infrared photometry of NGC 1851 providing a wide colour baseline CMD that reaches the lower main sequence to have a new insight into the stellar populations of this globular cluster. The use of the GGCs' lower main sequence knee to determine its age is one of the science drivers for the observation of GGCs with MCAO given its visibility in the infrared and because it requires high Strehl ratios to measure the faint stars' photometry. In addition to the stellar population analysis, these data allow to examine the photometric performance of the instrument using a large number of point sources distributed across the field. We analyze the photometric performance of the instrument and the field dependence of the PSF, a central part on the prediction and improvement of the performance of future LGS MCAO systems like NFIRAOS for the Thirty Meter Telescope.",Gems|Infrared devices|Optical telescopes|Photometry|Population statistics|Stars|AO Science|Globular clusters|GSAOI|MCAO|Multiconjugate adaptive optics|Near-infrared photometry|Stellar populations|Thirty Meter Telescope|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2056963,21275545,,,,3b01b0ad-b7f5-4e7b-af5b-bec0243c2928,article,eng
Long-term thermal performance of impermeably faced polyiso foam boards: Field and laboratory observations,"Mukhopadhyaya, Phalguni|Drouin, Michel|Normandin, Nicole|van Reenen, David|Lackey, John",Journal of Cold Regions Engineering,28,4,,,4014005,2014,30/05/2014,,,0887-381X,,,,,American Society of Civil Engineers,,,"Researchers at the National Research Council (NRC) Canada-Construction Portfolio in association with the Canadian Polyisocyanurate Council conducted collaborative research activities on the long-term thermal resistance (LTTR) of polyisocyanurate (polyiso) foam insulation with impermeable facers. Polyiso boards are commonly used in building envelope constructions (roofs and walls) in cold regions. The primary objective of the research project was to contribute towards the development of a comprehensive test procedure that could be used to measure the LTTR of polyiso foam insulation products with impermeable facers. As a part of that initiative, a project was initiated in 2001 that consisted of accelerated aging tests using thin slices in parallel with a field investigation in which polyiso boards were installed in a purpose-built test hut at the NRC's Ottawa campus. The polyiso boards installed in the field were monitored for a period of 6 years and subsequently removed from the test hut and tested in the laboratory. This paper presents the field thermal performance of the rigid polyiso foam boards with impermeable facers and critically examines its relationship with the laboratory-measured thin slice aging data. It is hoped that these observations will help construction professionals and researchers to develop a better understanding on the LTTR of impermeably faced polyiso foam insulation boards.",Testing|Accelerated aging test|Collaborative research activity|Construction professionals|Field performance|Long-term thermal resistance (LTTR)|Polyisocyanurate|Thin slicing|Thermal insulation|foam|insulation|performance assessment|plastic,10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000072,21275539,,,,4b49aad7-aebf-4bad-8486-27a4a4fb10cc,article,eng
Heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae for biodiesel production in agricultural wastewaters and associated challenges: a critical review,"Lowrey, Joshua|Brooks, Marianne S.|McGinn, Patrick J.",Journal of Applied Phycology,,,,,,2014,16/11/2014,,,0921-8971,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"Many studies have demonstrated that heterotrophic and mixotrophic growth for various microalgae species yields greater biomass and lipid content as compared to photoautotrophic cultivation. This review explores the possibility of leveraging the natural ability of the microorganisms to metabolize carbon heterotrophically and mixotrophically in agricultural wastewaters. This has the potential advantage of improving the overall economics for the production of biodiesel and value-added biomolecules from microalgae, mitigating an existing waste stream and minimizing water requirements. However, there are a number of challenges and gaps in scientific knowledge that suggest a need for ongoing research in the area. In this review, specific focus is dedicated to the metabolic mechanisms, reported performances, and practical challenges that contribute to the uncertainty of employing agricultural wastewaters for heterotrophic and mixotrophic microalgae cultures.",,10.1007/s10811-014-0459-3,21275541,,,,def868f4-b0e3-41bd-aa3e-47919b8c9380,article,eng
Characterisation and optimisation of minimum quantity lubrication in milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using phase Doppler anemometry (PDA),"Tendolkar, Amit|Damir, Ahmed|Attia, Helmi|Hendrick, Patrick|Diakodimitris, Christophe",International Journal of Mechatronics and Manufacturing Systems,7,4,296,310,,2014,2014,,,1753-1039,,,,,Inderscience Publishing,,,"The main objective of this work is to understand the effect of the MQL parameters; namely, oil flow rate, air flow rate and nozzle distance from the cutting zone, on the flow characteristics in order to optimise the cooling and lubrication capacities of the jet for machining applications. Flow visualisation experiments were performed for different air and oil flow rates and distances from the nozzle using phase Doppler anemometry (PDA). The visualisation results, such as, the droplet size and velocity vector were used to identify the optimum MQL conditions to achieve the desired flow characteristics for machining applications. It was found that a spray with high air flow rate and high oil flow rate would give an axial, symmetrical, coherent, and undisturbed spray, which is characterised by small droplet size and high velocity. This spray is optimum for machining due to its ability for better penetration and cooling effect in the cutting zone. Milling tests were performed on Ti-6Al-4V alloy to validate the effect of MQL parameters on the machining performance, in terms of cutting forces, surface roughness and tool temperature.",Air lubrication|Aluminum|Anemometers|Drops|Flow rate|Flow visualization|Lubrication|Milling (machining)|Nozzles|Oil shale|Surface roughness|Visualization|Flow charac-teristics|Flow visualisation|Machining performance|Minimum quantity lubrication|MQL|Phase Doppler anemometry|Tool temperatures|Velocity vectors|Titanium alloys,10.1504/IJMMS.2014.067164,21275504,,,,fa52e0b8-12ee-43d7-8469-fc24318db722,article,eng
"In situ proteolysis, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a VHH that binds listeria internalin B","Huh, Ian|Gene, Robert|Kumaran, Jyothi|MacKenzie, C. Roger|Brooks, Cory L.",Acta Crystallographica Section F:Structural Biology Communications,70,,1532,1535,,2014,05/09/2014,,,2053-230X,,,,,International Union of Crystallography,,,"The variable region of camelid heavy-chain antibodies produces the smallest known antibody fragment with antigen-binding capability (a VHH). The VHH R303 binds internalin B (InlB), a virulence factor expressed by the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. InlB is critical for initiation of Listeria infection, as it binds a receptor (c-Met) on epithelial cells, triggering the entry of bacteria into host cells. InlB is surface-exposed and is required for virulence, hence a VHH targeting InlB has potential applications for pathogen detection or therapeutic intervention. Here, the expression, purification, crystallization and X-ray diffraction of R303 are reported. Crystals of R303 were obtained following in situ proteolysis with trypsin. Gel filtration and SDS-PAGE revealed that trypsin removed the C-terminal tag region of R303, facilitating crystal formation. Crystals of R303 diffracted to 1.3Å resolution and belonged to the monoclinic space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 46.4, b = 31.2, c = 74.8Å, ? = 93.8°. The crystals exhibited a Matthews coefficient of 1.95Å3Da-1 with two molecules in the asymmetric unit.",Camelidae|Listeria|Listeria monocytogenes,10.1107/S2053230X1402010X,21275505,,,,c8eb4b43-079d-44b2-adfd-0708f103495b,article,eng
Revealing H2D + depletion and compact structure in starless and protostellar cores with alma,"Friesen, R. K.|Di Francesco, J.|Bourke, T. L.|Caselli, P.|Jørgensen, J. K.|Pineda, J. E.|Wong, M.",The Astrophysical Journal,797,1,,,27,2014,10/12/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,IOP Publishing,,,"We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the submillimeter dust continuum and H2D+ 110-111 emission toward two evolved, potentially protostellar cores within the Ophiuchus molecular cloud, Oph A SM1 and SM1N. The data reveal small-scale condensations within both cores, with mass upper limits of M ? 0.02 M ? (20 M Jup). The SM1 condensation is consistent with a nearly symmetric Gaussian source with a width of only 37 AU. The SM1N condensation is elongated and extends 500 AU along its major axis. No evidence for substructure is seen in either source. A Jeans analysis indicates that these sources are unlikely to fragment, suggesting that both will form single stars. H2D+ is only detected toward SM1N, offset from the continuum peak by 150-200 AU. This offset may be due to either heating from an undetected, young, low-luminosity protostellar source or first hydrostatic core, or HD (and consequently H2D+) depletion in the cold center of the condensation. We propose that SM1 is protostellar and that the condensation detected by ALMA is a warm (T 30-50 K) accretion disk. The less concentrated emission of the SM1N condensation suggests that it is still starless, but we cannot rule out the presence of a low-luminosity source, perhaps surrounded by a pseudodisk. These data observationally reveal the earliest stages of the formation of circumstellar accretion regions and agree with theoretical predictions that disk formation can occur very early in the star formation process, coeval with or just after the formation of a first hydrostatic core or protostar.",,10.1088/0004-637X/797/1/27,21275509,,,,cadf3241-4a11-4932-8944-06f3b842c33f,article,eng
A study of armour related properties of ceramic,"Fakolujo, Olaniyi S.|Merati, Ali|Nganbe, Michel|Bielawski, Mariusz|Bolduc, Manon",,249,,83,91,,2014,03/10/2014,,,,,,Processing and Properties of Advanced Ceramics and Composites VI: Ceramic Transactions,,Wiley,9781118995433|9781118995495,,"Ceramics constitute an integral part of highly effective armours, often coupled together with ductile backing materials such as metals and polymers. The widespread use of armour ceramics is primarily due to their low density, high hardness, strength and elastic modulus. However, none of these properties can individually or collectively be identified as the major controller of armour performance. Rather, the synergistic effects of these properties are considered relevant for the ultimate impact performance. In this study, pressureless sintered alumina with ZrO2 second phase particles as well as monolithic silicon carbide armour ceramics were investigated. They were characterized with respect to armour related properties such as hardness, indentation fracture toughness, porosity and density. The results indicated that the second phase particles and the level of porosity can significantly influence the performance of such armour ceramics.",,10.1002/9781118995433.ch9,21275512,,,,e3fd440e-943f-45e8-8ec4-fe315c5f5ea2,chapter,eng
A hybrid structural health monitoring system for the detection and localization of damage in composite structures,"Barazanchy, Darun|Martinez, Marcias|Rocha, Bruno|Yanishevsky, Marko",Journal of Sensors,2014,,,,109403,2014,29/10/2014,,,1687-725X,,,,,Hindawi Publishing,,,"A hybrid structural health monitoring (SHM) system, consisting of a piezoelectric transducer and fiber optic sensors (FOS) for generating and monitoring Lamb waves, was investigated to determine their potential for damage detection and localization in composite aerospace structures. As part of this study, the proposed hybrid SHM system, together with an in-house developed algorithm, was evaluated to detect and localize two types of damage: a through thickness damage (hole of 2 mm in diameter) and a surface damage (2 mm diameter bore hole with a depth of 0.65 mm) located on the backside of the plate. The experiments were performed using an aircraft representative composite plate skin, manufactured from carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP).",Carbon fiber reinforced plastics|Composite structures|Damage detection|Fiber optic sensors|Plates (structural components)|Surface waves|Carbon fiber reinforced polymer|Composite aerospace structures|Composite plates|Detection and localization|Structural health monitoring (SHM)|Structural health monitoring systems|Surface damages|Through-thickness|Structural health monitoring,10.1155/2014/109403,21275513,,,,c6ddc2a8-6b55-435b-bc7e-d2296ffa1014,article,eng
"Data showing the compositional complexity of the mitochondrial proteome of a unicellular eukaryote (Acanthamoeba castellanii, supergroup Amoebozoa)","Gawryluk, Ryan M. R.|Chisholm, Kenneth A.|Pinto, Kenneth M.|Gray, Michael W.",Data in Brief,1,,12,14,,2014,22/08/2014,,,2352-3409,,,,,Elsevier,,,"This article describes and directly links to 1033 Acanthamoeba castellanii mitochondrial protein sequences. Of these, 709 are supported by Mass Spectrometry (MS) data (676 nucleus-encoded and 33 mitochondrion-encoded). Two of these entries are previously unannotated mtDNA-encoded proteins, which we identify as highly divergent mitochondrial ribosomal proteins. Our analysis corrects many A. castellanii protein sequences that were incorrectly inferred previously from genomic data deposited in NCBI.",,10.1016/j.dib.2014.08.005,21275514,,,,4b3a43b7-94a9-45e5-afdd-38a6ac130a92,article,eng
Design of a 70-116 GHz W-band turnstile OMT,"Henke, Doug|Claude, Stéphane",,,,456,459,6986469,2014,06/10/2014,,,,"European Microwave Week 2014: Connecting the Future, EuMW 2014 - Conference Proceedings; EuMC 2014: 44th European Microwave Conference","2014 44th European Microwave Conference, EuMC 2014 - Held as Part of the 17th European Microwave Week, EuMW 2014, 6 October 2014 through 9 October 2014",,,IEEE,9782874870354,,"An orthomode transducer (OMT) is important to separate the incoming signal into two linear polarizations. Using a turnstile junction, good input match, high isolation, and low cross-polarization can be achieved over a wide bandwidth. We report on a design covering 70-116 GHz that is directly machined from aluminum.",Millimeter waves|Polarization|Radio astronomy|Transducers|High isolation|Input match|Linear polarization|Low cross polarization|Ortho-mode transducers|Polarization splitters|Turnstile junctions|Wide bandwidth|Millimeter wave devices,10.1109/EuMC.2014.6986469,21275516,,,,fb609366-817c-4538-a265-da90b6c6e3b4,article,eng
An experimental study on grinding fir-tree root forms using vitrified CBN wheels,"Shi, Zhongde|Elfizy, Amr|Attia, Helmi",,1017,,55,60,,2014,26/09/2014,,,1022-6680,Advanced Materials Research,"17th International Symposium on Advances in Abrasive Technology, ISAAT 2014, 22 September 2014 through 25 September 2014",,,Trans Tech Publications,9783038352211,,"An experimental study was undertaken to explore the conditions and performance on rough and finish grinding fir-tree root forms of turbine blades made of a nickel-based alloy using vitrified CBN wheels and water-based grinding fluid. This work was motivated by switching the grinding of fir-tree root forms from grinding with conventional abrasive wheels to vitrified CBN wheels for reducing overall production cost and enhancing productivity. Grinding experiments were conducted to measure grinding forces, power, surface roughness, and stress near the blade roots under various dressing and grinding conditions. Wheel re-dressing life in terms of the total number of good parts ground between dressing was tested with the condition producing the maximum material removal rate while satisfying preset part quality and process requirements. It was found that the maximum material removal rate achievable in rough grinding was restricted by the stress limit and the wheel re-dressing life was dominated by the radial wheel wear limit. The targeting part quality and process requirements were achieved. It was proved that vitrified CBN grinding process is feasible and very promising to machine fir-tree root forms.",Abrasives|Forestry|Grinding wheels|Iron alloys|Nickel|Surface roughness|Turbomachine blades|Wheel dressing|Grinding conditions|Material removal rate|Nickel based alloy|Process requirements|Production cost|Tree root|Vitrified CBN|Vitrified cbn wheels|Grinding (machining)|Abrasion|Blades|Grinding|Roots|Wheels,10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1017.55,21275517,,,,0002c361-3d31-4ced-ad6d-17009c4f4b87,article,eng
Evaluation of an early stage air cathode for zinc air battery applications,"Zhang, Xinge|Qu, Wei|Fahlman, Jason|Tsay, Ken|Yuan, Xiao-Zi",,59,1,115,125,,2014,2014,,,1938-5862,ECS Transactions,"2014 Electrochemical Conference on Energy and the Environment, ECEE 2014, 13 March 2014 through 16 March 2014",,,The Electrochemical Society,,,"In this study, we evaluated the performance of the air cathode prepared by our industrial partner in a customized test platform under operating conditions of temperature up to 70°C, potassium hydroxide (KOH) concentration approximately 45wt% and current density of 0.2A/cm2. The temperature and CO2 effect on the performance were also investigated. The air cathode performed for over 1000 hours lifetime with the best degradation rate of approximately 0.15mV/hr.",Carbon dioxide|Cathodes|Degradation|Electric batteries|Electrodes|Potassium hydroxide|Air cathode|Operating condition|Test platforms|Zinc-air battery|Primary batteries,10.1149/05901.0115ecst,21275518,,,,e58df054-7620-4bfa-a4fd-a80247c8c969,article,eng
Tuning the electrically evaluated electron Landé g factor in GaAs quantum dots and quantum wells of different well widths,"Allison, G.|Fujita, T.|Morimoto, K.|Teraoka, S.|Larsson, M.|Kiyama, H.|Oiwa, A.|Haffouz, S.|Austing, D. G.|Ludwig, A.|Wieck, A. D.|Tarucha, S.",Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics,90,23,,,235310,2014,11/12/2014,,,1098-0121,,,,,American Physical Society,,,"We evaluate the Landé g factor of electrons in quantum dots (QDs) fabricated from GaAs quantum well (QW) structures of different well width. We first determine the Landé electron g factor of the QWs through resistive detection of electron spin resonance and compare it to the enhanced electron g factor determined from analysis of the magnetotransport. Next, we form laterally defined quantum dots using these quantum wells and extract the electron g factor from analysis of the cotunneling and Kondo effect within the quantum dots. We conclude that the Landé electron g factor of the quantum dot is primarily governed by the electron g factor of the quantum well suggesting that well width is an ideal design parameter for g-factor engineering QDs.",,10.1103/PhysRevB.90.235310,21275519,,,,5866e9d8-d244-4cf3-9f80-6e71a61623d9,article,eng
Use of the zebrafish larvae as a model to study cigarette smoke condensate toxicity,"Ellis, Lee D.|Soo, Evelyn C.|Achenbach, John C.|Morash, Michael G.|Soanes, Kelly H.",PLoS ONE,9,12,,,e115305,2014,19/12/2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,PLOS,,,"The smoking of tobacco continues to be the leading cause of premature death worldwide and is linked to the development of a number of serious illnesses including heart disease, respiratory diseases, stroke and cancer. Currently, cell line based toxicity assays are typically used to gain information on the general toxicity of cigarettes and other tobacco products. However, they provide little information regarding the complex disease-related changes that have been linked to smoking. The ethical concerns and high cost associated with mammalian studies have limited their widespread use for in vivo toxicological studies of tobacco. The zebrafish has emerged as a low-cost, high-throughput, in vivo model in the study of toxicology. In this study, smoke condensates from 2 reference cigarettes and 6 Canadian brands of cigarettes with different design features were assessed for acute, developmental, cardiac, and behavioural toxicity (neurotoxicity) in zebrafish larvae. By making use of this multifaceted approach we have developed an in vivo model with which to compare the toxicity profiles of smoke condensates from cigarettes with different design features. This model system may provide insights into the development of smoking related disease and could provide a cost-effective, high-throughput platform for the future evaluation of tobacco products.",cigarette smoke condensate|acute toxicity|animal experiment|animal model|cardiotoxicity|cost effectiveness analysis|developmental toxicity|embryo|high throughput screening|in vivo study|larva|neurotoxicity|smoking|zebra fish|Danio rerio|Mammalia|Nicotiana tabacum,10.1371/journal.pone.0115305,21275520,NRC-ACRD-55848,,,2cb6387c-1213-4286-8cd9-515bcef391ad,article,eng
The debris disc of solar analogue ? Ceti: Herschel observations and dynamical simulations of the proposed multiplanet system,"Lawler, S. M.|Di Francesco, J.|Kennedy, G. M.|Sibthorpe, B.|Booth, M.|Vandenbussche, B.|Matthews, B. C.|Holland, W. S.|Greaves, J.|Wilner, D. J.|Tuomi, M.|Blommaert, J. A. D. L.|De Vries, B. L.|Dominik, C.|Fridlund, M.|Gear, W.|Heras, A. M.|Ivison, R.|Olofsson, G.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,444,3,2665,2675,,2014,15/09/2014,,,0035-8711,,,,,Oxford University Press,,,"? Ceti is a nearby, mature G-type star very similar to our Sun, with a massive Kuiper Belt analogue and possible multiplanet system that has been compared to our Solar system. We present Herschel Space Observatory images of the debris disc, finding the disc is resolved at 70 ?m and 160 ?m, and marginally resolved at 250 ?m. The Herschel images and infrared photometry from the literature are best modelled using a wide dust annulus with an inner edge between 1 and 10 au and an outer edge at~55 au, inclined from face-on by 35° ±10°, and with no significant azimuthal structure. We model the proposed tightly packed planetary system of five super-Earths and find that the innermost dynamically stable disc orbits are consistent with the inner edge found by the observations. The photometric modelling, however, cannot rule out a disc inner edge as close to the star as 1 au, though larger distances produce a better fit to the data. Dynamical modelling shows that the five-planet system is stable with the addition of a Neptune or smaller mass planet on an orbit outside 5 au, where the radial velocity data analysis would not have detected a planet of this mass.",,10.1093/mnras/stu1641,21275524,,,,897b0759-ac29-4713-b142-27139bc82e6e,article,eng
Design of a retrofittable spindle attachment for high frequency vibration-assisted drilling,"Panju, J.|Meshreki, M.|Attia, M. H.",,2A,,,,,2014,14/11/2014,,,,"ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings (IMECE)","ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE 2014, 14 November 2014 through 20 November 2014",,,American Society of Mechanical Engineers,9780791846438,,"1Conventional drilling of modern super alloys and composite material induces high stresses in the vicinity of drilled holes along with high thrust forces which lead to problems in terms of hole quality and accuracy as well as increased tool wear. A recent and promising technique to overcome these challenges is to introduce vibration assistance in the cutting zone by superimposing oscillating vibration in the feed direction of the tool. Two regimes of vibration excitation could be applied for this purpose: low frequency (<500 Hz) high amplitude (>100 ?m) and high frequency (<500 Hz) low amplitude (<20 ?m). Motivated by the advantages of the HF-VAD and the limited work available in the literature for this regime, a new system is developed by the authors where the rotating tool is excited to high frequency and low amplitude. The new design is based on the use of piezoelectric actuators to generate the motion and a high speed slip ring to ensure the transfer of sufficient power to the actuator. A novel concept was implemented by de-coupling the rotary motion of the spindle from the vibrational motion of the actuator to ensure a higher efficiency of power transmission without damaging either the actuator or the spindle. With this design, a retrofittable HSK 100A toolholder with high frequency excitation spindle attachment was manufactured to incorporate drill sizes up to 1/4 inches. Commissioning tests were performed under no load and spring loaded conditions and it was found that the system has a capability to excite the tool up to 100 ?m at 900 Hz (resonance frequency) and up to 5 ?m between 500-800 Hz and 1100-2500 Hz. HF-VAD tests were conducted using this new attachment on Aluminum 6061 and it was found that the system was able to successfully obtain the prescribed frequency and amplitude. Up to 50% reduction in.",Actuators|Cutting tools|Drilling|Commissioning test|High frequency HF|High frequency vibration|High-frequency excitation|Higher efficiency|Resonance frequencies|Vibration excitation|Vibrational motions|Piezoelectric actuators,10.1115/IMECE2014-39307,21275525,,,,e493e59d-a319-43db-9fbf-ca1e7e321138,article,eng
MSE spectrograph optical design: A novel pupil slicing technique,"Spanò, P.",,9147,,,,91474D,2014,08/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496157,,"The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer shall be mainly devoted to perform deep, wide-field, spectroscopic surveys at spectral resolutions from ?2000 to ?20000, at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Simultaneous spectral coverage at low resolution is required, while at high resolution only selected windows can be covered. Moreover, very high multiplexing (3200 objects) must be obtained at low resolution. At higher resolutions a decreased number of objects (?800) can be observed. To meet such high demanding requirements, a fiber-fed multi-object spectrograph concept has been designed by pupil-slicing the collimated beam, followed by multiple dispersive and camera optics. Different resolution modes are obtained by introducing anamorphic lenslets in front of the fiber arrays. The spectrograph is able to switch between three resolution modes (2000, 6500, 20000) by removing the anamorphic lenses and exchanging gratings. Camera lenses are fixed in place to increase stability. To enhance throughput, VPH first-order gratings has been preferred over echelle gratings. Moreover, throughput is kept high over all wavelength ranges by splitting light into more arms by dichroic beamsplitters and optimizing efficiency for each channel by proper selection of glass materials, coatings, and grating parameters.",Astronomy|Cameras|Glass|Infrared devices|Optical design|CFHT|High resolution|MSE|Multiobject spectroscopy|pupil-slicing|VPH gratings|Spectrographs,10.1117/12.2056894,21275508,,,,f7de1523-221b-4603-bdca-21a99b724baa,article,eng
GRACES: Gemini remote access to CFHT ESPaDOnS spectrograph through the longest astronomical fiber ever made: Experimental phase completed,"Chene, André-Nicolas|Padzer, John|Barrick, Gregory|Anthony, Andre|Benedict, Tom|Duncan, David|Gigoux, Pedro|Kleinman, Scot|Malo, Lison|Martioli, Eder|Moutou, Claire|Placco, Vinicius|Reshetovand, Vlad|Rhee, Jaehyon|Roth, Katherine|Schiavon, Ricardo P.|Tollestrup, Eric|Vermeulen, Tom|White, John|Wooff, Robert",,9151,,,,915147,2014,28/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation, 23 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496195,,"The Gemini Remote Access to CFHT ESPaDONS Spectrograph has achieved first light of its experimental phase in May 2014. It successfully collected light from the Gemini North telescope and sent it through two 270 m optical fibers to the the ESPaDOnS spectrograph at CFHT to deliver high-resolution spectroscopy across the optical region. The fibers gave an average focal ratio degradation of 14% on sky, and a maximum transmittance of 85% at 800nm. GRACES achieved delivering spectra with a resolution power of R = 40,000 and R = 66,000 between 400 and 1,000 nm. It has a ?8% throughput and is sensitive to target fainter than 21st mag in 1 hour. The average acquisition time of a target is around 10 min. This project is a great example of a productive collaboration between two observatories on Maunakea that was successful due to the reciprocal involvement of the Gemini, CFHT, and NRC Herzberg teams, and all the staff involved closely or indirectly.",Fibers|Optical fibers|Spectrographs|Spectroscopic analysis|Spectroscopy|Acquisition time|ESPaDOnS|Focal ratio degradation|High resolution|High-resolution spectroscopy|Optical|Optical regions|Resolution power|Telescopes,10.1117/12.2057417,21275507,,,,4ce68582-e574-4ab4-853c-37f1b1e22367,article,eng
New results from the first exoplanet survey in the Canadian High Arctic,"Law, Nicholas M.|Carlberg, Raymond|Fors, Octavi|Steinbring, Eric|Ngan, Wayne|Wulfken, Philip|Pedersen, Bjorn|Maire, Jerome|Sivanandam, Suresh",,9145,,,,91450H,2014,22/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496133,,"We present new results from the first search for transiting exoplanets undertaken from the High Arctic: the AWCam (Arctic Wide-field Cameras) survey. The survey, which has been operating for 2.5 years, is based at 80 degrees North on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian High Arctic. The small telescopes monitor 70,000 bright stars in a several-hundred square-degree region around Polaris, with milli-magnitude photometric precision, and are capable of discovering giant planets around 10,000 bright, nearby solar-type stars. We present the first longterm monitoring results from the AWCams, including an assessment of the site characteristics and the systems' long-term performance. The High-Arctic site provided excellent survey efficiency, without diurnal windowing and largely uninterrupted by clouds. Useful data was obtained over the entire survey field 71% of the time; the sky was clear 62% of the time. One pristine clear, dark period in winter 2012/13 persisted for 480 hours. In 2012/13 we recorded a period of 480 hours of continuous photometric conditions, attaining 3-4 millimag photometric stability over the entire period. We report the long-term photometric performance of the AWCam systems and detail the discovery of a bright (V=8) low-amplitude eclipsing binary. Finally, we present a concept for an extremely-wide-field arctic survey based on the Evryscope telescope-array design.",Airborne telescopes|Cameras|Extrasolar planets|Photometry|Stars|Turbulent flow|arctic|circumpolar|Exoplanet|Site-testing|transit|Wide field cameras,10.1117/12.2057009,21275515,,,,1b1f0f62-0f0b-4f7d-9f67-186f20c95832,article,eng
Gemini planet imager integration to the Gemini South telescope software environment,"Rantakyrö, Fredrik T.|Cardwell, Andrew|Chilcote, Jeffrey|Dunn, Jennifer|Goodsell, Stephen|Hibon, Pascale|Macintosh, Bruce|Quiroz, Carlos|Perrin, Marshall D.|Sadakuni, Naru|Saddlemyer, Leslie|Savransky, Dmitry|Serio, Andrew|Winge, Claudia|Galvez, Ramon|Gausachs, Gaston|Hardie, Kayla|Hartung, Markus|Luhrs, Javier|Poyneer, Lisa|Thomas, Sandrine",,9149,,,,91492B,2014,06/08/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems V, 25 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496171,,"The Gemini Planet Imager is an extreme AO instrument with an integral field spectrograph (IFS) operating in Y, J, H, and K bands. Both the Gemini telescope and the GPI instrument are very complex systems. Our goal is that the combined telescope and instrument system may be run by one observer operating the instrument, and one operator controlling the telescope and the acquisition of light to the instrument. This requires a smooth integration between the two systems and easily operated control interfaces. We discuss the definition of the software and hardware interfaces, their implementation and testing, and the integration of the instrument with the telescope environment.",Instrument testing|Observatories|Telescopes|Gemini Planet Imager|Instrument systems|Instrumentation|Integral field spectrograph|Software environments|Integration testing,10.1117/12.2055654,21275521,,,,c94c8abe-7989-445e-8ace-3a8e4d9447b8,article,eng
Gemini planet imager observational calibrations V: Astrometry and distortion,"Konopacky, Quinn M.|Thomas, Sandrine J.|MacIntosh, Bruce A.|Dillon, Daren|Sadakuni, Naru|Maire, Jérôme|Fitzgerald, Michael|Hinkley, Sasha|Kalas, Paul|Esposito, Thomas|Marois, Christian|Ingraham, Patrick J.|Marchis, Franck|Perrin, Marshall D.|Graham, James R.|Wang, Jason J.|De Rosa, Robert J.|Morzinski, Katie|Pueyo, Laurent|Chilcote, Jeffrey K.|Larkin, James E.|Fabrycky, Daniel|Goodsell, Stephen J.|Oppenheimer, B. R.|Patience, Jenny|Saddlemyer, Leslie|Sivaramakrishnan, Anand",,9147,,,,914784,2014,28/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496157,,"We present the results of both laboratory and on sky astrometric characterization of the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI). This characterization includes measurement of the pixel scale? of the integral field spectrograph (IFS), the position of the detector with respect to north, and optical distortion. Two of these three quantities (pixel scale and distortion) were measured in the laboratory using two transparent grids of spots, one with a square pattern and the other with a random pattern. The pixel scale in the laboratory was also estimate using small movements of the artificial star unit (ASU) in the GPI adaptive optics system. On sky, the pixel scale and the north angle are determined using a number of known binary or multiple systems and Solar System objects, a subsample of which had concurrent measurements at Keck Observatory. Our current estimate of the GPI pixel scale is 14.14 ± 0.01 millarcseconds/pixel, and the north angle is -1.00 ± 0.03°. Distortion is shown to be small, with an average positional residual of 0.26 pixels over the field of view, and is corrected using a 5th order polynomial. We also present results from Monte Carlo simulations of the GPI Exoplanet Survey (GPIES) assuming GPI achieves ?1 milliarcsecond relative astrometric precision. We find that with this precision, we will be able to constrain the eccentricities of all detected planets, and possibly determine the underlying eccentricity distribution of widely separated Jovians.",Adaptive optics|Astronomy|Calibration|Distortion (waves)|Monte Carlo methods|Spectrographs|astrometry|Gemini Planet Imager|GPI|High contrast imaging|Integral Field Spectroscopy|Pixels,10.1117/12.2056646,21275511,,,,c634324c-d26b-45f0-a5d2-b506accea13d,article,eng
The Infrared Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) for TMT: Instrument overview,"Moore, Anna M.|Larkin, James E.|Wright, Shelley A.|Bauman, Brian|Dunn, Jennifer|Ellerbroek, Brent|Phillips, Andrew C.|Simard, Luc|Suzuki, Ryuji|Zhang, Kai|Aliado, Ted|Brims, George|Canfield, John|Chen, Shaojie|Dekany, Richard|Delacroix, Alex|Do, Tuan|Herriot, Glen|Ikenoue, Bungo|Johnson, Chris|Meyer, Elliot|Obuchi, Yoshiyuki|Pazder, John|Reshetov, Vladimir|Riddle, Reed|Saito, Sakae|Smith, Roger|Sohn, Ji Man|Uraguchi, Fumihiro|Usuda, Tomonori|Wang, Eric|Wang, Lianqi|Weiss, Jason|Wooff, Robert",,9147,,,,914724,2014,06/08/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496157,,"We present an overview of the design of IRIS, an infrared (0.84 - 2.4 micron) integral field spectrograph and imaging camera for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). With extremely low wavefront error (<30 nm) and on-board wavefront sensors, IRIS will take advantage of the high angular resolution of the narrow field infrared adaptive optics system (NFIRAOS) to dissect the sky at the diffraction limit of the 30-meter aperture. With a primary spectral resolution of 4000 and spatial sampling starting at 4 milliarcseconds, the instrument will create an unparalleled ability to explore high redshift galaxies, the Galactic center, star forming regions and virtually any astrophysical object. This paper summarizes the entire design and basic capabilities. Among the design innovations is the combination of lenslet and slicer integral field units, new 4Kx4k detectors, extremely precise atmospheric dispersion correction, infrared wavefront sensors, and a very large vacuum cryogenic system.",Astronomy|Atmospheric movements|Diffraction|Infrared imaging|Infrared spectroscopy|Optical telescopes|Spectrographs|Telescopes|Thermography (imaging)|Wavefronts|Adaptive optics systems|Astrophysical objects|Atmospheric dispersion|Extremely Large Telescopes|High angular resolutions|High redshift-galaxies|Integral field spectrograph|Thirty Meter Telescope|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2055216,21275522,,,,48c8c9c7-8df3-4f68-ab2f-893f68f7aeba,article,eng
The infrared imaging spectrograph (IRIS) for TMT: Overview of innovative science programs,"Wright, Shelley A.|Larkin, James E.|Moore, Anna M.|Do, Tuan|Simard, Luc|Adamkovics, Maté|Armus, Lee|Barth, Aaron J.|Barton, Elizabeth|Boyce, Hope|Cooke, Jeffrey|Cote, Patrick|Davidge, Timothy|Ellerbroek, Brent|Ghez, Andrea|Liu, Michael C.|Lu, Jessica R.|MacIntosh, Bruce A.|Mao, Shude|Marois, Christian|Schoeck, Mathias|Suzuki, Ryuji|Tan, Jonathan C.|Treu, Tommaso|Wang, Lianqi|Weiss, Jason",,9147,,,,91479S,2014,28/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496157,,"IRIS (InfraRed Imaging Spectrograph) is a first light near-infrared diffraction limited imager and integral field spectrograph being designed for the future Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). IRIS is optimized to perform astronomical studies across a significant fraction of cosmic time, from our Solar System to distant newly formed galaxies (Barton et al. [1]). We present a selection of the innovative science cases that are unique to IRIS in the era of upcoming space and ground-based telescopes. We focus on integral field spectroscopy of directly imaged exoplanet atmospheres, probing fundamental physics in the Galactic Center, measuring 104 to 1010 M supermassive black hole masses, resolved spectroscopy of young star-forming galaxies (1 < 5) and first light galaxies (6 < 12), and resolved spectroscopy of strong gravitational lensed sources to measure dark matter substructure. For each of these science cases we use the IRIS simulator (Wright et al. [2], Do et al. [3]) to explore IRIS capabilities. To highlight the unique IRIS capabilities, we also update the point and resolved source sensitivities for the integral field spectrograph (IFS) in all five broadband filters (Z, Y, J, H, K) for the finest spatial scale of 0.004"" per spaxel. We briefly discuss future development plans for the data reduction pipeline and quicklook software for the IRIS instrument suite.",Adaptive optics|Aluminum|Astronomy|Galaxies|Gravitation|Infrared devices|Infrared imaging|Infrared spectroscopy|Light|Optical telescopes|Spectrographs|Stars|Telescopes|Data simulators|Ground-based telescopes|Imaging spectrograph|Integral field spectrograph|Integral Field Spectroscopy|Segmented mirror|Supermassive black holes|Thirty Meter Telescope|Thermography (imaging),10.1117/12.2055599,21275523,,,,70c89a2d-00b0-4358-b833-81ba700eeae9,article,eng
Characterization of resistance-welded thermoplastic composite double-lap joints under static and fatigue loading,"Dubé, Martine|Chazerain, Aurélie|Hubert, Pascal|Yousefpour, Ali|Bersee, Harald E.",Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials,28,6,762,776,,2014,2014-06,,,0892-7057,,,,,SAGE Publications,,,"An experimental investigation of resistance welding of thermoplastic composite double lap shear (DLS) joints is presented. DLS specimens consisting of unidirectional carbon fibre/polyetheretherketone (CF/PEEK), carbon fibre/polyetherketoneketone (CF/PEKK), carbon fibre/polyetherimide (CF/PEI) and 8-harness satin weave fabric glass fibre/polyetherimide (GF/PEI) composites were resistance welded using a stainless steel mesh heating element. The welded specimens were tested under static and fatigue loadings, and the quality of the welds was examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Weld strengths of 53, 49, 45 and 34 MPa were obtained for CF/PEEK, CF/PEKK, CF/PEI and GF/PEI DLS joints, respectively. Indefinite fatigue lives were obtained between 20 and 30% of the ultimate static failure loads of the joints. Performances of the resistance-welded DLS and single lap shear (SLS) joints were compared. It was shown that the effect of joint geometry, that is, DLS versus SLS, on the mechanical performance of the resistance-welded joints is minimal, indicating a good resistance of welded joints to peel stresses.",Carbon|Carbon fibers|Composite materials|Dynamic light scattering|Fatigue of materials|Joints (structural components)|Plastics|Reinforced plastics|Resistance welding|Scanning electron microscopy|Stainless steel|Steel fibers|Stresses|Thermoplastics|Double lap joint|Fatigue loadings|Fusion bonding|Mechanical performance|Single lap shears|Stainless steel mesh|Thermoplastic composite|Welding,10.1177/0892705713490714,21275477,,,,dc570819-a0d9-4dfa-bfbb-c158dfad7577,article,eng
Halogen bonding from dispersion-corrected density-functional theory: The role of delocalization error,"Otero-De-La-Roza, A.|Johnson, Erin R.|DiLabio, Gino A.",Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation,10,12,5436,5447,,2014,12/11/2014,,,1549-9618,,,,,ACS Publishing,,,"Halogen bonds are formed when a Lewis base interacts with a halogen atom in a different molecule, which acts as an electron acceptor. Due to its charge transfer component, halogen bonding is difficult to model using many common density-functional approximations because they spuriously overstabilize halogen-bonded dimers. It has been suggested that dispersion-corrected density functionals are inadequate to describe halogen bonding. In this work, we show that the exchange-hole dipole moment (XDM) dispersion correction coupled with functionals that minimize delocalization error (for instance, BH&HLYP, but also other half-and-half functionals) accurately model halogen-bonded interactions, with average errors similar to other noncovalent dimers with less charge-transfer effects. The performance of XDM is evaluated for three previously proposed benchmarks (XB18 and XB51 by Kozuch and Martin, and the set proposed by Bauzá et al.) spanning a range of binding energies up to ?50 kcal/mol. The good performance of BH&HLYP-XDM is comparable to M06-2X, and extends to the ""extreme"" cases in the Bauzá set. This set contains anionic electron donors where charge transfer occurs even at infinite separation, as well as other charge transfer dimers belonging to the pnictogen and chalcogen bonding classes. We also show that functional delocalization error results in an overly delocalized electron density and exact-exchange hole. We propose intermolecular Bader delocalization indices as an indicator of both the donor - acceptor character of an intermolecular interaction and the delocalization error coming from the underlying functional.",,10.1021/ct500899h,21275486,,,,1aba3cef-540f-402a-b47b-37096f317963,article,eng
12 questions to ...,"Cicha, W.",GAIA,23,4,302,303,,2014,17/12/2014,,,0940-5550,,,,,oekom verlag,,,,,10.14512/gaia.23.4.2,21275487,,,,707bf9fd-0b12-44cb-b21c-0c3e5349e9a0,article,eng
Effect of ship speed on level ice edge breaking,"Sazidy, Mahmud|Daley, Claude|Colbourne, Bruce|Wang, Jungyong",,8B,,,,,2014,08/06/2014,,,,Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering - OMAE,"ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE 2014, 8 June 2014 through 13 June 2014",,,American Society of Mechanical Engineers,9780791845516,,"This paper presents a numerical model of ship ice-wedge interaction to study the effect of ship speed on level ice edge breaking. The interaction process is modeled using LS-DYNA. The developed model considers ice crushing, ice flexural failure and the water foundation effect. For the ice, two different plasticity-based material models are used to represent ice crushing and ice flexural behaviors. The water foundation effect is modeled using a simple linear elastic material. The analysis is performed for a ship speed range of 0.1 to 5 ms-1 and ice thickness of 0.5 to 1.5 m. The analysis indicates that both ship speed and ice thickness significantly affect the ice breaking process. The model results are in good agreement with a number of analytical and empirical models. The model can be useful in establishing a rational basis for safe speed criteria, improving ship structural standards and tools for ice management capability assessment.",Materials properties|Ocean engineering|Ships|Speed|Breaking process|Empirical model|Flexural behavior|Flexural failure|Interaction process|Linear elastic material|Material models|Structural standards|Ice,10.1115/OMAE2014-24101,21275488,OCRE-PR-2014-006,,,ce16ff0f-842d-4fb5-9508-8f7ad1f9553c,article,eng
Electrolysis-enhanced co-digestion of switchgrass and cow manure,"Tartakovsky, Boris|Mehta, Punita|Santoyo, Guido|Roy, Caroline|Frigon, Jean-Claude|Guiot, Serge R.",Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,89,10,1501,1506,,2014,2014-10,,,0268-2575,,,,,Wiley,,,"BACKGROUND: Anaerobic digestion of agricultural wastes is a cost effective way for combining resource recovery and methane production. This paper evaluates the co-digestion of cow manure and switchgrass in a completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) by the electrolysis-enhanced anaerobic digestion (eAD) process. RESULTS: The electrodes for water electrolysis were installed directly in an anaerobic digester and were used to create micro-aerobic conditions. Significant gains in process performance and biogas quality were obtained at current densities of 20-25 mA LR-1 (per digester volume) with a corresponding volumetric energy consumption of 0.07-0.08 Wh LR-1. In particular, the COD removal rate was increased from 0.6 to 0.9 g COD LR-1 d-1, methane production increased by 26%, and H2S content in the biogas declined from 2500-3000 ppm to less than 10 ppm. CONCLUSIONS: The improved performance was achieved due to methane production from hydrolytic H2 and possibly due to the enhanced hydrolysis of organic matter.",Co-digestion|Cow manure|Micro aerobics|Switchgrass|Water electrolysis|Anaerobic digestion|Panicum virgatum,10.1002/jctb.4224,21275489,,,,5299d9ab-c55b-48cb-b099-85b5abe8fbf6,article,eng
Intermetallic phases in Al-Si based cast alloys: New perspective,"Samuel, E.|Samuel, A. M.|Doty, H. W.|Valtierra, S.|Samuel, F. H.",International Journal of Cast Metals Research,27,2,107,114,,2014,2014,,,1364-0461,,,,,Maney Publishing,,,"The present work was performed on experimental Al-Si near eutectic cast alloys, with different additives mainly Fe, Mg, Mn, Cr, Sr and P. The alloys were cooled at 0·8°C s-1, very close to equilibrium conditions. Precipitated phases, primarily Fe, Cu, Mg and Sr based intermetallics, were examined. Although the phases reported in the present work were documented previously, the range of chemical composition of each phase was confirmed using an electron probe microanalyser equipped with wavelength dispersive spectroscopy and electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy facilities.",Cast alloys|Chemical compositions|Electron probe microanalyser|Equilibrium conditions|Intermetallic phasis|Q-phase|Sr modification|Aluminum|Intermetallics|Iron alloys|Manganese|Silicon|X ray spectroscopy|Silicon alloys,10.1179/1743133613Y.0000000083,21275492,,,,dede944a-6c03-41b1-8dcb-1cbe03a09e06,article,eng
Domoic acid,"La Barre, Stéphane|Bates, Stephen S.|Quilliam, Michael A.",,,,189,216,,2014,07/03/2014,,,,,,"Outstanding Marine Molecules: Chemistry, Biology, Analysis",,Wiley,9783527681501|9783527334650,,"Domoic acid (DA) was of no special scientific interest until a series of case studies revealed its role as the major marine neurotoxin causing amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). The analysis, toxicology, synthesis and degradation of the highly polar amino acid DA and its kainoid congeners are discussed in this chapter. Although DA is structurally simple and ubiquitous in contaminated food samples, it was not simple to prove that it was the causative agent of ASP in humans and of DA poisoning in carnivorous birds and mammals. Furthermore, its detection and the prevention of ASP requires regular monitoring of seafood using rapid and accurate analyses. The main producers of DA are certain seasonally blooming diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, major components of coastal phytoplankton. Here, details are provided of the species most likely to be involved in food-poisoning episodes, together with a brief account of the molecular mechanisms that underlie DA toxicity, which cause symptoms of acute and chronic neurotoxicity. DA may attain critically toxic levels within two major food chains involving benthic filter-feeders (e.g., mussels) or planktivorous fish (e.g., anchovies). Preventive measures must be complemented by risk assessments of seasonal toxigenic blooms, especially in nutrient-enriched coastal areas. The major chemical and biotic factors that influence diatom bloom formation and toxigenicity are outlined. Genomics of DA production allow the development of novel molecular tools to better understand DA biosynthesis at the gene level, and the evolutionary significance of DA as a metabolite with primary and secondary characteristics.",,10.1002/9783527681501.ch08,21275494,,,,f99080ad-e0aa-4796-9285-6b0d2fbb2be2,chapter,eng
Determination of bismuth by dielectric barrier discharge atomic absorption spectrometry coupled with hydride generation: method optimization and evaluation of analytical performance,"Kratzer, Jan|Boušek, Jaroslav|Sturgeon, Ralph E.|Mester, Zoltán|D?dina, Ji?í",Analytical Chemistry,86,19,9620,9625,,2014,23/09/2014,,,0003-2700,,,,,ACS Publishing,,,"Atomization of bismuth hydride in a 17 W planar quartz dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) atomizer was optimized and the performance of this device compared to that of a conventional quartz tube atomizer (QTA) for atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Modification of the inner surface of the DBD atomizer using dimethyldichlorsilane (DMDCS) was essential since it improved sensitivity by a factor of 2-4. Argon, at a flow rate of 125 mL min-1, was the best DBD discharge gas. Free Bi atoms were also observed in the DBD with nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium discharge gases but not in air. The detection limit for Bi (1.1 ng mL-1) is worse than with the QTA (0.16 ng mL-1 Bi). A poorer detection limit compared to a QTA is a consequence of the shorter optical path of the DBD. Moreover, the lower atomization efficiency and/or faster decay of free atoms in the DBD has to be considered. The performance of the DBD as an atomizer reflects both effects, i.e., atomization efficiency and free atom decay, was estimated to be 65% of that of the externally heated quartz tube atomizer. Nevertheless, this hydride generation DBD-AAS approach can be used for the routine determination of Bi, providing repeatability and accuracy comparable to that reached with a QTA, as demonstrated by analysis of NIST SRM 1643e (trace elements in water). The potential of in-atomizer preconcentration in a DBD atomizer is outlined.",Analytical performance|Dielectric barrier discharges|Hydride generations,10.1021/ac502093y,21275495,,,,0d9281d0-f459-4537-9717-1591c79d92d9,article,eng
Modeling study of cyclic oxidation behavior of NiAl and NiCr alloys,"Peng, X. J.|Chen, K. Y.|Liu, R.|Liang, M.",Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,23,12,4366,4373,,2014,23/09/2014,,,1059-9495,,,,,Springer Science+Business Media,,,"The cyclic oxidation behavior of four high-temperature alloys (two NiAl alloys and two NiCr alloy) is studied utilizing an existing micromechanics-based model, in which Al2O3 and Cr2O3 are formed on the alloys as protective layers. For each alloy, the model parameters are determined based on one ‘complete’ experimental curve of weight change, which is obtained under a high-temperature cyclic oxidation test where the weight change experiences a maximum value and then drops down to a zero point. The model is first tested on two metals which have experimental data available for comparison. It is found that the model parameter, oxide crack density exponent, can be assumed constant within a range of high temperature for each metal, thus with the ‘complete’ experimental curve of weight change, the model can predict the oxidation behavior of the metal at different temperatures. The determination of model parameters, accuracy, and limitations of the model for NiAl and NiCr alloys is analyzed and discussed.",Oxidation|Superalloys|Cyclic oxidation behavior|Cyclic oxidation tests|Determination of model parameters|Experimental curves|Micromechanics-based modeling|Model and simulation|Oxidation behaviors|Protective layers|Alloys,10.1007/s11665-014-1238-7,21275498,,,,60154c95-5aa3-4b36-b196-81dd734d667e,article,eng
An oxalate method for measuring the surface area of nickel electrodes,"Hall, David S.|Bock, Christina|MacDougall, Barry R.",Journal of the Electrochemical Society,161,12,H787,H795,,2014,03/09/2014,,,0013-4651,,,,,The Electrochemical Society,,,"This work establishes a new method to measure the electrochemically active surface area (AECSA) of nickel electrodes, in situ. The addition of 0.08 mol L-1 of an oxalate salt to an alkaline electrolyte solution shifts the half-wave potential of the Ni(II)/Ni(III) redox pair by about -80 mV. Further, these peaks are very narrow. The sharpest peak in this work has a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of just 11 mV. This unusual sharpness is attributed to the layered structure of nickel hydroxides and the adsorption of oxalate from the solution on the (001) surface. This is supported by attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) peaks measured at 1265 cm-1, 1655 cm-1, and 1713 cm-1, which correspond to mononuclear bidentate oxalate bonded to nickel. At sufficiently fast potential scan rates (?150 mV s-1), the adsorbed oxalate limits growth of the surface hydroxide to a single layer. During the reverse scan, the surface NiOOH/Ni(OH)2 reduction peak is well-separated from other electrochemical processes and may be used to accurately and precisely measure the AECSA. The error of this method is estimated at < 10%.",Nickel|Oxalic acid|Alkaline electrolytes|Attenuated total reflectance infrared|Electrochemical process|Electrochemically active surface areas|Half-wave potential|Layered Structures|Potential scan rates|Surface hydroxide|Electrodes,10.1149/2.0711412jes,21275499,,,,4c454fd6-e4e2-493a-827c-e6f1f2971a85,article,eng
High-efficiency subwavelength-engineered surface grating couplers in SOI and DSOI,"Benedikovic, Daniel|Cheben, Pavel|Schmid, Jens H.|Xu, Dan-Xia|Wang, Shurui|Janz, Siegfried|Halir, Robert|Ortega-Moñux, Alejandro|Dado, Milan",,,,41,42,6962018,2014,27/08/2014,,,1949-2081,IEEE International Conference on Group IV Photonics GFP,"11th International Conference on Group IV Photonics, GFP 2014, 27 August 2014 through 29 August 2014",,,IEEE,9781479922833,,"The coupling efficiency of a surface grating coupler is optimized for a an arbitrary buried oxide thickness by adjusting the grating radiation angle. The coupler is apodized using a subwavelength structure, allowing a single etch step fabrication. The measured coupling loss is -2.16dB with 3dB bandwidth of 64nm, for a minimum feature size of 100nm. It is also shown by simulations that by implementing this coupler in a double SOI (DSOI) wafer, an ultra-low coupling loss of -0.42dB is achieved.",,10.1109/Group4.2014.6962018,21275502,,,,a53c553f-ad91-4602-b968-d32384f67f3b,article,eng
A bibliometric analysis of observatory publications for the period 2008-2012,"Crabtree, Dennis R.",,9149,,,,91490A,2014,28/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems V, 25 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496171,,"The primary scientific output from an astronomical telescope is the collection of papers published in refereed journals. A telescope's productivity is measured by the number of papers published which are based upon data taken with the telescope. The scientific impact of a paper can be measured quantitatively by the number of citations that the paper receives. In this paper I will examine the productivity and impact of over 20 telescopes, mainly optical/IR, with apertures larger than 3.5-m for the years between 2008 and 2012.",Observatories|Productivity|Telescopes|Bibliometrics|Citations|Impact|Metrics,10.1117/12.2054058,21275501,,,,e7a0cc66-2abf-46e2-8bea-54ef01fd899a,article,eng
On-sky vibration environment for the Gemini Planet Imager and mitigation effort,"Hartung, Markus|Hayward, Tom|Saddlemyer, Les|Poyneer, Lisa|Cardwell, Andrew|Cavedoni, Chas|Cho, Myung|Chilcote, Jeffrey K.|Collins, Paul|Dillon, Darren|Galvez, Ramon|Gausachs, Gaston|Goodsell, Stephen|Guesalaga, Andres|Hibon, Pascal|Larkin, James|MacIntosh, Bruce|Palmer, Dave|Sadakuni, Naru|Savransky, Dmitry|Serio, Andrew|Rantakyrö, Fredrik|Wallace, Kent",,9148,,,,91480N,2014,07/08/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496164,,"The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) entered on-sky commissioning and had its first-light at the Gemini South (GS) telescope in November 2013. GPI is an extreme adaptive optics (XAO), high-contrast imager and integral-field spectrograph dedicated to the direct detection of hot exo-planets down to a Jupiter mass. The performance of the apodized pupil Lyot coronagraph depends critically upon the residual wavefront error (design goal of 60nmRMS with <5 mas RMS tip/tilt), and therefore is most sensitive to vibration (internal or external) of Gemini's instrument suite. Excess vibration can be mitigated by a variety of methods such as passive or active dampening at the instrument or telescope structure or Kalman filtering of specific frequencies with the AO control loop. Understanding the sources, magnitudes and impact of vibration is key to mitigation. This paper gives an overview of related investigations based on instrument data (GPI AO module) as well as external data from accelerometer sensors placed at different locations on the GS telescope structure. We report the status of related mitigation efforts, and present corresponding results.",Kalman filters|Telescopes|Extreme adaptive optics|High contrast imaging|Integral field spectrograph|LQG|Specific frequencies|Telescope structures|Vibration absorber|Vibration environment|Adaptive optics,,21275485,,,,85f5ee56-02f8-45c0-b9e3-d9c2f8b96061,article,eng
On-sky low order non-common path correction of the GPI calibration unit,"Hartung, Markus|MacIntosh, Bruce|Langlois, Paul|Sadakuni, Naru|Gavel, Don|Wallace, J. Kent|Palmer, Dave|Poyneer, Lisa|Savransky, Dmitry|Thomas, Sandrine|Dillon, Darren|Dunn, Jennifer|Hibon, Pascal|Rantakyrö, Fredrik|Goodsell, Stephen",,9148,,,,91485Q,2014,07/08/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496164,,"The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) entered on-sky commissioning phase, and had its First Light at the Gemini South telescope in November 2013. Meanwhile, the fast loops for atmospheric correction of the Extreme Adaptive Optics (XAO) system have been closed on many dozen stars at different magnitudes (I=4-8), elevation angles and a variety of seeing conditions, and a stable loop performance was achieved from the beginning. Ultimate contrast performance requires a very low residual wavefront error (design goal 60 nm RMS), and optimization of the planet finding instrument on different ends has just begun to deepen and widen its dark hole region. Laboratory raw contrast benchmarks are in the order of 10-6 or smaller. In the telescope environment and in standard operations new challenges are faced (changing gravity, temperature, vibrations) that are tackled by a variety of techniques such as Kalman filtering, open-loop models to keep alignment to within 5 mas, speckle nulling, and a calibration unit (CAL). The CAL unit was especially designed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to control slowly varying wavefront errors at the focal plane of the apodized Lyot coronagraph by the means of two wavefront sensors: 1) a 7x7 low order Shack-Hartmann SH wavefront sensor (LOWFS), and 2) a special Mach-Zehnder interferometer for mid-order spatial frequencies (HOWFS) - atypical in that the beam is split in the focal plane via a pinhole but recombined in the pupil plane with a beamsplitter. The original design goal aimed for sensing and correcting on a level of a few nm which is extremely challenging in a telescope environment. This paper focuses on non-common path low order wavefront correction as achieved through the CAL unit on sky. We will present the obtained results as well as explain challenges that we are facing.",Calibration|Focusing|Telescopes|Wavefronts|Atmospheric corrections|Commissioning phase|Common path|Extreme adaptive optics|High contrast imaging|Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Wave front sensors|Wavefront correction|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2056661,21275490,,,,e92c5cc5-4ec5-43bf-8419-5372ceb0ca95,article,eng
Automated alignment and on-sky performance of the Gemini planet imager coronagraph,"Savransky, Dmitry|Thomas, Sandrine J.|Poyneer, Lisa A.|Dunn, Jennifer|MacIntosh, Bruce A.|Sadakuni, Naru|Dillon, Daren|Goodsell, Stephen J.|Hartung, Markus|Hibon, Pascale|Rantakyrö, Fredrik|Cardwell, Andrew|Serio, Andrew",,9147,,,,914740,2014,08/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496157,,"The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a next-generation, facility instrument currently being commissioned at the Gemini South observatory. GPI combines an extreme adaptive optics system and integral field spectrograph (IFS) with an apodized-pupil Lyot coronagraph (APLC) producing an unprecedented capability for directly imaging and spectroscopically characterizing extrasolar planets. GPI's operating goal of 10-7 contrast requires very precise alignments between the various elements of the coronagraph (two pupil masks and one focal plane mask) and active control of the beam path throughout the instrument. Here, we describe the techniques used to automatically align GPI and maintain the alignment throughout the course of science observations. We discuss the particular challenges of maintaining precision alignments on a Cassegrain mounted instrument and strategies that we have developed that allow GPI to achieve high contrast even in poor seeing conditions.",Adaptive optics|Alignment|Astronomy|Automated operations|Gemini Planet Imager|GPI|High contrast imaging|Extrasolar planets,10.1117/12.2055752,21275493,,,,b791c626-954d-4a95-85c6-bcbc53238c0c,article,eng
GPI PSF subtraction with TLOCI: The next evolution in exoplanet/disk high-contrast imaging,"Marois, Christian|Correia, Carlos|Galicher, Raphaël.|Ingraham, Patrick|MacIntosh, Bruce|Currie, Thayne|De Rosa, Rob",,9148,,,,91480U,2014,21/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496164,,"To directly image exoplanets and faint circumstellar disks, the noisy stellar halo must be suppressed to a high level. To achieve this feat, the angular differential imaging observing technique and the least-squares Locally Optimized Combination of Images (LOCI) algorithm have now become the standard in single band direct imaging observations and data reduction. With the development and commissioning of new high-order high-contrast adaptive optics equipped with integral field units, the image subtraction algorithm needs to be modified to allow the optimal use of polychromatic images, field-rotated images and archival data. A new algorithm, TLOCI (for Template LOCI), is designed to achieve this task by maximizing a companion signal-to-noise ratio instead of simply minimizing the noise as in the original LOCI algorithm. The TLOCI technique uses an input spectrum and template Point Spread Functions (PSFs, generated from unocculted and unsaturated stellar images) to optimize the reference image least-squares coefficients to minimize the planet self-subtraction, thus maximizing its throughput per wavelength, while simultaneously providing a maximum suppression of the speckle noise. The new algorithm has been developed using on-sky GPI data and has achieved impressive contrast. This paper presents the TLOCI algorithm, on-sky performance, and will discuss the challenges in recovering the planet spectrum with high fidelity.",Algorithms|Extrasolar planets|Optical transfer function|Signal to noise ratio|Stars|Circumstellar disks|High contrast imaging|Image subtraction|Integral Field Unit|Optimized combinations|Polychromatic images|Reference image|Rotated images|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2055245,21275497,,,,8a6aa344-19e8-44c4-a083-048922b47474,article,eng
NFIRAOS: First facility AO system for the Thirty Meter Telescope,"Herriot, Glen|Andersen, David|Atwood, Jenny|Boyer, Corinne|Byrnes, Peter|Caputa, Kris|Ellerbroek, Brent|Gilles, Luc|Hill, Alexis|Ljusic, Zoran|Pazder, John|Rosensteiner, Matthias|Smith, Malcolm|Spano, Paolo|Szeto, Kei|Véran, Jean-Pierre|Wevers, Ivan|Wang, Lianqi|Wooff, Robert",,9148,,,,914810,2014,21/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496164,,"NFIRAOS, the Thirty Meter Telescope's first adaptive optics system is an order 60x60 Multi-Conjugate AO system with two deformable mirrors. Although most observing will use 6 laser guide stars, it also has an NGS-only mode. Uniquely, NFIRAOS is cooled to -30 °C to reduce thermal background. NFIRAOS delivers a 2-arcminute beam to three client instruments, and relies on up to three IR WFSs in each instrument. We present recent work including: robust automated acquisition on these IR WFSs; trade-off studies for a common-size of deformable mirror; real-time computing architectures; simplified designs for high-order NGS-mode wavefront sensing; modest upgrade concepts for high-contrast imaging.",Deformation|Economic and social effects|Laser pulses|Mirrors|Optical telescopes|Telescopes|Adaptive optics systems|Deformable mirrors|High contrast imaging|Real time computing|Thermal background|Thirty Meter Telescope|TMT|Wave-front sensing|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2055525,21275500,,,,0453d572-d5d2-4ee8-ae95-5db9d725ecb8,article,eng
Calibrating CHIME: A new radio interferometer to probe dark energy,"Newburgh, Laura B.|Addison, Graeme E.|Amiri, Mandana|Bandura, Kevin|Bond, J. Richard|Connor, Liam|Cliche, Jean-Francois|Davis, Greg|Deng, Meiling|Denman, Nolan|Dobbs, Matt|Fandino, Mateus|Fong, Heather|Gibbs, Kenneth|Gilbert, Adam|Griffin, Elizabeth|Halpern, Mark|Hanna, David|Hincks, Adam D.|Hinshaw, Gary|Höfer, Carolin|Klages, Peter|Landecker, Tom|Masui, Kiyoshi|Parra, Juan M.|Pen, Ue-Li|Peterson, Jeff|Recnik, Andre|Shaw, J. Richard|Sigurdson, Kris|Sitwell, Michael|Smecher, Graeme|Smegal, Rick|Vanderlinde, Keith|Wiebe, Don",,9145,,,,91454V,2014,22/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496133,,"The Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) is a transit interferometer currently being built at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory (DRAO) in Penticton, BC, Canada. We will use CHIME to map neutral hydrogen in the frequency range 400 - 800MHz over half of the sky, producing a measurement of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) at redshifts between 0.8 - 2.5 to probe dark energy. We have deployed a pathfinder version of CHIME that will yield constraints on the BAO power spectrum and provide a test-bed for our calibration scheme. I will discuss the CHIME calibration requirements and describe instrumentation we are developing to meet these requirements.",Airborne telescopes|Calibration|Cosmology|Hydrogen|Interferometers|Probes|21cm|Acoustic oscillation|Astrophysical observatory|Calibration schemes|Dark energy|Frequency ranges|Intensity mapping|Radio interferometers|Astrophysics,10.1117/12.2056962,21275491,,,,a0800173-0bfa-43d5-a286-5dcc76740031,article,eng
"Interaction of 2-, 3- and 4-nitrobenzoic acid with the structure of calcium–silicate–hydrate","Khoshnazar, Rahil|Beaudoin, James J.|Raki, Laila|Alizadeh, Rouhollah",Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions,,,,,,2014,25/12/2014,,,1359-5997,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"Interaction of nitrobenzoic acid (NBA) with the structure of calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H) was investigated. Phase pure C–S–H and C–S–H with 2-, 3- or 4NBA (0.01 and 0.02 mol/mol of Ca) were synthesized, and characterized by the X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope techniques. Nitrogen adsorption measurements were also performed to estimate the surface area of the samples. It is suggested that all NBA isomers with the concentration of 0.01 mol/mol of Ca were able to fill the defects on the surface of the C–S–H layers, block access to the space between the stacked C–S–H layers, and possibly partially intercalate the layered structure. The C–S–H-based samples prepared with different types of NBA compounds, however, had different characteristics. The interaction of organic and inorganic phases was limited in the samples incorporating higher concentration of NBA. Traces of unreacted NBA were detected in a few samples with 0.02 mol of NBA/mol of Ca.",Calcium|Carboxylic acids|Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy|Gas adsorption|Hydrates|Intercalation|Isomers|Nanocomposites|Scanning electron microscopy|Silicates|Surface defects|Thermoanalysis|X ray diffraction|4-Nitrobenzoic acids|Inorganic phasis|Layered Structures|Nitrobenzoic acids|Nitrogen adsorption measurements|Surface adsorption|Surface area|Calcium silicate,10.1617/s11527-014-0513-2,21275503,,,,ab0ed850-dedb-4758-b755-4d1c0792b0f8,article,eng
Bioactive glass-ceramic scaffolds with high-strength for orthopedic applications,"Aguilar-Reyes, E.|León-Patiño, C.|Villicaña-Molina, E.|Lefebvre, L. -P.",,251,,1,10,,2014,26/09/2014,,,,,,"Biomaterials Science: Processing, Properties and Applications IV: Ceramic Transactions",,Wiley,9781118995235|9781118995204,,"This study aims to produce 45S5 bioactive glass scaffolds (45% Si02-24.5% CaO-24.5% Na20-6 % P2O5) through a novel process of powder technology and polymer foaming, patented by the IMI (Industrial Materials Institute, NRC). Initially, various foaming agent/binder/bioglass powder ratios were proved and the optimal ratio was 0.5/54.5/45.0 in wt. %, respectively. The mixing of the powders was carried out in a shaker-mixer and it was compacted in alumina molds. The samples obtained were submitted to a heat treatment in two stages, the first one, foaming, and the second one, pyrolysis and sintering in the same thermal profile, with the goal of obtaining scaffolds with mechanical properties and a bioactive response by immersion in SBF appropriated for orthopedic applications. The sintering temperature of scaffolds was 975°C. Then, the scaffolds were machined to obtain uniform cylindrical samples for mechanical testing and cut into tablets of 3 mm in thickness that were immersed in SBF for bioactivity tests for 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The characterization of scaffolds before immersion in SBF was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microtomography (?CT), also they were tested for compression, and measurement of density and porosity. After immersion the samples were observed with SEM and analyzed by EDS, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), also the mass variation was estimated. The scaffolds obtained by the experimental method described above, showed a 55 to 65% interconnected porosity and an average compressive strength of 13.78 ± 2.43 MPa, and showed the formation of hydroxyapatite layer after 7 days of immersion in SBF, fulfilling the requirements to be used as a regenerative scaffold. The proposed method of powder technology and polymer foaming, allows controlling the porosity, pore size and compression strength of the scaffolds by vailing the ratio foaming agent/binder/bioglass powder and sintering temperature.",,10.1002/9781118995235.ch1,21275480,,,,94a40930-ee5e-42b5-8c23-3406cd9e0942,chapter,eng
Benchmarking hardware architecture candidates for the NFIRAOS real-time controller,"Smith, Malcolm|Kerley, Dan|Herriot, Glen|Véran, Jean-Pierre",,9148,,,,91484K,2014,21/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496164,,"As a part of the trade study for the Narrow Field Infrared Adaptive Optics System, the adaptive optics system for the Thirty Meter Telescope, we investigated the feasibility of performing real-time control computation using a Linux operating system and Intel Xeon E5 CPUs. We also investigated a Xeon Phi based architecture which allows higher levels of parallelism. This paper summarizes both the CPU based real-time controller architecture and the Xeon Phi based RTC. The Intel Xeon E5 CPU solution meets the requirements and performs the computation for one AO cycle in an average of 767 microseconds. The Xeon Phi solution did not meet the 1200 microsecond time requirement and also suffered from unpredictable execution times. More detailed benchmark results are reported for both architectures.",Adaptive control systems|Benchmarking|Computer operating systems|Controllers|Optical telescopes|Program processors|Real time control|NFIRAOS|Phi|Real time controllers|RTC|Xeon|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2057345,21275476,,,,5a3119df-2f81-4d93-aede-50af98a45604,article,eng
Canadian hydrogen intensity mapping experiment (CHIME) pathfinder,"Bandura, Kevin|Addison, Graeme E.|Amiri, Mandana|Bond, J. Richard|Campbell-Wilson, Duncan|Connor, Liam|Cliche, Jean-FrançoisJ.-F.|Davis, Greg|Deng, Meiling|Denman, Nolan|Dobbs, Matt|Fandino, Mateus|Gibbs, Kenneth|Gilbert, Adam|Halpern, Mark|Hanna, David|Hincks, Adam D.|Hinshaw, Gary|Höfer, Carolin|Klages, Peter|Landecker, Tom L.|Masui, Kiyoshi|Mena Parra, Juan|Newburgh, Laura B.|Pen, Ue-Li|Peterson, Jeffrey B.|Recnik, Andre|Shaw, J. Richard|Sigurdson, Kris|Sitwell, Michael|Smecher, Graeme|Smegal, Rick|Vanderlinde, Keith|Wiebe, Don",,9145,,,,914522,2014,22/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496133,,"A pathfinder version of CHIME (the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment) is currently being commissioned at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory (DRAO) in Penticton, BC. The instrument is a hybrid cylindrical interferometer designed to measure the large scale neutral hydrogen power spectrum across the redshift range 0.8 to 2.5. The power spectrum will be used to measure the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) scale across this poorly probed redshift range where dark energy becomes a significant contributor to the evolution of the Universe. The instrument revives the cylinder design in radio astronomy with a wide field survey as a primary goal. Modern low-noise amplifiers and digital processing remove the necessity for the analog beam forming that characterized previous designs. The Pathfinder consists of two cylinders 37m long by 20m wide oriented north-south for a total collecting area of 1,500 square meters. The cylinders are stationary with no moving parts, and form a transit instrument with an instantaneous field of view of ?100 degrees by 1-2 degrees. Each CHIME Pathfinder cylinder has a feedline with 64 dual polarization feeds placed every ?30 cm which Nyquist sample the north-south sky over much of the frequency band. The signals from each dual-polarization feed are independently amplified, filtered to 400-800 MHz, and directly sampled at 800 MSps using 8 bits. The correlator is an FX design, where the Fourier transform channelization is performed in FPGAs, which are interfaced to a set of GPUs that compute the correlation matrix. The CHIME Pathfinder is a 1/10th scale prototype version of CHIME and is designed to detect the BAO feature and constrain the distance-redshift relation. The lessons learned from its implementation will be used to inform and improve the final CHIME design.",Airborne telescopes|Astrophysics|Cosmology|Frequency bands|Hydrogen|Low noise amplifiers|Mapping|Polarization|Power spectrum|Program processors|Radio astronomy|Acoustic oscillation|Astrophysical observatory|BAO|CHIME|Correlation matrix|Intensity mapping|Wide-field surveys,10.1117/12.2054950,21275478,,,,bf1a40e9-f1ba-4f79-b632-bcaa6d78a636,article,eng
Gemini planet imager observational calibrations VIII: Characterization and role of satellite spots,"Wang, Jason J.|Rajan, Abhijith|Graham, James R.|Savransky, Dmitry|Ingraham, Patrick J.|Ward-Duong, Kimberly|Patience, Jennifer|De Rosa, Robert J.|Bulger, Joanna|Sivaramakrishnan, Anand|Perrin, Marshall D.|Thomas, Sandrine J.|Sadakuni, Naru|Greenbaum, Alexandra Z.|Pueyo, Laurent|Marois, Christian|Oppenheimer, Ben R.|Kalas, Paul|Cardwell, Andrew|Goodsell, Stephen|Hibon, Pascale|Rantakyrö, Fredrik T.",,9147,,,,914755,2014,24/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496157,,"The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) combines extreme adaptive optics, an integral field spectrograph, and a high performance coronagraph to directly image extrasolar planets in the near-infrared. Because the coronagraph blocks most of the light from the star, it prevents the properties of the host star from being measured directly. Instead, satellite spots, which are created by diffraction from a square grid in the pupil plane, can be used to locate the star and extract its spectrum. We describe the techniques implemented into the GPI Data Reduction Pipeline to measure the properties of the satellite spots and discuss the precision of the reconstructed astrometry and spectrophotometry of the occulted star. We find the astrometric precision of the satellite spots in an H-band datacube to be 0.05 pixels and is best when individual satellite spots have a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of > 20. In regards to satellite spot spectrophotometry, we find that the total flux from the satellite spots is stable to ?7% and scales linearly with central star brightness and that the shape of the satellite spot spectrum varies on the 2% level.",Adaptive optics|Astronomy|Extrasolar planets|Infrared devices|Signal to noise ratio|Spectrophotometry|Stars|astrometry|Exo-planets|Gemini Planet Imager|GPI|High contrast imaging|Satellites,10.1117/12.2055753,21275483,,,,17e9a212-5008-472b-865a-1d3c73dcc2c8,article,eng
MAPLE: Reflected light from exoplanets with a 50-cm diameter stratospheric balloon telescope,"Marois, Christian|Bradley, Colin|Pazder, John|Nash, Reston|Metchev, Stanimir|Grandmont, Frédéric|Maire, Anne-Lise|Belikov, Ruslan|Macintosh, Bruce|Currie, Thayne|Galicher, Raphaël|Marchis, Franck|Mawet, Dimitri|Serabyn, Eugene|Steinbring, Eric",,9143,,,,91432R,2014,28/08/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,S{IE,9780819496119,,"Detecting light reflected from exoplanets by direct imaging is the next major milestone in the search for, and characterization of, an Earth twin. Due to the high-risk and cost associated with satellites and limitations imposed by the atmosphere for ground-based instruments, we propose a bottom-up approach to reach that ultimate goal with an endeavor named MAPLE. MAPLE first project is a stratospheric balloon experiment called MAPLE-50. MAPLE-50 consists of a 50 cm diameter off-axis telescope working in the near-UV. The advantages of the near-UV are a small inner working angle and an improved contrast for blue planets. Along with the sophisticated tracking system to mitigate balloon pointing errors, MAPLE-50 will have a deformable mirror, a vortex coronograph, and a self-coherent camera as a focal plane wavefront-sensor which employs an Electron Multiplying CCD (EMCCD) as the science detector. The EMCCD will allow photon counting at kHz rates, thereby closely tracking telescope and instrument-bench-induced aberrations as they evolve with time. In addition, the EMCCD will acquire the science data with almost no read noise penalty. To mitigate risk and lower costs, MAPLE-50 will at first have a single optical channel with a minimum of moving parts. The goal is to reach a few times 109 contrast in 25 h worth of flying time, allowing direct detection of Jovians around the nearest stars. Once the 50 cm infrastructure has been validated, the telescope diameter will then be increased to a 1.5 m diameter (MAPLE-150) to reach 1010 contrast and have the capability to image another Earth.",Adaptive optics|Astronomy|Extrasolar planets|Meteorological balloons|Millimeter waves|Space telescopes|Wavefronts|Coronagraph|Exo-planets|High contrast imaging|Planetary system|Space observatories|Wave front control|Balloons,10.1117/12.2056747,21275481,,,,02121eec-0c66-4a85-a2fc-6af621a73f5e,article,eng
Multi-granularity resource virtualization and sharing strategies in cloud manufacturing,"Liu, Ning|Li, Xiaoping|Shen, Weiming",Journal of Network and Computer Applications,46,,72,82,,2014,27/08/2014,,,1084-8045,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Cloud Manufacturing is a new and promising manufacturing paradigm. Resource virtualization is critical for Cloud Manufacturing. It encapsulates physical resources into cloud services and determines the robustness of the cloud platform. This paper proposes novel multi-granularity resource virtualization and sharing strategies for bridging the gap between complex manufacturing tasks and underlying resources. The proposed approach considers three factors, including workflow, activity, and resource that significantly influence stepwise decompositions of a complex manufacturing task. Resource aggregation functions are constructed to classify resources over different granularities. Resource clustering algorithms are presented for mapping physical resources to virtualized resources. Cloud service specifications are designed to describe virtualized resources and are implemented through a prototype. A case study is illustrated to validate the proposed approach.",Cloud Manufacturing|Multi-granularity|Resource Virtualization|Sharing strategies|Task decomposition|Virtualizations|Cloud computing,10.1016/j.jnca.2014.08.007,21275479,,,,0514398d-a522-4965-9f18-2786cb7e2239,article,eng
Observation of strongly entangled photon pairs from a nanowire quantum dot,"Versteegh, Marijn A. M.|Reimer, Michael E.|Jöns, Klaus D.|Dalacu, Dan|Poole, Philip J.|Gulinatti, Angelo|Giudice, Andrea|Zwiller, Val",Nature Communications,5,,,,5298,2014,31/10/2014,,,2041-1723,,,,,Macmillan Publishers,,,"A bright photon source that combines high-fidelity entanglement, on-demand generation, high extraction efficiency, directional and coherent emission, as well as position control at the nanoscale is required for implementing ambitious schemes in quantum information processing, such as that of a quantum repeater. Still, all of these properties have not yet been achieved in a single device. Semiconductor quantum dots embedded in nanowire waveguides potentially satisfy all of these requirements; however, although theoretically predicted, entanglement has not yet been demonstrated for a nanowire quantum dot. Here, we demonstrate a bright and coherent source of strongly entangled photon pairs from a position-controlled nanowire quantum dot with a fidelity as high as 0.859±0.006 and concurrence of 0.80±0.02. The two-photon quantum state is modified via the nanowire shape. Our new nanoscale entangled photon source can be integrated at desired positions in a quantum photonic circuit, single-electron devices and light-emitting diodes.",nanowire|quantum dot|electron|nanotechnology|quantum mechanics|theoretical study|birefringence|observational study|photon|polarization,10.1038/ncomms6298,21275475,,,,4ba836d0-4f96-4f58-b269-ecca5367b2a2,article,eng
Characterizing SL2S galaxy groups using the Einstein radius,"Verdugo, T.|Motta, V.|Foëx, G.|Forero-Romero, J. E.|Munõz, R. P.|Pello, R.|Limousin, M.|More, A.|Cabanac, R.|Soucail, G.|Blakeslee, J. P.|Mejiá-Narvaéz, A. J.|Magris, G.|Fernández-Trincado, J. G.",Astronomy and Astrophysics,571,,,,65,2014,13/11/2014,,,0004-6361,,,,,EDP Sciences,,,"Aims. We aim to study the reliability of RA (the distance from the arcs to the center of the lens) as a measure of the Einstein radius in galaxy groups. In addition, we want to analyze the possibility of using RA as a proxy to characterize some properties of galaxy groups, such as luminosity (L) and richness (N). Methods. We analyzed the Einstein radius, ?E, in our sample of Strong Lensing Legacy Survey (SL2S) galaxy groups, and compared it with RA, using three different approaches: 1) the velocity dispersion obtained from weak lensing assuming a singular isothermal sphere profile (?E,I); 2) a strong lensing analytical method (?E,II) combined with a velocity dispersion-concentration relation derived from numerical simulations designed to mimic our group sample; and 3) strong lensing modeling (?E,III) of eleven groups (with four new models presented in this work) using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) images. Finally, RA was analyzed as a function of redshift z to investigate possible correlations with L, N, and the richness-to-luminosity ratio (N/L). Results. We found a correlation between ?E and RA, but with large scatter. We estimate ?E,I = (2.2 ± 0.9) + (0.7 ± 0.2)RA, ?E,II = (0.4 ± 1.5) + (1.1 ± 0.4)RA, and ?E,III = (0.4 ± 1.5) + (0.9 ± 0.3)RA for each method respectively. We found weak evidence of anti-correlation between RA and z, with Log RA = (0.58 ± 0.06)-(0.04 ± 0.1)z, suggesting a possible evolution of the Einstein radius with z, as reported previously by other authors. Our results also show that RA is correlated with L and N (more luminous and richer groups have greater RA), and a possible correlation between RA and the N/L ratio. Conclusions. Our analysis indicates that RA is correlated with ?E in our sample, making RA useful for characterizing properties like L and N (and possibly N/L) in galaxy groups. Additionally, we present evidence suggesting that the Einstein radius evolves with z.",Dispersions|Luminance|Numerical methods|Analytical method|Einstein radius|Galaxies: groups: generals|Gravitational lensing: strong|Hubble space telescopes|Isothermal spheres|Velocity dispersion|Weak lensing|Galaxies,10.1051/0004-6361/201423696,21275444,,,,622f1645-50c5-4318-90b6-de5fad19f038,article,eng
The development and assessment of high-throughput mass spectrometry-based methods for the quantification of a nanoparticle drug delivery agent in cellular lysate,"Buse, Joshua|Purves, Randy W.|Verrall, Ronald E.|Badea, Ildiko|Zhang, Haixia|Mulligan, Christopher C.|Peru, Kerry M.|Bailey, Jonathan|Headley, John V.|El-Aneed, Anas",Journal of Mass Spectrometry,49,11,1171,1180,,2014,22/10/2014,,,1076-5174,,,,,Wiley,,,"The safe use of lipid-based drug delivery agents requires fast and sensitive qualitative and quantitative assessment of their cellular interactions. Many mass spectrometry (MS) based analytical platforms can achieve such task with varying capabilities. Therefore, four novel high-throughput MS-based quantitative methods were evaluated for the analysis of a small organic gene delivery agent: N,N-bis(dimethylhexadecyl)-1,3-propane-diammonium dibromide (G16-3). Analysis utilized MS instruments that detect analytes using low-resolution tandem MS (MS/MS) analysis (i.e. QTRAP or linear ion trap in this work) or high-resolution MS analysis (i.e. time of flight (ToF) or Orbitrap). Our results indicate that the validated fast chromatography (FC)-QTRAP-MS/MS, FC- LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, desorption electrospray ionization-collision-induced dissociation (CID)-MS/MS and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-ToF/ToF-MS MS methods were superior in the area of method development and sample analysis time to a previously developed liquid chromatography (LC)-CID-MS/MS. To our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of the abilities of five MS-based quantitative methods that target a single pharmaceutical analyte. Our findings indicate that, in comparison to conventional LC-CID-MS/MS, the new MS-based methods resulted in a (1) substantial reduction in the analysis time, (2) reduction in the time required for method development and (3) production of either superior or comparable quantitative data. The four new high-throughput MS methods, therefore, were faster, more efficient and less expensive than a conventional LC-CID-MS/MS for the quantification of the G16-3 analyte within tissue culture. When applied to cellular lysate, no significant change in the concentration of G16-3 gemini surfactant within PAM212 cells was observed between 5 and 53 h, suggesting the absence of any metabolism/excretion from PAM212 cells.","Chromatography|Desorption|Gene transfer|Ionization|Ionization of liquids|Liquids|Matrix algebra|Spectrometry|Surface active agents|Throughput|Tissue culture|Desorption electrospray ionization|Fast chromatography|Gemini surfactant|Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization|Electrospray ionization|lipid|n,n bis(dimethylhexadecyl) 1,3 propane diammonium|nanoparticle|surfactant|cell extract|analytic method|cell interaction|cell lysate|collisionally activated dissociation|controlled study|intermethod comparison|mass spectrometry|matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry|qualitative analysis|quantitative analysis|tandem mass spectrometry|tissue culture|cell line|drug delivery system|genetic transfection|high throughput screening|liquid chromatography|metabolism|reproducibility|sensitivity and specificity|statistical model|Linear Models|Pharmaceutical Preparations",10.1002/jms.3444,21275446,,,,85a9f48d-0663-40e2-98ca-d607d080148a,article,eng
Parameter estimation of a microbial fuel cell process control-oriented model,"Recio-Garrido, Dídac|Perrier, Michel|Tartakovsky, Boris",,,,918,923,6961491,2014,16/06/2014,,,,"2014 22nd Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, MED 2014","22nd Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, MED 2014, 16 June 2014 through 19 June 2014",,,IEEE,9781479959006,,"Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are novel devices capable of producing electricity while cleaning wastewater. Developing dynamic control-oriented models for such systems represents a crucial tool for the future design of software sensors and model-based control strategies. To this end, this work presents a MFC process control-oriented model obtained by combining fundamental equations based on mass and electron balances with equations describing an equivalent electrical circuit. Such model accounts for the double layer capacitance effect and complex nonlinear dynamics observed during pulse-width modulated operation of the external resistance and therefore, it is able to describe the observed biological or long-term dynamics as well as the electrical or short-term dynamics. The parameter estimation for a simulation and a prediction MFC process control-oriented model is here described.",Electrochemical electrodes|Fuel cells|Microbial fuel cells|Parameter estimation|Complex nonlinear dynamics|Control oriented models|Double-layer capacitance|Equivalent electrical circuits|External resistance|Fundamental equations|Microbial fuel cells (MFCs)|Modulated operations|Process control,10.1109/MED.2014.6961491,21275450,,,,7feb2fe1-7f92-46f4-ad7d-59cbc884bb63,article,eng
Poly(lactic acid) stereocomplex formation: Application to PLA rheological property modification,"Saeidlou, Sajjad|Huneault, Michel A.|Li, Hongbo|Park, Chul B.",Journal of Applied Polymer Science,,,,,,2014,21/06/2014,,,0021-8995,,,,,Wiley,,,"Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) stereocomplex formation in isothermal conditions in the absence and presence of a nucleating agent was studied from a rheological point of view due to sensitivity of viscoelastic properties to structural changes during this process. PDLA was melt blended in low concentrations with PLLA to produce a stereocomplex. Amorphous samples were prepared and crystallization was carried out in a rheometer at high temperatures to simulate melt processing conditions. Stereocomplexation was explored over time by measuring rheological parameters in small deformation oscillatory shear mode at a low frequency using parallel plate geometry. Kinetic data obtained by this means was compared to data from calorimetric studies, showing a different trend depending on the characterization method. Moreover, after the completion of crystallization, final crystalline structure was probed over a wide range of frequencies to investigate the rheological modification role of PDLA on PLLA major component. Differences in rheological characteristics of asymmetric PLLA/PDLA blends as compared to neat PLLA were associated to the structural changes happening because of the formation of the stereocomplex.",,10.1002/app.41073,21275454,,,,ab3a86d2-e750-43d6-9122-56d9b48c7c78,article,eng
High performance zinc oxide thin film transistors through improved material processing and device design,"Adl, Ahmad Hossein|Farsinezhad, Samira|Ma, Alex|Barlage, Douglas W.|Shankar, Karthik",,2B,,,,36941,2014,14/11/2014,,,,"ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings (IMECE)","ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE 2014, 14 November 2014 through 20 November 2014",,,American Society of Mechanical Engineers,9780791846445,,"Solution processing (SP) is a cheap, simple and highthroughput method for the fabrication of ZnO thin film transistors (TFTs). Lack of enhancement mode operation, poor crystallinity, traps, and poor control of the carrier concentration are some of the disadvantages of this method. The high intrinsic electron concentration of SP-ZnO makes saturation of TFTs non-trivial. We report on Schottky barrier thin film transistors (SB-TFT). By biasing the source Schottky contact in reverse bias, a depletion region is formed around the source contact hence depleting the region from the free charge carriers which produces the saturation of the device. The effect of the Schottky contact is illustrated by comparing the operation of SB-TFTs with that of conventional TFTs.",Carrier concentration|Schottky barrier diodes|Thin films|Zinc oxide|Electron concentration|Free charge carriers|High-throughput method|Material processing|Poor crystallinity|Schottky barrier thin-film transistors|Solution-processing|Zinc oxide thin films|Thin film transistors,10.1115/IMECE2014-36941,21275458,,,,1696b417-9c91-428c-9ef3-8c802ec99321,article,eng
Effects of temperature on the hardness and wear resistance of high-tungsten stellite alloys,"Liu, Rong|Wu, X. J.|Kapoor, Samit|Yao, M. X.|Collier, Rachel",Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science,46,2,587,599,,2014,18/11/2014,,,1073-5623,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"In this research, two new Stellite alloys containing high tungsten are developed for wear resistance application owing to the distinct beneficial effects of tungsten in Stellite alloys. The microstructures of these alloys are analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy system and X-ray diffraction spectrum. The micro-hardness and wear resistance of the alloys at room temperature and at elevated temperatures are investigated utilizing a Microhardness Tester Unit, with a Hot Stage, and a Hot Pin-on-Disk Tribometer, respectively. The wear test results of these alloys are compared with those of commercial wear-resistant Stellite 3 and Stellite 12. The worn surfaces of the specimens are analyzed using SEM/EDX to explore the wear mechanisms of these alloys with temperature change. The variations of hardness and wear resistance of these alloys with temperature are studied and discussed.",Alloys|Scanning electron microscopy|Stellite|Temperature|Tribology|Tungsten|X ray diffraction|Effects of temperature|Elevated temperature|Energy dispersive x-ray|Microhardness tester|Pin-on-disk tribometers|X-ray diffraction spectrum,10.1007/s11661-014-2664-8,21275459,,,,da27f876-dd8a-43c3-8cdd-32b24f059b4c,article,eng
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit IFN-?-induced IL-18 binding protein production by prostate cancer cells,"Wang, Xiaofeng|Breeze, Andrew|Kulka, Marianna","Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy",64,2,249,258,,2014,29/10/2014,,,0340-7004,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"Prostate cancer cells can produce IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) in response to interferon-? (IFN-?), which may function to neutralize IL-18, an anti-tumor factor formerly known as IFN-? inducing factor. The consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been associated with a lower risk of certain types of cancer including prostate cancer, although the precise mechanisms of this effect are poorly understood. We hypothesized that n-3 PUFAs could modify IL-18BP production by prostate cancer cells by altering IFN-? receptor-mediated signal transduction. Here, we demonstrate that n-3 PUFA treatment significantly reduced IFN-?-induced IL-18BP production by DU-145 and PC-3 prostate cancer cells by inhibiting IL-18BP mRNA expression and was associated with a reduction in IFN-? receptor expression. Furthermore, IFN-?-induced phosphorylation of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), and P38 were suppressed by n-3 PUFA treatment. By contrast, n-6 PUFA had no effect on IFN-? receptor expression, but decreased IFN-?-induced IL-18BP production and IFN-? stimulation of JAK1, STAT1, ERK1/2, and JNK phosphorylation. These data indicate that both n-3 and n-6 PUFAs may be beneficial in prostate cancer by altering IFN-? signaling, thus inhibiting IL-18BP production and thereby rendering prostate cancer cells more sensitive to IL-18-mediated immune responses.","gamma interferon|gamma interferon receptor|interleukin 18 binding protein|Janus kinase 1|messenger RNA|mitogen activated protein kinase 1|omega 3 fatty acid|STAT1 protein|synaptophysin|gamma interferon|gamma interferon receptor|interferon receptor|interleukin-18 binding protein|messenger RNA|signal peptide|cancer cell|cytokine production|immune response|prostate cancer|protein binding|protein expression|protein phosphorylation|signal transduction|biosynthesis|drug effects|gene expression regulation|genetics|metabolism|prostate tumor|tumor cell line|Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic|Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins|Prostatic Neoplasms",10.1007/s00262-014-1630-z,21275462,,,,e414a4f8-fc9f-40e4-9cbf-ae7d2efc2c84,article,eng
"Identification of candidate genes, regions and markers for pre-harvest sprouting resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","Cabral, Adrian L.|Jordan, Mark C.|McCartney, Curt A.|You, Frank M.|Humphreys, D. Gavin|MacLachlan, Ron|Pozniak, Curtis J.",BMC Plant Biology,14,1,,,340,2014,29/11/2014,,,1471-2229,,,,,BioMed Central,,,"Background: Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) of wheat grain leads to a reduction in grain yield and quality. The availability of markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of PHS resistance will serve to enhance breeding selection and advancement of lines for cultivar development. The aim of this study was to identify candidate regions and develop molecular markers for PHS resistance in wheat. This was achieved via high density mapping of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from an Illumina 90 K Infinium Custom Beadchip in a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from a RL4452/'AC Domain' cross and subsequent detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for PHS related traits (falling number [FN], germination index [GI] and sprouting index [SI]). SNP marker sequences flanking QTL were used to locate colinear regions in Brachypodium and rice, and identify genic markers associated with PHS resistance that can be utilized for MAS in wheat. Results: A linkage map spanning 2569.4 cM was constructed with a total of 12,201 SNP, simple sequence repeat (SSR), diversity arrays technology (DArT) and expressed sequence tag (EST) markers. QTL analyses using Multiple Interval Mapping (MIM) identified four QTL for PHS resistance traits on chromosomes 3B, 4A, 7B and 7D. Sequences of SNPs flanking these QTL were subject to a BLASTN search on the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC) database (http://wheat-urgi.versailles.inra.fr/Seq-Repository). Best survey sequence hits were subject to a BLASTN search on Gramene (www.gramene.org) against both Brachypodium and rice databases, and candidate genes and regions for PHS resistance were identified. A total of 18 SNP flanking sequences on chromosomes 3B, 4A, 7B and 7D were converted to KASP markers and validated with matching genotype calls of Infinium SNP data. Conclusions: Our study identified candidate genes involved in abscissic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) metabolism, and flowering time in four genomic regions of Brachypodium and rice respectively, in addition to 18 KASP markers for PHS resistance in wheat. These markers can be deployed in future genetic studies of PHS resistance and might also be useful in the evaluation of PHS in germplasm and breeding material.",Brachypodium|Triticum aestivum,10.1186/s12870-014-0340-1,21275464,,,,f5c630dc-92e4-4a42-b11a-d110456ea73e,article,eng
"The ambient and high temperature deformation behavior of Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy with minor Ti, Zr, Ni additions","Hernandez-Sandoval, J.|Garza-Elizondo, G. H.|Samuel, A. M.|Valtiierra, S.|Samuel, F. H.",Materials and Design,58,,89,101,,2014,27/01/2014,,,0264-1275,,,,,Elsevier,,,"The principal aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of minor additions of nickel and zirconium on the strength of cast aluminum alloy 354 at ambient and high temperatures. Tensile properties of the as-cast and heat-treated alloys were determined at room temperature and at high temperatures (190. °C, 250. °C, 350. °C). The results show that Zr reacts only with Ti, Si and Al. From the quality index charts constructed for these alloys, the quality index attains minimum and maximum values of 259. MPa and 459. MPa, in the as-cast and solution-treated conditions; also, maximum and minimum values of yield strength are observed at 345. MPa and 80. MPa, respectively, within the series of aging treatments applied. A decrease in tensile properties of ~10% with the addition of 0.4. wt.% nickel is attributed to a nickel-copper reaction. The reduction in mechanical properties due to addition of different elements is attributed principally to the increase in the percentage of intermetallic phase particles formed during solidification; such particles act as stress concentrators, decreasing the alloy ductility. Tensile test results at ambient temperatures show a slight increase (~10%) in alloys with Zr and Zr/Ni additions, particularly at aging temperatures above 240. °C. Additions of Zr and Zr. +. Ni increase the high temperature tensile properties, in particular for the alloy containing 0.2. wt.% Zr. +. 0.2. wt.% Ni, which exhibits an increase of more than 30% in the tensile properties at 300. °C compared with the base 354 alloy.",Aluminum|Aluminum alloys|Copper alloys|High temperature effects|Intermetallics|Mechanical properties|Nickel|Quality assurance|Silicon|Stress concentration|Tensile testing|Zirconium|Al-si-cu-mg alloys|Cast aluminum alloy|High temperature deformation behavior|High temperature tensile properties|Intermetallic phase|Quality indices|Solution-treated conditions|Stress concentrators|Titanium alloys,10.1016/j.matdes.2014.01.041,21275467,,,,eb307a77-d783-49d8-940b-a0c97da6d01e,article,eng
Advances in radical-trapping antioxidant chemistry in the 21st century: A kinetics and mechanisms perspective,"Ingold, Keith U.|Pratt, Derek A.",Chemical Reviews,114,18,9022,9046,,2014,02/09/2014,,,0009-2665,,,,,ACS Publishing,,,"Antioxidants were divided in two parts radical-trapping antioxidants (RTAs) and preventive antioxidants. By the final quarter of the 20th century, the commercial importance of antioxidants was overshadowed by their putative role in human health, as the implication of radical-mediated oxidation in virtually all types of degenerative diseases, including cancer and aging, emerged. From a commercial perspective, there continues to be significant interest in the development of RTA technology. Much of the industrial research effort has been on optimization of the structures of existing RTAs to provide appropriate physical properties and identification of combinations of existing RTAs that achieve optimal performance via the synergistic interactions.",Industrial research|Structural optimization|20th century|Anti-oxidant chemistry|Commercial perspectives|Degenerative disease|Kinetics and mechanism|Optimal performance|Radical trapping|Synergistic interaction|Antioxidants,10.1021/cr500226n,21275468,,,,be52eb53-3488-492c-8d10-f6d56d0a36e5,article,eng
Formation of inter-diffusion layer between NiCrAlY coating and Nb substrate during vacuum heat-treatment,"Saito, Shigeru|Takashima, Toshiyuki|Miyama, Katsumi|Narita, Toshio|Zhao, Linruo",Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi/Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals,78,9,359,363,,2014,01/09/2014,,,0021-4876,,,,,J-Stage,,,"The formation of the inter-diffusion zone (IDZ) between NiCrAlY coating and Nb substrate during vacuum heat treatment was investigated. A NiCrAlY coating was applied on Nb substrate by cathode arc deposition. Vacuum heat treatments were carried out at 800°C, 900°Cand 1000°C for 2 h. SEM, EPMA, EDS and XRD were performed to analyze the microstructure of the IDZ and the results were interpreted using the 1002°C isothermal ternary Nb-Ni-Cr phase diagram. It was found that at 800°C the IDZ has a single NbNi3layer; at 900°C the IDZ consists of an outer NbNi3layer, a thin intermediate NbCr2(HT) layer and an inner Nb7Ni6 layer; at 1000°C the IDZ has three well-developed layers: an outer NbNi3layer, an intermediate NbCr2(HT) layer and an inner Nb7Ni6 layer. A small amount of Cr exists in both NbNi3and Nb7Ni6phases as solid solution, and a large amount of Ni in NbCr2(HT) phase as solid solution.",Cathodes|Deposition|Diffusion|Diffusion coatings|Nickel|Solid solutions|Arc deposition|NbCr2(HT) phase|NbNi3 phase|Nickel chromium|Vacuum heat treatment|Heat treatment,10.2320/jinstmet.J2014017,21275469,,,,5d04a9ed-206a-4ff3-a09e-647f6bf3ddd8,article,
Batch-to-batch variation of polymeric photovoltaic materials: Its origin and impacts on charge carrier transport and device performances,"Lee, Harrison Ka Hin|Li, Zhao|Constantinou, Iordania|So, Franky|Tsang, Sai Wing|So, Shu Kong",Advanced Energy Materials,4,16,,,,2014,14/11/2014,,,1614-6832,,,,,Wiley,,,"A detailed investigation of the impact of molecular weight distribution of a photoactive polymer, poly[N-9?-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4?,7?-di-2-thienyl-2?,1?,3?-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT), on photovoltaic device performance and carrier transport properties is reported. It is found that different batches of as-received polymers have substantial differences in their molecular weight distribution. As revealed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), two peaks can generally be observed. One of the peaks corresponds to a high molecular weight component and the other peak corresponds to a low molecular weight component. Photovoltaic devices fabricated with a higher proportion of low molecular weight component have power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) reduced from 5.7% to 2.5%. The corresponding charge carrier mobility at the short-circuit region is also significantly reduced from 2.7 × 10-5 to 1.6 × 10-8 cm2 V-1 s-1. The carrier transport properties of the polymers at various temperatures are further analyzed by the Gaussian disorder model (GDM). All polymers have similar energetic disorders. However, they appear to have significant differences in carrier hopping distances. This result provides insight into the origin of the molecular weight effect on carrier transport in polymeric semiconducting materials. Batch-to-batch variation of the photovoltaic performance of devices based on commercial samples of the polymer poly[N-9?-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5- (4?,7?-di-2-thienyl-2?,1?,3?-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT) is reported, with efficiency ranging from 5.7% to 2.5%. As revealed by gel permeation chromatography, bimodal distributions are observed in the molecular weight. Charge transport data suggest that low molecular weight components increase the average hopping distance, resulting in lower mobility and poorer photovoltaic performance. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.",Carrier mobility|Carrier transport|Charge carriers|Charge transfer|Chromatography|Gel permeation chromatography|Molecular weight|Molecular weight distribution|Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons|Transport properties|Batch-to-batch variations|Gaussian disorder models|Gel permeation chromatography (GPC)|Hopping distances|Photovoltaic devices|Photovoltaic performance|Power conversion efficiencies|Semiconducting materials|Polymers,10.1002/aenm.201400768,21275470,,,,9e323c7a-959c-4041-870d-cbd5a93d4b7b,article,eng
Evaluation of electron beam welded AISI 415 stainless steel,"Sarafan, Sheida|Wanjara, Priti|Champliaud, Henri|Thibault, Denis|Mathieu, Louis",,2B,,,,39317,2014,14/11/2014,,,,"ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings (IMECE)","ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE 2014, 14 November 2014 through 20 November 2014",,,American Society of Mechanical Engineers,9780791846445,,"Sustainable manufacturing for assembly of turbines used in hydro power generation systems is driving the development of advanced technologies targeted to reduce life-cycle costs whilst assuring high performance over the prolonged product life-span. The turbine runner, a critical component in hydro power generation systems, requires weld assembly between the crown, band and blade sub-components. With due consideration of the thick-gauge sections involved, design and fabrication of a turbine runner that would integrate a high energy density technology for assembly, such as vacuum electron beam welding (EBW), has marked potential to achieve deep penetration with a low heat input, thereby rendering a weldment with narrow heataffected zones (HAZ) and low distortion. In this study, the weldability of thick-gauge section AISI 415 martensitic stainless steels that are widely utilized in hydro turbine manufacturing was investigated by EBW. Particularly, bead-on-plate (BOP) welding of 88 mm-thick AISI 415 plate was carried out using a 42 kW high vacuum EBW system. The characteristics of the weldments, such as fusion zone (FZ) and HAZ microstructures and hardness were evaluated. The microstructural constituents across the weldment for process conditions that rendered nearcomplete penetration were studied and related to the microhardness evolution.",Electron beam welding|Electron beams|Gages|Heat affected zone|Hydroelectric power|Martensitic stainless steel|Microhardness|Turbines|Turbomachine blades|Welding|High energy densities|Hydro-power generation|Microhardness evolutions|Sustainable manufacturing|Thick gauge section|Vacuum electron beam welding|Stainless steel,10.1115/IMECE2014-39317,21275471,,,,49361988-652a-4c5d-936c-2e5db381d81f,article,eng
Investigation of changes in tetracycline repressor binding upon mutations in the tetracycline operator,"Bolintineanu, Dan S.|Volzing, Katherine|Vivcharuk, Victor|Sayyed-Ahmad, Abdallah|Srivastava, Poonam|Kaznessis, Yiannis N.",Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data,59,10,3167,3176,,2014,11/08/2014,,,0021-9568,,,,,ACS Publications,,,"The tetracycline operon is an important gene network component, commonly used in synthetic biology applications because of its switch-like character. At the heart of this system is the highly specific interaction of the tet repressor protein (TetR) with its cognate DNA sequence (tetO). TetR binding on tetO practically stops expression of genes downstream of tetO by excluding RNA polymerase from binding the promoter and initiating transcription. Mutating the tetO sequence alters the strength of TetR-tetO binding and thus provides a tool to synthetic biologists to manipulate gene expression levels. We employ molecular dynamics (MD) simulations coupled with the free energy perturbation method to investigate the binding affinity of TetR to different tetO mutants. We also carry out in vivo tests in Escherichia coli for a series of promoters based on these mutants. We obtain reasonable agreement between experimental green fluorescent protein (GFP) repression levels and binding free energy differences computed from molecular simulations. In all cases, the wild-type tetO sequence yields the strongest TetR binding, which is observed both experimentally, in terms of GFP levels, and in simulation, in terms of free energy changes. Two of the four tetO mutants we tested yield relatively strong binding, whereas the other two mutants tend to be significantly weaker. The clustering and relative ranking of this subset of tetO mutants is generally consistent between our own experimental data, previous experiments with different systems and the free energy changes computed from our simulations. Overall, this work offers insights into an important synthetic biological system and demonstrates the potential, as well as limitations of molecular simulations to quantitatively explain biologically relevant behavior.",,10.1021/je500225x,21275472,,,,71c9cab7-718e-43b3-b6e8-35c32f2aaa35,article,eng
The UVIT telescopes on board the ISRO Astrosat Observatory,"Hutchings, J. B.",,9144,,,,914407,2014,24/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496126,,"UVIT consists of two co-aligned 38cm telescopes that provide ?1 arsec resolution imaging over 28 arcmin fields, in FUV, NUV, and Visible bands simultaneously. Each channel has a choice of filters, and, for the UV channels, gratings. UVIT is also co-aligned with three X-ray telescopes on the observatory, and all operate together. This paper gives details of the operation and performance of the instrument.",Image reconstruction|Imaging techniques|Observatories|Space telescopes|Multi-wavelengths|Resolution imaging|space|Ultraviolet|Visible band|X ray telescope|Gamma rays,10.1117/12.2056518,21275460,,,,f36c0de1-e32f-4aeb-915c-31ad435db2e7,article,eng
Optical turbulence profiling with SloDAR in the Canadian High Arctic,"Maire, Jérôme|Mieda, Etsuko|Steinbring, Eric|Murowinski, Richard|Graham, James R.|Carlberg, Raymond|Wright, Shelley A.|Law, Nicholas M.|Sivanandam, Suresh",,9145,,,,91453J,2014,22/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496133,,"The Earth's polar regions offer unique advantages for ground-based astronomical observations with its cold and dry climate, long periods of darkness, and the potential for exquisite image quality. We present preliminary results from a site-testing campaign during nighttime from October to November 2012 at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), on a 610-m high ridge near the Eureka weatherstation on Ellesmere Island, Canada. A Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor was employed, using the Slope Detection and Ranging (SloDAR) method. This instrument (Mieda et al, this conference) was designed to measure the altitude, strength and variability of atmospheric turbulence, in particular for operation under Arctic conditions. First SloDAR optical turbulence profiles above PEARL show roughly half of the optical turbulence confined to the boundary layer, below about 1 km, with the majority of the remainder in one or two thin layers between 2 km and 5 km, or above. The median seeing during this campaign was measured to be 0.65 arcsec.",Airborne telescopes|Atmospheric thermodynamics|Atmospheric turbulence|Boundary layers|Earth (planet)|Research laboratories|Space optics|Wavefronts|Astronomical instrument|Astronomical observation|Atmospheric characterization|Atmospheric research|Canadian high arctic|Polar environments|Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors|Wave front sensors|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2056588,21275466,,,,207ec278-c466-4f29-abe4-40f412c64d4a,article,eng
SPIRou: The near-infrared spectropolarimeter/high-precision velocimeter for the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope,"Artigau, Étienne|Kouach, Driss|Donati, Jean-FrançoisJ.-F.|Doyon, René|Delfosse, Xavier|Baratchart, Sébastien|Lacombe, Marielle|Moutou, Claire|Rabou, Patrick|Parès, Laurent P.|Micheau, Yoan|Thibault, Simon|Reshetov, Vladimir A.|Dubois, Bruno|Hernandez, Olivier|Vallée, Philippe|Wang, Shiang-Yu|Dolon, François|Pepe, Francesco A.|Bouchy, François|Striebig, Nicolas|Hénault, François|Loop, David|Saddlemyer, Leslie|Barrick, Gregory|Vermeulen, Tom|Dupieux, Michel|Hébrard, Guillaume|Boisse, Isabelle|Martioli, Eder|Alencar, Silvia H. P.|Do Nascimento, José-Diaz|Figueira, Pedro",,9147,,,,914715,2014,08/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496157,,"SPIRou is a near-IR echelle spectropolarimeter and high-precision velocimeter under construction as a next- generation instrument for the Canada-France-Hawaii-Telescope. It is designed to cover a very wide simultaneous near-IR spectral range (0.98-2.35 ?m) at a resolving power of 73.5K, providing unpolarized and polarized spectra of low-mass stars at a radial velocity (RV) precision of 1m/s. The main science goals of SPIRou are the detection of habitable super-Earths around low-mass stars and the study of stellar magnetism of star at the early stages of their formation. Following a successful final design review in Spring 2014, SPIRou is now under construction and is scheduled to see first light in late 2017. We present an overview of key aspects of SPIRou's optical and mechanical design.",Astronomy|Data handling|Data processing|Giant stars|Infrared devices|Infrared radiation|Planets|Stars|Telescopes|Velocity measurement|Design review|High-precision|Low-mass stars|Near Infrared|Optical and mechanical designs|Polarized spectra|Radial velocity|Spectropolarimeters|Velocimeters,10.1117/12.2055663,21275465,,,,2925ae10-5e67-40eb-a95e-9dbb88fa097b,article,eng
Volume stability of calcium-silicate-hydrate/polyaniline nanocomposites in aqueous salt solutions,"Khoshnazar, Rahil|Beaudoin, James J.|Raki, Laila|Alizadeh, Rouhollah",ACI Materials Journal,111,6,623,632,,2014,01/11/2014,,,0889-325X,,,,,American Concrete Institute,,,"The volume stability of phase pure calcium-silicate-hydrates (C-S-H) and C-S-H/polyaniline nanocomposites prepared with two CaO-SiO2 molar ratio (C/S) variations (0.8 and 1.2) was assessed in MgSO4, MgCl2, LiCl, and NaCl aqueous solutions. The change in the crystalline structure of the samples with the time of immersion was also explored using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis techniques. It was observed that the modification of the C-S-H samples with polyaniline significantly enhanced their volume stability and durability in all the salt solutions. The beneficial effect of the polyaniline modification was more pronounced in the C-S-H host with higher C/S (C/S = 1.2). The longitudinal expansion of the C-S-H/polyaniline nanocomposites with C/S = 1.2 in the salt solutions was about 30% of that of the phase pure C-S-H with a similar C/S ratio. In addition, the polyaniline modification of C-S-H samples reduced the rate of formation of gypsum, brucite, and other reaction products in the samples.",Additives|Calcium|Durability|Gravimetric analysis|Hydration|Nanocomposites|Phase stability|Polyaniline|Scanning electron microscopy|Silicate minerals|Thermogravimetric analysis|X ray diffraction|Aqueous salt solution|Calcium silicate hydrate|Crystalline structure|Longitudinal expansions|NaCl aqueous solution|Thermal gravimetric analysis|Volume stability,10.14359/51687127,21275452,,,,76105c5a-123f-4bef-aff2-27b657c47da3,article,eng
Study on relationships between climate-related covariates and pipe bursts using evolutionary-based modelling,"Laucelli, Daniele|Rajani, Balvant|Kleiner, Yehuda|Giustolisi, Orazio",Journal of Hydroinformatics,16,4,743,757,,2014,2014-07,,,1464-7141,,,,,IWA Publishing,,,"Researchers extensively studied external loads since they are widely recognized as significant contributors to water pipe failures. Physical phenomena that affect pipe bursts, such as pipeenvironment interactions, are very complex and only partially understood. This paper analyses the possible link between pipe bursts and climate-related factors. Many water utilities observed consistent occurrence of peaks in pipe bursts in some periods of the year, during winter or summer. The paper investigates the relationships between climate data (i.e., temperature and precipitationrelated covariates) and pipe bursts recorded during a 24-year period in Scarborough (Ontario, Canada). The Evolutionary Polynomial Regression modelling paradigm is used here. This approach is broader than statistical modelling, implementing a multi-modelling approach, where a multiobjective genetic algorithm is used to get optimal models in terms of parsimony of mathematical expressions vs. fitting to data. The analyses yielded interesting results, in particular for cold seasons, where the discerned models show good accuracy and the most influential explanatory variables are clearly identified. The models discerned for warm seasons show lower accuracy, possibly implying that the overall phenomena that underlay the generation of pipe bursts during warm seasons cannot be thoroughly explained by the available climate-related covariates.",,10.2166/hydro.2013.082,21275461,,,,4b8ea660-3027-42b6-918e-767f15122e6b,article,eng
"Compositional complexity of the mitochondrial proteome of a unicellular eukaryote (Acanthamoeba castellanii, supergroup Amoebozoa) rivals that of animals, fungi, and plants","Gawryluk, Ryan M. R.|Chisholm, Kenneth A.|Pinto, Devanand M.|Gray, Michael W.",Journal of Proteomics,109,,400,416,,2014,12/07/2014,,,1874-3919,,,,,Elsevier,,,"We present a combined proteomic and bioinformatic investigation of mitochondrial proteins from the amoeboid protist Acanthamoeba castellanii, the first such comprehensive investigation in a free-living member of the supergroup Amoebozoa. This protist was chosen both for its phylogenetic position (as a sister to animals and fungi) and its ecological ubiquity and physiological flexibility. We report 1033 A. castellanii mitochondrial protein sequences, 709 supported by mass spectrometry data (676 nucleus-encoded and 33 mitochondrion-encoded), including two previously unannotated mtDNA-encoded proteins, which we identify as highly divergent mitochondrial ribosomal proteins. Other notable findings include duplicate proteins for all of the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-which, along with the identification of a mitochondrial malate synthase-isocitrate lyase fusion protein, suggests the interesting possibility that the glyoxylate cycle operates in A. castellanii mitochondria. Additionally, the A. castellanii genome encodes an unusually high number (at least 29) of mitochondrion-targeted pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, organellar RNA metabolism factors in other organisms. We discuss several key mitochondrial pathways, including DNA replication, transcription and translation, protein degradation, protein import and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, highlighting similarities and differences in these pathways in other eukaryotes. In compositional and functional complexity, the mitochondrial proteome of A. castellanii rivals that of multicellular eukaryotes. Biological significance: Comprehensive proteomic surveys of mitochondria have been undertaken in a limited number of predominantly multicellular eukaryotes. This phylogenetically narrow perspective constrains and biases our insights into mitochondrial function and evolution, as it neglects protists, which account for most of the evolutionary and functional diversity within eukaryotes. We report here the first comprehensive investigation of the mitochondrial proteome in a member (A. castellanii) of the eukaryotic supergroup Amoebozoa. Through a combination of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and in silico data mining, we have retrieved 1033 candidate mitochondrial protein sequences, 709 having MS support. These data were used to reconstruct the metabolic pathways and protein complexes of A. castellanii mitochondria, and were integrated with data from other characterized mitochondrial proteomes to augment our understanding of mitochondrial proteome evolution. Our results demonstrate the power of combining direct proteomic and bioinformatic approaches in the discovery of novel mitochondrial proteins, both nucleus-encoded and mitochondrion-encoded, and highlight the compositional complexity of the A. castellanii mitochondrial proteome, which rivals that of animals, fungi and plants.",glyoxylic acid|hybrid protein|iron|isocitrate lyase|malate synthase|mitochondrial protein|pyruvic acid|sulfur|tricarboxylic acid|ferrous sulfide|isocitrate lyase|malate synthase|mitochondrial DNA|proteome|ribosome protein|amino acid metabolism|amino acid sequence|bioinformatics|biosynthesis|cell nucleus|cell respiration|chemical composition|computer model|data mining|DNA metabolism|DNA replication|DNA transcription|mass spectrometry|mitochondrial targeting signal|molecular evolution|phylogeny|protein analysis|protein degradation|protein domain|protein metabolism|protein targeting|protein transport|RNA metabolism|citric acid cycle|nucleotide metabolism|protist|tandem mass spectrometry|Acanthamoeba castellanii|Amoebozoa|Fungi,10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.005,21275451,,,,d47df9aa-60b7-4050-827e-0313554dc565,article,eng
Short-time dynamics at a conical intersection in high-harmonic spectroscopy,"Patchkovskii, Serguei|Schuurman, Michael S.",The Journal of Physical Chemistry A,118,51,12069,12079,,2014,14/10/2014,,,1089-5639,,,,,ACS Publications,,,"High-harmonic spectroscopy probes molecular dynamics using electrons liberated from the same molecule earlier in the laser cycle. It affords sub-A?ngstrom spatial and subfemtosecond temporal resolution. Nuclear dynamics in the intermediate cation influence the spectrum of the emitted high-harmonic photons through an autocorrelation function. Here, we develop an analytical approach for computing short-time nuclear autocorrelation functions in the vicinity of conical intersections, including laser-induced and nonadiabatic coupling between the surfaces. We apply the technique to two molecules of current experimental interest, C6H6 and C6H5F. In both molecules, high-harmonics generated within the same electronic channel are not sensitive to nonadiabatic dynamics, even in the presence of substantial population transfer. Calculated autocorrelation functions exhibit significant deviations from the expected Gaussian decay and may undergo revivals at short (?1.5 fs) times. The associated phase of the nuclear wavepacket provides a possible experimental signature.",Harmonic analysis|Molecular dynamics|Molecules|Optical systems|Analytical approach|Autocorrelation functions|Conical intersection|Electronic channels|Non-adiabatic coupling|Non-adiabatic dynamics|Population transfer|Short-time dynamics|Autocorrelation,,21275463,,,,aad3fd82-4d1b-46b5-8a04-31cbd7427a52,article,eng
Planar patch clamp for neuronal networks - Considerations and future perspectives,"Bosca, Alessandro|Martina, Marzia|Py, Christophe",Methods in Molecular Biology,1183,,93,113,,2014,20/06/2014,,,1064-3745,,,,,Springer International Publishing,9781493910953,,"The patch-clamp technique is generally accepted as the gold standard for studying ion channel activity allowing investigators to either ""clamp"" membrane voltage and directly measure transmembrane currents through ion channels, or to passively monitor spontaneously occurring intracellular voltage oscillations. However, this resulting high information content comes at a price. The technique is labor-intensive and requires highly trained personnel and expensive equipment. This seriously limits its application as an interrogation tool for drug development. Patch-clamp chips have been developed in the last decade to overcome the tedious manipulations associated with the use of glass pipettes in conventional patch-clamp experiments. In this chapter, we describe some of the main materials and fabrication protocols that have been developed to date for the production of patch-clamp chips. We also present the concept of a patch-clamp chip array providing high resolution patch-clamp recordings from individual cells at multiple sites in a network of communicating neurons. On this chip, the neurons are aligned with the aperture-probes using chemical patterning. In the discussion we review the potential use of this technology for pharmaceutical assays, neuronal physiology and synaptic plasticity studies.",silicon dioxide|silicon nitride|cell adhesion|cell aggregation|immunofluorescence microscopy|microelectromechanical system|microfluidics|microtechnology|nerve cell culture|nerve cell network|nerve cell plasticity|planar patch clamp|scanning electron microscopy,10.1007/978-1-4939-1096-0_6,21275445,,,,717d87d9-de64-423d-8916-da20da1ea5ec,article,eng
Capture of CO2 and storage in depleted gas reservoirs in Alberta as gas hydrate,"Sun, Duo|Daraboina, Nagu|Ripmeester, John|Englezos, Peter",,,,305,310,,2014,12/09/2014,,,,,,Gas Injection for Disposal and Enhanced Recovery,,Wiley,9781118938607|9781118938560,,"Storage of CO2 in depleted natural gas reservoirs is considered an attractive option to mitigate climate change concerns arising from the emissions of CO2 from sources such as thermal power plants. A number of depleted gas reservoirs located in Northern Alberta with the pressure and temperature conditions of 2-5 MPa and 1-10°C, respectively, are identified as potential sites for CO2 storage in gas hydrate form. CO2 hydrate is ice-like crystalline compound consisting of hydrogen-bonded water molecules and CO2 molecules. The water molecules build a network with hydrogen bonds to stabilize CO2 molecules in it. Equilibrium pressures of CO2 hydrate corresponding to 1 and 10°C are 1.41 and 4.29 MPa, respectively. Therefore, the pressure and temperature conditions of depleted gas reservoirs in Northern Alberta are within CO2 hydrate formation region. There are several computer simulations that have demonstrated the possibility of storing CO2 as solid hydrate in these depleted natural gas pools. However, there has not any laboratory demonstration of CO2 injection and storage in a simulated depleted gas reservoir. We are investigating the injection of CO2 in a bed of silica sand partially saturated with water (wet sand) at pressure and temperature conditions similar to those in a typical depleted gas reservoir in Northern Alberta. Through the pressure drop measurements, the CO2 gas consumption is determined and also the amount of water converted to hydate is calculated. The results indicate that most CO2 gas is consumed in a Semi-batch gas injection experiment, and 35-40%,40-45%, and 45-50% of water formed hydrate in Batch, Series-batch, and Semibatch gas injection experiments, respectively.",,10.1002/9781118938607.ch17,21275456,,,,fd2098c5-8a2b-449c-97ff-a1417d151737,chapter,eng
A measurement of the systematic astrometric error in GeMS and the short-term astrometric precision in ShaneAO,"Ammons, S. Mark|Neichel, Benoit|Lu, Jessica|Gavel, Donald T.|Srinath, Srikar|McGurk, Rosalie|Rudy, Alex|Rockosi, Connie|Marois, Christian|MacIntosh, Bruce|Savransky, Dmitry|Galicher, Raphael|Bendek, Eduardo|Guyon, Olivier|Marin, Eduardo|Garrel, Vincent|Sivo, Gaetano",,9148,,,,91481J,2014,07/08/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014",,,SPIE,9780819496164,,"We measure the long-term systematic component of the astrometric error in the GeMS MCAO system as a function of field radius and Ks magnitude. The experiment uses two epochs of observations of NGC 1851 separated by one month. The systematic component is estimated for each of three field of view cases (15'' radius, 30'' radius, and full field) and each of three distortion correction schemes: 8 DOF/chip + local distortion correction (LDC), 8 DOF/chip with no LDC, and 4 DOF/chip with no LDC. For bright, unsaturated stars with 13 < Ks < 16, the systematic component is < 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mas, respectively, for the 15'' radius, 30'' radius, and full field cases, provided that an 8 DOF/chip distortion correction with LDC (for the full-field case) is used to correct distortions. An 8 DOF/chip distortion-correction model always outperforms a 4 DOF/chip model, at all field positions and magnitudes and for all field-of-view cases, indicating the presence of high-order distortion changes. Given the order of the models needed to correct these distortions (?8 DOF/chip or 32 degrees of freedom total), it is expected that at least 25 stars per square arcminute would be needed to keep systematic errors at less than 0.3 milliarcseconds for multi-year programs. We also estimate the short-term astrometric precision of the newly upgraded Shane AO system with undithered M92 observations. Using a 6-parameter linear transformation to register images, the system delivers ?0.3 mas astrometric error over short-term observations of 2-3 minutes.",Degrees of freedom (mechanics)|Linear transformations|Mathematical transformations|Stars|Systematic errors|Tomography|astrometry|Brown dwarfs|M92|multi-conjugate|NGC 1851|Adaptive optics,10.1117/12.2057233,21275455,,,,49343b15-02eb-4388-8011-69dbdbc37ba4,article,eng
Near-infrared detection and characterization of the exoplanet HD 95086 b with the Gemini Planet Imager,"Galicher, R.|Rameau, J.|Bonnefoy, M.|Baudino, J. -L.|Currie, T.|Boccaletti, A.|Chauvin, G.|Lagrange, A. -M.|Marois, C.",Astronomy and Astrophysics,565,,,,L4,2014,05/05/2014,,,0004-6361,,,,,EDP Sciences,,,"HD 95086 is an intermediate-mass debris-disk-bearing star. VLT/NaCo 3.8 ?m observations revealed it hosts a 5 ± 2 MJup companion (HD 95086 b) at ≠56 AU. Follow-up observations at 1.66 and 2.18 ?m yielded a null detection, suggesting extremely red colors for the planet and the need for deeper direct-imaging data. In this Letter, we report H-(1.7 ?m) and K1-(2.05 ?m) band detections of HD 95086 b from Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) commissioning observations taken by the GPI team. The planet position in both spectral channels is consistent with the NaCo measurements and we confirm it to be comoving. Our photometry yields colors of H-L? = 3.6 ± 1.0 mag and K1-L? = 2.4 ± 0.7 mag, consistent with previously reported 5-? upper limits in H and Ks. The photometry of HD 95086 b best matches that of 2M 1207 b and HR 8799 cde. Comparing its spectral energy distribution with the BT-SETTL and LESIA planet atmospheric models yields Teff ~ 600-1500 K and log g ~ 2.1-4.5. Hot-start evolutionary models yield M = 5 ± 2 MJup. Warm-start models reproduce the combined absolute fluxes of the object for M = 4-14 M Jup for a wide range of plausible initial conditions (S init = 8-13 kB/baryon). The color-magnitude diagram location of HD 95086 b and its estimated Teff and log g suggest that the planet is a peculiar L-T transition object with an enhanced amount of photospheric dust.",Color|Photometry|Planets|Stars|Color magnitude diagrams|Evolutionary models|Initial conditions|Instrumentation: adaptive optics|Planets and satellites: atmospheres|Planets and satellites: detections|Spectral energy distribution|Stars: individual|Satellites,10.1051/0004-6361/201423839,21275447,,,,156f3142-421c-47c6-9d64-f8a16af6fec1,article,eng
Residual stress mapping along the cylinder bores of Al alloy engine blocks subjected to production solution heat treatment schedule,"Lombardi, Anthony|Sediako, Dimitry|Ravindran, C.(Ravi)|Mackay, Robert",SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing,7,2,415,420,,2014,01/04/2014,,,1946-3979,,,,,SAE International,,,"The development of an optimized heat treatment schedule, with the aim of maximizing strength and relieving tensile residual stress, is important to prevent in-service cylinder distortion in Al alloy engine blocks containing cast-in gray iron liners. However, to effectively optimize the engine block heat treatment schedule, the current solutionizing parameters must be analyzed and compared to the as-cast condition to establish a baseline for residual stress relief. In this study, neutron diffraction was carried out to measure the residual stress along the aluminum cylinder bridge following solution heat treatment. The stresses were measured in the hoop, radial and axial orientations and compared to a previous measured as-cast (TSR) engine block. The results suggest that solution heat treatment using the current production parameters partially relieved tensile residual stress in the Al cylinder bridge, with stress relief being more effective near the bottom of the cylinder.",Aluminum cylinders|Axial orientations|Current production|Cylinder bore|Engine blocks|Heat treatment schedule|Solution heat treatment|Tensile residual stress|Aluminum|Cast iron|Engines|Heat treatment|Neutron diffraction|Residual stresses|Cylinder blocks,10.4271/2014-01-0837,21275448,,,,ec895e75-efef-4b5c-8b67-8936c7124e9f,article,eng
Carbohydrate functionalization of silver nanoparticles modulates cytotoxicity and cellular uptake,"Kennedy, David C.|Orts-Gil, Guillermo|Lai, Chian-Hui|Müller, Larissa|Haase, Andrea|Luch, Andreas|Seeberger, Peter H.",Journal of Nanobiotechnology,12,1,,,59,2014,19/12/2014,,,1477-3155,,,,,BioMed Central,,,"Background: Increasing use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in various products is resulting in a greater likelihood of human exposure to these materials. Nevertheless, little is still known about the influence of carbohydrates on the toxicity and cellular uptake of nanoparticles. Methods: Ag-NPs functionalized with three different monosaccharides and ethylene glycol were synthesized and characterised. Oxidative stress and toxicity was evaluated by protein carbonylation and MTT assay, respectively. Cellular uptake was evaluated by confocal microscopy and ICP-MS. Results: Ag-NPs coated with galactose and mannose were considerably less toxic to neuronal-like cells and hepatocytes compared to particles functionalized by glucose, ethylene glycol or citrate. Toxicity correlated to oxidative stress but not to cellular uptake. Conclusions: Carbohydrate coating on silver nanoparticles modulates both oxidative stress and cellular uptake, but mainly the first has an impact on toxicity. These findings provide new perspectives on modulating the bioactivity of Ag-NPs by using carbohydrates.",Carbonylation|Ethylene|Nanoparticles|Polyols|Toxicity|Biointerfaces|Carbohydrate coatings|Functionalizations|Nanotoxicology|Silver|carbohydrate|ethylene glycol|galactose|glucose|mannose|monosaccharide|reactive oxygen metabolite|silver nanoparticle|sugar|carbohydrate analysis|cell culture|cell surface|cellular parameters|cellular uptake|confocal microscopy|cytotoxicity|liver cell|MTT assay|oxidative stress|particle size|polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis|protein carbonylation|roentgen spectroscopy|synthesis|transmission electron microscopy|zeta potential,10.1186/s12951-014-0059-z,21275453,,,,3e93f58d-2ab6-47c7-8617-08a5f9183303,article,eng
"Paralytic shellfish toxins, including deoxydecarbamoyl-STX, in wild-caught Tasmanian abalone (Haliotis rubra)","Harwood, D. Tim|Selwood, Andrew I.|van Ginkel, Roel|Waugh, Craig|McNabb, Paul S.|Munday, Rex|Hay, Brenda|Thomas, Krista|Quilliam, Michael A.|Malhi, Navreet|Dowsett, Natalie|McLeod, Catherine",Toxicon,90,,213,225,,2014,23/08/2014,,,0041-0101,,,,,Elsevier,,,"For the first time wild-caught Tasmanian abalone, Haliotis rubra, have been reported to contain paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). This observation followed blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. No illnesses were reported, but harvesting restrictions were enforced in commercial areas. Abalone were assayed using HPLC-FLD methodology based on AOAC official method 2005.06. An uncommon congener, deoxydecarbamoyl-STX (doSTX), was observed in addition to regulated PSTs as unassigned chromatographic peaks. A quantitative reference material was prepared from contaminated Tasmanian abalone viscera and ampouled at 54.2 ?mol/L. The LD50 of doSTX via intraperitoneal injection was 1069 nmol/kg (95% confidence limits 983-1100 nmol/kg), indicating it is nearly 40 times less toxic than STX. A toxicity equivalence factor of 0.042 was generated using the mouse bioassay. Levels of PSTs varied among individuals from the same site, although the toxin profile remained relatively consistent. In the foot tissue, STX, decarbamoyl-STX and doSTX were identified. On a molar basis doSTX was the dominant congener in both foot and viscera samples. The viscera toxin profile was more complex, with other less toxic PST congeners observed and was similar to mussels from the same site. This finding implicates localised dinoflagellate blooms as the PST source in Tasmanian abalone.","marine toxin|animal|Australia|gastropod|isolation and purification|liquid chromatography|metabolism|standard|tandem mass spectrometry|Animals|Chromatography, Liquid|Gastropoda|Marine Toxins|Reference Standards|Tandem Mass Spectrometry|Tasmania",10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.058,21275449,,,,cc4b617f-0c4e-40a1-925c-84d6ea651267,article,eng
Field comparison study of indoor environment quality in office buildings with underfloor and overhead ventilation systems,"Ouazia, Boualem|Tardif, Michel|Thompson, Alexandra|Booth, Daniel",,,,,,,2014,01/07/2014,,,,ASHRAE Transactions,"ASHRAE 2014 Annual Conference, June 28-July, 2014, Seattle, WA, USA",,,,,,"The use of UFAD (Underfloor Air Distribution) systems is increasing rapidly and reported advantages of UFAD include energy savings and improved indoor air quality. At present few publications documenting measurements of ventilation effectiveness and indoor environment quality in occupied buildings with UFAD have been identified. In this field comparison study we measured several aspects of the thermal environment in two buildings with different ventilation systems (underfloor air distribution and mixing) located in Montreal (Quebec). The results are presented in terms of thermal stratification, predicted thermal comfort indices (VATD , limit to air speed and PMV/ PPD), and IAQ index (CO2 level and stratification). The aim of the study was to determine whether UFAD in practice results in improved ventilation effectiveness compared to typical overhead air distribution without affecting the thermal comfort. The study found that there was little stratification for UFAD under operating conditions and it performed as a mixing system, thus no improvement in ventilation effectiveness was identified in the occupied zone, in comparison to the reference mixing system. In addition the predicted thermal comfort in term of VATD, air speed and PMV/PPD was similar to those obtained for mixing ventilation and was within the acceptable limits set by ASHRAE 55-2010.",UFAD; mixing ventilation; office building; IAQ; predicted thermal comfort,,21275443,NRC-CONST-56151,,,f7ceb901-de1e-4109-9dac-5074c2dfe5ad,article,eng
Metabolomic shifts in Brassica napus lines with enhanced BnPLC2 activity impact their response to low temperature stress and plant pathogens,"Nokhrina, Kateryna|Ray, Heather|Bock, Cheryl|Georges, Fawzy",GM Crops and Food,5,2,120,131,,2014,2014,,,2164-5698,,,,,,,,"Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C2 (PLC2) is a signaling enzyme with hydrolytic activity against membrane-bound phosphoinositides. It catalyzes the cleavage of phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) into two initial second messengers, myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). The former, as well as its fully phosphorylated derivative, myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (InsP6), play a major role in calcium signaling events within the cell, while DAG may be used in the regeneration of phospholipids or as a precursor for phosphatidic acid (PA) biosynthesis, an important signaling molecule involved in both biotic and abiotic types of stress tolerance. Overexpression of the gene for Brassica napus phospholipase C2 (BnPLC2) in Brassica napus has been shown to enhance drought tolerance, modulate multiple genes involved in different processes and favorably affect hormonal levels in different tissues. We, therefore, undertook the current study with a view to examining, at the metabolome level, its effect on both abiotic (low temperature) and biotic (stem white rot disease) types of stress in canola. Thus, while transgenic plants exhibited a significant rise in maltose levels and a concomitant elevation in some unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs), glycerol, and glycerol 3-phosphate under subzero temperatures, they accumulated high levels of raffinose, stachyose and other sugars as well as some flavonoids under acclimatization conditions. Collectively, overexpression of BnPLC2 appears to have triggered different metabolite patterns consistent with its abiotic and, to a limited extent, biotic stress tolerance phenotypes.","abiotic stress,
biotic stress;
canola;
cold;
metabolomics;
phospholipase C;
sclerotinia;
signal transduction",10.4161/gmcr.28942,21275441,55990,,,afca2a05-2ba0-444f-912d-ac25571a192c,article,eng
Genome-wide analysis of drought induced gene expression changes in flax (Linum usitatissimum),"Dash, Prasanta K.|Cao, Yongguo|Jailani, Abdul K.|Gupta, Payal|Venglat, Prakesh|Xiang, Daoquan|Rai, Rhitu|Sharma, Rinku|Thirunavukkarasu, Nepolean|Abdin, Malik Z.|Yadava, Devenedra K.|Singh, Nagendra K.|Singh, Jas|Selvaraj, Gopalan|Deyholos, Mike|Kumar, Polumetla Ananda|Datla, Raju",GM Crops and Food,5,2,,,,2014,17/07/2014,,,2164-5698,,,,,,,,"A robust phenotypic plasticity to ward off adverse environmental conditions determines performance and productivity in crop plants. Flax (linseed), is an important cash crop produced for natural textile fiber (linen) or oilseed with many health promoting products. This crop is prone to drought stress and yield losses in many parts of the world. Despite recent advances in drought research in a number of important crops, related progress in flax is very limited. Since, response of this plant to drought stress has not been addressed at the molecular level; we conducted microarray analysis to capture transcriptome associated with induced drought in flax. This study identified 183 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with diverse cellular, biophysical and metabolic programs in flax. The analysis also revealed especially the altered regulation of cellular and metabolic pathways governing photosynthesis. Additionally, comparative transcriptome analysis identified a plethora of genes that displayed differential regulation both spatially and temporally. These results revealed co-regulated expression of 26 genes in both shoot and root tissues with implications for drought stress response. Furthermore, the data also showed that more genes are upregulated in roots compared to shoots, suggesting that roots may play important and additional roles in response to drought in flax. With prolonged drought treatment, the number of DEGs increased in both tissue types. Differential expression of selected genes was confirmed by qRT-PCR, thus supporting the suggested functional association of these intrinsic genes in maintaining growth and homeostasis in response to imminent drought stress in flax. Together the present study has developed foundational and new transcriptome data sets for drought stress in flax.","flax/linseed;
drought;
abiotic stress;
microarray;
gene expression profiling;
transcriptomics",10.4161/gmcr.29742,21275440,56009,,,2d172585-7829-4ba2-b1c4-63e8def42c58,article,eng
"UBC13, an E2 enzyme for Lys63-linked ubiquitination, functions in root development by affecting auxin signaling and Aux/IAA protein stability","Wen, Rui|Wang, Sheng|Xiang, Daoquan|Venglat, Prakash|Shi, Xianzong|Zang, Yuepeng|Datla, Raju|Xiao, Wei|Wang, Hong",The Plant Journal,80,3,424,436,,2014,03/10/2014,,,0960-7412,,,,,,,,"Unlike conventional lysine (K) 48–linked polyubiquitination, K63-linked polyubiquitination plays signaling roles in yeast and animals. Thus far, UBC13 is the only known ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) specialized in K63-linked polyubiquitination. Previous identification of Arabidopsis genes encoding UBC13 as well as its interacting partner UEV1 indicates that the UBC13-mediated ubiquitination pathway is conserved in plants; however, little is known about functions and signaling mediated through K63-linked polyubiquitination in plants. To address the functions of UBC13-mediated ubiquitination in plants, we created Arabidopsis ubc13 null mutant lines in which the two UBC13 genes were disrupted. The double mutant displayed altered root development, including shorter primary root, fewer lateral roots and only a few short root hairs in comparison with the wild type and single mutant plants, indicating that UBC13 activity is critical for all major aspects of root development. The double mutant plants were insensitive to auxin treatments, suggesting that the strong root phenotypes do not simply result from a reduced level of auxin. Instead, the ubc13 mutant had a reduced auxin response, as indicated by the expression of an auxin-responsive DR5 promoter-GFP. Furthermore, both the enzymatic activity and protein level of an AXR3/IAA17-GUS reporter were greatly increased in the ubc13 mutant, whereas the induction of many auxin-responsive genes was suppressed. Collectively, these results suggest that Aux/IAA proteins accumulate in the ubc13 mutant, resulting in a reduced auxin response and defective root development. Hence, this study provides possible mechanistic links between UBC13-mediated protein ubiquitination, root development and auxin signaling.","Arabidopsis ;
UBC13;
Lys63-linked;
protein ubiquitination;
root development;
auxin signaling",10.1111/tpj.12644,21275436,,,,75a5f45d-2884-4ccb-a7be-5250b935a474,article,eng
"From blind spot into the spotlight: introduction to the special issue 'Light, lighting, and human behaviour'|From blind spot into the spotlight: editorial to the special issue 'Light, lighting, and human behaviour'","de Kort, Yvonne A. W.|Veitch, Jennifer A.",Journal of Environmental Psychology,39,,1,4,,2014,2014-06,,,0272-4944,,,,,,,,"Light stimulates vision, and a growing body of knowledge shows that the environment thus revealed affects mood, health, and cognition. Recent neurological and biological discoveries of non-visual processes stimulated by light have spurred a wealth of research in those areas, but these processes are as behavioural, and therefore psychological, as they are physiological. Lighting research is an interdisciplinary activity, one that we think should attract greater attention from environmental psychologists. This editorial outlines the underlying processes through which light and lighting influence behaviour, and describes the diverse articles in the special issue. Collectively, the papers in this special issue convey the message that light and lighting deserve more attention from psychologists; rather than being a fringe topic, it should be near the heart of the domain of environmental psychology.",,10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.06.005,21275417,NRC-CONST-56176|NRCC 56201,,,83865704-7c58-46bd-a324-2829b6f69706,article,eng
Instrumentation for monitoring pavement performance in cold regions,"Maadani, Omran|Halim, A. O. Abd El|Mostafa, Nofal",Journal of cold region engineering,,,,,,2014,09/10/2014,,,0087-381X|1943-5495,,,,,,,,"The Mechanistic-Empirical(ME) design guide developed under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program represents a true change in the approach to engineering road structures. Changes in material properties with seasonal variations in moisture and temperature condition, which influence the mechanical response of the materials and hence the structural response of road layers, forced reliance on empirical measures to predict performance. These empirical functions will require calibration to ensure the prediction model is responsive to local conditions including adopted construction practice. The performance of pavements in cold regions clearly reveal the need to properly measure the distribution of stresses, strains, moisture, and thermal regimes, within road layers over a period of time. This paper presents the design, implementation, and use of a practical road instrumentation monitoring system capable of capturing all structural and environmental data for roadways. This proposed road installation scheme is simple yet effective in generating data that be used to calibrate a host of design M-E and visco-elastic models including the new AASHTO design guide. Details include selection of sensors, data acquisition systems, data processing techniques and some actual data.",pavement performance|cold region,10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000087,21275416,NRC-CONST-56173,,,c048602d-10ec-46c9-a284-cdbe5cc8a70f,article,eng
Reliability-based life cycle design of resilient highway bridge,"Lounis, Zoubir",,,,01-Nov,11-Nov,1553356,2014,2014,,,,"Transportation 2014: Past, Present, Future - 2014 Conference and Exhibition of the Transportation Association of Canada","Transportation 2014: Past, Present, Future - 2014 Conference and Exhibition of the Transportation Association of Canada, Sept. 27 -Oct. 1, 2014, Montréal, Canada",,,,,,"Highway bridges are critical links in Canada’s transportation network, which enable personal mobility and transport of goods that support trade and economic development of neighbouring communities. Highway bridges should be designed and maintained to last at least 75 years with minimum maintenance. The average service life of bridge structures vary from 30 years to 100 years, which are continually extended by using different maintenance and rehabilitation strategies. Different technologies are used for bridge life extensions, including different combinations of protective systems, repair, strengthening, rehabilitation, and replacement actions of decks, superstructures, substructures and entire bridges. The growing concerns with aging bridges, increased load and reduced strength, environmental protection and vulnerability to extreme events require the development of resilient transportation infrastructure that minimizes traffic disruption and ensures social, economic and environmental sustainability and resilience over the entire life cycle of the bridge. Given the considerable uncertainty that is associated with the key parameters and physical models that affect the life cycle performance of highway bridges, there is a need to develop robust mechanistic and stochastic models to predict the service life of bridges. This paper presents a practical reliability-based approach for the life cycle design of resilient concrete bridges that enables to achieve long life bridges with an acceptable probability of failure, which minimizes traffic disruption and reduces the life cycle costs to the bridge owners and users. An example illustrates the benefits of implementing a life cycle-based design approach through the construction of high performance concrete highway bridge structures that yield lower risk of failure when compared to conventional normal concrete construction, in terms of lower traffic disruption, life cycle costs to the bridge owners and users; lower CO2 emissions and volume of construction waste materials; and reduced accident costs.",Highway bridge,,21275406,NRC-CONST-56184,,,c8c34abf-c83c-4ffd-9b0e-93d51485b26b,article,eng
Building application and thermal performance of vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) in Canadian subarctic climate,"Mukhopadhyaya, P.|MacLean, D.|Korn, J.|van Reenen, D.|Molleti, S.",Energy and buildings,85,,672,680,,2014,2014-12,,,0378-7788,,,,,,,,"Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) have thermal resistance values, at the center of the panel, up to 10 times or more than those of conventional thermal insulation materials. In Canada, known for its predominantly extreme cold climate, the potential to apply VIPs in the building construction industry is estimated to be enormous, particularly with the introduction of the new 2011 National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings (NECB 2011). VIPs can play a major role in Canadian buildings to meet energy requirements of the NECB 2011. However, the lack of long-term performance credentials and various constructability issues are among the major barriers for mass application of VIPs in the Canadian construction industry. This paper presents the design strategy, construction details, instrumentation and thermal performance monitoring observations of a VIP retrofitted wall system in Yukon, located in Northern Canada. Experience gained from the construction process and available thermal performance data over a period of three years provide encouraging indicators for the constructability and long-term thermal performance of VIPs in Canadian subarctic weather.",Vacuum insulation panel (VIP)|Subarctic climate|Retrofit|Long-term performance,10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.08.038,21275404,NRC-CONST-56180,,,8dae397e-78f5-4e69-bc1d-eedd9410bfbe,article,eng
Predictive genomics: a cancer hallmark network framework for predicting tumor clinical phenotypes using genome sequencing data,"Wang, Edwin|Zaman, Naif|Mcgee, Shauna|Milanese, Jean-Sébastien|Masoudi-Nejad, Ali|O'Connor-McCourt, Maureen",Seminars in Cancer Biology,30,,4,12,,2014,18/04/2014,,,1044-579X,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Tumor genome sequencing leads to documenting thousands of DNA mutations and other genomic alterations. At present, these data cannot be analyzed adequately to aid in the understanding of tumorigenesis and its evolution. Moreover, we have little insight into how to use these data to predict clinical phenotypes and tumor progression to better design patient treatment. To meet these challenges, we discuss a cancer hallmark network framework for modeling genome sequencing data to predict cancer clonal evolution and associated clinical phenotypes. The framework includes: (1) cancer hallmarks that can be represented by a few molecular/signaling networks. ‘Network operational signatures’ which represent gene regulatory logics/strengths enable to quantify state transitions and measures of hallmark traits. Thus, sets of genomic alterations which are associated with network operational signatures could be linked to the state/measure of hallmark traits. The network operational signature transforms genotypic data (i.e., genomic alterations) to regulatory phenotypic profiles (i.e., regulatory logics/strengths), to cellular phenotypic profiles (i.e., hallmark traits) which lead to clinical phenotypic profiles (i.e., a collection of hallmark traits). Furthermore, the framework considers regulatory logics of the hallmark networks under tumor evolutionary dynamics and therefore also includes: (2) a self-promoting positive feedback loop that is dominated by a genomic instability network and a cell survival/proliferation network is the main driver of tumor clonal evolution. Surrounding tumor stroma and its host immune systems shape the evolutionary paths; (3) cell motility initiating metastasis is a byproduct of the above self-promoting loop activity during tumorigenesis; (4) an emerging hallmark network which triggers genome duplication dominates a feed-forward loop which in turn could act as a rate-limiting step for tumor formation; (5) mutations and other genomic alterations have specific patterns and tissue-specificity, which are driven by aging and other cancer-inducing agents. This framework represents the logics of complex cancer biology as a myriad of phenotypic complexities governed by a limited set of underlying organizing principles. It therefore adds to our understanding of tumor evolution and tumorigenesis, and moreover, potential usefulness of predicting tumors’ evolutionary paths and clinical phenotypes. Strategies of using this framework in conjunction with genome sequencing data in an attempt to predict personalized drug targets, drug resistance, and metastasis for cancer patients, as well as cancer risks for healthy individuals are discussed. Accurate prediction of cancer clonal evolution and clinical phenotypes will have substantial impact on timely diagnosis, personalized treatment and personalized prevention of cancer.",Tumor genome sequencing; Cancer systems biology; Network; Cancer hallmark network framework; Cancer hallmark; Gene regulatory profile; Regulatory Phenotype; Clinical phenotype; Network operational signature; Drug resistance; Personalized medicine,10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.04.002,21275393,NRC-HHT-53237,,,6b2b46cc-158f-4ebb-93f9-f2892f060e23,article,eng
Progress towards the development of a glycoconjugate vaccine against Helicobacter pylori,"Altman, Eleonora",,4,3,,,,2014,30/07/2014,,,2161-069X,,"3rd International Conference on Gastroenterology and Urology, July 28-30, San Franscisco, CA, USA",,,,,,"Helicobacter pylori infection is particularly common in developing countries as well as Indigenous populations of North America and has been associated with chronic gastritis and increased risk of ulcers and gastric cancer in adults. Our group has been interested in the development of a conjugate vaccine based on lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major cell surface component of H. pylori. We have identified a common antigenic LPS core epitope, α-1,6-glucan, and have recently demonstrated that synthetic glycoconjugates based on a truncated H. pylori LPS devoid of Lewis antigens and presenting an α-1,6-glucan epitope in the outer core region induced broadly cross-reactive bactericidal antibodies in immunized animals and conferred partial protection against H. pylori challenge in a mouse model. To investigate the candidacy of α-1,6-glucan as an alternative vaccine strategy we prepared glycoconjugates based on dextrans produced by lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides B512F. The conjugates were immunogenic in both rabbits and mice and induced specific IgG responses against α-1,6-glucan-expressing H. pylori LPS. Future studies will focus on further development of H. pylori vaccine formulations, including the choice of carrier proteins and adjuvants.",,10.4172/2161-069X.S1.021,21275392,NRC-HHT-53240,,,e69a6f50-d780-4900-a0b5-34b582a6722b,article,eng
A binary integer programming model for global optimization of learning path discovery,"Belacel, Nabil|Durand, Guillaume|Laplante, François",,,,,,,2014,07/07/2014,,,,EDM 2014 Extended Proceedings,"G-EDM workshop, July 4-7, 2014, London, UK",,,,,,"This paper introduces a method based on graph theory and operations research techniques to optimize learning path discovery. In this method, learning objects are considered as nodes and competencies as vertices of a learning graph. A first step consists in reducing the solution space by obtaining an induced subgraph H. In a second step, the search of an optimal learning path in H is considered as a binary integer programming problem which we propose to solve using an exact method based on the well-known branch-and-bound algorithm. The method detailed in the paper takes into account the prerequisite and gained competencies as constraints of the optimization problem by minimizing the total competencies needed to reach the learning objective.",,,21275389,,,,273ea05b-5e9d-49bd-800a-6f529a3967e0,article,eng
Challenges to research in MOOCs,"Fournier, Helene|Kop, Rita|Durand, Guillaume",MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching,10,1,1,15,,2014,2014-03,,,1558-9528,,,,,,,,"Over the past five years, the emergence of interactive social media has influenced the development of learning environments.Learning management systems have come to maturity, but because they are controlled by educational institutions and are subsequently used to support institutional learning, have been seen by learning technologists as not capturing the spirit and possibilities that new media have to offer for learning. Academics and researchers are currently investigating a different learning environment, more open and networked, while the underpinning learning theory is moving from social constructivism towards connectivism. Research in open learning environments is only in its infancy and researchers have only started to become interested in massive open online courses (MOOCs) as a topic of investigation. Recent research and development efforts have focused on generating technologies that might facilitate learning within a self-directed information and communication stream. In this paper, the authors report on an exploratory case study of PLENK, a connectivist-style MOOC, and highlight some of the challenges in the research and analysis process, especially as significant amounts of both quantitative and qualitative data were involved. Important findings related to activity levels and important dimensions of self-directed learning in an open learning environment are presented.",massive open online courses; MOOCs; connectivist massive open online course; cMOOC; connectivism; activity level; learner motivation,,21275387,,,,141d58f4-0fe5-4c0e-aedc-11330f2b4b8f,article,eng
Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium productively infects human primary trophoblast cells and induces inflammatory cell death,"Nguyen, Tina|Perry, Ian|Murphy, Shawn|Gruslin, Andree|Krishnan, Lakshmi",,35,9,A62,A63,,2014,28/08/2014,,,0143-4004,Placenta,"International Federation of Placental Associations Conference (IFPA EPG 2014), Sept 9-12, 2014, Paris, France",,,,,,"Salmonella enterica species are intracellular pathogens causative agents of gastroenteritis and typhoid fever in humans worldwide. Pregnancy poses an increased risk of severe Salmonellosis in many mammalian species contributing to miscarriage and maternal illness. Previous studies have indicated that Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (S. Tm) rapidly replicates within murine placenta leading to placental inflammation and death. Furthermore, IL-10 production by human choriocarcinoma trophoblast cells was shown to delay phagosomal maturation facilitating intracellular pathogen replication. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential vulnerability of human primary trophoblast cells (TBCs) to S. Tm infection and elucidate the mechanism of cell death and inflammation.",,10.1016/j.placenta.2014.06.203,21275377,NRC-HHT-53247,,,00753805-a34d-405e-baaf-7d287ae2e3dd,article,eng
Placental infection by Salmonella enterica typhimurium in a murine model : mechanisms of pathogenesis and role of inflammatory cell death,"Wachholz, Kristina|Agbayani, Gerard|Nguyen, Tina|Gurnani, Komal|Krishnan, Lakshmi",,35,9,A64,,,2014,01/09/2014,,,0143-4004,Placenta,"International Federation of Placental Associations Conference (IFPA EPG 2014), Sept 9-12, 2014, Paris, France",,,,,,"Pregnancy confers increased susceptibility to intracellular infections such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm). S. Tm infection during pregnancy in normally resistant mice (129X1/SvJ with a fully functional Nramp gene) leads to rapid severe placental inflammation followed by fetal and maternal death. However, the immune mechanism of feto-maternal interface inflammation has not been fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the mechanism of trophoblast (TBC) cell death following infection, contributes to feto-maternal inflammation and adverse effects on the mother and fetus.",,10.1016/j.placenta.2014.06.207,21275376,NRC-HHT-53246,,,477731c4-415a-4993-88ed-980c8c6f0f42,article,eng
Microarray analysis identifies pathways in progression of early stage lung adenocarcinoma: the importance of focal adhesion and ECM-receptor interactions,"Douglas, Susan E.|Bethune, Drew C.|Xu, Zhaolin",Pulmonary Research and Respiratory Medicine,1,1,21,31,,2014,09/12/2014,,,2377-1658,,,,,Openventio,,,"Recurrence after lung cancer surgery is high, even among Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) adenocarcinoma patients diagnosed early as Stage I, where there has been no spread to lymph nodes. Understanding the biological underpinnings of aggressivity and recurrence in this subset of tumours may enable the identification of patients who would benefit from adjuvant therapy. The purpose of this study was to identify differentially expressed molecular biomarkers that might underlie recurrence of Stage I tumours by comparing gene expression in later-stage tumours with those expressed in early-stage tumours. Gene expression in tissue biopsy samples from five Stage I and five Stage II/III NSCLC adenocarcinoma patients was analysed using an oligonucleotide microarray containing 17,000 probes printed in duplicate. Analyses were performed on total RNA isolated from tumour tissue of each patient using universal human RNA as a reference. Compared to normal tissues, the transcriptome of Stage I NSCLC adenocarcinomas showed enrichment in general pathways in cancer, whereas in Stage II/III more specific cancer pathways such as focal adhesion and ECM-receptor interaction pathways were enriched and components of the PPAR signalling pathway were depleted. Relative to early-stage NSCLC, Stage II/III adenocarcinomas showed up-regulation of genes of the basic transcriptional and translational machinery, particularly the “cancer testis antigen” PASD1 transcription factor. The actin cytoskeleton re-organisation and interleukin-6 pathways were also up-regulated whereas there was a generalized down-regulation of immune effectors and genes involved in immune system development. This small-scale transcriptome study provides important information about the pathways and molecules likely to be involved in the more metastatic propensity of those Stage I NSCLC adenocarcinomas that recur.",Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers; Microarray; Non-small cell lung cancer; Recurrence; Transcriptome,10.17140/PRRMOJ-1-104,21275375,NRC-HHT-53285,,,96a5364f-7d9d-44fc-ad13-771a7976b12d,article,eng
"Field performance of low-shrinkage high-performance concrete deck at Canal Bridge in Cornwall, Ontario","Cusson, Daniel|Margeson, Jim|Hewus, Glenn",,,,,,,2014,2014-07,,,,Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Short and Medium Span Bridges,"9th International Conference on Short and Medium Span Bridges, July 15-18, 2014, Calgary, Alberta, Canada",,,,,,,,,21275368,NRC-CONST-56154,,,d1eafe63-94ac-443b-94a8-a33e5fc0e10f,article,eng
Staged failure mechanism of aged RC beam-columns subjected to corrosion loads using simplified nonlinear finite element model,"Nohanned, A.M.|Almansour, H.",,,,1036,1047,,2014,2014,,,,Structures Congress 2014,"Structures Congress 2014, April 2-5 2014, Boston, MA, USA",,,,978-0-7844-1335-7,,"An analysis approach to simulate the staged failure mechanism of corrosion-affected beam-column subjected to ultimate or seismic load using a simplified, non-linear, finite element model is proposed. The instantaneous axial and flexural rigidities at the sectional level are transferred to the element level, establishing the instantaneous structure stiffness at each load step. The approach efficiency and accuracy are verified through comparison with available experimental and analytical results. The proposed approach is numerically stable in all studied cases. It is found that the staged failure mechanism of the columns subjected to quasi-static load and cyclic load up to failure can be simulated with high accuracy. It is also found that corrosion-induced damage results in a large drop of the column load and displacement capacities, and a large shrinkage in the hysteretic relationship, which indicates similar drop in the energy absorption capacities of the beam-columns.",ultimate capacity|seismic|corrosion|finite element method|nonlinear analysis|residual capacity,10.1061/9780784413357.092,21275367,NRC-CONST-56166,,,38572625-6fad-46ea-83bd-55ca4293d0bf,article,eng
The intrinsic cysteine and histidine residues of the anti-Salmonella antibody Se155-4: a model for the introduction of new functions into antibody-binding sites,"Young, N. Martin|Watson, David C.|Cunningham, Anna M.|Mackenzie, C. Roger",Protein Engineering Design and Selection,27,10,383,390,,2014,14/05/2014,,,1741-0126|1741-0134,,,,,Oxford University Press,,,"New functions can be incorporated into anti-hapten or anti-protein antibodies by mutating selected residues in the binding-site region either to Cys, to allow alkylation with reagents bearing the desired functional groups, or to His, to create metal-binding sites or to make antigen binding pH-sensitive. However, choosing suitable sites for these mutations has been hampered by the lack of antibodies with these features, to serve as models. Remarkably, the anti-carbohydrate antibody Se155-4, specific for the Salmonella group B lipopolysaccharide, already has a Cys and two pairs of His residues close to the antigen-binding pocket in its structure, and shows pH-dependent antigen binding. We therefore investigated modification of its Cys94L in an scFv version of the antibody with the aims of creating a ‘reagentless’ fluorescent sensor and attaching a metal-binding group that might confer lyase activity. These groups were successfully introduced, as judged by mass spectrometry, and had only slightly reduced antigen binding in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The fluorescent product was sensitive to addition of antigen in a solution format, unlike a modification of a more distant Cys introduced into the VH CDR4 loop. Two other routes to modulate antigen binding were also explored, metal binding by the His pair alongside the antigen-binding pocket and insertions into CDR4 to extend the antigen-contact area. His residues adjacent to the antigen-binding pocket bound copper, causing a 5-fold decrease in antigen binding. In CDR4 of the VH domain, the preferred insert length was four residues, which gave stable antigen-binding products but did not improve overall antigen affinity.",binding-site modification; CDR4 loops; histidine and cysteine residues; metal affinity,10.1093/protein/gzu018,21275352,NRC-HHT-53216,,,25687992-030e-43ae-ba38-cea14256c0b9,article,eng
Comparison of S-nitrosoglutathione- and staurosporine-induced apoptosis in human neural cells,"Sodja, Caroline|Ribecco-Lutkiewicz, Maria|Haukenfrers, Julie|Merchant, Fahar|Costain, Willard J.|Bani-Yaghoub, Mahmud",Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology,92,12,1001,1011,,2014,2014-12,,,0008-4212|1205-7541,,,,,Canadian Science Publishing,,,"S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an endogenously produced S-nitrosylating compound that controls the function of various proteins. While a number of rodent cell lines have been used to study GSNO-induced apoptosis, the mechanisms of action remain to be evaluated in human cells and in parallel with other common apoptosis-inducing agents. In this study, we compared the pro-apoptotic effects of GSNO and staurosporine (STS) on human neural progenitors (NT2, hNP1) and neuroblasts (SH-SY5Y). We show that these cells exhibit comparable levels of susceptibility to GSNO- and STS-induced apoptotic cell death, as demonstrated by condensed nuclei and CASP3 activation. Mechanistic differences in apoptotic responses were observed as differential patterns of DNA fragmentation and levels of BAX, BCL-XL, CASP8, and p-ERK in response to GSNO and STS treatment. Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis revealed that NT2 and hNP1 cells, but not SH-SY5Y cells, undergo mitochondrial hyperpolarization in response to short-term exposure to STS prior to undergoing subsequent depolarization. This is the first study to report differences in apoptotic responses to GSNO and STS in 3 complementary human neural cell lines. Furthermore, these cells represent useful tools in cell pharmacological paradigms in which susceptibility to apoptosis-inducing agents needs to be assessed at different stages of neural cell fate commitment and differentiation.",neural progenitors; caspase 3; caspase 8; BAX; BCL-XL; mitochondria; NT2; hNP1; SH-SY5Y,10.1139/cjpp-2014-0053,21275330,NRC-HHT-53227,,,0f2701f3-27d7-43df-ad66-fc1bea5f7215,article,eng
Small-molecule inhibitors of the pseudaminic acid biosynthetic pathway : targeting motility as a key bacterial virulence factor,"Menard, Robert|Schoenhofen, Ian C.|Tao, Limei|Aubry, Annie|Bouchard, Patrice|Reid, Christopher W.|Lachance, Paul|Twine, Susan M.|Fulton, Kelly M.|Cui, Qizhi|Hogues, Hervé|Purisima, Enrico O.|Sulea, Traian|Logan, Susan M.",Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,58,12,7430,7440,,2014,29/09/2014,,,0066-4804|1098-6596,,,,,American Society for Microbiology,,,"Helicobacter pylori is motile by means of polar flagella, and this motility has been shown to play a critical role in pathogenicity. The major structural flagellin proteins have been shown to be glycosylated with the nonulosonate sugar, pseudaminic acid (Pse). This glycan is unique to microorganisms, and the process of flagellin glycosylation is required for H. pylori flagellar assembly and consequent motility. As such, the Pse biosynthetic pathway offers considerable potential as an antivirulence drug target, especially since motility is required for H. pylori colonization and persistence in the host. This report describes screening the five Pse biosynthetic enzymes for small-molecule inhibitors using both high-throughput screening (HTS) and in silico (virtual screening [VS]) approaches. Using a 100,000-compound library, 1,773 hits that exhibited a 40% threshold inhibition at a 10 ?M concentration were identified by HTS. In addition, VS efforts using a 1.6-million compound library directed at two pathway enzymes identified 80 hits, 4 of which exhibited reasonable inhibition at a 10 ?M concentration in vitro. Further secondary screening which identified 320 unique molecular structures or validated hits was performed. Following kinetic studies and structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of selected inhibitors from our refined list of 320 compounds, we demonstrated that three inhibitors with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of approximately 14 ?M, which belonged to a distinct chemical cluster, were able to penetrate the Gram-negative cell membrane and prevent formation of flagella.",,10.1128/AAC.03858-14,21275326,NRC-HHT-53281,,,5bb3000c-2678-482b-8e38-2de222f03bc7,article,eng
High affinity anti-Internalin B VHH antibody fragments isolated from naturally and artificially immunized repertoires|Characterization of high affinity anti-Internalin B VHH antibody fragments isolated from naturally and artificially immunized repertoires,"Gene, Robert W.|Kumaran, Jyothi|Aroche, Cristina|van Faassen, Henk|Hall, J. Christopher|Mackenzie, C. Roger|Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi",Journal of Immunological Methods,416,,29,39,,2014,08/11/2014,,,0022-1759,,,,,Elsevier,,,"The need for rapid and easy technologies for the detection of food-borne and environmental pathogens is essential for safeguarding the health of populations. Furthermore, distribution of tainted food and water can have consequences which can affect whole economies. Antibodies and antibody fragments have been historically used in detection platforms due to their antigen specificity and robust physicochemical properties. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of antibody fragments from the heavy chain antibody repertoire (VHH) of Camelidae which bind with specificity and high affinity to the Listeria monocytogenes invasin, Internalin B (InlB). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of anti-InlB VHHs from camelids. These anti-InlB VHHs were not cross-reactive to the structurally related Listeria invasin Internalin A (InlA) and are potential reagents to be used in the development of detection and medical technologies.",Listeria; Camelid; Single-domain antibody; Phage display; ELISA; Surface plasmon resonance,10.1016/j.jim.2014.10.009,21275314,NRC-HHT-53221,,,f911f714-77af-4d0a-8db1-9a52916da470,article,eng
The structure of the Morganella morganii lipopolysaccharide core region and identification of its genomic loci,"Vinogradov, Evgeny|Nash, John H. E.|Foote, Simon|Young, N. Martin",Carbohydrate Research,402,,232,235,,2014,13/11/2014,,,0008-6215,,,,,Elsevier,,,"The core region of the lipopolysaccharide of Morganella morganii serotype O:1ab was obtained by hydrolysis of the LPS and studied by 2D NMR, ESI MS, and chemical methods. Its structure was highly homologous to those from the two major members of the same Proteeae tribe, Proteus mirabilis and Providencia alcalifaciens, and analysis of the M. morganii genome disclosed that the loci for its outer core, lipid A and Ara4N moieties are similarly conserved.",Morganella morganii; LPS; Core; Carbohydrate gene loci,10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.032,21275313,NRC-HHT-53253,,,afb856b0-3b62-475c-9c22-ac6da106cc4a,article,eng
Particle quantification of influenza viruses by high performance liquid chromatography,"Transfiguracion, Julia|Manceur, Aziza P.|Petiot, Emma|Thompson, Christine M.|Kamen, Amine A.",Vaccine,33,1,78,84,,2014,21/11/2014,,,0264-410X,,,,,Elsevier,,,"The influenza virus continuously undergoes antigenic evolution requiring manufacturing, validation and release of new seasonal vaccine lots to match new circulating strains. Although current production processes are well established for manufacturing seasonal inactivated influenza vaccines, significant limitations have been underlined in the case of pandemic outbreaks. The World Health Organization called for a global pandemic influenza vaccine action plan including the development of new technologies. A rapid and reliable method for the quantification of influenza total particles is crucially needed to support the development, improvement and validation of novel influenza vaccine manufacturing platforms. This work presents the development of an ion exchange-high performance liquid chromatography method for the quantification of influenza virus particles. The method was developed using sucrose cushion purified influenza viruses A and B produced in HEK 293 suspension cell cultures. The virus was eluted in 1.5 M NaCl salt with 20 mM Tris–HCl and 0.01% Zwittergent at pH 8.0. It was detected by native fluorescence and the total analysis time was 13.5 min. A linear response range was established between 1 × 10^9 and 1 × 10^11 virus particle per ml (VP/ml) with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99. The limit of detection was between 2.07 × 10^8 and 4.35 × 10^9 whereas the limit of quantification was between 6.90 × 10^8 and 1.45 × 10^10 VP/ml, respectively. The coefficient of variation of the intra- and inter-day precision of the method was less than 5% and 10%. HPLC data compared well with results obtained by electron microscopy, HA assay and with a virus counter, and was used to monitor virus concentrations in the supernatant obtained directly from the cell culture production vessels. The HPLC influenza virus analytical method can potentially be suitable as an in-process monitoring tool to accelerate the development of processes for the manufacturing of influenza vaccines.",Influenza; HPLC; Quantification; Vaccine; Particle; Pandemic,10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.027,21275312,NRC-HHT-53256,,,7311ef78-f1c3-48fc-9852-e761e71b247f,article,eng
Protective effects of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase on neurotoxicity of aluminium applied into the CA1 sector of rat hippocampus,"Jovanovic, Marina D.|Jelenkovic, Ankica|Stevanovic, Ivana D.|Bokonjic, Dubravko|Colic, Miodrag|Petronijevic, Natasa|Stanimirovic, Danica B.",Indian Journal of Medical Research,139,6,864,872,,2014,02/08/2014,,,0971-5916,,,,,,,,"Background & objectives: Aluminum (Al) toxicity is closely linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This experimental study was aimed to investigate the active avoidance behaviour of rats after intrahippocampal injection of Al, and biochemical and immunohistochemical changes in three bilateral brain structures namely, forebrain cortex (FBCx), hippocampus and basal forebrain (BF). Methods: Seven days after intra-hippocampal (CA1 sector) injection of AlCl 3 into adult male Wistar rats they were subjected to two-way active avoidance (AA) tests over five consecutive days. Control rats were treated with 0.9% w/v saline. The animals were decapitated on the day 12 post-injection. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were measured in the FBCx, hippocampus and BF. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for transferrin receptors, amyloid ? and tau protein. Results: The activities of both AChE and G6PDH were found to be decreased bilaterally in the FBCx, hippocampus and basal forebrain compared to those of control rats. The number of correct AA responses was reduced by AlCl 3 treatment. G6PDH administered prior to AlCl 3 resulted in a reversal of the effects of AlCl 3 on both biochemical and behavioural parameters. Strong immunohistochemical staining of transferrin receptors was found bilaterally in the FBCx and the hippocampus in all three study groups. In addition, very strong amyloid ? staining was detected bilaterally in all structures in AlCl 3 -treated rats but was moderate in G6PDH/AlCl 3 -treated rats. Strong tau staining was noted bilaterally in AlCl 3 -treated rats. In contrast, tau staining was only moderate in G6PDH/AlCl 3 -treated rats. Interpretation & conclusions: Our findings indicated that the G6PDH alleviated the signs of behavioural and biochemical effects of AlCl 3 -treatment suggesting its involvement in the pathogenesis of Al neurotoxicity and its potential therapeutic benefit. The present model could serve as a useful tool in AD investigations.",active avoidance; aluminium; Alzheimer?s disease; brain; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; neurotoxicity,,21275156,,,,a887513d-2590-437c-9a1e-e6218be81663,article,eng
A novel platform for engineering blood-brain barrier-crossing bispecific biologics,"Farrington, Graham K.|Caram-Salas, Nadia|Haqqani, Arsalan S.|Brunette, Eric|Eldredge, John|Pepinsky, Blake|Antognetti, Giovanna|Baumann, Ewa|Ding, Wen|Garber, Ellen|Jiang, Susan|Delaney, Christie|Boileau, Eve|Sisk, William P.|Stanimirovic, Danica B.",The FASEB Journal,28,11,4764,4778,,2014,28/07/2014,,,0892-6638|1530-6860,,,,,Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology,,,"The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents the access of therapeutic antibodies to central nervous system (CNS) targets. The engineering of bispecific antibodies in which a therapeutic “arm” is combined with a BBB-transcytosing arm can significantly enhance their brain delivery. The BBB-permeable single-domain antibody FC5 was previously isolated by phenotypic panning of a naive llama single-domain antibody phage display library. In this study, FC5 was engineered as a mono- and bivalent fusion with the human Fc domain to optimize it as a modular brain delivery platform. In vitro studies demonstrated that the bivalent fusion of FC5 with Fc increased the rate of transcytosis (Papp) across brain endothelial monolayer by 25% compared with monovalent fusion. Up to a 30-fold enhanced apparent brain exposure (derived from serum and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetic profiles) of FC5- compared with control domain antibody-Fc fusions after systemic dosing in rats was observed. Systemic pharmacological potency was evaluated in the Hargreaves model of inflammatory pain using the BBB-impermeable neuropeptides dalargin and neuropeptide Y chemically conjugated with FC5-Fc fusion proteins. Improved serum pharmacokinetics of Fc-fused FC5 contributed to a 60-fold increase in pharmacological potency compared with the single-domain version of FC5; bivalent and monovalent FC5 fusions with Fc exhibited similar systemic pharmacological potency. The study demonstrates that modular incorporation of FC5 as the BBB-carrier arm in bispecific antibodies or antibody-drug conjugates offers an avenue to develop pharmacologically active biotherapeutics for CNS indications.",single-domain antibody|neuropeptides|drug delivery|blood-brain barrier,10.1096/fj.14-253369,21275155,NRC-HHT-53254,,,710861bf-e0dc-46d5-a21b-110ea6a6997b,article,eng
Blood–brain barrier models : in vitro to in vivo translation in preclinical development of CNS-targeting biotherapeutics,"Stanimirovic, Danica B.|Bani-Yaghoub, Mahmud|Perkins, Martin|Haqqani, Arsalan S.",Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery,10,2,141,155,,2014,12/11/2014,,,1746-0441,,,,,Taylor & Francis Group,,,"The majority of therapeutics, small molecule or biologics, developed for the CNS do not penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) sufficiently to induce pharmacologically meaningful effects on CNS targets. To improve the efficiency of CNS drug discovery, several in vitro models of the BBB have been used to aid early selection of molecules with CNS exposure potential. However, correlative studies suggest relatively poor predictability of in vitro BBB models underscoring the need to combine in vitro and in vivo BBB penetration assessment into an integrated preclinical workflow.",biomarkers; blood–brain barrier; in vitro blood–brain barrier models; stem cells,10.1517/17460441.2015.974545,21275154,NRC-HHT-53275,,,ba8b53a4-5b2c-4342-bb48-92ee7f85c7c1,article,eng
Experimental determination of megavoltage electron beam k'R50 factors using water calorimetry,"Renaud, J.|Sarfehnia, A.|Marchant, K.|McEwen, M.|Ross, C.|Seuntjens, J.",,111,,S62,,Supplement 1,2014,2014,,,0167-8140,Radiotherapy and Oncology,"ESTRO 33, 4-8 April 2014, Vienna, Austria",,,,,,"In this work, electron quality conversion factors, K'R50, for both a cylindrical ion chamber and a parallel plate ion chamber are measured for electron beam energies of 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 MeV, using a water calorimeter. The photon-electron conversion factor, k ecal, for the cylindrical chamber is derived from calorimetry measurements in 60 Co. The purpose of this work is to experimentally verify the accuracy of values included in current dosimetry protocols.",,10.1016/S0167-8140(15)30923-3,21275151,,,,77d48b97-77e8-4048-a44d-7026e783b030,article,eng
Assessment of the metallicity of single-wall carbon nanotube ensembles at high purities,"Finnie, Paul|Ding, Jianfu|Li, Zhao|Kingston, Christopher T.",The Journal of physical chemistry C,118,51,30127,30138,,2014,12/12/2014,,,1932-7447,,,,,,,,"The purity of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) ensembles is critical, but assessing the purity in terms of metal vs semiconductor content is challenging at high purities. We describe possible bulk Raman spectroscopy based procedures to assess this metallicity and compare it to absorption procedures. A simple metric for metallicity is the G+ band peak intensity ratio at two appropriate wavelengths. Related metallic G– band area derived metrics extend to higher purities. The G band signal scales linearly over orders of magnitude in concentration. However, the ratio-derived metrics may still be nonlinear because of resonance. Therefore, they break down if the tube diameter distributions differ greatly between samples, and other complications are possible. Additionally, the absolute Raman cross sections for each type of SWCNT can be estimated, and the abundance of semiconductors and metals can be tracked independently. Raman-derived metallicity figures of merit can meaningfully evaluate samples of purities which are not otherwise easily accessible, but there are important limitations to this simple approach to metallicity assessment.",single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT)|Raman spectroscopy|metallic G– band|higher purities,10.1021/jp506945f,21275150,,,,c3d40f34-3774-4ef5-b7b0-0260aa37a5ef,article,eng
Further analysis of dynamic measurement function of electrical energy meter for type approval tests,"Lu, Zuliang|So, Eddy|Li, Min|Wang, Lei|Huang, Hongtao|Liu, Lijuan",,,,,,,2014,2014,,,,IEEE conference digest CPEM 2014,"The 2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, 24-29 Aug. 2014, Rio de Janeiro",,,,,,"The dynamic function of electrical energy meters is further analyzed and presented. It can be verified through a type approval. Test. The corresponding measurements and guidelines are discussed. Harmonic standards, and the sine modulated waveform can be used to verify the function.",dynamic function|electrical energy meter|type approval|verification|uncertainty,,21275141,,,,030190c5-3893-4e8f-8ed9-3d8ba0f7b919,article,eng
The establishment of DC power meter calibration system at China Electric Power Research Institute,"Bai, Jingfen|Liu, Fantao|Lu, Da|Song, Xiaohui|Zhao, Sha|Yu, Haibo|So, Eddy",,,,408,409,,2014,2014,CPEM Digest,,0589-1485,2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014),"The 2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, 24-29 Aug. 2014, Rio de Janeiro",,,,978-1-4799-5205-2,,"The establishment of a DC power meter calibration system using a DC current comparator and a synchronous sampling technique at China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI) is described. Measurements can be made at DC voltages ranging from lOmV to IOOOV, and DC currents from lOrnA to SOOA. The system features a synchronous voltage/current sampling system and a multi-ratio DC current comparator. The uncertainty of the DC power meter calibration system is estimated to be not more than 120 JJ.WIW. Furthermore, a comparison of DC power meter calibration systems between CEPRI and National Institute of Metrology China (NIMC) is discussed and presented.",DC power|calibration system|DC current comparator|synchronous sampling,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898432,21275140,,,,e1f2d232-3320-4cbe-8920-a7362d031be3,article,eng
Speciation of organometals using a synchronizing GC-EIMS and GC-ICPMS system for simultaneous detection,"D'Ulivo, Lucia|Yang, Lu|Feng, Yong-Lai|Murimboh, John|Mester, Zoltan",Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry,29,,1132,1137,,2014,11/03/2014,,,0267-9477,,,,,Royal Society of Chemistry,,,"In analytical chemistry, improvement in instrument performances is always important for achieving better analytical results and obtaining more information on the target analytes. Gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICPMS), which combines powerful separation ability and high sensitivity, has found broad applications in sensitive speciation of organometals such as methylmercury (MeHg), butyltin (BuSn), and seleniomethionine (SeMet). Unfortunately, GC-ICPMS is unable to provide molecular information of the analytes such as molecular fragmentations or isotopic patterns, which are very important for identifying target analytes. A method is reported for the simultaneous determination of organometals including MeHg, dibutyltin (DBT), tributyltin (TBT) and SeMet using a unique interface with gas chromatography-electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC-EIMS) and GC-ICPMS systems synchronously. The method was validated with measurements of MeHg, DBT, TBT and SeMet in the certified reference materials (CRMs) including dogfish liver (DOLT-4), marine sediments (PACS-2) and selenium-enriched yeast (SELM-1). Compared with EIMS, ICPMS achieved a remarkable gain in sensitivity for MeHg, DBT and SeMet (19-, 130- and 2850-fold S/N gain, respectively). The concentrations of MeHg (1.335 ± 0.033 ?g g?1), DBT (1.171 ± 0.005 ?g g?1) and TBT (0.834 ± 0.003 ?g g?1) obtained with isotope dilution are in agreement with the certified values of the corresponding CRMs. With the proposed method, the ICPMS system can provide higher precision and sensitivity, and the EIMS system can provide information on the molecular structure, which is essential for identification of target analytes.",Synchronizing GC-MS/ICPMS system|Isotope dilution|Organometals|Sensitive speciation,10.1039/c4ja00034j,21275138,,,,a30dd667-7c42-497a-a79d-350ee16e311e,article,eng
Alberta fire code 2014,National Research Council Canada. Construction,,,,,,,2014,2014,,,,,,,,,,,"The Alberta Fire Code 2014 (AFC) sets out the technical provisions regulating: •activities related to the construction, use or demolition of buildings and facilities •the condition of specific elements of buildings and facilities •the design or construction of specific elements of facilities related to certain hazards •protection measures for the current or intended use of buildings.|L’Alberta Fire Code 2014 (AFC), publié en anglais seulement, renferme des dispositions techniques concernant: •les activités liées à la construction, à l’utilisation ou à la démolition de bâtiments et d’installations; •l’état d’éléments particuliers de bâtiments et d’installations; •la conception ou la construction d’éléments particuliers d’installations relativement à certains risques; et •les mesures de protection liées à l’utilisation actuelle ou prévue des bâtiments.",buidling|construction|code|fire,,21275042,NRC-CONST-56169,,,17e271d1-bc1e-4772-98b9-83e0fc0af51c,book,eng
Alberta building code 2014,National Research Council Canada. Construction,,,,,,,2014,2014,,,,,,,,,,,"The Alberta Building Code 2014 (ABC) sets out technical provisions for the design and construction of new buildings. It also applies to the alteration, change of use and demolition of existing buildings. The ABC complements the Alberta Fire Code 2014, and both are indispensable for building officials, educators and professionals in the construction industry.|L’Alberta Building Code 2014 (ABC), publié en anglais seulement, renferme des dispositions techniques concernant la conception et la construction de bâtiments neufs et s’applique aussi à la transformation des bâtiments, à leur changement d’usage et à la démolition de bâtiments existants. L’ABC est un complément de l’Alberta Fire Code 2014, et les deux documents sont indispensables aux agents du bâtiment, aux éducateurs et aux professionnels de la construction.",buidling|construction|code,,21275041,NRC-CONST-56170,,,6d4b5784-a7d8-48d1-a1ff-091155280d08,book,eng
Sensitive determination of domoic acid in mussel tissue using dansyl chloride derivatization and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,"Beach, Daniel G.|Liu, Hechun|Quilliam, Michael A.",Analytical methods,,,,,,2014,28/11/2014,,,1759-9660,,,,,,,,"This paper describes a new method for sensitive determination of domoic acid (DA), the causative toxin of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), in shellfish. The method involves extraction of tissue homogenates with 50% methanol followed by a highly selective strong anion exchange solid phase extraction and a derivatization with dansyl chloride (DNS-Cl) to form the dansyl derivative of domoic acid (DNS-DA). Reaction times were very rapid and proceeded under ambient conditions to yield stable derivatives. A study of the collision-induced dissociation of ESI-produced protonated DNS-DA was carried out to identify the most sensitive transitions to use in development of a selected reaction monitoring detection method. Compared with un-derivatized DA, DNS-DA showed a 5-fold increase in sensitivity of MS/MS detection and improved retention on a reversed phase LC stationary phase. Resolution of DNS-DA and its isomers was achieved using isocratic elution in 15 min.",,10.1039/c4ay01853b,21274935,,,,a8711077-7874-44ce-bc0a-5c6692b4fbf2,article,eng
Bright photoluminescence from ordered arrays of SiGe nanowires grown on Si(111),"Lockwood, D.J.|Rowell, N.L.|Benkouider, A.|Ronda, A.|Favre, L.|Berbezier, I.",Beilstein journal of nanotechnology,,,,,,2014,30/12/2014,,,2190-4286,,,,,,,,"We report on the optical properties of SiGe nanowires (NWs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) in ordered arrays on SiO2/ Si(111) substrates. The production method employs Au catalysts with self-limited sizes deposited in SiO2-free sites opened-up in the substrate by focused ion beam patterning for the preferential nucleation and growth of these well-organized NWs. The NWs thus produced have a diameter of 200 nm, a length of 200 nm, and a Ge concentration x = 0.15. Their photoluminescence (PL) spectra were measured at low temperatures (from 6 to 25 K) with excitation at 405 and 458 nm. There are four major features in the energy range of interest (980–1120 meV) at energies of 1040.7, 1082.8, 1092.5, and 1098.5 meV, which are assigned to the NW-transverse optic (TO) Si–Si mode, NW-transverse acoustic (TA), Si–substrate–TO and NW-no-phonon (NP) lines, respectively. From these results the NW TA and TO phonon energies are found to be 15.7 and 57.8 meV, respectively, which agree very well with the values expected for bulk Si1?xGex with x = 0.15, while the measured NW NP energy of 1099 meV would indicate a bulklike Ge concentration of x = 0.14. Both of these concentrations values, as determined from PL, are in agreement with the target value. The NWs are too large in diameter for a quantum confinement induced energy shift in the band gap. Nevertheless, NW PL is readily observed, indicating that efficient carrier recombination is occurring within the NWs.",bandgap|germanium|nanowires|near field|silicon|photoluminescence,10.3762/bjnano.5.259,21274934,,,,21e8a38a-d0c5-4984-89e1-02c6ead8806c,article,eng
The inverse-square gamma-irradiation anomaly of the nuclear enterprise 2575 large-volume ionisation chamber,"Bielajew, Alex F.|Tessier, Frederic|Gamal, Islam El",Radiation protection dosimetry,,,,,,2014,13/10/2014,,,0144-8420,,,,,,,,"The Nuclear Enterprises (Model 2575) 600 cc ionisation chamber is examined to discover the cause of its anomalous behaviour in inverse-square stability measurements. Measurements and Monte Carlo calculations are employed to isolate the cause of the discrepancy. It is found that most of the effect is due to the long photon attenuation pathlengths in the long side wall of the instrument. A phenomenological procedure, based on measurements, is proposed to correct for the anomaly. The procedure results in inverse-square stability to within 0.5% over a range of 1-7 meters.",,10.1093/rpd/ncu306,21274933,,,,02126d7b-2628-4658-938b-ff44a94e578b,article,eng
Direct determination of Si isotope ratios in natural waters and commercial Si standards by ion exclusion chromatography multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,"Yang, Lu|Zhou, Lian|Hu, Zhaochu|Gao, Shan",Analytical chemistry,86,18,9301,9308,,2014,21/08/2014,,,0003-2700,,,,,,,,"Silicon isotope ratios in natural waters and several commercial Si standards were determined by on-line ion exclusion chromatography (IEC) multicollector inductively couple plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS). As recent studies have shown that mass-independent fractionation (MIF) also exists in MC-ICPMS itself, e.g., Nd, Ce, W, Sr, Ge, Hg and Pb isotopes, the nature of mass bias for Si isotopes was thus investigated. MIF was observed for Si isotopes on both Neptune and Neptune plus MC-ICPMS instruments in this study. Therefore, a standard-sample-standard bracketing (SSB) mass bias correction model which is capable of correcting both mass-dependent and mass-independent bias was employed to obtain accurate Si isotope ratio results in all samples by using NBS28 Si standard as the bracketing standard. Medium resolution was used for all measurements in order to resolve polyatomic interferences on Si isotopes. NBS28 Si standard solutions prepared in nutrient-free seawater and 0.1% NaOH matrix, respectively, were used for the method validation and subjected to the on-line IEC-MC-ICPMS determination ofSi isotope ratios. Values of -0.01±0.06 and 0.00±0.06 %o (lSD, n=IO); and -0.01±0.03 and 0.01±0.06 %o (lSD, n=IO) for J29128 Si and J30128 Si, respectively, were obtained, confirming accurate results can be obtained using the proposed method for natural waters.",Si isotope ratio|multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry|Ion exclusion chromatography|mass bias|mass-independent fractionation|mass-dependent fractionation,10.1021/ac5025396,21274930,,,,002d27d6-43cc-4150-9090-972608743b77,article,eng
Characterization of a 10V Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard and Comparison with a Hysteretic Josephson Standard,"Granger, G.|Gertsvolf, M.|Wood, B.M.",,,,,,,2014,2014,,,,CPEM 2014 special issue of IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,"The 2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, August 24-29, 2014 , Rio de Janeiro",,,,,,A 10 V programmable Josephson voltage standard system has been installed at the National Research Council Canada. The current margins for the first Josephson step at either current polarity are greater than 1 mA. Measurements are made to establish the frequency offset and leakage resistance components of the uncertainty budget. Measurements are made to establish the frequency offset and leakage resistance components of the uncertainty budget...,DC voltage|DC voltage calibration|Josephson junctions|programmable Josephson voltage standard|hysteretic Josephson voltage standard|Josephson system comparison|volt age measurements,,21274929,,,,cdb9e425-7495-43c7-8bc6-767ca284344b,article,eng
A dual-channel calibration system for AC currents and small AC voltages,"Djokic, Branislav",,,99,1,6,,2014,2014,,,0018-9456,"Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on","29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014",,,,,,"A new current-comparator-based dual-channel calibration system for AC currents and AC voltages in the millivolt range has been developed. The range of generated currents is 1 rnA - 5 A, and the range of generated voltages is 1 mV- 500 mV. The calibration system in-phase and quadrature expanded measurement uncertainties (k=2) are within 25·10""6 Although the system has been developed primarily for operation at power frequencies, it is also capable of operating at frequencies up to 1000 Hz with slightly increased uncertainties. The traceability to SI units is established through the calibration of AC voltage by means of AC/DC transfer and DC voltage reference, standard resistor, capacitor, and current comparator ratios.",Terms-AC voltage measurement|AC current measurement|current comparator|digital sampling|calibration|measurement uncertainty,10.1109/TIM.2015.2408801,21274925,,,,9b02d2a0-8d90-4a66-afdd-e5815c3562f3,article,eng
An improved sampling approach to overcome transient effect in staircase waveform and its application,"Lu, Zuliang|Yang, Yan|Huang, Lu|Wang, Lei|So, Eddy",,,,702,703,6898579,2014,2014,CPEM Digest,,0589-1485,2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014),"29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014",,,,978-1-4799-5205-2,,"The advantage of the new sampling approach to overcome transient effect in staircase waveform is described. Based on this sampling approach, a general form is developed in this paper. In this form, more samples are used for calculations in the measurement. It provides a better basis to achieve a lower uncertainty as reduced noise impact and more information. A sine-wave experiment shows the advantage of the multi-point approach. When the more frequency components of the measured signal are asked, it faces a matter of unequal-interval sampling. It is found that the aliasing effect of sampling is solvable under the discussed condition. A novel method is developed to perform Fourier transform to extend application of Nyquist Theorem, in which the matrixes to solve the relative equation set are given out in the forms of digital and formula. Experiments for a non-sinusoidal wave validates that the higher frequency components can be analyzed, in which a differential sampling scheme is proposed.",Terms-Differential measurement|digital-analog conversion|Transient effect|discrete Fourier transform|non-sinusoidal wave|Nyquist Theorem|sampling|staircase waveform|transient effect,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898579,21274922,,,,28e66f8a-d407-4eda-b7b4-7ce2263f067e,article,eng
"Isolation, structural elucidation, relative LC-MS response, and in vitro toxicity of novel azaspiracids from azadinium spinosum","Kilcoyne, Jane|Nulty, Ciara|Jauffrais, Thierry|McCarron, Pearse|Herve, Fabienne|Foley, Barry|Rise, Frode|Crain, Sheila|Wilkins, Alistair L.|Twiner, Michael J.|Hess, Philipp|Miles, Christopher O.",Journal of natural products,77,11,2465,2474,,2014,2014-10,,,0163-3864|1520-6025,,,,,,,,"We identified three new azaspiracids (AZAs) with molecular weights of 715, 815, and 829 (AZA33 (3), AZA34 (4), and AZA35, respectively) in mussels, seawater, and Azadinium spinosum culture. Approximately 700 ?g of 3 and 250 ?g of 4 were isolated from a bulk culture of A. spinosum, and their structures determined by MS and NMR spectroscopy. These compounds differ significantly at the carboxyl end of the molecule from known AZA analogues and therefore provide valuable information on structure–activity relationships. Initial toxicological assessment was performed using an in vitro model system based on Jurkat T lymphocyte cytotoxicity, and the potencies of 3 and 4 were found to be 0.22- and 5.5-fold that of AZA1 (1), respectively. Thus, major changes in the carboxyl end of 1 resulted in significant changes in toxicity. In mussel extracts, 3 was detected at low levels, whereas 4 and AZA35 were detected only at extremely low levels or not at all. The structures of 3 and 4 are consistent with AZAs being biosynthetically assembled from the amino end.",,10.1021/np500555k,21274921,,,,0826d1d5-8ccd-46cf-9361-5918d7b02826,article,eng
Space charge evolution in polypropylene loaded with synthetic and natural nanoclay aged at 50 °C temperature,"Abou-Dakka, Mahmoud|AtefGhunem, Refat|Mcintyre, Douglas",,,,723,726,,2014,2014,,,,"Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), 2014 IEEE Conference on","2014 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), 19-22 Oct. 2014, Des Moines, IA",,,,,,"The evolution of space charges in Polypropylene (PP) filled with synthetic and natural nanoclay after aging with -25 kV/mm DC field under 50 °C were investigated. Following certain periods of aging, the space charge was measured by the PEA technique. The PP materials, bases for the two types of Polymer nanocomposites, i.e. PP were loaded with synthetic and natural nanoclay. The unfilled PP contains grafted maleic anhydride as compatibilizers. It was observed that the percentage amount of compatibilizers affects the charge distribution in the PP materials. The results indicated that aging with 50 °C temperature of the PNC with 2 and 4-wt% synthetic clay stocks high quantity of charges compared to the other filled materials. These two concentrations could not be optimal for aging under 50 °C. Insignificant accumulation of space charge and independent from aging time was observed for the PP loaded with 2-wt% of natural clay. This could be due to the smaller aspect ratio of natural nanoclay platelets compared to the synthetic nanoclay platelets. The clay platelets limit the molecular motion in the amorphous phase due to the interaction between the platelets and PP matrix. But, more work is required to investigate the effect of the percentage of compatibilizers on the charge accumulation property. Highly doped PNCs like the PP1-S8% and PP2-N6% can enhance overlapping of the diffuse double layer charge clouds around nanoparticles and promote movement of space charges, thereby leading to a sharp increase of the conductivity of PNCs.",,10.1109/CEIDP.2014.6995901,21274919,,,,f9442043-482d-48c8-8733-da2e5c647900,article,eng
A current-comparator-based high voltage R-L-C bridge,"So, Eddy|Bennett, David",,,,4,5,6898230,2014,24/08/2014,CPEM Digest,,0589-1485|0589-1485,2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014),"The 2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014), 24-29 Aug. 2014, Rio de Janeiro",,,IEEE,978-1-4799-5205-2,,"The development of a current-comparator-based high-voltage impedance bridge at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) for the accurate measurements of high-voltage resistive (R), Inductive (L), and capacitive (C) impedances is described. The bridge has ratio uncertainties of les than 10 x 10-6 in both magnitude and phase.",terms-accurate measurements|current-comparator-based bridge|high voltage|impedance|resistive|uncertainty,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898230,21274918,,,,325bb47b-a727-4bd6-be1b-e6e89aef9b5c,article,eng
Analysis of ?-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in spirulina-containing supplements by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,"McCarron, Pearse|Loganb, Alan C.|Giddings, Sabrina|Quilliama, Michael A.",Aquatic biosystems,10,5,,,,2014,2014-08,,,2046-9063,,,,,,,,"Over the last decade the amino acid P-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) has come under intense scrutiny. International laboratory and epidemiological research continues to support the hypothesis that environmental exposure to BMAA (e.g., through dietary practices, water supply) can promote the risk of various neurodegenenitive diseases. A wide variety of cyanobacteria spp. have previously been reported to produce BMAA, with production levels dependent upon species, strain and environmental conditions. Since spirulina (Arthrospira spp.) is a member of the cyanobacteria phylum frequently consumed via dietary supplements, the presence ofBMAA in such products may have public health implications. In the current work, we have analyzed ten spirulina-containing samples for the presence ofBMAA; six pure spirulina samples from two separate raw materials suppliers, and four commercially-available multi-ingredient products containing 1.45 grams of spirulina per serving. Because·of controversy surrounding the measurement of BMAA, we have used two complementary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods: one based on reversed phase LC (RPLC) with derivatization and the other based on hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC). Potential matrix effects were corrected for by internal standardization using a stable isotope labeled BMAA standard. BMAA was not detected at low limits of detection (80 ng/g dry weight) in any of these the product samples. Although these results are reassuring, BMAA analyses should be conducted on a wider sample selection and, perhaps, as part of ongoing spirulina production quality control testing and specifications.",,10.1186/2046-9063-10-5,21274917,,,,7fe9ea69-3cbe-419c-bb94-2f6312ee7ddf,article,eng
A reference system for on-site calibration of high-voltage revenue metering systems|Reference setup for on-site calibration of high-voltage revenue metering systems,"Rietveld, Gert|Fransen, Martin|Blanc, Nicolas|Houtzager, Ernest|So, Eddy",,,,404,405,,2014,2014-08,CPEM Digest,,0589-1485,2014 Conference on Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014),"Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014), 2014 Conference on, Date 24-29 Aug. 2014, Rio de Janeiro",,,IEEE,978-1-4799-5205-2,,"A reference setup for on-site calibration and validation of revenue metering systems is realized. The system consists of a three-phase power meter and high-accuracy current and voltage transformers (CTs and VTs). Measurements can be made up to 150 kV (system voltage) and line currents up to 5000 A. The power meter, the CTs, and the VTs were all calibrated. Based on the excellent results of the calibration of these components it is possible to predict the full system performance with an accuracy of 35 J.lWNA. This estimation was verified with a full system validation, showing that the system is much more accurate than required and that detrimental effects to the accuracy are well understood.","power, revenue metering, billing, traceability, substation, high voltage (HV), high current, current transformer, voltage transformer, power meter, precision measurements",10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898430,21274914,,,,c22963df-a587-4536-8eac-6511f8b59f0e,article,eng
Experimental determination of the differential scalar polarizability of the 88Sr+ clock transition,"Dube, Pierre|Madej, Alan A.|Tibbot, Maria|Bernard, John E.",,,,,,,2014,2014,,,,2014 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium proceedings,"2014 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (FCS), 19 May - 22 May 2014, Taipei, Taiwan",,,,,,We present preliminary results on a method used to determine the differential scalar polarizability Aao of the clock transition of the 88Sr+ ion optical frequency standard. The method is based on the relation that exists between Aao and the trap frequency 00 at which the micromotion shifts cancel. Aa0 is important not only for cancellation of the micromotion shifts but also for the evaluation of the blackbody radiation shift. The decrease in the uncertainty of Aa0 obtained reduces the evaluated blackbody radiation shift uncertainty of the NRC 88Sr+ ion to the 1x 10-11 level.,scalar polarizability|clock transition,,21274913,,,,b8e51b72-527a-4a10-8dbb-b663e8e2a24f,article,eng
Traceability of impulse test for diagnostic measurements of power apparatus,"Hanique, Ernst|So, Eddy",,,,380,381,,2014,2014-08,CPEM Digest,,0589-1485,2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014),"Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014), 24-29 August 2014, Rio de Janeiro",,,IEEE,978-1-4799-5205-2,,"This paper describes the diagnostic measurements involved while performing impulse tests. For most applications during impulse tests, the impulse voltage and impulse current are measured. Because of the nature of impulse test it is very common that Electro Magnetic Interference signals (EMI) are generated. This EMI will influence the measurement. Therefore these tests are done in well-shielded high voltage laboratories. Also the relevant sensors e.g. voltage dividers, current shunts and other components used for the measurements, including traceability issues, will be discussed in this paper.",divider|electro mechanical compatibility|impulse|measurement|shunt and uncertainty,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898418,21274911,,,,2bd13769-7479-4541-86ef-02b9a07174b7,article,eng
Tailoring biomass-derived carbon nanoarchitectures for high-performance supercapacitors,"Wang, Huanlei|Li, Zhi|Mitlin, David",ChemElectroChem,1,2,332,337,,2014,11/02/2014,,,,,,,,,,,"Supercapacitors are attracting intense scientific attention as they can bridge the energy-power gap between commercial batteries and electrolytic capacitors. High-surface area activated carbon remains the electrode material of choice for commercial systems due to the inherently lower cost relative to the more exotic alternatives such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, or their hybrids. However, activated carbon possesses an inferior electrochemical performance relative to these more open and electrically conductive structures. This limits its feasibility as electrodes for future high-performance devices. In this concept paper we summarized two case studies of creating unique biomass-derived carbons by preserving the precursors’ intrinsic structure or transforming the precursor structure into graphene-like materials that actually demonstrate electrochemical performance on par with, or even better than, their much costlier alternatives.","biomass;
carbon;
electrochemistry;
energy storage;
supercapacitors",10.1002/celc.201300127,21274908,,,,5dcaa3b6-9c46-4be8-9376-65af23ac578f,article,eng
Unlocking the potential energy savings from shorter time delay occupancy sensors,"Dikel, Erhan E.|Newsham, G. R.",LD+A Magazine,44,12,54,56,,2014,01/12/2014,,,,,,,,Offshore Technology Conference,,,"Linking occupancy sensors to switches or dimmers is a well-established strategy yielding substantial lighting energy savings. Indeed the technology is considered proven enough that it is now mandated for many space types in most commercial buildings via all major energy codes. Current codes typically require a maximum 30-minute timeout or delay following the last detected occupancy before switching lights off. New codes may reduce this timeout to 20 minutes, promising more savings. It has been long recognized that reducing timeouts further, to 5 minutes or less, will deliver even greater savings [1, 2]. So, why aren’t energy codes more aggressive in mandating shorter timeouts? There are two principal answers to this: (1) prevailing sensor technology is not reliable enough to detect occupancy at such short timescales; (2) even if the sensors were reliable, shorter timeouts would mean more frequent switching, potentially reducing the lifetime of fluorescent lamps to an uneconomical degree. In this article we re-evaluate the potential energy savings of shorter timeout periods with two datasets, and discuss how such timeouts might be viable with LED technology.",lighting; occupancy sensors; energy savings,,21274863,,,,9de16357-d013-41c3-a944-8e5d119f2170,article,eng
Supplement to the NECB 2011 : Intent Statements,"Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes, National Research Council of Canada and Natural Resources Canada",,,,,,,2014,01/01/2014,,,,,,,,,,,,Codes and guides,,21274741,,,,9a8c33d5-a122-456f-b60f-7722fe932708,book,eng
User’s Guide: National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings 2011,"Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes, National Research Council Canada",,,,,,,2014,01/01/2014,,,,,,,,National Research Council Canada,,,This first edition of the User’s Guide to the National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings 2011 (NECB) is designed to complement the National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings 2011 (NECB) by providing additional background information as well as detailed examples and calculations. It describes the various compliance approaches in the NECB and presents examples of trade-off path calculations. The User’s Guide is an ideal training tool for educators and trainers and features checklists at the end of each Part to help designers verify that provisions in the NECB have been considered in their design. Code users familiar with the useful explanatory material in the appendices of the Model National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings 1997 (MNECB) will note that much of this material has been updated in the new User’s Guide and augmented with additional examples and information. This material includes calculation examples for thermal properties of building assemblies.,Codes and guides,,21274739,NRC-IRC-56134,,,d8d2b862-11ca-44e2-80ea-0aac1f7bad08,book,eng
Guide illustré de l’utilisateur - CNB 2010 maisons et petits bâtiments (partie 9),"Commission canadienne des codes du bâtiment et de prévention des incendies, Conseil national de recherches Canada",,,,,,,2014,2014,Code national du bâtiment,partie 9,,,,,,Conseil national de recherches Canada,,,"Ce Guide de l’utilisateur combine deux publications antérieures, soit le Code national de construction de maisons et Guide illustré – Canada 1998 et le Guide de l'utilisateur – CNB 1995, Maisons et petits bâtiments (Partie 9), en un document complet qui décrit diverses méthodes de conformité, y compris des exemples et des formules à l’appui. Afin de faciliter la navigation, on a réorganisé le Guide de l’utilisateur afin que sa présentation corresponde à celle utilisée dans la partie 9 du Code national du bâtiment (CNB). Ce Guide illustré de l’utilisateur présente de nouvelles informations sur les exigences relatives à l’efficacité énergétique des maisons et des petits bâtiments et comprend des mises à jour visant à assurer l’uniformité avec les dispositions qui ont été modifiées ou introduites dans les éditions 2005 et 2010 du CNB. Le Guide de l’utilisateur illustre les principes essentiels des pratiques minimales reconnues et explique les motifs et le contexte scientifique des exigences de la partie 9. Bien que ce guide ne soit pas un guide pratique sur la construction des maisons, des renseignements pertinents tirés des codes y sont incorporés par renvoi et des sources statistiques y sont fournies.",efficacité énergétique|maison|bâtiment,,21274681,NRCC 56133F,,,fa36f70b-a091-4f5f-9c02-c56eb45bdc97,book,fra
Illustrated user’s guide - NBC 2010 part 9 housing and small buildings,"Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes, National Research Council Canada",,,,,,,2014,2014,National Building Code of Canada,part 9,,,,,,National Research Council Canada,,,"This User’s Guide combines two earlier publications, the National Housing Code of Canada 1998 and Illustrated Guide and the User’s Guide – NBC 1995 Housing and Small Buildings (Part 9), into one comprehensive document that describes various compliance approaches, including examples and supporting formulas. To facilitate navigation, the User’s Guide has been reorganized to match the format used in Part 9 of the National Building Code of Canada (NBC). This illustrated User's Guide features new material on energy efficiency requirements for housing and small buildings and includes updates to match the provisions that were changed or introduced in the 2005 and 2010 editions of the NBC. The User’s Guide illustrates important principles of minimum accepted practice and explains the reasons and scientific background behind the Part 9 requirements. This is not a how-to guide on home construction; however, relevant code information is cross-referenced and statistical sources are provided.",energy efficiency|building|construction,,21274680,NRC-CONST-56133,,,89e722df-cfbf-4968-83aa-51a2a9d496b8,book,eng
NRCC experiments for ASTM E57 medium-range measurement error standards development,"MacKinnon, David Kenneth|Cournoyer, Luc",Journal of the CMSC,9,2,4,11,,2014,2014,,,,,,,,CMSC,,,"Adoption of 3D imaging systems is on the rise with the global market expected to exceed $450 million by 2016. An increasing number of users are expected to invest in high-accuracy/high-speed non-contact systems as their claimed performance approaches the claimed performance of tactile probing systems, particularly as the cost of non-contact systems has decreased significantly. To address the lack of published standards for 3D imaging systems, the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC) has been working closely with NIST on the ASTM E57 committee to develop two standards to evaluate the performance of medium-range (2 to 150 m) LiDAR systems. We present an overview of work completed to date by the WK12373 (Relative Range Error) and WK431218 (Volumetric Error) working groups and, in particular, present the results of experiments conducted at the NRCC in support of this work.",,,21274274,,,,85249783-5cc2-45d7-a538-ef16db7d9d42,article,eng
A methodology for creating large scale reference models with known uncertainty for evaluating imaging solution,"Drouin, Marc-Antoine|Beraldin, Jean-Angelo|Cournoyer, Luc|MacKinnon, David|Borgeat, Louis|Godin, Guy|Fournier, Jonathan",,,,137,144,,2014,2014-12,,,,2014 2nd International Conference on 3D Vision,"2014 Workshop on 3D Computer Vision in the Built Environment, December 8-11, 2014, Tokyo, Japan",,,IEEE,978-1-4799-7000-1,,"We propose a methodology for acquiring reference models with known uncertainty of complex building-sized objects. Those can be used to quantitatively evaluate the performance of passive 3D reconstruction when working at large scale. The proposed methodology combines the use of a time-of-flight scanner, a laser tracker, spherical artifacts and contrast targets. To demonstrate the soundness of the proposed approach, we built a reference model composed of a 3D model of exterior walls and courtyards of a 130m X 55m X 20m Building. The expanded uncertainty of the 3D reference model and the spatial resolution were calculated.",,10.1109/3DV.2014.104,21274273,,,,71595b3b-94db-4c81-b74d-80c60a3d4576,article,eng
Uptake and depuration of gold nanoparticles in Daphnia magna,"Skjolding, L. M.|Kern, K.|Hjorth, R.|Hartmann, N.|Overgaard, S.|Ma, G.|Veinot, J. G. C.|Baun, A.",Ecotoxicology,23,7,1172,1183,,2014,27/05/2014,,,0963-9292,,,,,,,,"This study presents a series of short-term studies (total duration 48 h) of uptake and depuration of engineered nanoparticles (ENP) in neonate Daphnia magna. Gold nanoparticles (Au NP) were used to study the influence of size, stabilizing agent and feeding on uptake and depuration kinetics and animal body burdens. 10 and 30 nm Au NP with different stabilizing agents [citrate (CIT) and mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUDA)] were tested in concentrations around 0.5 mg Au/L. Fast initial uptake was observed for all studied Au NP, with CIT stabilized Au NP showing similar rates independent of size and MUDA showing increased uptake for the smaller Au NP (MUDA 10 nm > CIT 10 nm, 30 nm > MUDA 30 nm). However, upon transfer to clean media no clear trend on depuration rates was found in terms of stabilizing agent or size. Independent of stabilizing agent, 10 nm Au NP resulted in higher residual whole-animal body burdens after 24 h depuration than 30 nm Au NP with residual body burdens about one order of magnitude higher of animals exposed to 10 nm Au NP. The presence of food (P. subcapitata) did not significantly affect the body burden after 24 h of exposure, but depuration was increased. While food addition is not necessary to ensure D. magna survival in the presented short-term test design, the influence of food on uptake and depuration kinetics is essential to consider in long term studies of ENP where food addition is necessary. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a short-term test design to assess the uptake and depuration of ENP in D. magna. The findings underlines that the assumptions behind the traditional way of quantifying bioconcentration are not fulfilled when ENPs are studied.",Kinetics|Feeding|Size|Test design|Au,10.1007/s10646-014-1259-x,21274140,,,,b5d73baa-f0b7-4ab1-98e4-8e9b43c236c4,article,eng
Enhanced image processing and archiving capabilities of magneto-optical imaging for non-destructive evaluation,"Genest, Marc|Mandache, Catalin",,45,01-Apr,241,247,,2014,01/04/2014,,,1383-5416,International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics,"16th International Symposium on Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics (ISEM 2013), July 31-Aug. 2, 2013, Quebec City, Quebec",,,,,,"In its current state, the wide acceptance of the Magneto-Optical Imaging (MOI) technique is hindered due to noise, lack of recordable results, and impossibility of data post-processing. This paper presents some add-ons made to a commercial MOI system to ease the image interpretation, archiving and reporting of the results. In addition, a few image processing techniques are also employed in an attempt to perform automatic flaw detection. The recording capability of the MOI instrument output images was addressed by digitizing the video signal in video or image files. To help with the identification of the damage location and distance between images, a rotary quadrature encoder was mounted onto the MOI scan head. The use of the encoder allowed the identification of the inspection location with respect to a reference position, such as the beginning of the scan. Moreover, it allowed saving images at fixed intervals, which were then stitched into a single image, thus simplifying the post inspection analysis process. Both live and post-inspection image processing capabilities were made available. Implemented image processing included background subtraction, de-noising, contrast adjustment and morphological operation, among others. Contrast stretching transform and background subtractions were found to be among the most powerful techniques that could be used in simplifying the image interpretation.",Magneto-optical imaging|Non destructive evaluation|Image processing,10.3233/JAE-141836,21274139,,,,8a490ee3-8204-4c79-b513-5ed881bfda0c,article,eng
Quantification of residual strain associated with reduction of hot tears by grain refinement in B206 aluminium alloy,"D'Elia, F.|Ravindran, C.|Sediako, D.",Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly,53,2,151,159,,2014,01/04/2014,,,0008-4433,,,,,,,,"Hot tearing continues to limit the industrial use of many aluminium casting alloys. The hot tearing susceptibility of an alloy is influenced by microstructure, solidification rate and the stress/strain conditions it experiences during solidification. In this study, a novel technique was used to quantify the residual strain associated with hot tearing in B206 aluminium alloy. Neutron diffraction strain mapping was carried out on three B206 castings with varying levels of titanium (i.e. unrefined, 0·02 and 0·05 wt-%). Titanium additions were effective in causing grain refinement of the alloy and eliminating hot tears. Neutron diffraction strain mapping was successfully used to demonstrate more uniform distribution of strain in the casting, resulting from grain refinement with consequent higher resistance to hot tearing.",Grain refinement|Neutron diffraction|Hot tearing|B206 aluminium alloy|Residual strain,10.1179/1879139513Y.0000000119,21274135,,,,0a428feb-3821-4fa7-8c56-de20fdcedc37,article,eng
The morphological transformation of red sequence galaxies in the distant cluster XMMU J1229+0151,"Cerulo, P.|Couch, W. J.|Lidman, C.|Delaye, L.|Demarco, R.|Huertas-Company, M.|Mei, S.|Sánchez-Janssen, R.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,439,3,2790,2812,,2014,19/02/2014,,,0035-8711,,,,,,,,"We present the results of a detailed analysis of galaxy properties along the red sequence in XMMU J1229+0151, an X-ray selected cluster at z = 0.98 drawn from the High AcuityWide field K-band Imager Cluster Survey. Taking advantage of the broad photometric coverage and the availability of 77 spectra in the cluster field, we fit synthetic spectral energy distributions, and estimate stellar masses and photometric redshifts, which we use to determine the cluster membership. We investigate morphological and structural properties of red sequence galaxies and find that elliptical galaxies populate the bright end, while S0 galaxies represent the predominant population at intermediate luminosities, with their fraction decreasing at fainter magnitudes. A comparison with the low-redshift sample of the Wide Field Nearby Galaxyclusters Survey cluster survey reveals that at z?1 the bright end of the red sequence ofXMMU J1229+0151 is richer in S0 galaxies. The faint end of the red sequence inXMMUJ1229+0151 appears rich in disc-dominated galaxies, which are rarer in the low-redshift comparison sample at the same luminosities. Despite these differences between the morphological composition of the red sequence in XMMU J1229+0151 and in low-redshift samples, we find that to within the uncertainties, no such difference exists in the ratio of luminous to faint galaxies along the red sequence.","galaxies: clusters: individual: XMMU J1229+0151|galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD|galaxies: evolution|galaxies: high redshift|galaxies: spiral",10.1093/mnras/stu135,21274134,,,,b5226101-3e66-4dfd-b081-8890d4767f35,article,eng
Inductive and solid-state sensing of pulsed eddy current : a comparative study,"Mandache, Catalin",,45,01-Apr,265,271,,2014,14/04/2014,,,1383-5416,International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics,"16th International Symposium on Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics (ISEM 2013), July 31-Aug. 2, 2013, Quebec City, Quebec",,,,,,"In recent years, solid-state devices made their way in the development of electromagnetic non-destructive evaluation (NDE) probes. This fact was evidenced especially for pulsed eddy current, where magneto-resistive and Hall effect devices are used as sensing elements. Their low frequency range and small surface area are suitable to improve the detection of buried and small discontinuities. Although their properties are expected to enhance detectability over simple induction coils, this was still to be proven or demonstrated in a comparative study. This work compares the sensing capabilities of an induction coil to those of two solid-state devices: giant-magneto-resistive (GMR) and Hall effect sensors. All of them are used as detectors in pulsed eddy current probes that have the same excitation mechanism, a ring-type copper coil driven by a constant amplitude square waveform. While the excitation part of the probe is fixed, the sensing components are inter-changeable. Although both induction coils and solid-state sensors output a voltage value as an indication of the magnetic field they are detecting, the voltage for pick-up coils is directly proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux. For solid-state sensors the output is in direct relation to the detected magnetic field. Under this study, all three sensing elements are used to detect the driving coil's magnetic output (magnetic field or flux) in air, on planes perpendicular and parallel to the face of the driver coil. The results obtained by all three sensors are quantitatively compared. Then the sensing devices are inserted in the inner space of the driving coil and, subsequently, used for detection of artificially made defects. Finally, the results are compared in terms of magnetic field sensitivity and inspection performance.",Comparative studies|Magnetic sensing|Non destructive evaluation|Pulsed eddy current,10.3233/JAE-141839,21274133,,,,c0899a19-3603-4efb-b344-43d574395a4f,article,eng
The origin of ionized filaments within the Orion-Eridanus superbubble,"Pon, Andy|Johnstone, Doug|Bally, John|Heiles, Carl",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,441,2,1095,1104,stu620,2014,05/05/2014,,,0035-8711,,,,,,,,"The Orion-Eridanus superbubble, formed by the nearby Orion high-mass star-forming region, contains multiple bright Ha filaments on the Eridanus side of the superbubble. We examine the implications of the H? brightnesses and sizes of these filaments, the Eridanus filaments. We find that either the filaments must be highly elongated along the line of sight or they cannot be equilibrium structures illuminated solely by the Orion star-forming region. The Eridanus filaments may, instead, have formed when the Orion-Eridanus superbubble encountered and compressed a pre-existing, ionized gas cloud, such that the filaments are nowout of equilibrium and slowly recombining.",ISM: bubble|ISM: cloud|ISM: individual objects: Eridanus filments|ISM: individual objects: Orion-Eridanus superbubble|ISM: structu,10.1093/mnras/stu620,21274132,,,,9c95d6a5-210c-406c-a546-414a7355c987,article,eng
An analytical model for vortex core pinning in a micromagnetic disk,"Burgess, J. A. J.|Losby, J. E.|Freeman, M. R.",Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,361,,140,149,,2014,01/03/2014,,,0304-8853,,,,,,,,"A two-parameter analytical model is constructed to describe a thin, magnetically soft, circular disk in the vortex state. The model is capable of describing the change in evolution of net magnetization and of vortex core position when the core interacts with a magnetic pinning site. The basis of the two-parameter model is formed by a piecewise, physically continuous, magnetization distribution constructed with two regions described by different one-parameter models. Benchmarking against numerical simulations of ideal disks with and without pinning sites shows that the model provides accurate predictions of magnetization, hysteretic transitions, and 2-D displacement of the vortex core in the presence of pinning sites. The demonstrated accuracy of the model supports its use as an empirical tool to extract quantitative maps of vortex pinning energies from measurements of magnetization.",Magnetic vortex|Micromagnetic modeling|Pinning,10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.02.078,21274131,,,,78102243-31a4-4d02-aa6f-b4e8f8567ad6,article,eng
Effect of miss-alignment on residual stress in carbon steel socket welded joint,"Hayashi, Makoto|Root, John H.","Zairyo/Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan",63,8,602,607,,2014,01/08/2014,,,0514-5163,,,,,,,,"Residual stress remarkably affects the fatigue strength of welded socket joint. In carbon and austenitic stainless steel the fatigue strength of socket welded joint is about half of base metal. This is caused by the high tensile residual stress at the root of socked weld. In this study the variation of residual stress distribution near the weld start and end points, effects of miss-alignment on the residual stress distribution and the principal strain and stress were examined using the neutron diffraction method. As a result, the effects of miss-alignment are negligibly small and the residual stress at the weld root is almost the same with that of normally welded joint. The deviations of principal axes from the specimen directions are not so much large and the principal stresses almost agree with those of specimen axes.",Neutron diffraction|Residual stress|Socket weld|Carbon steel,10.2472/jsms.63.602,21274130,,,,058c0582-0c70-41af-8ab2-2e5ae0a4a421,article,eng
Magnolol causes alterations in the cell cycle in androgen insensitive human prostate cancer cells in vitro by affecting expression of key cell cycle regulatory proteins,"McKeown, Brendan T.|McDougall, Luke|Catalli, Adriana|Hurta, Robert A. R.",Nutrition and Cancer,66,7,1154,1164,,2014,29/09/2014,,,0163-5581,,,,,,,,"Prostate cancer, one of the most common cancers in the Western world, affects many men worldwide. This study investigated the effects of magnolol, a compound found in the roots and bark of the magnolia tree Magnolia officinalis, on the behavior of 2 androgen insensitive human prostate cancer cell lines, DU145 and PC3, in vitro. Magnolol, in a 24-h exposure at 40 and 80 M, was found to be cytotoxic to cells. Magnolol also affected cell cycle progression of DU145 and PC3 cells, resulting in alterations to the cell cycle and subsequently decreasing the proportion of cells entering the G2/M-phase of the cell cycle. Magnolol inhibited the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins including cyclins A, B1, D1, and E, as well as CDK2 and CDK4. Protein expression levels of pRBp107 decreased and pRBp130 protein expression levels increased in response to magnolol exposure, whereas p16INK4a, p21, and p27 protein expression levels were apparently unchanged post 24-h exposure. Magnolol exposure at 6 h did increase p27 protein expression levels. This study has demonstrated that magnolol can alter the behavior of androgen insensitive human prostate cancer cells in vitro and suggests that magnolol may have potential as a novel anti-prostate cancer agent.",,10.1080/01635581.2014.951736,21274129,,,,2167005d-82bf-425e-ad5e-5623a9c6a743,article,eng
A Chandra-Swift view of point sources in Hickson compact groups : high agn fraction but a dearth of strong AGNs,"Tzanavaris, P.|Gallagher, S. C.|Hornschemeier, A. E.|Fedotov, K.|Eracleous, M.|Brandt, W. N.|Desjardins, T. D.|Charlton, J. C.|Gronwall, C.","Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series",212,1,,,9,2014,24/04/2014,,,0067-0049,,,,,,,,"We present Chandra X-ray point source catalogs for 9 Hickson Compact Groups (HCGs, 37 galaxies) at distances of 34-89 Mpc. We perform detailed X-ray point source detection and photometry and interpret the point source population by means of simulated hardness ratios. We thus estimate X-ray luminosities (Lx ) for all sources, most of which are too weak for reliable spectral fitting. For all sources, we provide catalogs with counts, count rates, power-law indices (?), hardness ratios, and Lx , in the full (0.5-8.0 keV), soft (0.5-2.0 keV), and hard (2.0-8.0 keV) bands. We use optical emission-line ratios from the literature to re-classify 24 galaxies as star-forming, accreting onto a supermassive black hole (AGNs), transition objects, or low-ionization nuclear emission regions. Two-thirds of our galaxies have nuclear X-ray sources with Swift/UVOT counterparts. Two nuclei have L x, 0.5-8.0 keV >10^42 erg s-1, are strong multi-wavelength active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and follow the known ?OX-?L ? (nearUV) correlation for strong AGNs. Otherwise, most nuclei are X-ray faint, consistent with either a low-luminosity AGN or a nuclear X-ray binary population, and fall in the ""non-AGN locus"" in ?OX-?L ? (nearUV) space, which also hosts other normal galaxies. Our results suggest that HCG X-ray nuclei in high specific star formation rate spiral galaxies are likely dominated by star formation, while those with low specific star formation rates in earlier types likely harbor a weak AGN. The AGN fraction in HCG galaxies with MR ? -20 and L x, 0.5-8.0 keV ?10^41 erg s-1 is 0.08 +0.035/-0.01, somewhat higher than the 5% fraction in galaxy clusters.",catalogs|galaxies: active|galaxies: nuclei|ultraviolet: galaxies|X-rays: galaxies,10.1088/0067-0049/212/1/9,21274128,,,,e4ac7fb9-a702-40f1-b11e-77ba4cd126ab,article,eng
A dynamical model of the local cosmic expansion,"Peñarrubia, Jorge|Ma, Yin-Zhe|Walker, Matthew G.|McConnachie, Alan",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,443,3,2204,2222,,2014,29/07/2014,,,0035-8711,,,,,,,,"We combine the equations of motion that govern the dynamics of galaxies in the local volume with Bayesian techniques in order to fit orbits to published distances and velocities of galaxies within 3 Mpc. We find a Local Group (LG) mass 2.3 ± 0.7 × 10^12 M? that is consistent with the combined dynamical masses of M31 and the Milky Way, and a mass ratio 0.54+0.23 -0.17 that rules out models where our Galaxy is more massive than M31 with ~95 per cent confidence. The MilkyWay's circular velocity at the solar radius is relatively high, 245±23 km s-1, which helps to reconcile the mass derived from the local Hubble flow with the larger value suggested by the 'timing argument'. Adopting Planck's bounds on ?? yields a (local) Hubble constant H0 = 67 ± 5 kms-1 Mpc-1 which is consistent with the value found on cosmological scales. Restricted N-body experiments show that substructures tend to fall on to the LG along the Milky Way-M31 axis, where the quadrupole attraction is maximum. Tests against mock data indicate that neglecting this effect slightly overestimates the LG mass without biasing the rest of model parameters.We also show that both the time dependence of the LG potential and the cosmological constant have little impact on the observed local Hubble flow.",Galaxy: fundamental parameters|Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics|Local Group|cosmological parameters|dark energy|dark matter,10.1093/mnras/stu879,21274111,,,,441e9827-054d-4ead-92c3-ec83e13eaa68,article,eng
Optical and near-infrared UBVRIJHK photometry for the RR Lyrae stars in the nearby globular cluster M4 (NGC 6121),"Stetson, P. B.|Braga, V. F.|Dall'Ora, M.|Bono, G.|Buonanno, R.|Ferraro, I.|Iannicola, G.|Marengo, M.|Neeley, J.",Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,126,940,521,543,,2014,17/06/2014,,,0004-6280,,,,,,,,"We present optical and near-infrared UBVRIJHK photometry of stars in the Galactic globular cluster M4 (NGC 6121) based upon a large corpus of observations obtained mainly from public astronomical archives. We concentrate on the RR Lyrae variable stars in the cluster, and make a particular effort to accurately reidentify the previously discovered variables. We have also discovered two new probable RR Lyrae variables in the M4 field: one of them by its position on the sky and its photometric properties is a probable member of the cluster, and the second is a probable background (bulge?) object. We provide accurate equatorial coordinates for all 47 stars identified as RR Lyraes, new photometric measurements for 46 of them, and new period estimates for 45.We have also derived accurate positions and mean photometry for 34 more stars previously identified as variable stars of other types, and for an additional five non-RR Lyrae variable stars identified for the first time here. We present optical and near-infrared color-magnitude diagrams for the cluster and show the locations of the variable stars in them. We present the Bailey (period-amplitude) diagrams and the period-frequency histogram for the RR Lyrae stars in M4 and compare them to the corresponding diagrams for M5 (NGC 5904). We conclude that the RR Lyrae populations in the two clusters are quite similar in all the relevant properties that we have considered. The mean periods, pulsation-mode ratios, and Bailey diagrams of these two clusters show support for the recently proposed ""Oosterhoff-neutral"" classification.",,10.1086/677195,21274110,,,,e6d6018c-8cea-42a9-a516-a0bc3a3ff4f6,article,eng
In situ magnetic resonance imaging of plant roots,"Gruwel, Marco L. H.",Vadose Zone Journal,13,3,,,,2014,14/03/2014,,,1539-1663,,,,,,,,"Visualization of the root system architecture of plants is possible using a combination of magnetic resonance imaging of water mobility and trac-tography. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a magnetic resonance application, was used to provide a three-dimensional map of water mobility inside a pot containing soil and roots. Tractography generates channels that constitute pathways of facilitated water movement, representing the roots, calculated from water diffusion properties obtained from DTI experiments. Examples of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and corn [Zea mays L. var. indentata (Sturtev.) L.H. Bailey] root growth are provided.",Diffusion tensor imaging|Plants (botany)|Tensors|Pisum sativum|Root growth|Root system|Three-dimensional maps|Tractography|Water diffusion|Water mobility|Water movements|Magnetic resonance imaging|diffusion|maize|movement|plant|research|root architecture|root system|visualization|water,10.2136/vzj2013.08.0158,21274109,,,,b1af95b7-f83e-4c7b-baa7-979c78dc17b9,article,eng
Dissipative and dispersive optomechanics in a nanocavity torque sensor,"Wu, Marcelo|Hryciw, Aaron C.|Healey, Chris|Lake, David P.|Jayakumar, Harishankar|Freeman, Mark R.|Davis, John P.|Barclay, Paul E.",Physical Review X,4,2,,,21052-1-21052-11,2014,19/06/2014,,,2160-3308,,,,,,,,Dissipative and dispersive optomechanical couplings are experimentally observed in a photonic crystal split-beam nanocavity optimized for detecting nanoscale sources of torque. Dissipative coupling of up to approximately 500 MHz/nm and dispersive coupling of 2 GHz/nm enable measurements of sub-pg torsional and cantileverlike mechanical resonances with a thermally limited torque detection sensitivity of 1.2 × 10-20 Nm/?Hz in ambient conditions and 1.3 × 10-21 Nm=/?Hz in low vacuum. Interference between optomechanical coupling mechanisms is observed to enhance detection sensitivity and generate a mechanical-mode-dependent optomechanical wavelength response.,Physics|Ambient conditions|Coupling mechanism|Detection sensitivity|Dissipative coupling|Limited torques|Measurements of|Mechanical resonance|Wavelength response|Dispersion (waves),10.1103/PhysRevX.4.021052,21274107,,,,94e519b5-fe2a-43e5-aad1-d8d199ed0826,article,eng
Binarity in carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars,"Starkenburg, Else|Shetrone, Matthew D.|McConnachie, Alan W.|Venn, Kim A.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,441,2,1217,1229,stu623,2014,05/05/2014,,,0035-8711,,,,,,,,"A substantial fraction of the lowest metallicity stars show very high enhancements in carbon. It is debated whether these enhancements reflect the stars' birth composition, or if their atmospheres were subsequently polluted, most likely by accretion from an asymptotic giant branch binary companion. Here we investigate and compare the binary properties of three carbon-enhanced subclasses: The metal-poor CEMP-s stars that are additionally enhanced in barium; the higher metallicity (sg)CH-and Ba II stars also enhanced in barium; and the metal-poor CEMP-no stars, not enhanced in barium. Through comparison with simulations, we demonstrate that all barium-enhanced populations are best represented by a ?100 per cent binary fraction with a shorter period distribution of at maximum ?20 000 d. This result greatly strengthens the hypothesis that a similar binary mass transfer origin is responsible for their chemical patterns. For the CEMP-no group we present new radial velocity data from the Hobby-Eberly Telescope for 15 stars to supplement the scarce literature data. Two of these stars show indisputable signatures of binarity. The complete CEMP-no data set is clearly inconsistent with the binary properties of the CEMP-s class, thereby strongly indicating a different physical origin of their carbon enhancements. The CEMP-no binary fraction is still poorly constrained, but the population resembles more the binary properties in the solar neighbourhood.",keywordA|stars: abundance|stars: AGB and post-AGB|stars: chemically peculiar|Galaxy: halo|alaxies: formation,10.1093/mnras/stu623,21274102,,,,62dfc41f-99e9-45b3-b766-82c7e93741c1,article,eng
Results of fire experiments to quantify residential design fires,"Bwalya, Alex|Kashef, Ahmed|Lougheed, Gary",,,,,,,2014,2014,,,,ASHRAE Transactions,"ASHRAE 2014 Annual Conference, June 28th to July 2nd, 2014, Seattle, WA, USA",,,,,,"Fire data on temporal combustion characteristics that define design fires, such as heat release rates, temperatures, radiant heat flux, smoke and composition of fire gases for different fire scenarios are indispensible in carrying out fire safety engineering analysis and design of buildings. This paper presents results from a project that was conducted at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) in order to characterize fires in multi-family residential dwellings and develop information on design fires. Such information is currently lacking for dwellings containing modern furniture.",,,21274098,,,,08ee707c-0c3b-48c2-ab0c-c422a6f6b46d,article,eng
Fiber laser cladding of Spherotene spherical fused WC/Inconel 625 metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings,"Chen, Jianyin|Xue, Lijue",,,,,,,2014,2014,,,,"Processes, Applications, and Performance of Materials in Additive Manufacturing","2014 TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition, February 2014, San Diego CA, USA",,,,,,"Many industrial tools/equipment require superior surface properties such as high abrasive wear and corrosion resistances as compared to their bulk materials in order to meet harsh operating environments in automotive tooling manufacturing, mining and mineral processing. One strategy is to deposit a layer of hardfacing metal-matrix-composite (MMC) coating onto the working surface of the tool/equipment. This study is to coat Spherotene® spherical fused tungsten carbides (WC) premixed with nickel-based Inconel 625 alloy powders as a binder onto the surface of low carbon steel substrate using a 500W fibre laser which possesses better beam quality, high efficiency, affordable cost, and can easily scale-up, as compared with Nd:YAG and CO2 lasers; the produced coatings free of cracks and pores are expected to offer high surface resistances to abrasive wear as well as corrosion. In this paper, fibre laser cladability, cracking susceptibility, phases and microstructures of spherical fused WC/Inconel 625 coatings are investigated using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electronic microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) method.",Fiber laser cladding; composite coating; tungsten carbides; wear resistance; corrosion resistance,,21273919,,,,fa4f2f3b-0a41-43bc-acbf-920662bf76ca,article,eng
Simultaneous remediation of nutrients from liquid anaerobic digestate and municipal wastewater by the microalga Scenedesmus sp. AMDD grown in continuous chemostats,"Dickinson, K.E.|Bjornsson, W.J.|Garrison, L.L.|Whitney, C.G.|Park, K.C.|Banskota, A.H.|McGinn, P.J.",Journal of Applied Microbiology,118,1,75,83,,2014,27/11/2014,,,1364-5072,,,,,,,,"The primary aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of a microalga, Scenedesmus sp. AMDD, to remediate nutrients from municipal wastewater, either as the sole nutrient source or after blending with wastewater obtained from the anaerobic digestion of swine manure. A complimentary aim was to study and define the effects of these wastewaters on microalgal growth, biomass productivity and composition which have important implications for a commercial biofuels production system.","anaerobic digestate;
biochemical composition;
chemostat;
microalgae;
wastewater",10.1111/jam.12681,21273884,NRC-ACRD-56090,,,bb8b611c-97b3-4930-b836-518d3cb18e46,article,eng
"Biochemical characterization of microalgal biomass from freshwater species isolated in Alberta, Canada for animal feed applications","Tibbetts, Sean M.|Whitney, Crystal G.|MacPherson, Margaret J.|Bhatti, Shabana|Banskota, Arjun H.|Stefanova, Roumiana|McGinn, Patrick J.",Algal Research,,,,,,2014,19/12/2014,,,2211-9264,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Biochemical composition of freshwater microalgae isolates from Alberta, Canada was determined. Growth rate (0.98 ± 0.07 d? 1), biomass production (0.35 ± 0.03 g DW L? 1) and daily productivity (0.14 ± 0.01 g DW L? 1 d? 1) were the same for Chlorella vulgaris (AB02-C-U-BBM), Nannochloris bacillaris (AB03-C-F-PLM), Tetracystis sp. (AB04-C-F-PLM02) and Micractinium reisseri (AB05-C-U-BBM02). Whole algal biomass (WAB) contained low ash (~ 2 g 100 g DW? 1) and protein (13–15 g 100 g DW? 1), high esterifiable lipid (32–36 g 100 g DW? 1), carbohydrate (27–30 g 100 g DW? 1) and energy (26–28 MJ kg DW? 1). Oil fractionation was relatively ineffective for C. vulgaris and M. reisseri while oil was effectively extracted from N. bacillaris and Tetracystis sp. Accordingly, lipid-extracted biomass (LEB) from N. bacillaris and Tetracystis sp. contained higher protein (22 g 100 g DW? 1) and carbohydrate (43–44 g 100 g DW? 1) and lower residual esterifiable lipid (6–9 g 100 g DW? 1) than C. vulgaris and M. reisseri at 17–18 g 100 g DW? 1 (protein), 34–36 g 100 g? 1 DW (carbohydrate) and 28–32 g 100 g DW? 1 (residual esterifiable lipid). Biomass had favorable essential amino acid (EAA) profiles with high EAA indices (0.9–1.1); rich in first-limiting EAA lysine (0.9–1.5 g 100 g DW? 1). Fatty acids (% of total) were predominantly monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; 40–53%), high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; 27–40%) and low in saturated fatty acids (14–24%). N. bacillaris and Tetracystis sp. were particularly rich (9–12%) in ?-linolenic acid (18:3n ? 3), had attractive n ? 3:n ? 6 ratios (0.5–0.7:1), were rich in iron (800–1616 mg kg DW? 1), had attractively low Ca:P ratios (0.6–0.9:1) and were virtually absent of contaminating heavy metals.","Microalgae;
Composition;
Amino acids;
Fatty acids;
Minerals;
Carotenoids;
Animal feed",10.1016/j.algal.2014.11.011,21273883,,,,8213ff06-6821-4372-89dd-7fbeba7929d2,article,eng
Deciphering the roles of Arabidopsis LPCAT and PAH in phosphatidylcholine homeostasis and pathway coordination for chloroplast lipid synthesis,"Wang, Liping|Kazachkov, Michael|Shen, Wenyun|Bai, Mei|Wu, Hong|Zou, Jitao",The Plant Journal,80,6,965,976,,2014,30/09/2014,,,0960-7412,,,,,,,,"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a key intermediate in the metabolic network of glycerolipid biosynthesis. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) and phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAH) are two key enzymes of PC homeostasis. We report that LPCAT activity is markedly induced in the Arabidopsis pah mutant. The quadruple pah lpcat mutant, with dual defects in PAH and LPCAT, had a level of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) that was much higher than that in the lpcat mutants and a PC content that was higher than that in the pah mutant. Comparative molecular profile analysis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol revealed that both the pah and pah lpcat mutants had increased proportions of 34:6 from the prokaryotic pathway despite differing levels of LPCAT activity. We show that a decreased representation of the C16:0C18:2 diacylglycerol moiety in PC was a shared feature of pah and pah lpcat, and that this change in PC metabolic profile correlated with the increased prokaryotic contribution to chloroplast lipid synthesis. We detected increased PC deacylation in the pah lpcat mutant that was attributable at least in part to the induced phospholipases. Increased LPC generation was also evident in the pah mutant, but the phospholipases were not induced, raising the possibility that PC deacylation is mediated by the reverse reaction of LPCAT. We discuss possible roles of LPCAT and PAH in PC turnover that impacts lipid pathway coordination for chloroplast lipid synthesis.",acyl editing; Arabidopsis thaliana; chloroplast lipid synthesis; LPCAT activity; PC deacylation; reverse reaction,10.1111/tpj.12683,21273876,NRC-ACRD-56057,,,4e97430e-e780-426f-bc73-a6240143bd96,article,eng
Development of a fast extraction method and optimization of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for the analysis of phenolic compounds in lentil seed coats,"Mirali, Mahla|Ambrose, Stephen J.|Wood, Stephen A.|Vandenberg, Albert|Purves, Randy W.",Journal of Chromatography B,969,,149,161,,2014,12/08/2014,,,1570-0232,,,,,,,,"A systematic set of optimization experiments was conducted to design an efficient extraction and analysis protocol for screening six different sub-classes of phenolic compounds in the seed coat of various lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) genotypes. Different compounds from anthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, flavanones, flavones, and flavonols sub-classes were first optimized for use as standards for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with UV detection. The effect of maceration duration, reconstitution solvent, and extraction solvent were investigated using lentil genotype CDC Maxim. Chromatographic conditions were optimized by examining column separation efficiencies, organic composition, and solvent gradient. The results showed that a 1. h maceration step was sufficient and that non-acidified solvents were more appropriate; a 70:30 acetone: water (v/v) solvent was ultimately selected. Using a Kinetex PFP column, the organic concentration, gradient, and flow rate were optimized to maximize the resolution of phenolic compounds in a short 30-min analysis time. The optimized method was applied to three lentil genotypes with different phenolic compound profiles to provide information of value to breeding programs.",Acetone; Chromatography; Extraction; Flavonoids; High performance liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Phenols; Solvents; Chromatographic conditions; Condition optimizations; Core-shell columns; Lens culinaris; Liquid chromatography - mass spectrometries; Liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometry; Organic compositions; Polyphenols; Drug isolation; Drug screening; Flow rate; Genotype; Lentil; Nonhuman; Plant breeding; Priority journal; Seed husk; Ultraviolet radiation,10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.007,21273872,NRC-ACRD-56082,,,0b319d3c-ec03-47dc-b84d-0662d6b9db5b,article,eng
Label-free hyperspectral nonlinear optical microscopy of the biofuel micro-algae Haematococcus Pluvialis,"Barlow, Aaron M.|Slepkov, Aaron D.|Ridsdale, Andrew|Mcginn, Patrick J.|Stolow, Albert",Biomedical Optics Express,5,10,3391,3402,,2014,03/09/2014,,,2156-7085,,,,,,,,"We consider multi-modal four-wave mixing microscopies to be ideal tools for the in vivo study of carotenoid distributions within the important biofuel microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis. We show that hyperspectral coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy generates non-invasive, quantitative real-time concentrations maps of intracellular carotenoid distributions in live algae.",Haematococcus pluvialis; HyperSpectral; Label free; Micro-algae; Nonlinear optical microscopy,10.1364/BOE.5.003391,21273859,NRC-ACRD-56105,,,8a3c728a-828f-41c1-ad80-cbb31c78117b,article,eng
Carbon materials as catalyst supports and catalysts in the transformation of biomass to fuels and chemicals,"Lam, Edmond|Luong, John H. T.",ACS Catalysis,4,10,3393,3410,,2014,25/08/2014,,,2155-5435,,,,,,,,"Carbon plays a dual role as a catalyst or a catalyst support for chemical and enzymatic biomass transformation reactions due to its large specific surface area, high porosity, excellent electron conductivity, and relative chemical inertness. Advantageously, carbon materials can be prepared from residual biomass, an attractive property for decreasing the so-called ""carbon-footprint"" of a biomass transformation process. Carbon can be chemically functionalized and/or decorated with metallic nanoparticles and enzymes to impart or improve novel catalytic activity. Sulfonated porous carbon materials exhibit high reactivity in diversified catalytic reactions compared to their nonporous counterparts. However, the SO3H groups prevent the incorporation of hydrophobic molecules into the bulk, thereby causing hydrophobic acid-catalyzed reactions to proceed only on the surface. Metal and enzymatic catalysts on carbon supports have significant advantages over other oxide materials for different types of reactions. The future success of biorefinery will require the design of a new generation of multifunctional catalysts, possibly derived from emerging carbon materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon monoliths, for the selective processing of carbohydrates and lignin. The most achievable and economical way is to convert lignocellulosic biomass directly, rather than pure cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin using multifunctional catalysts.",biocatalysis; biomass; carbon; catalysis; catalyst; graphene; monolith; nanotube,10.1021/cs5008393,21273858,NRC-ACRD-56081,,,59abfd07-80c1-4720-8988-09b4417da257,article,eng
Immobilization of antibodies and enzymes on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-functionalized bioanalytical platforms for biosensors and diagnostics,"Vashist, Sandeep Kumar|Lam, Edmond|Hrapovic, Sabahudin|Male, Keith B.|Luong, John H. T.",Chemical Reviews,114,21,11083,11130,,2014,09/10/2014,,,0009-2665|1520-6890,,,,,,,,"Biosensing and diagnostic platforms with high sensitivity, specificity, and fast response time are based on immobilized biomolecules such as antibodies (Abs), aptamers, enzymes, nucleic acids, receptors, and whole cells for the detection of target analytes. Such sensing biomolecules should be bound to the surface of a signal transducer with a required specific chemical, electrical, or optical property. The biological recognition event generates a quantifiable signal, which is equated to the amount or concentration of the analyte. APTES can be deposited on solid materials, electrode materials, nanomaterials, and nanocomposites under variable conditions of concentration, solvent, temperature, and time. In addition, curing conditions such as air/heat drying might be necessary depending upon the intended application. Pertinent information on the thickness, morphology, and conformation of the APTES layer reported in the literature is often different and conflicting.",Antibodies; Biomolecules; Chemical detection; Curing; Nucleic acids; Opitical properties; Bioanalytical platforms; Biological recognition; Curing condition; Electrode material; Fast response time; High sensitivity; Signal transducers; Variable conditions; Enzyme immobilization,10.1021/cr5000943,21273796,NRC-ACRD-56084,,,4e64096b-57bc-477e-9d1b-ddb753d9f2cf,article,eng
Development of the McGill simulator for endoscopic sinus surgery : a new high-fidelity virtual reality simulator for endoscopic sinus surgery,"Varshney, Rickul|Frenkiel, Saul|Nguyen, Lily H. P.|Young, Meredith|Del Maestro, Rolando|Zeitouni, Anthony|Tewfik, Marc A.|National Research Council of Canada",American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy,28,4,330,334,,2014,01/08/2014,,,1945-8924|1945-8932,,,,,,,,"Background: The technical challenges of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and the high risk of complications support the development of alternative modalities to train residents in these procedures. Virtual reality simulation is becoming a useful tool for training the skills necessary for minimally invasive surgery; however, there are currently no ESS virtual reality simulators available with valid evidence supporting their use in resident education. Our aim was to develop a new rhinology simulator, as well as to define potential performance metrics for trainee assessment. Methods: The McGill simulator for endoscopic sinus surgery (MSESS), a new sinus surgery virtual reality simulator with haptic feedback, was developed (a collaboration between the McGill University Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Montreal Neurologic Institute Simulation Lab, and the National Research Council of Canada). A panel of experts in education, performance assessment, rhinology, and skull base surgery convened to identify core technical abilities that would need to be taught by the simulator, as well as performance metrics to be developed and captured. Results: The MSESS allows the user to perform basic sinus surgery skills, such as an ethmoidectomy and sphenoidotomy, through the use of endoscopic tools in a virtual nasal model. The performance metrics were developed by an expert panel and include measurements of safety, quality, and efficiency of the procedure. Conclusion: The MSESS incorporates novel technological advancements to create a realistic platform for trainees. To our knowledge, this is the first simulator to combine novel tools such as the endonasal wash and elaborate anatomic deformity with advanced performance metrics for ESS.",Education; endoscopic sinus surgery; haptic; minimally invasive surgery; nasal model; performance metrics; resident; rhinology; simulation; technical abilities; training; virtual reality,10.2500/ajra.2014.28.4046,21273143,,,,4661f3f0-2d34-4c04-b054-a6587bd632e8,article,eng
Thermally stable gold/alumina aerogel catalysts prepared by a simultaneous synthesis process for solvent-free aerobic benzyl alcohol oxidation,"Li, Z.|Ji, Y.|Cadigan, C.|Richards, R. M.",Catalysis Science and Technology,4,8,2520,2525,,2014,01/05/2014,,,2044-4753,,,,,,,,"Gold nanoparticles supported on an alumina aerogel have been prepared through a simultaneous synthesis process in which the formation of the gold nanoclusters capped with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and the hydrolyzation/co-condensation of the APTES and aluminum alkoxide occur concurrently. The obtained gold nanoparticles are trapped in and physically protected by the framework of the alumina aerogel providing excellent thermal stability with no observable sintering at 650 °C. In the catalysis test for the solvent-free aerobic benzyl alcohol oxidation, this catalyst exhibits significantly better activity than reference gold/alumina aerogel catalysts prepared through a deposition precipitation and conventional wet impregnation methods, especially at high temperature.",,10.1039/c3cy01064c,21273104,,,,558391a8-3f25-4943-a122-fa1eed0879f6,article,eng
Survival life analysis of the cutting tools during turning titanium metal matrix composites (Ti-MMCs),"Aramesh, M.|Shaban, Y.|Balazinski, M.|Attia, H.|Kishawy, H. A.|Yacout, S.",,14,,605,609,,2014,11/06/2014,,,2212-8271,Procedia CIRP,"6th CIRP International Conference on High Performance Cutting (HPC2014), June 23-25, 2014, Berkley, California",,,,,,"Metal matrix composites (MMCs), as a new generation of materials; have proven to be viable materials in various industrial fields such as biomedical and aerospace. In order to achieve a valuable modification in various properties of materials, metallic matrices are reinforced with additional phases based on the chemical and/or physical properties required in the in-service operating conditions. The presence of the reinforcements in MMCs improves the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the composite; however it induces significant issues in the domain of machining, such as high tool wear and inferior surface finish. The interaction between the tool and abrasive hard reinforcing particles induces complex deformation behaviour in the MMC structure. Sever tool wear is technically the most important drawback of machining MMCs. In this study a statistical model is developed to estimate the mean residual life (MRL) of the cutting tool during machining Ti-MMCs. Initial wear, steady wear and rapid wear regions in the tool wear curve are regarded as the different states in the statistical model. Hence, the valuable information regarding the estimated total time spent in each state, called the sojourn time, and the transition times between the states are obtained from the model. In this paper the standard cutting conditions, based on the recommendation of the tool supplier, are adopted. Based on a Weibull model, the reliability and hazard functions are obtained and are utilized in order to calculate the MRL and the sojourn times. © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.",Metal matrix composites|survival analysis|reliability function,10.1016/j.procir.2014.03.047,21273058,,,,42dda8c5-2a4f-4ecd-b678-af3dfc89280b,article,eng
Phase measurement error in summation of electron holography series,"McLeod, Robert A.|Bergen, Michael|Malac, Marek",Ultramicroscopy,141,,38,50,,2014,09/03/2014,,,0304-3991,,,,,,,,"Off-axis electron holography is a method for the transmission electron microscope (TEM) that measures the electric and magnetic properties of a specimen. The electrostatic and magnetic potentials modulate the electron wavefront phase. The error in measurement of the phase therefore determines the smallest observable changes in electric and magnetic properties. Here we explore the summation of a hologram series to reduce the phase error and thereby improve the sensitivity of electron holography. Summation of hologram series requires independent registration and correction of image drift and phase wavefront drift, the consequences of which are discussed. Optimization of the electro-optical configuration of the TEM for the double biprism configuration is examined. An analytical model of image and phase drift, composed of a combination of linear drift and Brownian random-walk, is derived and experimentally verified. The accuracy of image registration via cross-correlation and phase registration is characterized by simulated hologram series. The model of series summation errors allows the optimization of phase error as a function of exposure time and fringe carrier frequency for a target spatial resolution. An experimental example of hologram series summation is provided on WS2 fullerenes. A metric is provided to measure the object phase error from experimental results and compared to analytical predictions. The ultimate experimental object root-mean-square phase error is 0.006rad (2?/1050) at a spatial resolution less than 0.615nm and a total exposure time of 900s. The ultimate phase error in vacuum adjacent to the specimen is 0.0037rad (2?/1700). The analytical prediction of phase error differs with the experimental metrics by +7% inside the object and -5% in the vacuum, indicating that the model can provide reliable quantitative predictions.",Off-axis electron holography|Transmission electron microscope|Complex circular random variables|Phase error|Phase resolution|Random-walk|Quantitative electron microscopy|TEM optimization|Specimen drift|Microscope instabilities,10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.03.001,21273057,,,,2809ab9f-a8bb-4c9f-a01e-a5322d04ec92,article,eng
The outer halo globular cluster system of M31 - I. The final PAndAS catalogue|The outer halo globular cluster system of M31 I. The final PAndAS catalogue,"Huxor, A. P.|Mackey, A. D.|Ferguson, A. M. N.|Irwin, M. J.|Martin, N. F.|Tanvir, N. R.|Veljanoski, J.|McConnachie, A.|Fishlock, C. K.|Ibata, R.|Lewis, G. F.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,442,3,2165,2187,,2014,18/06/2014,,,0035-8711,,,,,,,,"We report the discovery of 59 globular clusters (GCs) and two candidate GCs in a search of the halo of M31, primarily via visual inspection of Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope/MegaCam imagery from the Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey (PAndAS). The superior quality of these data also allows us to check the classification of remote objects in the Revised Bologna Catalogue (RBC), plus a subset of GC candidates drawn from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) imaging. We identify three additional new GCs from the RBC, and confirm the GC nature of 11 SDSS objects (8 of which appear independently in our remote halo catalogue); the remaining 188 candidates across both lists are either foreground stars or background galaxies. Our new catalogue represents the first uniform census of GCs across the M31 halo - we find clusters to the limit of the PAndAS survey area at projected radii of up to Rproj ~ 150 kpc. Tests using artificial clusters reveal that detection incompleteness cuts in at luminosities below MV = -6.0; our 50 per cent completeness limit is MV ? -4.1. We construct a uniform set of PAndAS photometric measurements for all known GCs outside Rproj = 25 kpc, and any new GCs within this radius. With these data, we update results from Huxor et al., investigating the luminosity function (LF), colours and effective radii of M31 GCs with a particular focus on the remote halo.We find that the GCLF is clearly bimodal in the outer halo (Rproj > 30 kpc), with the secondary peak at MV ~ -5.5. We argue that the GCs in this peak have most likely been accreted along with their host dwarf galaxies. Notwithstanding, we also find, as in previous surveys, a substantial number of GCs with above-average luminosity in the outer M31 halo - a population with no clear counterpart in the Milky Way.",galaxies: evolution|galaxies: haloes|galaxies: individual: M31|galaxies: star clusters: general,10.1093/mnras/stu771,21273056,,,,63b94182-0a92-4e63-828e-79043ed7cffe,article,eng
The outer halo globular cluster system of M31 - II. Kinematics|The outer halo globular cluster system of M31 II. Kinematics,"Veljanoski, J.|Mackey, A. D.|Ferguson, A. M. N.|Huxor, A. P.|Côté, P.|Irwin, M. J.|Tanvir, N. R.|Peñarrubia, J.|Bernard, E. J.|Fardal, M.|Martin, N. F.|McConnachie, A.|Lewis, G. F.|Chapman, S. C.|Ibata, R. A.|Babul, A.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,442,4,2929,2950,stu1055,2014,29/06/2014,,,0035-8711,,,,,,,,"We present a detailed kinematic analysis of the outer halo globular cluster system of the Andromeda galaxy (M31). Our basis for this is a set of new spectroscopic observations for 78 clusters lying at projected distances between Rproj ~ 20-140 kpc from the M31 centre. These are largely drawn from the recent Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey globular cluster catalogue; 63 of our targets have no previous velocity data. Via a Bayesian maximum likelihood analysis, we find that globular clusters with Rproj > 30 kpc exhibit coherent rotation around the minor optical axis ofM31, in the same direction as more centrally located globular clusters, but with a smaller amplitude of 86±17 km s-1. There is also evidence that the velocity dispersion of the outer halo globular cluster system decreases as a function of projected distance from the M31 centre, and that this relation can be well described by a power law of index ?-0.5. The velocity dispersion profile of the outer halo globular clusters is quite similar to that of the halo stars, at least out to the radius up to which there is available information on the stellar kinematics. We detect and discuss various velocity correlations amongst subgroups of globular clusters that lie on stellar debris streams in the M31 halo. Many of these subgroups are dynamically cold, exhibiting internal velocity dispersions consistent with zero. Simple Monte Carlo experiments imply that such configurations are unlikely to form by chance, adding weight to the notion that a significant fraction of the outer halo globular clusters in M31 have been accreted alongside their parent dwarf galaxies. We also estimate the M31 mass within 200 kpc via the Tracer Mass Estimator (TME), finding (1.2-1.6) ± 0.2 × 1012M?. This quantity is subject to additional systematic effects due to various limitations of the data, and assumptions built in into the TME. Finally, we discuss our results in the context of formation scenarios for the M31 halo.",globular clusters: general|galaxies: haloes|galaxies: individual: M31|galaxies: kinematics and dynamic|Local Group,10.1093/mnras/stu1055,21273055,,,,f3b754b3-a150-4404-b16f-8fe7935218c4,article,eng
A reference system for on-site calibration of high-voltage revenue metering systems,"Rietveld, Gert|Fransen, Martin|Blanc, Nicolas|Houtzager, Ernest|So, Eddy",,,,404,405,6898430,2014,2014,,,0589-1485,CPEM Digest (Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements),"29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014), August 24-29, 2014, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil",,,,9781479952052,,"A reference system for on-site calibration and validation of revenue metering systems is realized. The system consists of a three-phase power meter and high-accuracy current and voltage transformers (CTs and VTs). Measurements can be made up to 150 kV (system voltage) and line currents up to 5000 A. The power meter, the CTs, and the VTs were all calibrated. Based on the excellent results of the calibration of these components it is possible to predict the full system performance with an uncertainty of less than 100 ?W/VA. This estimation was verified with a full system validation, showing that the system is much more accurate than required and that detrimental effects to the accuracy are well understood.",billing|High currents|High voltage|power|Power meters|Precision measurement|substation|traceability|Voltage transformer|Electric instrument transformers|revenue metering,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898430,21273054,,,,0a437437-eb31-4ffc-9e66-ffe5070971d6,article,eng
Mechanism of DNA trapping in nanoporous structures during asymmetric pulsed-field electrophoresis,"Zhou, Ya|Sheng, Huiying|Harrison, D. Jed",Analyst,139,22,6044,6051,,2014,24/09/2014,,,0003-2654,,,,,,,,"We investigate the trapping mechanism of individual DNA molecules in ordered nanoporous structures generated by crystalline particle arrays. Two requisites for trapping are revealed by the dynamics of single trapped DNA, fully-stretched U/J shapes and hernia formation. The experimental results show there is a stronger possibility for hernias to lead the reorientation upon switching directions of the voltage at high field strengths, where trapping occurs. Fully stretched DNA has longer unhooking times than expected by a classic rope-on-pulley model. We propose a dielectrophoretic (DEP) force reduces the mobility of segments at the apex of the U or J, where field gradients are highest, based on simulations and observations of the trapping force dependence on field strength. A modified model for unhooking time is obtained after the DEP force is introduced. The new model explains the unhooking time data by predicting an infinite trapping time when the ratio of arm length differences (of the U or J) to molecule length ?x/L < ?, where ? is a DEP parameter that is found to strongly increase with electric field. The DNA polarizability calculated with the DEP model and experimental value of ? is of the same magnitude of reported value. The results indicate the tension at the apex of U/J shape DNA is the primary reason for DNA trapping during pulsed field separation, instead of hernias.",,10.1039/c4an01364f,21273053,,,,f17c13d5-8ff0-4537-9ce7-6326c506d124,article,eng
"Structure and performance of tin-cobalt-carbon alloys prepared by attriting, roller milling and sputtering","Ferguson, P. P.|Todd, A. D. W.|Martine, M. L.|Dahnd, J. R.",Journal of the Electrochemical Society,161,3,A342,A347,,2014,01/01/2014,,,0013-4651,,,,,,,,"Samples of (Sn5oCo5o)1-yC100y for 0 ? y ? 0.8 have been prepared in increments of y = 0.1 using a vertical-axis attritor and a horizontal roller mill. The effect of the carbon content on the structure and performance as a negative electrode material of the Sn-Co-C composites was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and electrochemical methods. These results were compared to similar alloys prepared by magnetron sputtering. XRD experiments of all of the prepared samples show diffraction patterns characteristic of nanostructured materials except for the samples made without carbon which show broad Bragg peaks of Co3Sn2. The nanostructured samples were best described as Co-Sn grains surrounded by a carbon matrix. SANS results showed that samples prepared by roller milling and by attriting had Co-Sn grains of about 45 Å and 75 Å, respectively, while those prepared by sputtering were either amorphous or had Co-Sn grains of about 10 Å. Excellent charge-discharge capacity retention was observed for samples with y > 0.3. It is believed that this concentration marks the point at which the Co-Sn grains become isolated in the matrix of carbon.",,10.1149/2.060403jes,21273051,,,,2d462421-9286-4e54-8904-f684177131e8,article,eng
The absolute magnitude distribution of Kuiper Belt objects,"Fraser, Wesley C.|Brown, Michael E.|Morbidelli, Alessandro|Parker, Alex|Batygin, Konstantin",The Astrophysical Journal,782,2,1,14,100,2014,03/02/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"Here we measure the absolute magnitude distributions (H-distribution) of the dynamically excited and quiescent (hot and cold) Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs), and test if they share the same H-distribution as the Jupiter Trojans. From a compilation of all useable ecliptic surveys, we find that the KBO H-distributions are well described by broken power laws. The cold population has a bright-end slope and break magnitude (r?-band). The hot population has a shallower bright-end slope of and break magnitude. Both populations share similar faint-end slopes of ?2 0.2. We estimate the masses of the hot and cold populations are 0.01 and 3 × 10-4 M ?. The broken power-law fit to the Trojan H-distribution has ?1 = 1.0 ± 0.2, ?2 = 0.36 ± 0.01, and H B = 8.3. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test reveals that the probability that the Trojans and cold KBOs share the same parent H-distribution is less than 1 in 1000. When the bimodal albedo distribution of the hot objects is accounted for, there is no evidence that the H-distributions of the Trojans and hot KBOs differ. Our findings are in agreement with the predictions of the Nice model in terms of both mass and H-distribution of the hot and Trojan populations. Wide-field survey data suggest that the brightest few hot objects, with , do not fall on the steep power-law slope of fainter hot objects. Under the standard hierarchical model of planetesimal formation, it is difficult to account for the similar break diameters of the hot and cold populations given the low mass of the cold belt.","Kuiper belt: general|minor planets, asteroids: general",10.1088/0004-637X/782/2/100,21273045,,,,d3900628-8a06-4edc-9a98-9ec0b3b83320,article,eng
The masses of local group dwarf spheroidal galaxies : the death of the universal mass profile,"Collins, Michelle L. M.|Chapman, Scott C.|Rich, R. M.|Ibata, Rodrigo A.|Martin, Nicolas F.|Irwin, Michael J.|Bate, Nicholas F.|Lewis, Geraint F.|Peñarrubia, Jorge|Arimoto, Nobuo|Casey, Caitlin M.|Ferguson, Annette M. N.|Koch, Andreas|McConnachie, Alan W.|Tanvir, Nial",The Astrophysical Journal,783,1,1,14,7,2014,2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"We investigate the claim that all dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) reside within halos that share a common, universal mass profile as has been derived for dSphs of the galaxy. By folding in kinematic information for 25 Andromeda dSphs, more than doubling the previous sample size, we find that a singular mass profile cannot be found to fit all of the observations well. Further, the best-fit dark matter density profile measured solely for the Milky Way dSphs is marginally discrepant with that of the Andromeda dSphs (at just beyond the 1? level), where a profile with lower maximum circular velocity, and hence mass, is preferred. The agreement is significantly better when three extreme Andromeda outliers, And XIX, XXI, and XXV, all of which have large half-light radii (? 600 pc) and low-velocity dispersions (? v <5 km s-1), are omitted from the sample. We argue that the unusual properties of these outliers are likely caused by tidal interactions with the host galaxy.",dark matter|galaxies: dwarf|galaxies: fundamental parameter|galaxies: kinematics and dynamics|Local Group,10.1088/0004-637X/783/1/7,21273042,,,,63bf0022-72e4-49b4-9ef7-8ccdcf8044d6,article,eng
Simultaneous epicardial and noncontact endocardial mapping of the canine right atrium : simulation and experiment,"Sabouri, Sepideh|Matene, Elhacene|Vinet, Alain|Richer, Louis-Philippe|Cardinal, René|Armour, J. Andrew|Pagé, Pierre|Kus, Teresa|Jacquemet, Vincent",PLoS ONE,9,3,1,11,e91165,2014,05/03/2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,,,,"Epicardial high-density electrical mapping is a well-established experimental instrument to monitor in vivo the activity of the atria in response to modulations of the autonomic nervous system in sinus rhythm. In regions that are not accessible by epicardial mapping, noncontact endocardial mapping performed through a balloon catheter may provide a more comprehensive description of atrial activity. We developed a computer model of the canine right atrium to compare epicardial and noncontact endocardial mapping. The model was derived from an experiment in which electroanatomical reconstruction, epicardial mapping (103 electrodes), noncontact endocardial mapping (2048 virtual electrodes computed from a 64-channel balloon catheter), and direct-contact endocardial catheter recordings were simultaneously performed in a dog. The recording system was simulated in the computer model. For simulations and experiments (after atrio-ventricular node suppression), activation maps were computed during sinus rhythm. Repolarization was assessed by measuring the area under the atrial T wave (ATa), a marker of repolarization gradients. Results showed an epicardial-endocardial correlation coefficients of 0.80 and 0.63 (two dog experiments) and 0.96 (simulation) between activation times, and a correlation coefficients of 0.57 and 0.46 (two dog experiments) and 0.92 (simulation) between ATa values. Despite distance (balloon-atrial wall) and dimension reduction (64 electrodes), some information about atrial repolarization remained present in noncontact signals.",,10.1371/journal.pone.0091165,21273041,,,,c4375cb0-305f-4463-afe2-5b0f588c54ec,article,eng
Widespread nanoparticle-assay interference : implications for nanotoxicity testing|Widespread nanoparticle assay interference implications for nanotoxicity testing,"Ong, Kimberly J.|MacCormack, Tyson J.|Clark, Rhett J.|Ede, James D.|Ortega, Van A.|Felix, Lindsey C.|Dang, Michael K. M.|Ma, Guibin|Fenniri, Hicham|Veinot, Jonathan G. C.|Goss, Gregg G.",PLoS ONE,9,3,1,9,e90650,2014,11/03/2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,,,,"The evaluation of engineered nanomaterial safety has been hindered by conflicting reports demonstrating differential degrees of toxicity with the same nanoparticles. The unique properties of these materials increase the likelihood that they will interfere with analytical techniques, which may contribute to this phenomenon. We tested the potential for: 1) nanoparticle intrinsic fluorescence/absorbance, 2) interactions between nanoparticles and assay components, and 3) the effects of adding both nanoparticles and analytes to an assay, to interfere with the accurate assessment of toxicity. Silicon, cadmium selenide, titanium dioxide, and helical rosette nanotubes each affected at least one of the six assays tested, resulting in either substantial over- or under-estimations of toxicity. Simulation of realistic assay conditions revealed that interference could not be predicted solely by interactions between nanoparticles and assay components. Moreover, the nature and degree of interference cannot be predicted solely based on our current understanding of nanomaterial behaviour. A literature survey indicated that ca. 95% of papers from 2010 using biochemical techniques to assess nanotoxicity did not account for potential interference of nanoparticles, and this number had not substantially improved in 2012. We provide guidance on avoiding and/or controlling for such interference to improve the accuracy of nanotoxicity assessments.",,10.1371/journal.pone.0090650,21273040,,,,84ecab09-382f-4114-8a8c-45c9590d986c,article,eng
Shocks and star formation in Stephan's Quintet. I. Gemini spectroscopy of H?-bright knots,"Konstantopoulos, I. S.|Appleton, P. N.|Guillard, P.|Trancho, G.|Cluver, M. E.|Bastian, N.|Charlton, J. C.|Fedotov, K.|Gallagher, S. C.|Smith, L. J.|Struck, C. J.",The Astrophysical Journal,784,1,1,15,1,2014,25/02/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"We present a Gemini-GMOS spectroscopic study of Hubble Space Telescope (HST)-selected H?-emitting regions in Stephan's Quintet (HCG 92), a nearby compact galaxy group, with the aim of disentangling the processes of shock-induced heating and star formation in its intra-group medium. The ?40 sources are distributed across the system, but most densely concentrated in the ?kiloparsec-long shock region. Their spectra neatly divide them into narrow- and broad-line emitters, and we decompose the latter into three or more emission peaks corresponding to spatial elements discernible in HST imaging. The emission-line ratios of the two populations of H?-emitters confirm their nature as H II regions (90% of the sample) or molecular gas heated by a shock front propagating at ?300 km s-1. Their redshift distribution reveals interesting three-dimensional structure with respect to gas-phase baryons, with no H II regions associated with shocked gas, no shocked regions in the intruder galaxy NGC 7318B, and a sharp boundary between shocks and star formation. We conclude that star formation is inhibited substantially, if not entirely, in the shock region. Attributing those H II regions projected against the shock to the intruder, we find a lopsided distribution of star formation in this galaxy, reminiscent of pileup regions in models of interacting galaxies. The H? luminosities imply mass outputs, star formation rates, and efficiencies similar to nearby star-forming regions. Two large knots are an exception to this, being comparable in stellar output to the prolific 30 Doradus region. We also examine Stephan's Quintet in the context of compact galaxy group evolution, as a paradigm for intermittent star formation histories in the presence of a rich, X-ray-emitting intra-group medium. All spectra are provided as supplemental materials.","galaxies: groups: individual (HCG 92)|galaxies: individual (NGC 7317, NGC 7318A, NGC 7318B,
NGC 7319)|galaxies: interactions|galaxies: star formation|intergalactic medium|shock waves",10.1088/0004-637X/784/1/1,21273038,,,,751cd29a-a249-42ba-ae59-20693719e162,article,eng
Cavity optomechanics in gallium phosphide microdisks,"Mitchell, Matthew|Hryciw, Aaron C.|Barclay, Paul E.",Applied Physics Letters,104,14,1,5,141104,2014,09/04/2014,,,0003-6951,,,,,,,,"We demonstrate gallium phosphide (GaP) microdisk optical cavities with intrinsic quality factors < 2.8 × 10? and mode volumes <10(?/n)³, and study their nonlinear and optomechanical properties. For optical intensities up to 8.0 × 10?intracavity photons, we observe optical loss in the microcavity to decrease with increasing intensity, indicating that saturable absorption sites are present in the GaP material, and that two-photon absorption is not significant. We observe optomechanical coupling between optical modes of the microdisk around 1.5 ?m and several mechanical resonances, and measure an optical spring effect consistent with a theoretically predicted optomechanical coupling rate g?/2??30 kHz for the fundamental mechanical radial breathing mode at 488 MHz.",,10.1063/1.4870999,21273014,,,,89d82e3a-6e29-40ef-a41f-2f1b4968306a,article,eng
The DiskMass Survey. VIII. On the relationship between disk stability and star formation,"Westfall, Kyle B.|Andersen, David R.|Bershady, Matthew A.|Martinsson, Thomas P. K.|Swaters, Robert A.|Verheijen, Mark A. W.",The Astrophysical Journal,785,1,1,14,43,2014,25/03/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"We study the relationship between the stability level of late-type galaxy disks and their star-formation activity using integral-field gaseous and stellar kinematic data. Specifically, we compare the two-component (gas+stars) stability parameter from Romeo & Wiegert (Q RW), incorporating stellar kinematic data for the first time, and the star-formation rate estimated from 21 cm continuum emission. We determine the stability level of each disk probabilistically using a Bayesian analysis of our data and a simple dynamical model. Our method incorporates the shape of the stellar velocity ellipsoid (SVE) and yields robust SVE measurements for over 90% of our sample. Averaging over this subsample, we find a meridional shape of for the SVE and, at 1.5 disk scale lengths, a stability parameter of Q RW = 2.0 ± 0.9. We also find that the disk-averaged star-formation-rate surface density () is correlated with the disk-averaged gas and stellar mass surface densities (? e, g and ? e, *) and anti-correlated with Q RW. We show that an anti-correlation between and Q RW can be predicted using empirical scaling relations, such that this outcome is consistent with well-established statistical properties of star-forming galaxies. Interestingly, is not correlated with the gas-only or star-only Toomre parameters, demonstrating the merit of calculating a multi-component stability parameter when comparing to star-formation activity. Finally, our results are consistent with the Ostriker et al. model of self-regulated star-formation, which predicts . Based on this and other theoretical expectations, we discuss the possibility of a physical link between disk stability level and star-formation rate in light of our empirical results.",galaxies: evolution|galaxies: kinematics and dynamics|galaxies: spiral|galaxies: star formation,10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/43,21273010,,,,86a5bd34-8d23-4763-8519-8a16a051279d,article,eng
"Real-time resistance, transmission and figure-of-merit analysis for transparent conductors under stretching-mode strain","Hauger, T. C.|Zeberoff, A.|Worfolk, B. J.|Elias, A. L.|Harris, K. D.",Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,124,,247,255,,2014,06/03/2014,,,0927-0248,,,,,,,,"In this paper, we describe an apparatus capable of measuring electrical resistance and light transmission through a flexible transparent conductor (TC) as it is actively deformed. The measurements are performed in situ with time resolution on the order of ~100 ms, and the resistance/transmission data is further used to calculate TC figures-of-merit in real-time. With this instrument, we are able to track and compare the evolution of figures-of-merit for different TCs as they are actively deformed. To demonstrate the tool, we evaluate several common TCs including indium tin oxide, poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and silver nanowires, as well as a more unconventional nanowire/PEDOT:PSS hybrid. As expected, indium tin oxide degrades rapidly with strain, while the more flexible PEDOT:PSS is far more strain tolerant. The nanowire/PEDOT:PSS composite is found to produce an advantageous effect, as the silver nanowires generate large figures-of-merit at low strain, and the addition of a PEDOT:PSS component vastly improves strain tolerance.",Flexible electronics|Stretchable electronics|Transparent conductors|Printable electronics|Mechanical testing|Strain tolerance,10.1016/j.solmat.2014.02.007,21273009,,,,22fccdd0-d22b-4e17-8174-366ab535c754,article,eng
Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based observations of the Type Iax Supernovae SN 2005HK and SN 2008A,"McCully, Curtis|Jha, Saubabh W.|Foley, Ryan J.|Chornock, Ryan|Holtzman, Jon A.|Balam, David D.|Branch, David|Filippenko, Alexi V.|Frieman, Joshua|Fynbo, Johan|Galbany, Lluis|Ganeshalingam, Mohan|Garnavich, Peter M.|Graham, Melissa L.|Hsiao, Eric Y.|Leloudas, Giorgos|Leonard, Douglas C.|Li, Weidlong|Riess, Adam G.|Sako, Masao|Schneider, Donald P.|Silverman, Jeffrey M.|Sollerman, Jesper|Steele, Thea N.|Thomas, Rollin C.|Wheeler, J. Craig|Zheng, Chen",The Astrophysical Journal,786,2,1,19,134,2014,2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and ground-based optical and near-infrared observations of SN 2005hk and SN 2008A, typical members of the Type Iax class of supernovae (SNe). Here we focus on late-time observations, where these objects deviate most dramatically from all other SN types. Instead of the dominant nebular emission lines that are observed in other SNe at late phases, spectra of SNe 2005hk and 2008A show lines of Fe II, Ca II, and FeI more than a year past maximum light, along with narrow [FeII] and [CaII] emission. We use spectral features to constrain the temperature and density of the ejecta, and find high densities at late times, with ne ? 109 cm-3. Such high densities should yield enhanced cooling of the ejecta, making these objects good candidates to observe the expected ""infrared catastrophe,"" a generic feature of SN Ia models. However, our HSTphotometry of SN 2008A does not match the predictions of an infrared catastrophe. Moreover, our HST observations rule out a ""complete deflagration"" that fully disrupts the white dwarf for these peculiar SNe, showing no evidence for unburned material at late times. Deflagration explosion models that leave behind a bound remnant can match some of the observed properties of SNe Iax, but no published model is consistent with all of our observations of SNe 2005hk and 2008A.","supernovae: general|supernovae: individual (SN 2002cx, SN 2005hk, SN 2008A)",10.1088/0004-637X/786/2/134,21273008,,,,d701608f-16f1-42d3-be7a-ddfa63129585,article,eng
Nanostructured Sn??Co??C?? alloys for lithium-ion battery negative electrodes prepared by horizontal roller milling|Nanostructured Sn30Co30C40 alloys for lithium-ion battery negative electrodes prepared by horizontal roller milling,"Ferguson, P. P.|Le, Dinh-Ba|Todd, A. D. W.|Martine, M. L.|Trussler, S.|Obrovac, M. N.|Dahn, J. R.",Journal of Alloys and Compounds,595,,138,141,,2014,01/02/2014,,,0925-8388,,,,,,,,"Horizontal roller milling was used to prepare Sn??Co??C?? electrode materials. By varying the milling conditions, it was possible to obtain nanostructured materials whose X-ray diffraction patterns mimicked the diffraction pattern of the same material obtained by vertical-axis attritor milling or by co-sputtering. Electrochemical testing showed that composite electrodes made from each of the prepared materials showed stable charge-discharge capacity for at least 100 charge discharge cycles and displayed stable differential capacity versus potential profiles. Small angle neutron scattering results showed that samples prepared by roller milling and by attriting showed similar nanostructure with Co-Sn grains of about 60 Å in a carbon matrix.",Alloy negative electrodes|Roller milling|Nanostructured materials|Lithium-ion batteries,10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.01.159,21273007,,,,a96e1ee4-678e-47fe-b5d9-63b659095fb1,article,eng
The PAndAS field of streams : stellar structures in the Milky Way halo toward Andromeda and Triangulum,"Martin, Nicholas F.|Ibata, Rodrigo A.|Rich, R. Michael|Collins, Michelle L. M.|Fardal, Mark A.|Irwin, Michael J.|Lewis, Geraint F.|McConnachie, Alan W.|Babul, Arif|Bate, Nicholas F.|Chapman, Scott C.|Conn, Anthony R.|Crnojevi?, Denija|Ferguson, Annette M. N.|MacKey, A. Dougal|Navarro, Julio F.|Peñarrubia, Jorge|Tanvir, Nial T.|Valls-Gabaud, David",The Astrophysical Journal,787,1,1,10,19,2014,2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"We reveal the highly structured nature of the Milky Way (MW) stellar halo within the footprint of the Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey (PAndAS) photometric survey from blue main sequence (MS) and MS turn-off stars. We map no fewer than five stellar structures within a heliocentric range of 5-30 kpc. Some of these are known (the Monoceros Ring, the Pisces/Triangulum globular cluster stream), but we also uncover three well-defined stellar structures that could be, at least partly, responsible for the so-called Triangulum/Andromeda and Triangulum/Andromeda 2 features. In particular, we trace a new faint stellar stream located at a heliocentric distance of 17 kpc. With a surface brightness of ? V 32-32.5 mag arcsec-2, it follows an orbit that is almost parallel to the Galactic plane north of M31 and has so far eluded surveys of the MW halo as these tend to steer away from regions dominated by the Galactic disk. Investigating our follow-up spectroscopic observations of PAndAS, we serendipitously uncover a radial velocity signature from stars that have colors and magnitudes compatible with the stream. From the velocity of eight likely member stars, we show that this stellar structure is dynamically cold, with an unresolved velocity dispersion that is lower than 7.1 km s-1 at the 90% confidence level. Along with the width of the stream (300-650 pc), its dynamics point to a dwarf-galaxy-accretion origin. The numerous stellar structures we can map in the MW stellar halo between 5 and 30 kpc and their varying morphology is a testament to the complex nature of the stellar halo at these intermediate distances.",Galaxy: halo|Galaxy: structure|Local Group,10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/19,21273006,,,,45468a09-da3b-4402-8c9f-96e9a3fd70c2,article,eng
Fabrication of nanoelectromechanical systems via the integration of high surface area glancing angle deposition thin films,"Westwood, J. N.|Sauer, V. T. K.|Kwan, J. K.|Hiebert, W. K.|Sit, J. C.",Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,24,6,1,12,65021,2014,19/05/2014,,,0960-1317,,,,,,,,"Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) coated with a high surface area thin film are fabricated. Glancing angle deposition (GLAD) is used to uniformly deposit high surface area, nanostructured SiO2 films on top of released NEMS. The resonance frequencies and quality factors are measured to assess the potential of the high surface area NEMS for sensing experiments. Resonance frequencies of coated cantilevers, although reduced by mass loading, can be predicted accurately using our derived model. Compressive stress makes the resonance frequencies of coated doubly-clamped beams difficult to predict. The quality factors of the coated NEMS are reduced by one order of magnitude by a quasi-continuous layer at the base of the GLAD film, which also introduces an estimated compressive stress of 5.3-9.3 MPa. The limit of detection is demonstrated to be ?2 pg cm-2. With this successful proof-of-concept demonstration, we anticipate the future use of these devices as high surface area gravimetric mass sensors for applications such as gas chromatography.",glancing angle deposition|nanoelectromechanical systems|thin films|nanofabrication,10.1088/0960-1317/24/6/065021,21273005,,,,0de506a4-785e-44fe-82a8-a869c24bfbbc,article,eng
Bimodal dwell-fatigue Weibull distribution of forged titanium IMI 834,"Toubal, Lofti|Bocher, Philippe|Moreau, André",International Journal of Damage Mechanics,,,,,,2014,30/06/2014,,,1056-7895,,,,,,,,"This study addresses cumulative damage and its evolution during the cold dwell fatigue of a near-? titanium alloy. An experimental study was undertaken to examine the evolution of life, strain, strength and damage of 13 titanium IMI 834 samples cut from a single disk forging. The samples were tested in the same dwell-fatigue loading conditions. In the dwell phase, the load is maintained at 80% of ultimate tensile strength (824?MPa, 90% of yield strength) for 30?s. The secant Young’s modulus and inelastic strain at minimum load were measured in order to document the evolution of the irreversible damage against the number of cycles for all specimens. Experimental observations show significant differences in dwell-fatigue life and damage behavior. This mechanical analysis and an analysis of the cumulative Weibull reliability distribution suggest a bimodal dwell-fatigue failure process. Some features of the mechanical behavior can be used to sort the samples according to each of the two failure modes and improve the reliability of the fatigue test campaign.","Titanium alloy;
dwell fatigue;
bimodal Weibull distribution;
damage;
strain",10.1177/1056789514541823,21273001,,,,e1199fbd-fc3e-4099-9216-cb72bf2b046f,article,eng
Shaking alone induces de novo conversion of recombinant prion proteins to ?-sheet rich oligomers and fibrils,"Ladner, Carol L.|Griffith, Bethany J.|Wishart, David S.",PLoS ONE,9,6,1,12,e98753,2014,2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,,,,"The formation of ?-sheet rich prion oligomers and fibrils from native prion protein (PrP) is thought to be a key step in the development of prion diseases. Many methods are available to convert recombinant prion protein into ?-sheet rich fibrils using various chemical denaturants (urea, SDS, GdnHCl), high temperature, phospholipids, or mildly acidic conditions (pH 4). Many of these methods also require shaking or another form of agitation to complete the conversion process. We have identified that shaking alone causes the conversion of recombinant PrP to ?-sheet rich oligomers and fibrils at near physiological pH (pH 5.5 to pH 6.2) and temperature. This conversion does not require any denaturant, detergent, or any other chemical cofactor. Interestingly, this conversion does not occur when the water-air interface is eliminated in the shaken sample. We have analyzed shaking-induced conversion using circular dichroism, resolution enhanced native acidic gel electrophoresis (RENAGE), electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thioflavin T fluorescence and proteinase K resistance. Our results show that shaking causes the formation of ?-sheet rich oligomers with a population distribution ranging from octamers to dodecamers and that further shaking causes a transition to ?-sheet fibrils. In addition, we show that shaking-induced conversion occurs for a wide range of full-length and truncated constructs of mouse, hamster and cervid prion proteins. We propose that this method of conversion provides a robust, reproducible and easily accessible model for scrapie-like amyloid formation, allowing the generation of milligram quantities of physiologically stable ?-sheet rich oligomers and fibrils. These results may also have interesting implications regarding our understanding of prion conversion and propagation both within the brain and via techniques such as protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and quaking induced conversion (QuIC).",,10.1371/journal.pone.0098753,21273000,,,,ce5cbe6a-9eb7-4dde-909b-08edc1b9873f,article,eng
Searching for dust around hyper metal poor stars,"Venn, Kim A.|Puzia, Thomas H.|Divell, Mike|Côté, Stephanie|Lambert, David L.|Starkenburg, Else",The Astrophysical Journal,791,2,1,9,98,2014,01/08/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"We examine the mid-infrared fluxes and spectral energy distributions for stars with iron abundances [Fe/H] <-5, and other metal-poor stars, to eliminate the possibility that their low metallicities are related to the depletion of elements onto dust grains in the formation of a debris disk. Six out of seven stars examined here show no mid-IR excesses. These non-detections rule out many types of circumstellar disks, e.g., a warm debris disk (T ? 290 K), or debris disks with inner radii ?1 AU, such as those associated with the chemically peculiar post-asymptotic giant branch spectroscopic binaries and RV Tau variables. However, we cannot rule out cooler debris disks, nor those with lower flux ratios to their host stars due to, e.g., a smaller disk mass, a larger inner disk radius, an absence of small grains, or even a multicomponent structure, as often found with the chemically peculiar Lambda Bootis stars. The only exception is HE0107-5240, for which a small mid-IR excess near 10 ?m is detected at the 2? level; if the excess is real and associated with this star, it may indicate the presence of (recent) dust-gas winnowing or a binary system.","dust, extinction|stars: abundances|stars: chemically peculiar|stars: individual|(HE0107-5240)",10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/98,21272999,,,,ebeb0965-4403-4a7a-aa37-cd90c6bfa797,article,eng
Chiromers : conformation-driven mirror-image supramolecular chirality isomerism identified in a new class of helical rosette nanotubes|Chiromers : conformation driven mirror image supramolecular chirality isomerism identified in a new class of helical rosette nanotubes,"Hemraz, Usha D.|El-Bakkari, Mounir|Yamazaki, Takeshi|Cho, Jae-Young|Beingessner, Rachel L.|Fenniri, Hicham",Nanoscale,6,16,9421,9427,,2014,21/03/2014,,,2040-3364,,,,,,,,"Rosette nanotubes are biologically inspired nanostructures, formed through the hierarchical organization of a hybrid DNA base analogue (G?C), which features hydrogen-bonding arrays of guanine and cytosine. Several twin-G?C motifs functionalized with chiral moieties, which undergo a self-assembly process under methanolic and aqueous conditions to produce helical rosette nanotubes (RNTs), were synthesized and characterized. The built-in molecular chirality in the twin-G?C building blocks led to the supramolecular chirality exhibited by the RNTs, as evidenced by the CD activity. Depending on the motifs and environmental conditions, mirror-image supramolecular chirality due to absolute molecular chirality, solvent-induced and structure-dependent supramolecular chirality inversion, and pH-controlled chiroptical switching were observed.",,10.1039/c4nr00340c,21272998,,,,93563f11-f912-4827-8369-8be2115409d5,article,eng
Fundamental limitations of high contrast imaging set by small sample statistics,"Mawet, D.|Milli, J.|Wahhaj, Z.|Pelat, D.|Absil, O.|Delacroix, C.|Boccaletti, A.|Kasper, M.|Kenworthy, M.|Marois, C.|Mennesson, B.|Pueyo, L.",The Astrophysical Journal,792,2,,,97,2014,21/08/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"In this paper, we review the impact of small sample statistics on detection thresholds and corresponding confidence levels (CLs) in high-contrast imaging at small angles. When looking close to the star, the number of resolution elements decreases rapidly toward small angles. This reduction of the number of degrees of freedom dramatically affects CLs and false alarm probabilities. Naively using the same ideal hypothesis and methods as for larger separations, which are well understood and commonly assume Gaussian noise, can yield up to one order of magnitude error in contrast estimations at fixed CL. The statistical penalty exponentially increases toward very small inner working angles. Even at 5-10 resolution elements from the star, false alarm probabilities can be significantly higher than expected. Here we present a rigorous statistical analysis that ensures robustness of the CL, but also imposes a substantial limitation on corresponding achievable detection limits (thus contrast) at small angles. This unavoidable fundamental statistical effect has a significant impact on current coronagraphic and future high-contrast imagers. Finally, the paper concludes with practical recommendations to account for small number statistics when computing the sensitivity to companions at small angles and when exploiting the results of direct imaging planet surveys.",methods: statistical|techniques: high angular resolution,10.1088/0004-637X/792/2/97,21272997,,,,c3818d46-3c49-4429-bd2e-779e271c2e39,article,eng
The massive survey. I. A volume-limited integral-field spectroscopic study of the most massive early-type galaxies within 108 Mpc|The massive survey. I : A volume-limited integral field spectroscopic study of the most massive early-type galaxies within 108 Mpc,"Ma, Chung-Pei|Greene, Jenny E.|McConnell, Nicholas|Janish, Ryan|Blakeslee, John P.|Thomas, Jens|Murphy, Jeremy D.",The Astrophysical Journal,795,2,1,18,158,2014,28/10/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"Massive early-type galaxies represent the modern day remnants of the earliest major star formation episodes in the history of the universe. These galaxies are central to our understanding of the evolution of cosmic structure, stellar populations, and supermassive black holes, but the details of their complex formation histories remain uncertain. To address this situation, we have initiated the MASSIVE Survey, a volume-limited, multi-wavelength, integral-field spectroscopic (IFS) and photometric survey of the structure and dynamics of the ?100 most massive early-type galaxies within a distance of 108 Mpc. This survey probes a stellar mass range M? ? 1011.5 M? and diverse galaxy environments that have not been systematically studied to date. Our wide-field IFS data cover about two effective radii of individual galaxies, and for a subset of them, we are acquiring additional IFS observations on sub-arcsecond scales with adaptive optics. We are also acquiring deep K-band imaging to trace the extended halos of the galaxies and measure accurate total magnitudes. Dynamical orbit modeling of the combined data will allow us to simultaneously determine the stellar, black hole, and dark matter halo masses. The primary goals of the project are to constrain the black hole scaling relations at high masses, investigate systematically the stellar initial mass function and dark matter distribution in massive galaxies, and probe the late-time assembly of ellipticals through stellar population and kinematical gradients. In this paper, we describe the MASSIVE sample selection, discuss the distinct demographics and structural and environmental properties of the selected galaxies, and provide an overview of our basic observational program, science goals and early survey results.","dark matter|galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD|galaxies: evolution|galaxies: kinematics and dynamics|galaxies: stellar content|galaxies: structure",10.1088/0004-637X/795/2/158,21272996,,,,af19c279-bcd9-4ae7-b4fd-0ac1847d61e4,article,eng
Water-soluble photoluminescent d-mannose and l-alanine functionalized silicon nanocrystals and their application to cancer cell imaging,"Zhai, Yi|Dasog, Mita|Snitynsky, Ryan B.|Purkait, Tapas K.|Aghajamali, Maryam|Hahn, Allison H.|Sturdy, Christopher B.|Lowary, Todd L.|Veinot, Jonathan G. C.",Journal of Materials Chemistry B,2,47,8427,8433,,2014,22/10/2014,,,2050-7518,,,,,,,,"Herein, we report the straightforward synthesis, photoluminescent properties, and cell imaging studies of d-mannose and l-alanine functionalized silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs). Tailoring nanocrystal surface functionalization is essential to interfacing SiNCs with their environment and rendering them stable-surface modification also offers the opportunity to target specific cell types for imaging. A simple and versatile surface modification procedure was developed to tether biomolecules onto the SiNC surfaces and render them water-soluble. The presented approach is precious metal-catalyst free, straightforward, and provides carbohydrate and amino acid functionalized SiNCs. The functionalized SiNCs have been investigated by fluorescence microscopy and our results indicate that they can be internalized by MCF-7 human breast cancer cells as shown in the cell imaging studies. The obtained SiNCs were characterized using FTIR, XPS, PL, and TEM. This journal is",Cancer cells|Functionalized|L-alanine|Silicon nanocrystals,10.1039/c4tb01161a,21272995,,,,bab39626-ec31-4b61-9866-fde20a9c6b93,article,eng
A wideband MMIC low noise amplifier with series and shunt feedback,"Rossi, Filippo|Chiong, Chau-Ching|Wang, Huei|Chen, Ming-Tang|Jiang, Frank|So, Poman|Claude, Stéphane|Bornemann, Jens",,,,,,6887707,2014,2014-07,,,,Proceedings - ANTEM 2014: 2014 16th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics,"2014 16th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics, ANTEM 2014, 13 July 2014 through 16 July 2014, Victoria, BC",,,IEEE,9781479922253,,"A two-stage MMIC low noise amplifier design is presented using series and shunt feedbacks to achieve simultaneously low noise, input matching and gain flatness performances across the frequency range of 4 to 12 GHz. The amplifier fits into a small die of 2×1 mm2, and achieves a flat gain of 20 dB and a minimum noise figure of 1.5 dB.",Amplifiers (electronic)|Broadband amplifiers|Feedback|Feedback amplifiers|Monolithic microwave integrated circuits|Noise figure|Frequency ranges|Gain flatness|Input matching|LNA|Minimum noise figure|Mmic low noise amplifiers|Shunt feedback|Wide-band|Low noise amplifiers,10.1109/ANTEM.2014.6887707,21272957,,,,9783e449-4695-43be-b903-b3413b85728f,article,eng
Assessment and characterization of volcanic ash threat to gas turbine engine performance,"Davison, Craig R.|Rutke, Timothy A.",Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,136,8,,,81201,2014,14/03/2014,,,0742-4795,,,,,ASME,,,"Multiple volcanoes erupt yearly propelling volcanic ash into the atmosphere and creating an aviation hazard. The plinian eruption type is most likely to create a significant aviation hazard. Plinian eruptions can eject large quantities of fine ash up to an altitude of 50,000 m (164,000 ft). While large airborne particles rapidly fall, smaller particles at reduced concentrations drift for days to weeks as they gradually descend and deposit on the ground. Very small particles, less than 1 ?m, can remain aloft for years. An average of three aircraft encounters with volcanic ash was reported every year between 1973 and 2003. Of these, eight resulted in some loss of engine power, including a complete shutdown of all four engines on a Boeing 747. However, no crashes have been attributed to volcanic ash. The major forms of engine damage caused by volcanic ash are: (1) deposition of ash on turbine nozzles and blades due to glassification (2) erosion of compressor and turbine blades (3) carbon deposits on fuel nozzles. The combination of these effects can push the engine to surge and flame out. If a flame out occurs, engine restart may be possible. Less serious engine damage can also occur. In most cases the major damage will require an engine overhaul long before the minor damage becomes an operational issue, but under some conditions no sign of volcanic ash is evident and the turbine cooling system blockage could go unnoticed until an engine inspection is performed. Several organizations provide aircrew procedures to respond to encounters with a volcanic ash cloud. If a volcanic ash encounter is suspected, then an engine inspection, including borescope, should be performed with particular attention given to the turbine cooling system.",Aircraft accidents|Aviation|Cooling systems|Deposits|Hazards|Nozzles|Thermoelectric equipment|Turbomachine blades|Volcanoes|Airborne particle|Aircraft encounters|Carbon deposites|Engine inspection|Operational issues|Plinian eruption|Turbine cooling systems|Volcanic ash clouds|Engines,10.1115/1.4026810,21272958,,,,254ed3a2-4b88-433e-a218-c28da8dd4e52,article,eng
A comparison of the effect of riveting and cold expansion on the strain distribution and fatigue performance of fiber metal laminates,"Backman, David|Patterson, Eann A.",Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design,49,3,141,153,,2014,2014-08,,,0309-3247,,,,,SAGE Publications,,,"Fatigue tests carried out on three configurations (unexpanded, cold expanded and riveted) of fiber metal laminate material clearly demonstrated the beneficial effect of riveting compared to cold expansion in zero load transfer joints, for an approximately equivalent level of interference. Digital image correlation was used to measure the in-plane surface strain on cold expanded and riveted coupons during fatigue loading, and for the first time, digital image correlation was combined with pressure sensitive films to measure the strains resulting from the application of the rivet, including those under the rivet head. A comparison of the resultant strain field showed that the application of a rivet significantly reduces the stress concentration at the central hole and is effective in extending fatigue life. Some rivet heads were removed by milling, and the results from subsequent fatigue tests were used together with closed-form calculations to explain the findings of this study. It was concluded that the beneficial effect of riveting was less as a result of interference hole filling on the part of the rivet shank, but more a combination of the effect of interference and compression through the joint thickness.",Composite materials|Fatigue of materials|Fatigue testing|Image analysis|Laminates|Riveting|Strain measurement|Stress concentration|Beneficial effects|Digital image correlations|fastening|Fatigue performance|Fiber metal laminates|Pressure films|Pressure sensitive films|Strain distributions,10.1177/0309324713493082,21272961,,,,ada7b12e-1201-403b-9f70-6b7df1de985a,article,eng
Graded piezoelectric cylinders subjected to high electric fields and comparison of their frequency response with piezoelectric plates,"Babaei, M. H.|Akhras, G.",Meccanica,49,6,1527,1538,,2014,11/04/2014,,,0025-6455,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"In this paper we investigated a radially polarized piezoceramic cylinder with graded piezoelectric properties, and used a nonlinear model for piezoceramics subjected to high electric fields. We investigated the nonlinear behavior of this material by examining changes in its electric-field-dependent dielectric and piezoelectric coefficients caused by domain wall motion. The Galerkin finite-element method was used to solve the governing equations of the axisymmetrically loaded heterogeneous piezoceramic medium subjected to harmonic electrical loading. Stress, displacement, resonance, and frequency responses were compared for homogeneous and graded cylinders; additionally, we compared the results of linear and nonlinear studies. We showed that the effective stress was higher within the graded cylinder than within the homogeneous cylinder, and that the nonlinearity caused by domain wall motion was less pronounced for the graded cylinder than for the homogeneous cylinder. The frequency responses of homogeneous and heterogeneous piezocylinders were also compared with those of piezoelectric plates. We concluded that-unlike for graded plates, which have a more desirable frequency response than homogeneous plates-graded cylinders are not superior to homogeneous cylinders. The finite-element solution in this paper is verified by simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics software.",Cylinders (shapes)|Electric fields|Finite element method|Galerkin methods|Piezoelectric ceramics|Piezoelectric devices|Piezoelectricity|Domain wall motion|Functionally graded|High electric fields|Nonlinear behaviours|Piezoceramic cylinder|Piezoelectric coefficient|Piezoelectric cylinder|Piezoelectric property|Frequency response,10.1007/s11012-014-9935-8,21272936,,,,cc554e29-06d1-49af-b901-c798c79585d4,article,eng
Traceability of loss measurements of extra high voltage (EHV) three-phase shunt reactors,"So, Eddy|Verhoeven, Rob",,,,776,777,6898616,2014,2014-08,CPEM Digest,,0589-1485,2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014),"29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014, Rio de Janeiro",,,Elsevier,9781479952052,,"An overview of traceability issues of loss measurements of EHV 3-phase shunt reactors is presented. Loss measurements of a 345 kV - 55 MVAr three-phase shunt reactor at SMIT Transformers, including their uncertainties, are presented and discussed. The measurement results are confirmed with those obtained using a special HV inductance bridge.",Extra high voltage|Measurement uncertainty|Shunt reactors|Three phase|traceability,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898616,21272939,,,,645eebc2-6856-4822-a74d-946f211b6862,article,eng
Aeromonas hydrophila flagella glycosylation: Involvement of a lipid carrier,"Merino, Susana|Fulton, Kelly M.|Twine, Susan M.|Wilhelms, Markus|Molero, Raquel|Tomás, Juan M.",PLoS ONE,9,2,,,e89630,2014,21/02/2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,PLOS,,,"Polar flagellin proteins from Aeromonas hydrophila strain AH-3 (serotype O34) were found to be O-glycosylated with a heterogeneous glycan. Mutants unable to produce WecP or Gne enzymes showed altered motility, and the study of their polar flagellin glycosylation showed that the patterns of glycosylation differed from that observed with wild type polar flagellin. This suggested the involvement of a lipid carrier in glycosylation. A gene coding for an enzyme linking sugar to a lipid carrier was identified in strain AH-3 (WecX) and subsequent mutation abolished completely motility, flagella production by EM, and flagellin glycosylation. This is the first report of a lipid carrier involved in flagella O-glycosylation. A molecular model has been proposed. The results obtained suggested that the N -acetylhexosamines are N-acetylgalactosamines and that the heptasaccharide is completely independent of the O34-antigen lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, by comparing the mutants with differing degrees of polar flagellin glycosylation, we established their importance in A. hydrophila flagella formation and motility.","ferredoxin nitrite reductase|flagellin|lipopolysaccharide|Aeromonas hydrophila|bacterial strain|bacterium isolation|biosynthesis|cell motility|controlled study|DNA fragmentation|enzyme specificity|epimerization|glycosylation|microscopy|molecular model|molecular weight|nucleotide sequence|plasmid|polymerase chain reaction|protein analysis|protein modification|protein purification|sequence alignment|tandem mass spectrometry|ubiquitination|Acetylgalactosamine|Amino Acid Sequence|Carbohydrate Conformation|Carbohydrate Sequence|Carrier Proteins|Gene Expression|Lipid Metabolism|Molecular Sequence Data|Protein Processing, Post-Translational",10.1371/journal.pone.0089630,21272940,,,,1e9c156f-d85b-47f0-a1e7-a50503ab5b56,article,eng
Complete photoionization experiments via ultrafast coherent control with polarization multiplexing,"Hockett, P.|Wollenhaupt, M.|Lux, C.|Baumert, T.",Physical Review Letters,112,22,1,5,223001,2014,05/06/2014,,,0031-9007,,,,,,,,"Photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) obtained from ionization of potassium atoms using moderately intense femtosecond IR fields (?1012??W?cm?2) of various polarization states are shown to provide a route to “complete” photoionization experiments. Ionization occurs by a net three-photon absorption process, driven via the 4s?4p resonance at the one-photon level. A theoretical treatment incorporating the intrapulse electronic dynamics allows for a full set of ionization matrix elements to be extracted from 2D imaging data. 3D PADs generated from the extracted matrix elements are also compared to experimental, tomographically reconstructed, 3D photoelectron distributions, providing a sensitive test of their validity. Finally, application of the determined matrix elements to ionization via more complex, polarization-shaped, pulses is demonstrated, illustrating the utility of this methodology towards detailed understanding of complex ionization control schemes and suggesting the utility of such “multiplexed” intrapulse processes as powerful tools for measurement.",Experiments|Photons|Polarization|Coherent control|Electronic dynamics|Ionization matrices|Photoelectron angular distributions|Polarization multiplexing|Polarization state|Theoretical treatments|Three photon absorption|Photoionization,10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.223001,21272941,,,,c525d99f-5d59-46d3-b27f-dc06e1a3caf8,article,eng
Feature selection for high-dimensional class-imbalanced data sets using Support Vector Machines,"Maldonado, Sebastián|Weber, Richard|Famili, Fazel",Information Sciences,286,,228,246,,2014,30/07/2014,,,0020-0255,,,,,,,,"Feature selection and classification of imbalanced data sets are two of the most interesting machine learning challenges, attracting a growing attention from both, industry and academia. Feature selection addresses the dimensionality reduction problem by determining a subset of available features to build a good model for classification or prediction, while the class-imbalance problem arises when the class distribution is too skewed. Both issues have been independently studied in the literature, and a plethora of methods to address high dimensionality as well as class-imbalance has been proposed. The aim of this work is to simultaneously explore both issues, proposing a family of methods that select those attributes that are relevant for the identification of the target class in binary classification. We propose a backward elimination approach based on successive holdout steps, whose contribution measure is based on a balanced loss function obtained on an independent subset. Our experiments are based on six highly imbalanced microarray data sets, comparing our methods with well-known feature selection techniques, and obtaining a better prediction with consistently fewer relevant features.",Feature selection|Imbalanced data set|Dimensionality reduction|Support vector machine|Data mining,10.1016/j.ins.2014.07.015,21272943,,,,b2f7ea62-d0cc-4a85-b613-3f6a3d43e1eb,article,eng
The signature of dissipation in the mass-size relation: Are bulges simply spheroids wrapped in a disc?,"Berg, Trystyn A. M.|Simard, Luc|Mendel, J. Trevor|Ellison, Sara L.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters,440,1,L66,L70,,2014,24/02/2014,,,1745-3925,,,,,Oxford University Press,,,"The relation between the stellar mass and size of a galaxy's structural subcomponents, such as discs and spheroids, is a powerful way to understand the processes involved in their formation. Using very large catalogues of photometric bulge+disc structural decompositions and stellar masses from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release Seven, we carefully define two large subsamples of spheroids in a quantitative manner such that both samples share similar characteristics with one important exception: the 'bulges' are embedded in a disc and the 'pure spheroids' are galaxies with a single structural component. Our bulge and pure spheroid subsample sizes are 76 012 and 171 243, respectively. Above a stellar mass of ?1010M?, the mass-size relations of both subsamples are parallel to one another and are close to lines of constant surface mass density. However, the relations are offset by a factor of 1.4, which may be explained by the dominance of dissipation in their formation processes. Whereas the size-mass relation of bulges in discs is consistent with gas-rich mergers, pure spheroids appear to have been formed via a combination of 'dry' and 'wet' mergers.",galaxies: bulges|galaxies: elliptical and lenticular|galaxies: evolution|NOx,10.1093/mnrasl/slu026,21272944,,,,3aa1d8d0-ceb1-4bb2-9f6f-c5bb8e7f8fa3,article,eng
Advances in high-field magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Alzheimer's disease,"Zhang, Ningnannan|Song, Xiaowei|Bartha, Robert|Beyea, Steven|D'Arcy, Ryan|Zhang, Yunting|Rockwood, Kenneth",Current Alzheimer Research,11,4,367,388,,2014,2014,,,1567-2050,,,,,Bentham Science,,,"Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects several important molecules in brain metabolism. The resulting neurochemical changes can be quantified non-invasively in localized brain regions using in vivo single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SV 1H MRS). Although the often heralded diagnostic potential of MRS in AD largely remains unfulfilled, more recent use of high magnetic fields has led to significantly improved signal-to-noise ratios and spectral resolutions, thereby allowing clinical applications with increased measurement reliability. The present article provides a comprehensive review of SV 1H MRS studies on AD at high magnetic fields (3.0 Tesla and above). This review suggests that patterned regional differences and longitudinal alterations in several neurometabolites are associated with clinically established AD. Changes in multiple metabolites are identifiable even at early stages of AD development. By combining information of neurochemicals in different brain regions revealing either pathological or compensatory changes, high field MRS can be evaluated in AD diagnosis and in the detection of treatment effects. To achieve this, standardization of data acquisition and analytical approaches is needed.",4 aminobutyric acid|glucose|glutamic acid|glutamine|glutathione|inositol|lactic acid|n acetylaspartylglutamic acid|taurine|aging|Alzheimer disease|disease course|information processing|magnetic field|Medline|metabolite|nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy,10.2174/1567205011666140302200312,21272946,,,,7b3b6685-a3f3-4990-9b9f-03a01730b472,article,eng
The impact of cellulose nanocrystals on the aggregation and initial adhesion of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria,"Sun, Xiaohui|Lu, Qingye|Boluk, Yaman|Liu, Yang",Soft Matter,10,44,8923,8931,,2014,10/09/2014,,,1744-683X,,,,,,,,"Deposition on silica surfaces of two Pseudomonas fluorescens strains (CHA0 and CHA19-WS) having different extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) producing capacities was studied in the absence and presence of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Batch (batch soaking) and continuous flow (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation) methods were used to evaluate the impact of CNCs on bacterial initial adhesion. This study demonstrated that bacterial initial adhesion to solid surfaces can be significantly hindered by CNCs using both methods. In the presence of CNCs, it was observed that bacteria with more EPS aggregated more significantly compared to bacteria with less EPS, and that bacterial deposition under this condition decreased to a greater extent. The classic DLVO theory failed to predict bacterial adhesion behavior in this study. A detailed discussion is provided regarding potential antibacterial adhesion mechanisms of CNCs.",Cellulose nano-crystals|Initial adhesions|Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria,10.1039/c4sm00946k,21272947,,,,206aaaaa-8530-49f4-95ad-daf1b361ff63,article,eng
"FRIENDLY regulates mitochondrial distribution, fusion, and quality control in Arabidopsis","El Zawily, Amr M.|Schwarzländer, Markus|Finkemeier, Iris|Johnston, Iain G.|Benamar, Abdelilah|Cao, Yongguo|Gissot, Clémence|Meyer, Andreas J.|Wilson, Ken|Datla, Raju|Macherel, David|Jones, Nick S.|Logan, David C.",Plant Physiology,166,2,808,828,,2014,01/08/2014,,,0032-0889,,,,,The American Society of Plant Biologists,,,"Mitochondria are defining components of most eukaryotes. However, higher plant mitochondria differ biochemically, morphologically, and dynamically from those in other eukaryotes. FRIENDLY, a member of the CLUSTERED MITOCHONDRIA superfamily, is conserved among eukaryotes and is required for correct distribution of mitochondria within the cell. We sought to understand how disruption of FRIENDLY function in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leads to mitochondrial clustering and the effects of this aberrant chondriome on cell and whole-plant physiology. We present evidence for a role of FRIENDLY in mediating intermitochondrial association, which is a necessary prelude to mitochondrial fusion. We demonstrate that disruption of mitochondrial association, motility, and chondriome structure in friendly affects mitochondrial quality control and leads to mitochondrial stress, cell death, and strong growth phenotypes.",,10.1104/pp.114.243824,21272948,NRC-ACRD-56104,,,ba76eec2-845c-4435-ba34-1c648f349b1c,article,eng
Tensile properties of Al-Cu 206 cast alloys with various iron contents,"Liu, K.|Cao, X.|Chen, X.-G.",Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science,45,5,2498,2507,,2014,2014-05,,,1073-5623,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"The Al-Cu 206 cast alloys with varying alloy compositions (i.e., different levels of Fe, Mn, and Si) were investigated to evaluate the effect of the iron-rich intermetallics on the tensile properties. It is found that the tensile strength decreases with increasing iron content, but its overall loss is less than 10 pct over the range of 0.15 to 0.5 pct Fe at 0.3 pct Mn and 0.3 pct Si. At similar iron contents, the tensile properties of the alloys with dominant Chinese script iron-rich intermetallics are generally higher than those with the dominant platelet phase. In the solution and artificial overaging condition (T7), the tensile strength of the 206 cast alloys with more than 0.15 pct Fe is satisfactory, but the elongation does not sufficiently meet the minimum requirement of ductility (>7 pct) for critical automotive applications. However, it was found that both the required ductility and tensile strength can be reached at high Fe levels of 0.3 to 0.5 pct for the alloys with well-controlled alloy chemistry and microstructure in the solution and natural aging condition (T4), reinforcing the motivation for developing recyclable high-iron Al-Cu 206 cast alloys.",Aluminum|Cast iron|Copper alloys|Ductility|Intermetallics|Iron|Manganese|Silicon|Tensile strength|Alloy chemistry|Alloy compositions|Automotive applications|Cast alloys|Chinese script|Iron content|Minimum requirements|Natural aging|Iron alloys,10.1007/s11661-014-2207-3,21272950,,,,6aa6811a-05bc-4ad1-a205-3bf1a561e831,article,eng
Calibrations for resistance welding at high pulsed currents|Calibrations for resistance welding equipment with high pulsed currents,"Djokic, Branislav",,,,12,13,6898234,2014,2014-08,CPEM Digest,,0589-1485,2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014),"29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014",,,IEEE,9781479952052,,"Rogowski coils are widely used as high pulsed current sensors in resistance welding. Their operating conditions reflect on requirements for their calibration. A new calibration system has been developed at NRC Canada for calibrating current sensing coils and weld current monitors for AC resistance welding. The calibration system, which includes a high current source and a coaxial copper cage, has been evaluated at peak pulsed currents of up to 80 kA, at 60 Hz. The best expanded measurement uncertainties (k=2) have been estimated to be within 250 μA/A for magnitude and 175 μrad for phase.",AC current measurement|Digital sampling|Measurement uncertainty|Pulsed currents|Rogowski Coil|Weld current|Calibration,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898234,21272955,,,,36a1bf98-80c6-4b32-a05f-31754a18cd1d,article,eng
Comparison of five major trichome regulatory genes in Brassica villosa with orthologues within the Brassicaceae,"Nayidu, Naghabushana K.|Kagale, Sateesh|Taheri, Ali|Withana-Gamage, Thushan S.|Parkin, Isobel A. P.|Sharpe, Andrew G.|Gruber, Margaret Y.",PLoS ONE,9,4,1,12,e95877,2014,22/04/2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,,,,"Coding sequences for major trichome regulatory genes, including the positive regulators GLABRA 1(GL1), GLABRA 2 (GL2), ENHANCER OF GLABRA 3 (EGL3), and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1 (TTG1) and the negative regulator TRIPTYCHON (TRY), were cloned from wild Brassica villosa, which is characterized by dense trichome coverage over most of the plant. Transcript (FPKM) levels from RNA sequencing indicated much higher expression of the GL2 and TTG1 regulatory genes in B. villosa leaves compared with expression levels of GL1 and EGL3 genes in either B. villosa or the reference genome species, glabrous B. oleracea; however, cotyledon TTG1 expression was high in both species. RNA sequencing and Q-PCR also revealed an unusual expression pattern for the negative regulators TRY and CPC, which were much more highly expressed in trichomerich B. villosa leaves than in glabrous B. oleracea leaves and in glabrous cotyledons from both species. The B. villosa TRY expression pattern also contrasted with TRY expression patterns in two diploid Brassica species, and with the Arabidopsis model for expression of negative regulators of trichome development. Further unique sequence polymorphisms, protein characteristics, and gene evolution studies highlighted specific amino acids in GL1 and GL2 coding sequences that distinguished glabrous species from hairy species and several variants that were specific for each B. villosa gene. Positive selection was observed for GL1 between hairy and non-hairy plants, and as expected the origin of the four expressed positive trichome regulatory genes in B. villosa was predicted to be from B. oleracea. In particular the unpredicted expression patterns for TRY and CPC in B. villosa suggest additional characterization is needed to determine the function of the expanded families of trichome regulatory genes in more complex polyploid species within the Brassicaceae. © 2014 Nayidu et al.",amino acid|plant RNA|vegetable protein|Arabidopsis|article|Brassica oleracea|Brassica villosa|Brassicaceae|controlled study|cotyledon|diploidy|DNA polymorphism|ENHANCER OF GLABRA gene|gene expression profiling|genetic variability|GLABRA 1 gene|GLABRA 2 gene|molecular cloning|molecular evolution|nonhuman|nucleotide sequence|orthology|plant development|plant gene|plant genome|plant leaf|prediction|regulator gene|RNA sequence|RNA transcription|TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1 gene|trichome|TRIPTYCHON gene,10.1371/journal.pone.0095877,21272959,,,,dfc5402f-2519-4d72-a112-9b9cb91ace16,article,eng
Uracil excision by endogenous SMUG1 glycosylase promotes efficient Ig class switching and impacts on A:T substitutions during somatic mutation,"Dingler, Felix A.|Kemmerich, Kristin|Neuberger, Michael S.|Rada, Cristina",European Journal of Immunology,44,7,1925,1935,,2014,2014-07,,,0014-2980,,,,,Wiley,,,"Excision of uracil introduced into the immunoglobulin loci by AID is central to antibody diversification. While predominantly carried out by the UNG uracil-DNA glycosylase as reflected by deficiency in immunoglobulin class switching in Ung-/- mice, the deficiency is incomplete, as evidenced by the emergence of switched IgG in the serum of Ung-/- mice. Lack of switching in mice deficient in both UNG and MSH2 suggested that mismatch repair initiated a backup pathway. We now show that most of the residual class switching in Ung-/- mice depends upon the endogenous SMUG1 uracil-DNA glycosylase, with in vitro switching to IgG1 as well as serum IgG3, IgG2b, and IgA greatly diminished in Ung-/-Smug1-/- mice, and that Smug1 partially compensates for Ung deficiency over time. Nonetheless, using a highly MSH2-dependent mechanism, Ung-/-Smug1-/- mice can still produce detectable levels of switched isotypes, especially IgG1. While not affecting the pattern of base substitutions, SMUG1 deficiency in an Ung-/- background further reduces somatic hypermutation at A:T base pairs. Our data reveal an essential requirement for uracil excision in class switching and in facilitating noncanonical mismatch repair for the A:T phase of hypermutation presumably by creating nicks near the U:G lesion recognized by MSH2.",Class switching|DNA deamination|Somatic hypermutation|Uracil|Immunoglobulin A|Immunoglobulin Class Switching|Immunoglobulin G|Mice|Mutation|MutS Homolog 2 Protein|Uracil|Uracil-DNA Glycosidase,10.1002/eji.201444482,21272960,,,,aee6faa5-6f06-4477-9c6e-4dc573dfc958,article,eng
Candidate detector assessment for the CASTOR mission,"Scott, Alan D.|Cote, Patrick|Rowlands, Neil|Daigle, Olivier",,9154,,,,91542C,2014,2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy VI, 22 June 2014 through 25 June 2014, Montreal, QC",,,SPIE,9780819496225,,"The Cosmological Advanced Survey Telescope for Optical and UV Research (CASTOR) is a proposed Canadian Space Agency (CSA) mission that would provide panoramic, high-resolution imaging of 1/8th of the sky in the UV/optical (150-550 nm) spectral region. This small-satellite class mission would provide high angular resolution ultra-deep imaging in three broad filters to supplement data from planned international dark energy missions (Euclid, WFIRST) as well as from the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). One of the leading technical risks on this mission is the UV sensitivity required to approach 26th magnitude in the near UV band. We are planning to characterize a selected candidate technology down to 150 nm. We will review the main scientific and technical drivers for the mission and show how they constrain the available detector options. We will compare the sensitivity and general applicability of CCD, EMCCD, hybridized and monolithic CMOS FPA options.",Detectors|Focal plane arrays|Image reconstruction|Infrared detectors|Silicon|Silicon detectors|Space telescopes|Surveys|Canadian Space Agency|High angular resolutions|High-resolution imaging|Large synoptic survey telescopes|NUV|Spectral region|Technical drivers|Technical risks|Astronomy,10.1117/12.2057033,21272935,,,,bdc58693-d4a7-4b13-8e46-bb6d24f7541d,article,eng
Water quality - Water main renewal planner (Q-WARP): Development and application,"Sadiq, Rehan|Kleiner, Yehuda|Rajani, Balvant|Tesfamariam, Solomon|Haider, Husnain",Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - AQUA,63,6,429,448,,2014,2014,,,0003-7214,,,,,IWA Publishing,,,"The impact of deteriorating pipes on water quality (WQ) in the distribution network has not been consistently taken into account in decision making related to pipe renewals. In this paper, a detailed modeling approach based on fuzzy cognitive maps is developed using fuzzy rule-based models and fuzzy measures theory to investigate potential of WQ (physical, chemical, and biological) failure in distribution networks. Based on information and data obtained from preliminary analysis, literature, and expert opinion, a decision support tool named Q-WARP (water quality - water main renewal planner) is developed to consider uncertain, subjective/linguistic and/or incomplete data. Q-WARP provides a plausible way to represent and comprehend ill-defined and complex relationships such as those that govern WQ in the distribution network. The proposed model has the capacity to perform the 'baseline analysis' that performs risk assessment and risk evaluation; and the 'decision analysis' that performs risk management and guides decision making. The developed model has also been applied to a case study in Stanley Street (Philadelphia) to evaluate the model's capability. The results manifested that the model can efficiently assess the 'potential' for WQ failures and can also be used in decision making for WQ improvements by making infrastructure changes in distribution systems.",Electric power distribution|Sensitivity analysis|Water distribution systems|Baseline analysis|Development and applications|Water mains|Decision theory|baseline survey|decision making|distribution system|infrastructural development|model test|pipeline|renewal policy|risk assessment|sensitivity analysis|spatial cognition|water quality|Pennsylvania|Philadelphia,10.2166/aqua.2014.079,21272942,,,,4e6bd68b-a1e3-47e8-ae2f-c16818600e78,article,eng
Dissipative particle dynamics with an effective pair potential from integral equation theory of molecular liquids,"Kobryn, Alexander E.|Nikoli?, Dragan|Lyubimova, Olga|Gusarov, Sergey|Kovalenko, Andriy",The Journal of Physical Chemistry B,118,41,12034,12049,,2014,27/08/2014,,,1520-6106,,,,,,,,"We present a method of DPD simulation based on a coarse-grained effective pair potential obtained from the DRISM-KH molecular theory of solvation. The theory is first used to calculate the radial distribution functions of all-atom solute monomers in all-atom solvent and then to invert them into an effective pair potential between coarse-grained beads such that their fluid without solvent accounts for molecular specificities and solvation effects in the all-atom system. Bonded interactions are sampled in relatively short MD of the all-atom system and modeled with best multi-Gaussian fit. Replacing the heuristically defined conservative force potential in DPD, the coarse-grained effective pair potential is free from the artificial restrictions on potential range and shape and on equal volume of solute and solvent blobs inherent in standard DPD. The procedure is flexible in specifying coarse-grained mapping and enormously increases computational efficiency by eliminating solvent. The method is validated on polystyrene chains of various length in toluene at finite concentrations for room and polystyrene glass transition temperature. It yields the chain elastic properties and diffusion coefficient in good agreement with experiment and all-atom MD simulations. DPD with coarse-grained effective pair potential is capable of predicting both structural and dynamic properties of polymer solutions and soft matter with high accuracy and computational efficiency.",Dissipative particle dynamics|Effective pair potentials|Integral-equation theory|Molecular liquids,10.1021/jp503981p,21272954,,,,37ad3311-f534-4621-a375-5d3581e0b2df,article,eng
Photosynthetic capacity of the inflorescence is a major contributor to daily-C-gain and the responsiveness of growth to elevated CO2 in Arabidopsis thaliana with repressed expression of mitochondrial-pyruvate-dehydrogenase-kinase,"Leonardos, Evangelos D.|Rauf, Shezad A.|Weraduwage, Sarathi M.|Marillia, Elizabeth-France|Taylor, David C.|Micallef, Barry J.|Grodzinski, Bernard",Environmental and Experimental Botany,107,,84,97,,2014,2014-11,,,0098-8472,,,,,Elsevier,,,"The balance between whole-plant net-photosynthesis (Pn) and dark-respiration (Rd) determines daily-C-gain (dC) and thus growth. However, in Arabidopsis thaliana, a well-studied organism, the contribution of the inflorescence as a respiring sink and a photosynthetic source has never been quantified together in either ambient CO2 (AC) or elevated CO2 (EC) conditions. When sink-strength is altered by modifying mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism increases in productivity can occur in both AC and EC. Rd and Pn during canopy transition from its rosette-leaf form to the highly branched inflorescence stages were quantified. Diel patterns of leaf and whole-plant gas exchange were measured at four critical developmental stages for controls (wild-type (WT) and plasmid (pBI121)) and two transgenics (3'1 and 10'4) Arabidopsis lines having partial constitutive repression of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (mtPDHK) grown at AC and EC. In all lines the mature inflorescence structures, although having higher Rd than the rosette leaves, contributed over 90% of Pn and dC at both AC and EC. Expressed on a plant basis, Pn, Rd and dC were 700-900% higher and water-use-efficiency (WUE) was double when the inflorescence was mature as when the rosette-leaves alone sustained growth. On a dry-matter basis Pn, Rd and dC were 50-75% lower, but on a surface-area basis these traits were remarkably constant during development, reflecting the high photosynthetic strength and carbon-use-efficiency (CUE) of the inflorescence. All lines demonstrated greater Pn, Rd, dC and WUE under EC, however, at the rosette stage the controls responded more to EC, whereas, during the inflorescence 3rd-stage it was the transgenics that responded more to EC.These results underscore the need for measuring key phenotype traits such as whole-plant Pn, Rd and dC to assess how source and sink strengths change during the life-cycle, especially following genetic modification of a primary metabolic process.",carbon dioxide|dicotyledon|dry matter|enzyme activity|gene expression|growth rate|life cycle|nutrient use efficiency|photosynthesis|respiration|source-sink dynamics|transgenic plant,10.1016/j.envexpbot.2014.05.007,21272924,,,,402e71dd-9a01-4709-89f3-83a65309829f,article,eng
Fiber-chip grating coupler based on interleaved trenches with directionality exceeding 95%,"Alonso-Ramos, C.|Cheben, P.|Ortega-Moñux, A.|Schmid, J. H.|Xu, D. -X.|Molina-Fernández, I.",Optics Letters,39,18,5351,5354,,2014,09/09/2014,,,0146-9592,,,,,OSA Publishing,,,"We propose a fiber-chip grating coupler that interleaves the standard full and shallow etch trenches in a 220 nm thick silicon layer to provide a directionality upward exceeding 95%. By adjusting the separation between the two sets of trenches, constructive interference is achieved in the upward direction independent of the bottom oxide thickness and without any bottom reflectors, overlays, or customized etch depths. We implement a transverse subwavelength structure in the first two grating periods to minimize back-reflections. The grating coupler has a calculated coupling efficiency of CE ~ -1.05 dB with a 1 dB bandwidth of 30 nm and minimum feature size of 100 nm, compatible with deep-UV lithography.",Grating couplers,10.1364/OL.39.005351,21272925,,,,777f5949-2649-48bd-ac4d-c122e7010da9,article,eng
Thermocapillary migration of a deformable droplet,"Samareh, Babak|Mostaghimi, Javad|Moreau, Christian",International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,73,,616,626,,2014,2014-06,,,0017-9310,,,,,Elsevier,,,"In the present study a parallel three dimensional Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is developed to simulate Marangoni convection in immiscible fluids with variable surface tension. Conservation equations are solved based on cell-averaged one-field volume tracking scheme. Evaluating the convective term in the energy equation along the boundary between the fluids highly depends on the position and orientation of the interface; hence, using average cell values simply ignores the interface shape and leads to computational uncertainty. As a remedy to this issue, the original idea behind the volume tracking method is used not only to advect mass and momentum but also energy across cells. To verify the proposed algorithm, results are compared against theoretically predicted thermocapillary migration velocity of a droplet at the limit of zero Marangoni number. However, at relatively high Marangoni numbers, thermal boundary layers are very thin and challenging to resolve. To demonstrate the capabilities of the heat transfer module, simulation of a Fluorinert droplet moving in silicon oil under applied temperature gradient is compared against the available experimental results and the migration velocity of the droplet in microgravity is reported.",Capillary flow|Heat convection|Surface tension|Computational uncertainties|Interfacial heat transfer|Marangoni convection|Position and orientations|Thermal boundary layer|Thermocapillary migration|Three-dimensional volume|Variable surface tension|Drops,10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.02.022,21272927,,,,b5923d21-b687-415b-9431-8f71b92c9635,article,eng
Chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology and ground-water ionicity : study based on Sri Lanka,"Dharma-Wardana, M. W. C.|Amarasiri, S. L.|Dharmawardene, N.|Panabokke, C. R.",Environmental Geochemistry and Health,7,2,221,231,,2014,2014,,,0269-4042,,,,,,,,"High incidence of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDU) in Sri Lanka is shown to correlate with the presence of irrigation works and rivers that bring-in 'nonpoint source' fertilizer runoff from intensely agricultural regions. We review previous attempts to link CKDU with As, Cd and other standard toxins. Those studies (e.g. the WHO-sponsored study), while providing a wealth of data, are inconclusive in regard to aetiology. Here, we present new proposals based on increased ionicity of drinking water due to fertilizer runoff into the river system, redox processes in the soil and features of 'tank'-cascades and aquifers. The consequent chronic exposure to high ionicity in drinking water is proposed to debilitate the kidney via a Hofmeister-type (i.e. protein-denaturing) mechanism.",,10.1007/s10653-014-9641-4,21272928,,,,b0dc53f7-00e5-4f5b-bc87-8bf20c17dc6e,article,eng
Application of direct analysis in real time to a multiphase chemical system : identification of polymeric arsanes generated by reduction of monomethylarsenate with sodium tetrahydroborate,"Pagliano, Enea|Onor, Massimo|McCooeye, Margaret|D'Ulivo, Alessandro|Sturgeon, Ralph E.|Mester, Zoltan",International Journal of Mass Spectrometry,371,,42,46,,2014,08/08/2014,,,1387-3806,,,,,,,,"Direct analysis in real time (DART) has been applied in conjunction with high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry to characterize the aqueous reduction of monomethylarsenate by tetrahydroborate (B/As molar ratio ? 4 mol/mol). Under these conditions, the reaction gives rise to a complex mixture of arsenic compounds which result in the formation of a reddish precipitate. The use of the DART revealed the presence of a number of polymeric arsanes - up to eight arsenic atoms - associated with the liquid/solid phase of this reaction system. From a reactivity point-of-view, these polymers exhibit an uncommon ionization pathway. In fact, similar to the alkanes, the action of the DART results in the generation of [M - H]+ ions. Furthermore, for each oligomer MeHAs-(AsMe)n-AsHMe (n = 0-8), a series of oxidation products [(M + nO) - H]+ were also identified and their formation has been discussed.",,10.1016/j.ijms.2014.07.048,21272930,,,,b2cf5a0f-d84f-4227-a16a-fc05178fd6e0,article,eng
A new calibration system for small AC voltages at power frequencies,"Djokic, Branislav",,,,770,771,6898613,2014,2014-08,CPEM Digest,,0589-1485,2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014),"29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014",,,IEEE,9781479952052,,"A new current-comparator-based dual-channel calibration system for AC voltages in the millivolt range for operation at power frequencies has been developed. The range of generated voltages is 1 mV - 100 mV. The calibration system in-phase and quadrature expanded measurement uncertainties (k=2) are estimated to be within 25·106. The traceability to SI units is established through the calibration of standard resistor, capacitor, and current comparator ratios.",Ac voltage|Current comparators|Digital sampling|Measurement uncertainty|New calibration system|Power frequency|Calibration,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898613,21272931,,,,72896525-6c2a-40b5-b885-d32c7cce8997,article,eng
Effect of water and dimethyl sulfoxide on oxygen reduction reaction in bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-based ionic liquids,"Yuan, Xiao-Zi|Alzate, Vanesa|Xie, Zhong|Ivey, Douglas G.|Dy, Eben|Qua, Wei",Journal of the Electrochemical Society,161,4,A458,A466,,2014,22/01/2014,,,0013-4651,,,,,The Electrochemical Society,,,"In this work, we have investigated the conductivity, electrochemical window (ECW) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in various bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI)-based room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). In an attempt to improve ORR activity in RTILs, water and/or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are added to one TFSI-based RTIL, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMP-TFSI), and the effect of additives on its conductivity, ECW and ORR is explored. The results show that as-received TFSI-based ionic liquids (ILs) have a low conductivity due to their large constituent ions. The addition of water and/or DMSO has considerable effect on the conductivity of the IL mixture. The studied TFSI-based RTILs have wide ECWs and the presence of water and/or DMSO causes an apparent narrowing of the observed potential window. For all TFSI-based ILs, the oxygen redox peaks can be assigned to an O2/O2-* one-electron transfer process. By adding water, the O2/O2-* redox potential shifts in a more positive direction in BMP-TFSI; e.g., about 0.27 V more positive in BMP-TFSI with 1 wt% water addition, due to its high acceptor number (AN) and the proton effect. The addition of DMSO also contributes to the improvement in ORR activity in BMP-TFSI through enhanced conductivity and redox reversibility.",Bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide|Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)|Electrochemical window|Enhanced conductivity|One-electron transfer|Oxygen reduction reaction|Room temperature ionic liquids|Electrolytic reduction|Ionic liquids|Redox reactions|Organic solvents,10.1149/2.010404jes,21272932,,,,17345a45-0edb-4aff-adbf-e0b11f8617bf,article,eng
Power spectrum analysis of polarized emission from the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey,"Stutz, R. A.|Rosolowsky, E. W.|Kothes, R.|Landecker, T. L.",The Astrophysical Journal,787,1,1,15,34,2014,01/05/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"Angular power spectra are calculated and presented for the entirety of the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey polarization data set at 1.4 GHz covering an area of 1060 deg2. The data analyzed are a combination of data from the 100 m Effelsberg Telescope, the 26 m Telescope at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, and the Synthesis Telescope at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, allowing all scales to be sampled down to arcminute resolution. The resulting power spectra cover multipoles from ? 60 to ? 104 and display both a power-law component at low multipoles and a flattening at high multipoles from point sources. We fit the power spectrum with a model that accounts for these components and instrumental effects. The resulting power-law indices are found to have a mode of 2.3, similar to previous results. However, there are significant regional variations in the index, defying attempts to characterize the emission with a single value. The power-law index is found to increase away from the Galactic plane. A transition from small-scale to large-scale structure is evident at b = 9°, associated with the disk-halo transition in a 15° region around l = 108°. Localized variations in the index are found toward H II regions and supernova remnants, but the interpretation of these variations is inconclusive. The power in the polarized emission is anticorrelated with bright thermal emission (traced by H? emission) indicating that the thermal emission depolarizes background synchrotron emission.",,10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/34,21272937,,,,67ae40a1-1ae2-40b3-a6a2-0a489260ee18,article,eng
Experimental evaluation of four feature detection methods for close range and distant airborne targets for Unmanned Aircraft Systems applications,"Tulpan, Dan|Belacel, Nabil|Famili, Fazel|Ellis, Kristopher",,,,1267,1273,6842384,2014,2014-05,,,,"2014 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems, ICUAS 2014 - Conference Proceedings","2014 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems, ICUAS 2014, 27 May 2014 through 30 May 2014, Orlando, FL",,,IEEE,9781479923762,,"Feature detection for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) sense and avoid scenarios is a crucial preliminary step for target detection. Its importance culminates when distant (pixel size) targets representing incoming aircraft are considered. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of four popular feature detection methods using flight test data and based on evaluation criteria such as first detection distance and percentage of frames with detected target features. Our results show that for close range targets all four methods have similar performance, while for distant (pixel-size) targets, the Shi and Tomasi method outperforms the other three methods (Harris-Stephens-Plessey, SUSAN and FAST).",Aircraft|Pixels|Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)|Airborne target|Evaluation criteria|Experimental evaluation|Feature detection|Flight test data|Sense and avoid|Target feature|Unmanned aircraft system|Aircraft detection,10.1109/ICUAS.2014.6842384,21272938,,,,888a9904-d1ed-43c5-a16d-04938df8fcb3,article,eng
Spatial heterodyne Fourier-transform waveguide spectrometers,"Velasco, Aitor V.|Cheben, Pavel|Florja?czyk, Miros?aw|Calvo, Maria L.",Progress in Optics,59,,159,208,,2014,08/05/2014,,,0079-6638,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Overcoming current resolution limits of optical spectroscopy could revolutionize research in diverse fields such as atomic and molecular spectroscopy, bio-chemistry, and astronomy. In this chapter, we explore the opportunities opened by spatial heterodyne Fourier-transform spectroscopy, presenting both its early bulk-optics implementations and its latest applications in waveguide optics and silicon photonics. Spatial heterodyne Fourier-transform spectrometers provide a plurality of simultaneous interferometric measurements, from which the source spectrum is retrieved in a single capture. Independent access to each interferometric measurement enables spectral retrieval algorithms to correct fabrication and experimental deviations from ideal behavior without any hardware modifications. Furthermore, the straightforward scalability of these devices represents a significant milestone toward pushing current resolution boundaries of stationary spectroscopy.",Spectroscopy|Fourier transform|Integrated optics|Silicon on insulator|Spectral retrieval,10.1016/B978-0-444-63379-8.00003-9,21272945,,,,69ee290e-62f7-4525-aee1-0f40c24945b5,article,eng
Process control based on pattern recognition for routing carbon fiber reinforced polymer,"Shaban, Yasser|Meshreki, Mouhab|Yacout, Soumaya|Balazinski, Marek|Attia, Helmi",Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,,,1,15,,2014,11/09/2014,,,0956-5515,,,,,,,,"Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is an important composite material. It has many applications in aerospace and automotive fields. The little information available about the machining process of this material, specifically when routing process is considered, makes the process control quite difficult. In this paper, we propose a new process control technique and we apply it to the routing process for that important material. The measured machining conditions are used to evaluate the quality and the geometric profile of the machined part. The machining conditions, whether controllable or uncontrollable are used to control part accuracy and its quality. We present a pattern-based machine learning approach in order to detect the characteristic patterns, and use them to control the quality of a machined part at specific range. The approach is called logical analysis of data (LAD). LAD finds the characteristic patterns which lead to conforming products and those that lead to nonconforming products. As an example, LAD is used for online control of a simulated routing process of CFRP. We introduce the LAD technique, we apply it to the high speed routing of woven carbon fiber reinforced epoxy, and we compare the accuracy of LAD to that of an artificial neural network, since the latter is the most known machine learning technique. By using experimental results, we show how LAD is used to control the routing process by tuning autonomously the routing conditions. We conclude with a discussion of the potential use of LAD in manufacturing.",Machining|Pattern recognition|Process control|Carbon fiber reinforced polymer|Knowledge extraction|Logical analysis of data|Carbon fiber reinforced plastics,10.1007/s10845-014-0968-6,21272951,,,,6c99345f-abc2-43fe-9491-ed5723e01ffd,article,eng
Carrier recombination in tailored multilayer Si/Si1-xGex nanostructures,"Mala, S. A.|Tsybeskov, L.|Lockwood, D. J.|Wu, X.|Baribeau, J. -M.",Physica B: Condensed Matter,453,,29,33,,2014,15/11/2014,,,0921-4526,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed in Si/Si1-xGex nanostructures with a single Si0.92Ge0.08 nanometer-thick layer incorporated into Si/Si0.6Ge0.4 cluster multilayers. Under pulsed laser excitation, the PL decay associated with the Si0.92Ge0.08 nano-layer is found to be nearly a 1000 times faster compared to that in Si/Si0.6Ge0.4 cluster multilayers. A model considering Si/SiGe hetero-interface composition and explaining the fast and slow time-dependent recombination rates is proposed.",Carrier recombination|Si/SiGe|Photoluminescence,10.1016/j.physb.2014.03.084,21272952,,,,2abb46bb-2fed-4a97-8fc7-460640ffc2fe,article,eng
Phase transformation in plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on 6061 aluminum alloy,"Dehnavi, Vahid|Liu, Xing Yang|Luan, Ben Li|Shoesmith, David W.|Rohani, Sohrab",Surface and Coatings Technology,251,,106,114,,2014,13/04/2014,,,0257-8972,,,,,,,,"Oxide coatings were produced on a 6061 aluminum alloy using a pulsed unipolar plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process. The effect of electrical parameters including pulse frequency, duty cycle and current density on phase formation in the coatings was revealed using conventional and glancing angle X-ray diffraction. The results show that PEO coatings are mainly composed of ?-Al2O3. Depending on the electrical parameters employed, the coatings can also contain ?-Al2O3 and mullite with varying concentrations. Higher current densities and higher duty cycle were found to favor the formation of mullite. Under the experimental conditions used, the ratio of the integrated XRD peaks for ?- and ?-Al2O3 varied from 0 to about 0.6, indicating that the relative content of ?-Al2O3 in the PEO coatings varied over a wide range. Longer pulse on-times and higher current densities promoted the gamma to alpha-alumina phase transformation. Depth profiling of PEO ceramic coatings using glancing angle XRD with different incident beam angles revealed that mullite was more concentrated in the top surface of the coatings. No significant variation in ?-Al2O3 concentration across the coatings could be concluded in this study, unlike the results of some other studies.",Plasma electrolytic oxidation; Phase transformation; Alpha alumina; Gamma alumina; Electrical parameters,10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.04.010,21272956,,,,ec32c324-7ff2-4fb6-ade5-79324828c015,article,eng
Polarimetric analysis of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) for modeling instrumental polarization characteristics,"Atwood, Jenny|Skidmore, Warren|Anupama, G. C.|Anche, Ramya M.|Reddy, Krishna|Sen, Asoke",,9150,,,,915013,2014,04/08/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy VI, 22 June 2014 through 24 June 2014, Montreal, QC",,,SPIE,9780819496188,,"The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) will be called upon to support a polarimetric observing capability. Many different observing programs covering a range of different science areas are being considered for the TMT and a model of the overall polarization characteristics is being developed. The instrument development program will provide a means for polarimetric instruments to be developed, however the telescope itself and the AO system must be able to support polarimetric instruments. As a first step to defining the necessary polarimetric technical requirements we have created an international working group to carry out a study in which technical and cost implications will be balanced with scientific impact; new requirements will be generated with supporting science cases. We present here initial results of the instrumental polarization sensitivity of TMT with NFIRAOS, the first-light adaptive optics system.",Analytic equipment|Optical telescopes|Polarimeters|Polarization|Project management|Systems engineering|Telescopes|First-light adaptive optics system|Instrument development|Instrumental polarization|NFIRAOS|Polarization characteristics|Technical requirement|Thirty Meter Telescope|TMT|Astronomy,10.1117/12.2056965,21272953,,,,ac227c3f-508f-4bb9-a112-ad9cb6463fcd,article,eng
Security versus reliability analysis of opportunistic relaying,"Zou, Yulong|Wang, Xianbin|Shen, Weiming|Hanzo, Lajos",IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,63,6,2653,2661,6675858,2014,2014-07,,,0018-9545,,,,,IEEE,,,"Physical-layer security is emerging as a promising paradigm of securing wireless communications against eavesdropping between legitimate users, when the main link spanning from a source to a destination has better propagation conditions than the wiretap link from a source to an eavesdropper. In this paper, we identify and analyze the tradeoffs between the security and reliability of wireless communications in the presence of eavesdropping attacks. Typically, the reliability of the main link can be improved by increasing the source's transmit power (or decreasing its date rate) to reduce the outage probability (OP), which unfortunately increases the risk that an eavesdropper succeeds in intercepting the source message through the wiretap link, since the OP of the wiretap link also decreases when a higher transmit power (or lower date rate) is used. We characterize the security-reliability tradeoffs (SRT) of conventional direct transmission from the source to the destination in the presence of an eavesdropper, where the security and reliability are quantified in terms of the intercept probability (IP) by an eavesdropper and the OP experienced at the destination, respectively. To improve the SRT, we then propose opportunistic relay selection (ORS) and quantify the attainable SRT improvement upon increasing the number of relays. It is shown that given the maximum tolerable IP, the OP of our ORS scheme approaches zero for N ? ?, where N is the number of relays. Conversely, given the maximum tolerable OP, the IP of our ORS scheme tends to zero for N ? ?.",Cooperative communication|Outages|Reliability|Security systems|Wireless telecommunication systems|Eavesdropping attacks|Opportunistic relay selections|Opportunistic relaying|Outage probability|Physical-layer securities|Security and reliabilities|Security-reliability tradeoff|Wireless communications|Network security,10.1109/TVT.2013.2292903,21272933,,,,d70e5ea9-69b7-4f0d-a3a2-67ffb86093bf,article,eng
Chemical basis of the tribological properties of AgTaO3 crystal surfaces,"Gao, Hongyu|Otero-de-la-Roza, Alberto|Aouadi, Samir M.|Martini, Ashlie|Johnson, Erin R.",The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,118,31,17577,17584,,2014,11/07/2014,,,1932-7447,,,,,,,,"The chemical properties of a surface determine the friction and wear behavior of a material during sliding. In this article, we study the mechanisms underlying the sliding behavior of the AgTaO3 perovskite material, a promising high-temperature solid lubricant that presents excellent friction properties and is chemically inert. In particular, by employing a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and density-functional theory calculations, we show that the low friction of AgTaO3 at high temperature is explained by silver aggregation on the surface, which is enabled by the low energy barriers associated with silver migration. Two different surface terminations (AgO and TaO2) are studied, and we show that the migration barrier on the AgO surface is smaller, favoring silver aggregation, which affects both friction and wear. Regardless of the termination, the formation of soft silver clusters dominates the sliding behavior when enough energy (mechanical or thermal) is imparted to the surface.",Friction|Molecular dynamics|Silver oxides|Solid lubricants|Wear of materials|Density-functional theory calculations|Friction and wear|Friction and wear behaviors|Friction properties|Migration barriers|Molecular dynamics simulations|Surface termination|Tribological properties|Agglomeration,10.1021/jp503673k,21272949,,,,1bea3584-1d2b-4e62-95a2-b71f26c218eb,article,eng
"Internal conversion versus intersystem crossing: What drives the gas phase dynamics of cyclic ?,?-enones?","Schalk, Oliver|Schuurman, Michael S.|Wu, Guorong|Lang, Peter|Mucke, Melanie|Feifel, Raimund|Stolow, Albert",The Journal of Physical Chemistry A,118,12,2279,2287,,2014,06/03/2014,,,1089-5639,,,,,ACS Publications,,,"We investigate the competition between intersystem crossing (ISC) and internal conversion (IC) as nonradiative relaxation pathways in cyclic ?,?-unsaturated enones following excitation to their lowest lying 1??* state, by means of time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio computation. Upon excitation, the 1??* state of 2-cyclopentenone decays to the lowest lying 1n?* state within 120 ± 20 fs. Within 1.2 ± 0.2 ps, the molecule subsequently decays to the triplet manifold and the singlet ground state, with quantum yields of 0.35 and 0.65, respectively. The corresponding dynamics in modified derivatives, obtained by selective methylation, show a decrease in both IC and ISC rates, with the quantum yields of ISC varying between 0.35 and 0.08. The rapid rates of ISC are explained by a large spin orbit coupling of 45-60 cm-1 over an extended region of near degeneracy between the singlet and triplet state. Furthermore, the rate of IC is depressed by the existence of a well-defined minimum on the 1n?* potential energy surface. The nonadiabatic pathways evinced by the present results highlight the fact that these molecular systems conceptually represent ""intermediate cases"" between ultrafast dynamics mediated by vibrational motions at conical intersections versus those by statistical decay mechanisms.",Alkylation|Photoelectron spectroscopy|Quantum chemistry|Quantum yield|Ab initio computations|Conical intersection|Inter-system crossings|Internal conversions|Non-radiative relaxation|Singlet and triplet state|Singlet ground state|Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy|Quantum theory,10.1021/jp4124937,21272921,,,,36f80283-c080-4d5b-b6d4-7f3021ca6cf9,article,eng
Chemical composition and nutritional properties of freshwater and marine microalgal biomass cultured in photobioreactors,"Tibbetts, Sean M.|Milley, Joyce E.|Lall, Santosh P.",Journal of Applied Phycology,27,3,1109,1119,,2014,2014,,,0921-8971,,,,,,,,"Proximate, amino acid and elemental composition, total phenolic content (TPC), and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of microalgal biomass were determined. Microalgae contained low to moderate ash (5–17 %), moderate to high carbohydrate (18–46 %), crude protein (18–46 %), high crude lipid (12–48 %), and energy (19–27 MJ kg?1). Characteristic of microalgae, non-essential amino acids (AAs), aspartic and glutamic acids, were predominant (20–30 % of protein; 8–12 % of dry weight). Microalgae had favorable essential AA profiles with high essential amino acid (EAA) indices (0.9–1.2). Expressed as g EAA 100 g protein?1, Porphyridium aerugineum was rich in leucine (11.9), lysine (8.0), arginine (8.6), and tryptophan (3.3); Nannochloropsis granulata (A) in leucine (11.0), lysine (8.5), and tryptophan (2.8); Tetraselmis chuii and Botryococcus braunii in arginine (9.4 and 20.5, respectively); and Phaeodactylum tricornutum in lysine (6.4) and tryptophan (2.6). Mineral compositions (%) were calcium (0.1–3.0), magnesium (0.3–0.7), phosphorous (0.7–1.5), potassium (0.7–2.4), sodium (0.8–2.7), and sulfur (0.4–1.4), and trace element compositions (mg kg?1) were copper (18–102), iron (1,395–11,101), manganese (45–454), selenium (0–0.5), and zinc (28–64). Microalgae contained low TPC (6–13 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g?1 DW), except T. chuii (20 mg GAE g?1 DW). IVPD was high (>90 %) for B. braunii (A), P. aerugineum, and lipid-extracted N. granulata (B); mid-range (80–89 %) for P. tricornutum, N. granulata (A), B. braunii (B), Neochloris oleoabundans, T. chuii, and whole N. granulata (B); and lower (<80 %) for Acutodesmus dimorphus. Microalgal species P. tricornutum, B. braunii, N. granulata, and T. chuii had high protein (40–52 %), IVPD (82–97 %), and digestible protein (35–50 %), comparable to plant proteins used in animal feeds and aquaculture.","Microalgae; Composition; Amino acids; In vitro
protein digestibility; Total phenolic content",10.1007/s10811-014-0428-x,21272919,,,,b8564d17-860a-4eb5-80c6-fd741c419b07,article,eng
High-density sodium and lithium ion battery anodes from banana peels,"Memarzadeh Lotfabad, Elmira|Ding, Jia|Cui, Kai|Kohandehghan, Alireza|Kalisvaart, W. Peter|Hazelton, Michael|Mitlin, David",ACS Nano,8,7,7115,7129,,2014,04/06/2014,,,1936-0851,,,,,,,,"Banana peel pseudographite (BPPG) offers superb dual functionality for sodium ion battery (NIB) and lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes. The materials possess low surface areas (19-217 m2 g-1) and a relatively high electrode packing density (0.75 g cm-3 vs ?1 g cm -3 for graphite). Tested against Na, BPPG delivers a gravimetric (and volumetric) capacity of 355 mAh g-1 (by active material ?700 mAh cm-3, by electrode volume ?270 mAh cm-3) after 10 cycles at 50 mA g-1. A nearly flat ?200 mAh g-1 plateau that is below 0.1 V and a minimal charge/discharge voltage hysteresis make BPPG a direct electrochemical analogue to graphite but with Na. A charge capacity of 221 mAh g-1 at 500 mA g-1 is degraded by 7% after 600 cycles, while a capacity of 336 mAh g-1 at 100 mAg -1 is degraded by 11% after 300 cycles, in both cases with ?100% cycling Coulombic efficiency. For LIB applications BPPG offers a gravimetric (volumetric) capacity of 1090 mAh g-1 (by material ?2200 mAh cm-3, by electrode ?900 mAh cm-3) at 50 mA g -1. The reason that BPPG works so well for both NIBs and LIBs is that it uniquely contains three essential features: (a) dilated intergraphene spacing for Na intercalation at low voltages; (b) highly accessible near-surface nanopores for Li metal filling at low voltages; and (c) substantial defect content in the graphene planes for Li adsorption at higher voltages. The <0.1 V charge storage mechanism is fundamentally different for Na versus for Li. A combination of XRD and XPS demonstrates highly reversible Na intercalation rather than metal underpotential deposition. By contrast, the same analysis proves the presence of metallic Li in the pores, with intercalation being much less pronounced.",Carbon|graphite|graphene|battery|capacitor|SIB|NIB|NAB,10.1021/nn502045y,21272920,,,,ae47870c-af02-4d54-a9fe-27189ab0a0cf,article,eng
"Anodic Cu2S and CuS nanorod and nanowall arrays: Preparation, properties and application in CO2 photoreduction","Kar, Piyush|Farsinezhad, Samira|Zhang, Xiaojiang|Shankar, Karthik",Nanoscale,6,23,14305,14318,,2014,29/09/2014,,,2040-3364,,,,,Royal Society of Chemistry,,,"Copper sulfide semiconductors made from earth-abundant elements have an optical absorption edge at ca. 1.2 eV, nearly ideal for solar energy harvesting. We report the growth and formation mechanism of vertically oriented arrays of copper sulfide nanostructures formed by electrochemical anodization. Key parameters that affect the morphology and phase of the nanostructures are type and strength of electrolyte, anodization voltage and duration. Cu2S and CuS nanostructures were obtained on both copper foil and copper-coated flexible Kapton substrates, and depending on the anodization parameters, consisted of vertically oriented arrays of nanowalls, nanoleafs or rods with branched nanodendrites. The anodization parameters also controlled the phase and stoichiometry of the nanostructures. p-type conduction for Cu2S nanostructures and n-type conduction for CuS nanostructures were revealed by admittance spectroscopy and Mott Schottky analysis. We also observed a weak, but nevertheless promising and previously unnoticed, photocatalytic action in copper sulfide nanorod and platelet arrays for the sunlight-driven conversion of CO2 into CH4. Under irradiation by AM 1.5G simulated sunlight at room temperature, a CH4 production rate as high as 38 ?mol m-2 h-1 was obtained using the copper sulfide nanostructure arrays as stand-alone photocatalysts for CO2 photoreduction.",Nanowalls|Photo-reduction,10.1039/c4nr05371k,21272917,,,,ad1f4f67-8790-479c-a893-b304de76b524,article,eng
Comprehensive transcriptome assembly of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) using sanger and next generation sequencing platforms: development and applications,"Kudapa, Himabindu|Azam, Sarwar|Sharpe, Andrew G.|Taran, Bunyamin|Li, Rong|Deonovic, Benjamin|Cameron, Connor|Farmer, Andrew D.|Cannon, Steven B.|Varshney, Rajeev K.",PLoS ONE,9,1,,,e86039,2014,23/01/2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,PLOS,,,"A comprehensive transcriptome assembly of chickpea has been developed using 134.95 million Illumina single-end reads, 7.12 million single-end FLX/454 reads and 139,214 Sanger expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from >17 genotypes. This hybrid transcriptome assembly, referred to as Cicer arietinum Transcriptome Assembly version 2 (CaTA v2, available at http://data.comparative-legumes.org/ transcriptomes/cicar/lista-cicar-201201), comprising 46,369 transcript assembly contigs (TACs) has an N50 length of 1,726 bp and a maximum contig size of 15,644 bp. Putative functions were determined for 32,869 (70.8%) of the TACs and gene ontology assignments were determined for 21,471 (46.3%). The new transcriptome assembly was compared with the previously available chickpea transcriptome assemblies as well as to the chickpea genome. Comparative analysis of CaTA v2 against transcriptomes of three legumes - Medicago, soybean and common bean, resulted in 27,771 TACs common to all three legumes indicating strong conservation of genes across legumes. CaTA v2 was also used for identification of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and intron spanning regions (ISRs) for developing molecular markers. ISRs were identified by aligning TACs to the Medicago genome, and their putative mapping positions at chromosomal level were identified using transcript map of chickpea. Primer pairs were designed for 4,990 ISRs, each representing a single contig for which predicted positions are inferred and distributed across eight linkage groups. A subset of randomly selected ISRs representing all eight chickpea linkage groups were validated on five chickpea genotypes and showed 20% polymorphism with average polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.27. In summary, the hybrid transcriptome assembly developed and novel markers identified can be used for a variety of applications such as gene discovery, marker-trait association, diversity analysis etc., to advance genetics research and breeding applications in chickpea and other related legumes.","contig|chickpea|expressed sequence tag|gene sequence|genetic conservation|genetic polymorphism|genetic transcription|genotype|intron|Medicago|next generation sequencing|Phaseolus vulgaris|plant chromosome|plant genome|Sanger sequencing|simple sequence repeat|soybean|species comparison|Cicer|Gene Expression Profiling|Genes, Plant|Genetic Linkage|Genetic Markers|High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing|Microsatellite Repeats|Molecular Sequence Annotation|Plant Proteins|Sequence Analysis, DNA|Synteny|transcriptome",10.1371/journal.pone.0086039,21272918,,,,6651f7cf-8278-4724-8472-9ac75fbf3b79,article,eng
Broadband transmission filters from the 2013 Optical Interference Coatings manufacturing problem contest [Invited],"Li, Li|Dobrowolski, J. A.|Jacobson, Michael|Cooksey, Catherine",Applied Optics,53,4,A248,A258,,2014,10/01/2014,,,1559-128X,,,,,The Optical Society,,,"A broadband transmission filter from 400 to 1100 nm was selected for the manufacturing problem contest. The purpose of the contest is to test the state of the art of current optical thin film manufacturing capabilities. A total of 37 people from 15 teams participated in the contest and submitted 17 samples. Diverse approaches were taken by participants to tackle the problem. A range of different solutions was obtained where the number of layers varied from 22 to 608, and the total layer thickness ranged from 1.859 to 23.099 ?m. Two independent laboratories performed sample evaluation measurements. Three teams shared the best result with the lowest average measured merit function.",Broadband transmission|Optical interference coatings,10.1364/AO.53.00A248,21272922,,,,1643cb6b-b7ef-43fd-84c4-2ecf1fab27bb,article,eng
Studying the chemistry of cationized triacylglycerols using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and density functional theory computations,"Grossert, J. Stuart|Herrera, Lisandra Cubero|Ramaley, Louis|Melanson, Jeremy E.",Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry,25,8,1421,1440,,2014,28/05/2014,,,1044-0305,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"Analysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs), found as complex mixtures in living organisms, is typically accomplished using liquid chromatography, often coupled to mass spectrometry. TAGs, weak bases not protonated using electrospray ionization, are usually ionized by adduct formation with a cation, including those present in the solvent (e.g., Na+). There are relatively few reports on the binding of TAGs with cations or on the mechanisms by which cationized TAGs fragment. This work examines binding efficiencies, determined by mass spectrometry and computations, for the complexation of TAGs to a range of cations (Na+, Li+, K+, Ag+, NH 4 +). While most cations bind to oxygen, Ag+ binding to unsaturation in the acid side chains is significant. The importance of dimer formation, [2TAG + M]+ was demonstrated using several different types of mass spectrometers. From breakdown curves, it became apparent that two or three acid side chains must be attached to glycerol for strong cationization. Possible mechanisms for fragmentation of lithiated TAGs were modeled by computations on tripropionylglycerol. Viable pathways were found for losses of neutral acids and lithium salts of acids from different positions on the glycerol moiety. Novel lactone structures were proposed for the loss of a neutral acid from one position of the glycerol moiety. These were studied further using triple-stage mass spectrometry (MS3). These lactones can account for all the major product ions in the MS3 spectra in both this work and the literature, which should allow for new insights into the challenging analytical methods needed for naturally occurring TAGs.",Binding efficiencies of cations to triacylglycerols; Breakdown curves; Lithiated triglycerides; MS/MS/MS product ions; Solvent-cation interactions in ESI,10.1007/s13361-014-0917-9,21272923,NRC-ACRD-56074,,,f2b7c569-50ea-4cf9-9f6e-a83849b5aeb7,article,eng
Microstructure and properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/organoclay nanocomposites prepared by water-assisted extrusion: Effect of organoclay concentration,"Dini, Maryam|Mousavand, Tahereh|Carreau, Pierre J.|Kamal, Musa R.|Ton-That, Minh-Tan",Polymer Engineering and Science,54,8,1879,1892,,2014,2014-08,,,0032-3888,,,,,Wiley,,,"Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/Cloisite 30B (C30B) nanocomposites containing different concentrations of the organoclay were prepared using two different twin-screw extrusion processes: conventional melt mixing and water-assisted melt mixing. The reduction of the molecular weight of the PET matrix, caused by hydrolysis during the water-assisted extrusion, was compensated by subsequent solid-state polymerization (SSP). X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses showed intercalated/exfoliated morphology in all PET/C30B nanocomposites, with a higher degree of intercalation and delamination for the water-assisted process. Rheological, thermal, mechanical, and gas barrier properties of the PET nanocomposites were also studied. Enhanced mechanical and barrier properties were obtained in PET-C30B nanocomposites compared to the neat PET. The nanocomposites exhibited higher tensile modulus and lower oxygen permeability after SSP. The elongation at break was significantly higher for SSP nanocomposites than for nanocomposites processed by conventional melt mixing.",Extrusion|Mixing|Organoclay|Polyethylene terephthalates|Scanning electron microscopy|Transmission electron microscopy|X ray diffraction|Elongation at break|Gas barrier properties|Mechanical and barriers|Microstructure and properties|Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)|Solid state polymerization|Transmission electron|Twin screw extrusion|Nanocomposites,10.1002/pen.23736,21272926,,,,fed594be-4ad3-41cd-959e-306d015ac63b,article,eng
Evolution of flow stress and microstructure during isothermal compression of Waspaloy,"Chamanfar, A.|Jahazi, M.|Gholipour, J.|Wanjara, P.|Yue, S.",Materials Science and Engineering A,615,,497,510,,2014,31/07/2014,,,0921-5093,,,,,,,,"The evolution of the flow stress and microstructure for Waspaloy was studied in the 950-1140°C temperature range under constant true strain rate conditions of 0.001-1s-1 up to a true strain of 0.83 using isothermal hot compression testing. The impact of friction at the sample/anvil interface and adiabatic heating during deformation on the flow stress evolution was also examined. Mathematical models relating the flow stress to the deformation temperature and strain rate were derived using a power-law relationship. The strain rate sensitivity and the activation energy for hot deformation of Waspaloy were found to be considerably different for deformation in the subsolvus and supersolvus temperature ranges. According to the microstructural investigations, at 950°C dynamic recovery (DRV) was the main softening mechanism. By contrast, dynamic recrystallization (DRX), partial or complete, occurred at temperatures above 950°C and resulted in flow softening.",Waspaloy|Isothermal hot compressions|Friction|Adiabatic heating|Flow stress|Microstructure,10.1016/j.msea.2014.07.093,21272934,,,,817e8aa5-ae1b-4d22-b189-c3e4ceca0f91,article,eng
Dynamic mechanical thermoanalysis of layered calcium silicate hydrates,"Pourbeik, P.|Beaudoin, J. J.|Alizadeh, R.|Raki, L.",Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,118,1,1,14,,2014,2014-10,,,1388-6150,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"Dynamic mechanical thermoanalysis (DMTA) was conducted on compacted specimens of calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H), 1.4 nm tobermorite, jennite, and compacted hydrated Portland cement paste powders, as well as hardened cement paste. The synthetic silicates are key elements for compositional models of the hydrated calcium silicates present in cement paste. The study focuses on the nanostructural effects due to the removal of water from the 11 % RH condition. The DMTA results (E and tan versus temperature curves) in the 25-110 °C range mimicked those of DMA (E and tan versus mass loss curves) conducted at room temperature for C-S-H and cement paste. In addition, the DMTA curves for 1.4 nm tobermorite and jennite in the temperature range 110-300 °C were sensitive to phase changes including the transition of 1.4 nm tobermorite to 1.1 nm tobermorite and other forms, as well as the transition of jennite to metajennite. The DMTA curves of a 50/50 mixture of 1.4 nm tobermorite and jennite exhibit similarities and differences to that of hydrated cement paste that are influenced by porosity and the amorphous nature of C-S-H in the cement paste. The study provides useful data for evaluating Taylor's concept of a possible tobermorite-jennite model for the C-S-H present in hydrated cement paste.",C-S-H|Cement paste|Dynamic mechanical|Jennite|Tobermorite,10.1007/s10973-014-3954-5,21272929,,,,e3637a88-6f7b-4cea-9aa3-ac6da7b362db,article,eng
Highly active Pt-on-Au catalysts for methanol oxidation in alkaline media involving a synergistic interaction between Pt and Au,"Wang, Jianshe|Shi, Ranran|Guo, Xun|Xi, Jingyu|Zhao, Jianhong|Song, Chengying|Wang, Liucheng|Zhang, Jiujun",Electrochimica Acta,123,,309,316,,2014,20/03/2014,,,0013-4686,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Several Pt-on-Au/SnO2-CNTs catalysts with different Pt loadings are synthesized through site-selective electrodeposition for catalytic methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in alkaline media. The catalysts are tested to exhibit extremely high Pt mass activity towards MOR, and the catalytic mechanism is proposed based on the synergetic effect between Pt and Au, in which the Pt entities provide Pt-OH for oxidation of alkoxide (CH3O-) while the Au surfaces provide adsorption sites for alkoxide. It is expected that this mechanism could be extended to developing high performance non-Pt catalysts for MOR in alkaline media.",Adsorption site|Catalytic mechanisms|Methanol Oxidation|Methanol oxidation reactions|Site selective|Synergetic effect|Synergism|Synergistic interaction|Catalysts|Electrodeposition|Excitons|Methanol|Platinum,10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.044,21272894,,,,6ca83bb5-3e4c-417e-8a59-1092d3f099da,article,eng
Occurrence and biological activities of eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes,"Hou, Chenjie|Kulka, Marianna|Zhang, Junzeng|Li, Yiming|Guo, Fujiang",Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry,14,8,664,677,,2014,2014,,,1389-5575,,,,,Bentham Science Publishers,,,"As important members of the terpenes family, sesquiterpenes represent a group of natural compounds with diverse skeletal types. Among them, the eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes, widely present in several genera (such as Ligularia, Senecio, Cacalia) of Asteraceae, account for a small number of natural compounds and form differently from other sesquiterpenes because they challenged the isoprene rule of biosynthesis. Due to the unique structural features and various functional groups, these compounds possess a number of biological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory, having received increasing interest in the recent years. This review summarizes the occurrence of eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes and research progresses on their biological activities since the 1990s.",anti-tumor|anti-microbial|anti-inflammatory|anti-allergy|eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes,10.2174/1389557514666140820105422,21272896,,,,ad4a0b78-e41e-4a26-a341-be232dd7b40b,article,eng
"Liuwei Dihuang, a traditional Chinese herbal formula, suppresses chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in obese rats","Perry, Benjamin|Zhang, Junzeng|Saleh, Tarek|Wang, Yanwen",Journal of Integrative Medicine,12,5,447,454,,2014,27/10/2014,,,2095-4964,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Objective To investigate the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and adipokine-ameliorating effects of Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, in obese rats. Methods After 2 weeks of acclimation with free access to regular rodent chow and water, obese-prone-caesarean-derived (OP-CD) rats were fed a modified AIN-93G diet containing 60% energy from fat. Treatment was performed twice daily by gavage feeding with 500, 1 500, or 3 500 mg/kg body weight LWDH suspended in water (n=12 rats per group). Twelve obese-resistant-CD (OR-CD) rats were fed the atherogenic diet and gavaged with water, and served as the normal control. Blood biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and adiponectin were measured post-sacrifice and used to determine the treatment effect of LWDH and assess the suitability of OR/OP-CD rats for studying these parameters. Results After 9 weeks of treatment, LWDH lowered serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumour necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) levels. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels showed a tendency towards reduction, but were not significantly different from the OP-CD control. Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was increased in response to all three doses of LWDH, while the levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were unchanged. Serum adiponectin levels were increased in response to oral administration of LWDH at the dose of either 500 or 1 500 mg/kg body weight. In addition, comparisons between OR-CD and OP-CD rats revealed differential, and for some biomarkers, conflicting characteristics of high-fat diet-fed OP-CD rats in reference to obese human subjects in terms of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and circulating adiponectin levels. Conclusion The results show, for the first time, the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress and adiponectin-ameliorating effects of LWDH in obese rats. The suitability of the OR/OP-CD rat model as a research tool to study inflammation, oxidative stress, and adipokine production requires further investigation.","adiponectin; durgs, Chinese herbal; inflammation; Liuwei Dihuang; obesity; oxidative stress; rats",10.1016/S2095-4964(14)60044-3,21272898,NRC-ACRD-56063,,,78fee213-e1f2-4e02-9e23-7ce99427714a,article,eng
Time-resolved photoelectron spectra of CS2: Dynamics at conical intersections,"Wang, Kwanghsi|McKoy, Vincent|Hockett, Paul|Schuurman, Michael S.",Physical Review Letters,112,11,,,113007,2014,24/03/2014,,,0031-9007,,,,,American Physical Society,,,"We report results of the application of a fully ab initio approach for simulating time-resolved molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions around conical intersections in CS2. The technique employs wave packet densities obtained with the multiple spawning method in conjunction with geometry- and energy-dependent photoionization matrix elements. The robust agreement of these results with measured molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions for CS2 demonstrates that this technique can successfully elucidate, and disentangle, the underlying nuclear and photoionization dynamics around conical intersections in polyatomic molecules.",Photoionization|Ab initio approach|Conical intersection|Energy dependent|Matrix elements|Photoelectron angular distributions|Photoelectron spectrum|Photoionization dynamics|Polyatomic molecules|Photoelectrons,,21272899,,,,1ce9da72-5ac4-43ea-9b41-dc50a3ce6a9b,article,eng
Carbon nanotube conductive networks through the double percolation concept in polymer systems,"Abbasi, S.|Derdouri, A.|Carreau, P. J.",International Polymer Processing,29,1,13,27,,2014,2014-03,,,0930-777X,,,,,Carl Hanser Verlag,,,"We investigated the electrical conductivity and percolation behavior of binary and ternary nanocomposites based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNs) using polypropylene (PP) and a blend of PP with cyclic butylene terephthalate (CBT). The nanocomposites were prepared by diluting a commercial 20 %wtMWCNT PP masterbatch using optimized melt-mixing conditions. The concentration of carbon nanotubes in the diluted PP samples was as low as 0.5% and as high as 15 % in weight. For the PP/CBT blend CBT concentration was varied up to 40 %wt while the loading of CNT was from 0 to 5 %wt. SEM and TEM techniques were used to examine the quality of the dispersion and the formation of nanotube networks within the polymer matrix. TEM and Raman spectroscopy results showed that for the diluted PP/MWCNT composites the nanotubes are well aligned in samples obtained the microinjection molding process, although the level of alignment is less with crystalline PP than in an amorphous matrix such as polycarbonate (PC). FTIR and XRD results revealed that the orientation of both polymer chains and crystals decreased with the incorporation of nanotubes into PP. The electrical conductivity was also significantly altered by the nanotube alignment in a PP matrix, as was previously observed for PC/MWCNT composites; the conductivity decreased and the percolation threshold rose in highly sheared samples; however, the presence of a crystalline phase improved the conductivity even for high shear conditions through the phenomenon of double percolation threshold. This last concept refers to the requirement that the filler-rich phase be continuous and conductive and not to the existence of two percolation thresholds at two different CNT concentrations. The electrical conductivity of PP/CBT blends was also improved through a double percolation that is the basic requirement for the conductivity of the ternary nanocomposites.",Amorphous matrices|Conductive networks|Cyclic butylene terephthalates|Electrical conductivity|Micro-injection molding|Percolation behavior|Percolation thresholds|Ternary nanocomposites|Crystal orientation|Crystalline materials|Electric conductivity of solids|Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCN)|Nanocomposites|Percolation (computer storage)|Percolation (fluids)|Polypropylenes,10.3139/217.2778,21272902,,,,eb71edbe-11c9-4bb7-87aa-5328e9da1167,article,eng
Results of the SIM.EM-K5 key comparison of 50/60 Hz power,"Carranza, R.|Campos, S.|Castruita, A.|Nelson, T.|Ribeiro, A.|So, E.|Di Lillo, L.|Spaggiari, A.|Slomovitz, D.|Izquierdo, Daniel|Faverio, Carlos|Postigo, H.|Sanchez, H.|Gonzalez, J.|Porras, G.",,,,302,303,6898379,2014,2014,CPEM Digest,,0589-1485|0589-1485,2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014),"29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014",,,IEEE,9781479952052,,"From years 2010 to 2012, a key comparison of power standards at 50/60 Hz was conducted in the SIM region. The comparison included measurements of active and reactive power at three frequencies, aiming at providing support to high accuracy measurement needs of reactive power. This paper presents the results of the SIM.EM-K5 comparison and the assessment of the link between this comparison and the CCEM-K5 key comparison on 50/60 Hz power completed in 2001.",Key comparison|Measurement standards|Regression fitting|Reproducibilities|Uncertainty,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898379,21272903,,,,9e797a99-7217-4e72-acb1-2ebd34c8ea88,article,eng
Determining the mechanism of in-service cylinder distortion in aluminum engine blocks with cast-in gray iron liners,"Lombardi, Anthony|Ravindran, Comondore|Sediako, Dmitry|Mackay, Robert",Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science,45,13,6291,6303,,2014,30/09/2014,,,1073-5623,,,,,,,,"In recent years, stringent government legislation on vehicle fuel efficiency has pushed the automotive industry to replace steel and cast iron power train components with light weight Al alloys. However, unlike their ferrous-based equivalents, Al-Si alloy engine blocks are prone to permanent dimensional distortion in critical locations such as the cylinder bore regions. Understanding the mechanisms that cause distortion will promote the use of Al alloys over ferrous alloys for power train applications and enable automotive manufacturers to meet emission standards and reduce fuel consumption. In this study, neutron diffraction was used to evaluate residual stress along the Al cylinder bridge and the gray cast iron liners of distorted and undistorted engine blocks. Microstructural analysis was carried out using OM, SEM, and TEM, while mechanical testing was accomplished via ambient and elevated temperature [~453 K (180 °C)] tensile testing. The results suggest that the distorted engine block had high tensile residual stress in the Al cylinder bridge, reaching a maximum of 170 MPa in the hoop direction, which triggered permanent dimensional distortion in the cylinders when exposed to service conditions. In addition, the middle of the cylinder had the highest magnitude of distortion since this region had a combination of high tensile residual stress (hoop stress of 150 MPa) and reduced strength compared with the bottom of the cylinder.",Aluminum engines|Gray irons,10.1007/s11661-014-2580-y,21272905,,,,f6532c42-99ad-4aee-a46b-c83c2d5a2772,article,eng
Enhancement of photovoltaic cell performance using periodic triangular gratings,"Bordatchev, Evgueni|Tauhiduzzaman, Mohammed|Dey, Rajat",Journal of Photonics for Energy,4,1,,,44599,2014,02/04/2014,,,1947-7988,,,,,SPIE,,,"The solar energy industry strives to produce more efficient and yet cost effective solar panels each consisting of an array of photovoltaic (PV) cells. The goal of this study was to enhance the performance of PV cells through increasing the cells' optical efficiency defined as a percentage of surface incident light that reaches the PV material. This was achieved through the reduction of waveguide decoupling loss and Fresnel reflection losses by integrating specific nonimaging micro-optical structures on the top surface of existing PV cells. Due to this integration, optical efficiency and performance were increased through the enhancement of light trapping, light guiding, and in-coupling functionalities. Periodic triangular gratings (PTGs) were designed, nonsequentially modeled, optimized, and fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane as proposed micro-optical structures. Then the performance of PV cells with and without integrated PTGs was evaluated and compared. Initial optical simulation results show that an original PV cell (without PTG) exhibits an average optical efficiency of 32.7% over a range of incident light angles between 15 and 90 deg. Integration of the PTG allows the capture of incoming sunlight by total internal reflection (TIR), whence it is reflected back onto the PV cell for multiple consecutive chances for absorption and PV conversion. Geometry of the PTG was optimized with respect to an angle of light incidence of {15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90} deg. Optical efficiency of the geometrically optimized PTGs was then analyzed under the same set of incident light angles and a maximum optical efficiency of 54.1% was observed for a PV cell with integrated PTG optimized at 90 deg. This is a 53.3% relative improvement in optical performance when compared to an original PV cell. Functional PTG prototypes were then fabricated with optical surface quality (below 10 nm Ra) and integrated with PV cells demonstrating an increase in maximum power by 1.08 mW/cm2 (7.6% improvement in PV performance) and in short circuit current by 2.39 mA/cm 2 (6.4% improvement).",Cells|Cytology|Efficiency|Micromachining|Optimization|Periodic structures|Photoelectrochemical cells|Refractive index|Silicones|Solar energy|Micro-optical structure|Optical efficiency|Optical modeling|Photovoltaic cell performance|Photovoltaic performance|Solar energy industries|Total internal reflections|Triangular gratings|Photovoltaic cells,10.1117/1.JPE.4.044599,21272911,,,,3a0be4d9-4086-418a-a881-886479fa2652,article,eng
A review of graphene and graphene oxide sponge: Material synthesis and applications to energy and the environment,"Chabot, Victor|Higgins, Drew|Yu, Aiping|Xiao, Xingcheng|Chen, Zhongwei|Zhang, Jiujun",Energy and Environmental Science,7,5,1564,1596,,2014,11/02/2014,,,1754-5692,,,,,Royal Society of Chemistry,,,"This paper gives a comprehensive review about the most recent progress in synthesis, characterization, fundamental understanding, and the performance of graphene and graphene oxide sponges. Practical applications are considered including use in composite materials, as the electrode materials for electrochemical sensors, as absorbers for both gases and liquids, and as electrode materials for devices involved in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Several advantages of both graphene and graphene oxide sponges such as three dimensional graphene networks, high surface area, high electro/thermo conductivities, high chemical/electrochemical stability, high flexibility and elasticity, and extremely high surface hydrophobicity are emphasized. To facilitate further research and development, the technical challenges are discussed, and several future research directions are also suggested in this paper.",Elasticity|Electrochemical energy storage|Energy and the environment|Future research directions|Material synthesis|Research and development|Surface hydrophobicity|Technical challenges|Three-dimensional graphene|Graphene|carbon|composite|electrical power|electrode|hydrophobicity|oxide|sensor|storage structure|technological development,10.1039/c3ee43385d,21272914,,,,49291b64-1742-4b8d-a2bd-71250730c802,article,eng
"Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical performance of high-density aluminum substituted ?-nickel hydroxide cathode material for nickel-based rechargeable batteries","Li, Jin|Shangguan, Enbo|Guo, Dan|Tian, Meng|Wang, Yanbin|Li, Quanmin|Chang, Zhaorong|Yuan, Xiao-Zi|Wang, Haijing",Journal of Power Sources,270,,121,130,,2014,23/07/2014,,,0378-7753,,,,,,,,"Positive electrode active materials, Al-substituted ?-Ni(OH) 2, with a high tap-density and high performance for alkaline nickel-based rechargeable batteries have successfully been synthesized using a polyacrylamide (PAM) assisted two-step drying method and subsequent hydrothermal treatment at 140 °C for 2 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle size analysis, tap-density measurement, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and charge-discharge test are used to characterize the physical and electrochemical properties of the synthesized material. The tap-density of the resulting powders reaches 1.84 g cm-3, which is significantly higher than that of ?-Ni(OH)2 powders obtained by the conventional co-precipitation (CCP) and hydrothermal (HT) methods. Compared with commercial spherical ?-Ni(OH)2, the resulting sample is electrochemically more active, providing discharge capacities of 315.0 and 255.2 mAh g-1, and volume capacities of 579.6 and 469.6 mAh cm -3 at rates of 0.2 C and 5 C, respectively. It is also found that although the hydrothermal treatment has a slight negative effect on the tap-density, it can improve the crystallinity of ?-Ni(OH)2 and promote the anion exchange of NO3 - by OH-, resulting in a much better electrochemical performance.",?-Nickel hydroxide|High tap-density|Nickel-based rechargeable batteries|Cathode materials,10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.098,21272915,,,,ee4af9c5-2198-44d9-9744-76f76862ebf7,article,eng
Small head-to-tail macrocyclic ?-peptoids|Small head to tail macrocyclic ?-peptoids,"Culf, Adrian S.|?uperlovi?-Culf, Miroslava|Léger, Daniel A.|Decken, Andreas",Organic Letters,16,10,2780,2783,,2014,05/05/2014,,,1523-7060,,,,,,,,"A convenient and efficient methodology for the head-to-tail macrocyclization of small 3-mer, 4-mer, and 5-mer ?-peptoid acids (9-, 12-, and 15-atom N-substituted glycine oligomers) is described. The cyclic trimer has a ccc amide sequence in the crystal structure, whereas the tetramer has ctct and the pentamer has ttccc stereochemistry. NMR analysis reveals rigid structures in solution. These synthetic macrocycles may prove useful in medicinal and materials applications.","glycine|peptoid|article|chemical structure|chemistry|conformation|nuclear magnetic resonance|protein folding|protein secondary structure|stereoisomerism|synthesis|X ray crystallography|Crystallography, X-Ray|Glycine|Models, Molecular|Molecular Conformation|Molecular Structure|Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular|Peptoids|Protein Folding|Protein Structure, Secondary|Stereoisomerism",10.1021/ol501102b,21272916,,,,ccd5d298-55f4-45a3-a97e-b10454a3e1c9,article,eng
Interpreting the extended emission around three nearby debris disc host stars,"Marshall, J. P.|Kirchschlager, F.|Ertel, S.|Augereau, J. -C.|Kennedy, G. M.|Booth, M.|Wolf, S.|Montesinos, B.|Eiroa, C.|Matthews, B.",Astronomy and Astrophysics,570,,,,A114,2014,2014-10,,,0004-6361,,,,,EDP Sciences,,,"Context. Cool debris discs are a relic of the planetesimal formation process around their host star, analogous to the solar system's Edgeworth-Kuiper belt. As such, they can be used as a proxy to probe the origin and formation of planetary systems like our own. Aims. The Herschel open time key programmes ""DUst around NEarby Stars"" (DUNES) and ""Disc Emission via a Bias-free Reconnaissance in the Infrared/Submillimetre"" (DEBRIS) observed many nearby, sun-like stars at far-infrared wavelengths seeking to detect and characterize the emission from their circumstellar dust. Excess emission attributable to the presence of dust was identified from around ~20% of stars. Herschel's high angular resolution (~7?? FWHM at 100 ?m) provided the capacity for resolving debris belts around nearby stars with radial extents comparable to the solar system (50-100 au). Methods. As part of the DUNES and DEBRIS surveys, we obtained observations of three debris disc stars, HIP 22263 (HD 30495), HIP 62207 (HD 110897), and HIP 72848 (HD 131511), at far-infrared wavelengths with the Herschel PACS instrument. Combining these new images and photometry with ancilliary data from the literature, we undertook simultaneous multi-wavelength modelling of the discs' radial profiles and spectral energy distributions using three different methodologies: single annulus, modified black body, and a radiative transfer code. Results. We present the first far-infrared spatially resolved images of these discs and new single-component debris disc models. We characterize the capacity of the models to reproduce the disc parameters based on marginally resolved emission through analysis of two sets of simulated systems (based on the HIP 22263 and HIP 62207 data) with the noise levels typical of the Herschel images. We find that the input parameter values are recovered well at noise levels attained in the observations presented here.",Circumstellar matters|Debris discs|Host-stars|Infrared: star|Stars: individual,10.1051/0004-6361/201424517,21272910,,,,5bc1585e-9fdf-479c-bd4e-58a5843f444f,article,eng
Engineering and pharmacology of blood-brain barrier-permeable bispecific antibodies,"Stanimirovic, Danica|Kemmerich, Kristen|Haqqani, Arslan S.|Farrington, Graham K.",,,,301,335,,2014,23/08/2014,Advances in Pharmacology,Volume 71,1054-3589,,,Pharmacology of the Blood Brain Barrier: Targeting CNS Disorders,,Elsevier,9780128003381|0128003383,,"The development and approval of antibody-based therapeutics have progressed rapidly over the past decade. However, poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability hinders the progress of antibody therapies for conditions in which the target is located in the central nervous system (CNS). Increased brain penetration of therapeutic antibodies can be achieved by engineering bispecific antibodies in which one antibody binding specificity recognizes a BBB receptor that undergoes receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) from the circulatory compartment into brain parenchyma, and the second binding specificity recognizes a therapeutic target within the CNS. These bispecific antibodies can be built using various antibody fragments as ""building blocks,"" including monomeric single-domain antibodies, the smallest antigen-binding fragments of immunoglobulins. The development of BBB-crossing bispecific antibodies requires targeted antibody engineering to optimize multiple characteristics of ""BBB carrier"" and therapeutic arms, as well as other antibody properties impacting pharmacokinetics and effector function. Whereas several BBB-crossing bispecific antibodies have been developed using transferrin receptor antibodies as BBB carriers, the principal obstacle for capitalizing on the future promise of CNS-active antibodies remains the scarcity of known, characterized RMT receptors which could be exploited for the development of BBB carriers. This chapter reviews the recent advances and guiding principles for designing, engineering, and evaluating BBB-crossing bispecific antibodies and discusses approaches to identify and characterize novel BBB-crossing antibodies and RMT receptors.",Bispecific antibodies; Single-domain antibodies; Receptor-mediated transcytosis; Blood–brain barrier,10.1016/bs.apha.2014.06.005,21272912,NRC-HHT-53245,,,0bf1a895-4b29-408c-877b-f87734062da1,chapter,eng
"Selenomethionine and total methionine ratio is conserved in seed proteins of selenium-treated and nontreated soybean, flax, and potato","Fofana, B.|Main, D.|Ghose, K.|Grimmett, M.|Peters, R. D.|Martin, R. A.|Mester, Z.|Yang, L.|Locke, S.|Sweeney, M.",Crop Science,54,5,2251,2261,,2014,30/06/2014,,,0011-183X,,,,,ACSESS,,,"Crop biofortification with Se is widely accepted. However, little is known about the efficiency of selenomethionine (Se-Met) incorporation into the seed and tuber protein fraction of crops. Here, we report on the efficiency of Se incorporation into the seed and tuber protein fraction of soybean, flax, and potato and the putative identity of some of the proteins that are likely targets for this random pretranslation modification. Soybean, flax, and potato plants received Se using different sodium selenate application methods and rates, and Se-Met was determined in seed, tuber, and their protein fractions. Selenium content in seed and tuber tissues and in protein fractions was increased by 2 to 86 times. The methionine (Met) pool was increased, as was the proportion of Se-Met in the Met pool, but the ratio of Se-Met:total Met was well conserved (1:1) between the treated and nontreated plants. After two-dimensional (2D) protein electrophoresis, five protein spots were identified as glycinin, trypsin inhibitor (soybean), patatin-3-Kuras-1, patain-B2, and phosphoenol carboxy kinase (potato), none of which showed S to Se substitution in their primary structure. Linking Se and three stress markers in fresh tuber extracts, glutathione (GSH) level, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were increased by 20 to 35%. The data showed low protein modification in these non-Se-accumulator crops and indicated that rates of 5 to 10 g ha-1 Se, through foliar application, may ensure not only an adequate daily intake levels for humans but may also activate antioxidant enzyme systems within the tuber tissue.",,10.2135/cropsci2013.10.0711,21272913,,,,b1d56079-5060-4789-8545-ee9e276f9519,article,eng
Double-pulse LIBS combining short and long nanosecond pulses in the microjoule range,"Elnasharty, Islam Y.|Doucet, François R.|Gravel, Jean-Francois Y.|Bouchard, Paul|Sabsabi, Mohamad",Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry,29,9,1660,1666,,2014,20/06/2014,,,0267-9477,,,,,Royal Society of Chemistry,,,"The present study investigates the collinear double-pulse LIBS (DP-LIBS) configuration using microjoule nanosecond pulses. It is shown that this approach can achieve typical double pulse improvement in the analytical performances for elemental analysis of aluminium alloys. In addition, the effect of the chronological sequence of the short and long nanosecond pulses in the collinear DP-LIBS experiment was also studied. The results show a significant increase of the intensity and repeatability of the emission signals in the double pulse configuration. Standard DP-LIBS signal improvement over the signal-to-noise ratio and the signal-to-background ratio for the analytical lines of different elements has been observed in comparison to single pulse LIBS of equal energy. Limits of detection in the low ?g g-1 range have been obtained for the different elements studied. The improvement resulting from the use of DP-LIBS was about 2-4 fold when compared to SP-LIBS in all cases. These results are useful in the context of studies investigating how the ?LIBS will assist in the development of portable LIBS systems and improve the utility of this spectroscopy technique for field applications. Finally, the plasma temperature is found to be approximately less than 15% higher with the double-pulse.",Spectrometry|Analytical performance|Chronological sequences|Double-pulse LIBS|Field application|Limits of detection|Nanosecond pulse|Plasma temperature|Signal-to-background ratio|Measurements,10.1039/c4ja00099d,21272883,,,,d62eed44-b5f7-45b9-911a-35e309494d86,article,eng
A chromosome-based draft sequence of the hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome,"Sharpe, Andrew|Klassen, Darrin|International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium",Science,345,6194,,,1251788,2014,18/07/2014,,,0036-8075,,,,,,,,"An ordered draft sequence of the 17-gigabase hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome has been produced by sequencing isolated chromosome arms. We have annotated 124,201 gene loci distributed nearly evenly across the homeologous chromosomes and subgenomes. Comparative gene analysis of wheat subgenomes and extant diploid and tetraploid wheat relatives showed that high sequence similarity and structural conservation are retained, with limited gene loss, after polyploidization. However, across the genomes there was evidence of dynamic gene gain, loss, and duplication since the divergence of the wheat lineages. A high degree of transcriptional autonomy and no global dominance was found for the subgenomes. These insights into the genome biology of a polyploid crop provide a springboard for faster gene isolation, rapid genetic marker development, and precise breeding to meet the needs of increasing food demand worldwide.",chromosome|gene expression|genetic marker|genome|polyploidy|wheat|diploidy|gene duplication|gene locus|gene loss|gene sequence|genetic conservation|plant chromosome|plant genome|polyploidy|sequence homology|tetraploidy|Triticum aestivum,10.1126/science.1251788,21272884,NRC-ACRD-56011,,,1b1bdc02-3b35-4804-8cf8-69093ac64bed,article,eng
Searching for a gas cloud surrounding the WASP-18 planetary system,"Fossati, L.|Ayres, T. R.|Haswell, C. A.|Jenkins, J. S.|Bisikalo, D.|Bohlender, D.|Flöer, L.|Kochukhov, O.",Astrophysics and Space Science,354,1,21,28,,2014,2014-11,,,0004-640X,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"Near-UV (NUV) Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the extreme hot-Jupiter WASP-12b revealed the presence of diffuse exospheric gas extending beyond the planet’s Roche lobe. Furthermore the NUV observations showed a complete lack of the normally bright core emission of the Mg ii h&k resonance lines, in agreement with the measured anomalously low stellar activity index (logR?HK). Comparisons with other distant and inactive stars, and the analysis of radio and optical measurements of the intervening interstellar medium (ISM), led us to the conclusion that the system is surrounded by a circumstellar gas cloud, likely formed of material lost by the planet. Similar anomalous logR?HK index deficiencies might therefore signal the presence of translucent circumstellar gas around other stars hosting evaporating planets; we identified five such systems and WASP-18 is one of them. Both radio and optical observations of the region surrounding WASP-18 point towards a negligible ISM absorption along the WASP-18 line of sight. Excluding the unlikely possibility of an intrinsic anomalously low stellar activity, we conclude that the system is probably surrounded by a circumstellar gas cloud, presumably formed of material lost by the planet. Nevertheless only a far-UV spectrum of the star would provide a definite answer. Theoretical modelling suggests WASP-18b undergoes negligible mass loss, in contrast to the probable presence of a circumstellar gas cloud formed of material lost by the planet. The solution might be the presence either of an extra energy source driving mass loss (e.g., the reconnection of the stellar and planetary magnetic fields inside the planet atmosphere) or of an evaporating third body (e.g., moon).",,10.1007/s10509-014-2016-6,21272887,,,,7c477c11-2c05-469d-a07c-3fed15fa4f7c,article,eng
A comparison of flax shive and extracted flax shive reinforced PP composites,"Hu, Wei|Zhang, Mingyao|Ton-That, Minh-Tan|Ngo, Tri-dung",Fibers and Polymers,15,8,1722,1728,,2014,2014-08,,,1229-9197,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"In this study, flax shive (FS) and extracted flax shive (EFS) were fully characterized. The results showed that EFS presented lower noncellulose content, smaller porous tunnels and better thermal stability than FS. The 5 % weight loss temperature of EFS was over 200 °C, which can meet the requirements of the processing conditions for the natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. Consequently, the flax shive and extracted flax shive reinforced PP composites were prepared and characterized. It was found that the thermal stability of EFS/PP composites was better than that of FS/PP composites, and both FS and EFS behaved as nucleation agents, which could accelerate the crystallization process of PP in the composites. Mechanical test showed that EFS could be used as a reinforcing material for PP composite when compatibilizer was applied. The flexural strength and modulus of the composites containing 30 % EFS were about 8 % and 100 % higher than that of pure polypropylene, respectively.",,10.1007/s12221-014-1722-6,21272888,,,,f3d99617-e968-4bf4-b148-885f82bfb984,article,eng
Validation of parameter estimation methods for determining optical properties of atherosclerotic tissues in intravascular OCT,"Shalev, Ronny|Gargesha, Madhusudhana|Prabhu, David|Tanaka, Kentaro|Rollins, Andrew M.|Costa, Marco|Bezerra, Hiram G.|Lamouche, Guy|Wilson, David L.",,9037,,,,90371D,2014,2014,,,1605-7422,Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE,"Medical Imaging 2014: Image Perception, Observer Performance, and Technology Assessment, 16 February 2014 through 17 February 2014, San Diego, CA",,,SPIE,9780819498304,,"In this paper we present a new process for assessing optical properties of tissues from 3D pullbacks, the standard clinical acquisition method for iOCT data. Our method analyzes a volume of interest (VOI) consisting of about 100 A-lines spread across the angle of rotation (?) and along the artery, z. The new 3D method uses catheter correction, baseline removal, speckle noise reduction, alignment of A-line sequences, and robust estimation. We compare results to those from a more standard, gold standard stationary acquisition where many image frames are averaged to reduce noise. To do these studies in a controlled fashion, we use a realistic optical artery phantom containing of multiple tissue types. Precision and accuracy for 3D pullback analysis are reported. Our results indicate that when implementing the process on a stationary acquisition dataset, the uncertainty improves at each stage while the uncertainty is reduced. When comparing stationary acquisition dataset to pullback dataset, the values were as follows: calcium: 3.8±1.09mm -1 in stationary and 3.9±1.2 mm-1 in a pullback; lipid: 11.025±0.417 mm-1 in stationary and 11.27±0.25 mm-1 in pullback; fibrous: 6.08±1.337 mm-1 in stationary and 5.58±2.0 mm-1. These results indicates that the process presented in this paper introduce minimal bias and only a small change in uncertainty when comparing a stationary and pullback dataset, thus paves the way to a highly accurate clinical plaque type discrimination, enabling automatic classification.",Medical imaging|Noise abatement|Optical properties|Optical tomography|Tissue|Automatic classification|Intravascular imaging|IOCT|OCT|Optical parameter|Parameter estimation method|Speckle noise reduction|Volume of interest|Tissue engineering,10.1117/12.2043654,21272891,,,,26278b9d-35ab-473d-8558-9daff23bec65,article,eng
Semi-supervised consensus clustering for gene expression data analysis,"Wang, Yunli|Pan, Youlian",BioData Mining,7,1,1,13,7,2014,08/05/2014,,,1756-0381,,,,,,,,"Background: Simple clustering methods such as hierarchical clustering and k-means are widely used for gene expression data analysis; but they are unable to deal with noise and high dimensionality associated with the microarray gene expression data. Consensus clustering appears to improve the robustness and quality of clustering results. Incorporating prior knowledge in clustering process (semi-supervised clustering) has been shown to improve the consistency between the data partitioning and domain knowledge. Methods. We proposed semi-supervised consensus clustering (SSCC) to integrate the consensus clustering with semi-supervised clustering for analyzing gene expression data. We investigated the roles of consensus clustering and prior knowledge in improving the quality of clustering. SSCC was compared with one semi-supervised clustering algorithm, one consensus clustering algorithm, and k-means. Experiments on eight gene expression datasets were performed using h-fold cross-validation. Results: Using prior knowledge improved the clustering quality by reducing the impact of noise and high dimensionality in microarray data. Integration of consensus clustering with semi-supervised clustering improved performance as compared to using consensus clustering or semi-supervised clustering separately. Our SSCC method outperformed the others tested in this paper.",Semi-supervised clustering|Consensus clustering|Semi-supervised consensus clustering|Gene expression,10.1186/1756-0381-7-7,21272892,,,,4944bde4-ab82-453a-8eed-4442ede4f74d,article,eng
Hanle measurements of electrodeposited Fe/GaAs spin tunnel contacts,"Majumder, Sarmita|Hohertz, Donna|McNeil, James|Springthorpe, Anthony|Kavanagh, Karen L.",Journal of Applied Physics,115,12,,,123709,2014,28/03/2014,,,0021-8979,,,,,AIP Publishing,,,"We report spin transport in electrodeposited Fe/n-GaAs tunnel diodes via three-terminal Hanle measurements. For temperatures between 20K and 150K, the spin resistance was up to 20 times higher than expected from theoretical calculations and 1000 times larger compared to a vacuum-deposited counterpart. This higher spin resistance was correlated with a higher contact resistance, and a higher concentration of oxygen impurities in the electrodeposited Fe film and interface, as detected via x-ray photoelectron and Auger spectroscopies, and inferred from Fe film nucleation rates. These results can be explained via a small effective tunnel-contact area of 5%, but extra spin filtering via interfacial states or magnetic oxide layers cannot be ruled out. The spin diffusion times (8.5 ± 0.4ns to 1.8 ± 0.4ns, for 20K to 150K) extracted from Lorentzian fits were in good agreement with values obtained from earlier 4-terminal Hanle measurements (7.8 ± 0.4ns to 3.2 ± 0.4ns, for 25K to 77K), both 10 times slower than reported vacuum-deposited contacts.",Interfaces (materials)|Iron|Metallic films|Vacuum|Auger spectroscopy|Interfacial state|Magnetic oxides|Nucleation rate|Theoretical calculations|Tunnel contacts|X-ray photoelectrons|Electrodeposition,10.1063/1.4869777,21272897,,,,d5b9f471-2f94-4835-85b3-dcd62618f842,article,eng
Segmentation and classification of anthropometric data for the apparel industry,"Paquet, E.|Viktor, H. L.",,,,123,140,,2014,17/04/2014,,,,,,"Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design",,Woodhead Publishing Limited,9780857096814,,"Acquisition systems based on laser triangulation or structured light are becoming commonplace in anthropometry. Such systems allow one to capture very detailed data to be used when addressing the sizing problem. This chapter introduces state-of-the-art approaches to describe, to segment and to cluster the data acquired by such systems. We describe methods used to address the deformable nature of human bodies. We introduce isometry-invariant descriptor creation algorithms that are suitable for indexing regions that contain soft tissues. Further, we describe how to cluster a specific population, found in a so-called human body space, into partitions of similar individuals.",anthropometry|clustering|diffusion distance|geodesic distance|heat kernel|invariance|Isomap|Laplacian|multidimensional scaling (MDS)|segmentation|spherical harmonics|Zernike,10.1533/9780857096890.2.123,21272900,,,,e5273d32-e0ba-4f6b-81c6-475e86ae7278,chapter,eng
"Magnetic field-assisted electroless anodization : TiO2 nanotube growth on discontinuous, patterned Ti films","Mohammadpour, Arash|Shankar, Karthik",Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2,34,13810,13816,,2014,2014,,,2050-7488,,,,,,,,"We present a magnetic field-assisted oxidation and etching process that transforms Ti thin films on arbitrary substrates into self-organized TiO 2 nanotube arrays without the direct application of an anodization voltage between the cathode and the Ti film/substrate. In effect, the Ti film/substrate electrode is at a floating potential determined by the ionic Hall voltage. The development of such a magnetic field-assisted electroless anodization process, frees the anodization technique of forming nanostructured semiconductors and metal oxides from the constraints of substrate conductivity and film continuity imposed by the traditional anodization process, and allows the creation of uniform anodic nanostructures on pre-existing high-aspect ratio patterns as well as on substrates containing both conductive and non-conductive areas. Using magnetic field assisted electroless anodization, we demonstrate the formation of microscale patterns of high quality TiO2 nanotubes from discontinuous Ti films deposited on thermal oxide-coated Si substrates and patterned by a lift-off process.",Anodic oxidation|Aspect ratio|Electrodes|Magnetic fields|Nanotubes|Oxide films|Titanium|Anodization process|Anodization techniques|Anodization voltages|Floating potentials|High-aspect ratio|Microscale patterns|Nanostructured semiconductor|Substrate conductivity|Substrates,10.1039/c4ta02448f,21272901,,,,9f118d0f-7567-4c58-8bae-9e92b2cddc65,article,eng
A modelling approach to evaluate the long-term effect of soil texture on spring wheat productivity under a rain-fed condition,"He, Yong|Hou, Lingling|Wang, Hong|Hu, Kelin|McConkey, Brian",Scientific Reports,4,,1,10,5736,2014,30/07/2014,,,2045-2322,,,,,,,,"Soil surface texture is an important environmental factor that influences crop productivity because of its direct effect on soil water and complex interactions with other environmental factors. Using 30-year data, an agricultural system model (DSSAT-CERES-Wheat) was calibrated and validated. After validation, the modelled yield and water use (WU) of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from two soil textures (silt loam and clay) under rain-fed condition were analyzed. Regression analysis showed that wheat grown in silt loam soil is more sensitive to WU than wheat grown in clay soil, indicating that the wheat grown in clay soil has higher drought tolerance than that grown in silt loam. Yield variation can be explained by WU other than by precipitation use (PU). These results demonstrated that the DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model can be used to evaluate the WU of different soil textures and assess the feasibility of wheat production under various conditions. These outcomes can improve our understanding of the long-term effect of soil texture on spring wheat productivity in rain-fed condition.",,10.1038/srep05736,21272904,,,,e36fd5b5-a6ba-4761-84b4-f7a858a83c1e,article,eng
"Nickel/iron oxide nanocrystals with a nonequilibrium phase: Controlling size, shape, and composition","Bau, Jeremy A.|Li, Peng|Marenco, Armando J.|Trudel, Simon|Olsen, Brian C.|Luber, Erik J.|Buriak, Jillian M.",Chemistry of Materials,26,16,4796,4804,,2014,24/06/2014,,,0897-4756,,,,,American Chemical Society,,,"Mixed nickel iron oxide nanomaterials have great potential for use in fields as wide-ranging as optics, water oxidation catalysis, and biomedical applications; large-scale deployment for any of these applications is possible due to the abundance of iron and nickel in the earth's crust. Here, we describe single-crystal mixed nickel iron oxide nanoparticles with a rocksalt crystal structure and an iron content greater than >10 at%. The nanoparticles were synthesized via thermal decomposition of nickel and iron oleates, yielding monodisperse nanoparticles <12 nm in size. A range of compositions were accessible, ranging from iron-poor to iron-rich. Despite the predicted poor solubility of iron in the NiO lattice, as based upon the equilibrium phase diagram, and the general tendency of pure FexO to oxidize, the single-crystal nanoparticles are nonetheless kinetically persistent even at elevated temperatures (200 °C). Furthermore, by controlling the drying conditions and decomposition time of the oleate precursors as well as the initial ratio of nickel to iron in the precursor oleate mixture a variety of nanoparticle shapes-namely stars, cubes, and spheres-were formed. This control of shape and composition affords tunability of physical properties, exemplified by magnetic properties herein.",Decomposition|Iron|Medical applications|Nanoparticles|Nickel|Single crystals|Structural geology|Biomedical applications|Elevated temperature|Equilibrium phase diagrams|Large-scale deployment|Monodisperse nanoparticles|Non-equilibrium phase|Oxide nanocrystals|Poor solubilities|Synthesis (chemical),10.1021/cm501881a,21272906,,,,1ad07b5e-194b-42c9-919b-bf98553736f7,article,eng
Accurate measurement of microwave power in the IEC: R-70 (WR-138) waveguide transmission line,"Michaud, Alain",,,,752,753,6898604,2014,2014-08,CPEM Digest,,0589-1485,2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014),"29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014",,,IEEE,9781479952052,,"We compare the accuracy of different techniques to measure guided RF power at 6.83 GHz. The transmission line is a standard rectangular metallic waveguide IEC: R-70 (WR-138). We used three calculable standards including a waveguide calorimeter, a coaxial calorimeter, and an atomic (quantum based) power meter based on laser cooled rubidium atoms.",Accurate measurement|Microcalorimeter|Microwave power|Rabi oscillations|Radio frequency power|Waveguide transmission line|Laser cooling,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898604,21272907,,,,d2577925-4037-4066-94a8-06870f0c58c7,article,eng
Osteoblastic differentiation under controlled bioactive ion release by silica and titania doped sodium-free calcium phosphate-based glass,"Mohammadi, Maziar Shah|Chicatun, Florencia|Stähli, Christoph|Muja, Naser|Bureau, Martin N.|Nazhat, Showan N.",Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces,121,,82,91,,2014,04/06/2014,,,0927-7765,,,,,,,,"Sodium-free phosphate-based glasses (PGs) doped with both SiO2 and TiO2 (50P2O5-40CaO-xSiO2-(10-x)TiO2, where x=10, 7, 5, 3, and 0mol%) were developed and characterised for controlled ion release applications in bone tissue engineering. Substituting SiO2 with TiO2 directly increased PG density and glass transition temperature, indicating a cross-linking effect of Ti on the glass network which was reflected by significantly reduced degradation rates in an aqueous environment. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of Ti(P2O7) in crystallised TiO2-containing PGs, and nuclear magnetic resonance showed an increase in Q1 phosphate species with increasing TiO2 content. Substitution of SiO2 with TiO2 also reduced hydrophilicity and surface energy. In biological assays, MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts effectively adhered to the surface of PG discs and the incorporation of TiO2, and hence higher stability of the PG network, significantly increased cell viability and metabolic activity indicating the biocompatibility of the PGs. Addition of SiO2 increased ionic release from the PG, which stimulated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in MC3T3-E1 cells upon ion exposure. The incorporation of 3mol% TiO2 was required to stabilise the PG network against unfavourable rapid degradation in aqueous environments. However, ALP activity was greatest in PGs doped with 5-7mol% SiO2 due to up-regulation of ionic concentrations. Thus, the properties of PGs can be readily controlled by modifying the extent of Si and Ti doping in order to optimise ion release and osteoblastic differentiation for bone tissue engineering applications.",Calcium phosphate-based glass|Silica|Osteoinduction|Alkaline phosphatase|Cell–material interaction|Bone repair|Ions,10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.037,21272909,,,,ab710305-f4e9-43ef-8443-b128fbbdddd6,article,eng
Dispersion-correcting potentials can significantly improve the bond dissociation enthalpies and noncovalent binding energies predicted by density-functional theory,"Dilabio, Gino A.|Koleini, Mohammad",Journal of Chemical Physics,140,18,,,18A542,2014,06/05/2014,,,0021-9606,,,,,,,,"Dispersion-correcting potentials (DCPs) are atom-centered Gaussian functions that are applied in a manner that is similar to effective core potentials. Previous work on DCPs has focussed on their use as a simple means of improving the ability of conventional density-functional theory methods to predict the binding energies of noncovalently bonded molecular dimers. We show in this work that DCPs developed for use with the LC-?PBE functional along with 6-31+G(2d,2p) basis sets are capable of simultaneously improving predicted noncovalent binding energies of van der Waals dimer complexes and covalent bond dissociation enthalpies in molecules. Specifically, the DCPs developed herein for the C, H, N, and O atoms provide binding energies for a set of 66 noncovalently bonded molecular dimers (the ""S66"" set) with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.21 kcal/mol, which represents an improvement of more than a factor of 10 over unadorned LC-?PBE/6-31+G(2d,2p) and almost a factor of two improvement over LC-?PBE/6-31+G(2d,2p) used in conjunction with the ""D3"" pairwise dispersion energy corrections. In addition, the DCPs reduce the MAE of calculated X-H and X-Y (X,Y = C, H, N, O) bond dissociation enthalpies for a set of 40 species from 3.2 kcal/mol obtained with unadorned LC-?PBE/6-31+G(2d,2p) to 1.6 kcal/mol. Our findings demonstrate that broad improvements to the performance of DFT methods may be achievable through the use of DCPs.",Chemical bonds|Density functional theory|Dimers|Dispersions|Van der Waals forces|Bond dissociation enthalpies|Dispersion energies|Effective core potential|Gaussian functions|Mean absolute error|Molecular dimers|Noncovalent binding|Van der Waals dimer|Binding energy,10.1063/1.4872036,21272893,,,,e39d477f-77cf-4c95-a31c-260a00212b0e,article,eng
Homogeneous photometry VI: Variable stars in the Leo I Dwarf spheroidal galaxy,"Stetson, Peter B.|Fiorentino, Giuliana|Bono, Giuseppe|Bernard, Edouard J.|Monelli, Matteo|Iannicola, Giacinto|Gallart, Carme|Ferraro, Ivan",Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,126,941,616,641,,2014,2014-07,,,0004-6280,,,,,The Astronomical Society of the Pacific,,,"From archival ground-based images of the Leo I dwarf spheroidal galaxy, we have identified and characterized the pulsation properties of 164 candidate RR Lyrae variables and 55 candidate anomalous and/or short-period Cepheids. We have also identified 19 candidate long-period variable stars and 13 other candidate variables whose physical nature is unclear, but due to the limitations of our observational material we are unable to estimate reliable periods for them. On the basis of its RR Lyrae star population, Leo I is confirmed to be an Oosterhoff-intermediate type galaxy, like several other dwarf spheroidals. From the RR Lyrae stars we have derived a range of possible distance moduli for Leo I: 22.06 ± 0.08 ? ?0 ? 22.25 ± 0.07 mag depending on the metallicity assumed for the old population ([Fe/H] from -1.43 to -2.15). This is in agreement with previous independent estimates. We show that in their pulsation properties, the RR Lyrae stars-representing the oldest stellar population in the galaxy-are not significantly different from those of five other nearby, isolated dwarf spheroidal galaxies. A similar result is obtained when comparing them to RR Lyrae stars in recently discovered ultra-faint dwarf galaxies. We are able to compare the period distributions and period-amplitude relations for a statistically significant sample of ab-type RR Lyrae stars in dwarf galaxies (~1300 stars) with those in the Galactic halo field (~14, 000 stars) and globular clusters (~1000 stars). Field RRLs show a significant change in their period distribution when moving from the inner (dG ? 14 kpc) to the outer (dG ? 14 kpc) halo regions. This suggests that the halo formed from (at least) two dissimilar progenitors or types of progenitor. Considered together, the RR Lyrae stars in classical dwarf spheroidal and ultra-faint dwarf galaxies-as observed today-do not appear to follow the well defined pulsation properties shown by those in either the inner or the outer Galactic halo, nor do they have the same properties as RR Lyraes in globular clusters. In particular, the samples of fundamental-mode RR Lyrae stars in dwarf galaxies seem to lack High Amplitudes and Short Periods (""HASP"": AV?1.0 mag and P ? 0.48 d) when compared with those observed in the Galactic halo field and globular clusters. The observed properties of RR Lyrae stars do not support the idea that currently existing classical dwarf spheroidal and ultra-faint dwarf galaxies are surviving representative examples of the original building blocks of the Galactic halo.",,10.1086/677352,21272867,,,,06d53627-d85a-40d3-a3c5-da4ac620ae85,article,eng
Mechanistic study of the role of primary amines in precursor conversions to semiconductor nanocrystals at low temperature,"Yu, Kui|Liu, Xiangyang|Chen, Queena Y.|Yang, Huaqing|Yang, Mingli|Wang, Xinqin|Wang, Xin|Cao, Hong|Whitfield, Dennis M.|Hu, Changwei|Tao, Ye",Angewandte Chemie - International Edition,53,27,6898,6904,,2014,22/05/2014,,,1433-7851,,,,,,,,"Primary alkyl amines (RNH2) have been empirically used to engineer various colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs). Here, we present a general mechanism in which the amine acts as a hydrogen/proton donor in the precursor conversion to nanocrystals at low temperature, which was assisted by the presence of a secondary phosphine. Our findings introduce the strategy of using a secondary phosphine together with a primary amine as new routes to prepare high-quality NCs at low reaction temperatures but with high particle yields and reproducibility and thus, potentially, low production costs.",Amines|Nanocrystals|Phosphorus compounds|Colloidal quantum dots|Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals|phosphines|Precursor conversion|Reaction temperature|Secondary phosphines|Semiconductor nanocrystals|Semiconductor particles|Semiconductor quantum dots,10.1002/anie.201403714,21272870,,,,8cc47818-fe44-4ec0-beb7-e501962bdea3,article,eng
Atomic structure and microstructures of supertetragonal multiferroic BiFeO 3 thin films,"Pailloux, F.|Couillard, M.|Fusil, S.|Bruno, F.|Saidi, W.|Garcia, V.|Carrétéro, C.|Jacquet, E.|Bibes, M.|Barthélémy, A.|Botton, G. A.|Pacaud, J.",Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics,89,10,,,104106,2014,12/03/2014,,,1098-0121,,,,,American Physical Society,,,"We revisit the atomic structure and microstructure of the so-called supertetragonal phases of highly strained epitaxial BiFeO3 thin films. Quantitative atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy is used to directly image the atomic positions. A crystallographic phase suggested by electron diffraction and predicted by ab initio calculations is evidenced. Microtwins are reported in thickest films. Electron energy loss spectroscopy is further employed to reveal subtle electronic structure features, which, interpreted in a framework of antiferrodistortive distortions coupling with the substrate, point towards a phase closer to the P4mm purely tetragonal phase.",,10.1103/PhysRevB.89.104106,21272873,,,,ea5b7be2-d43b-4599-bce8-c3a0ed1403c7,article,eng
Genetic control of susceptibility to candida albicans in SM/J mice,"Radovanovic, Irena|Leung, Vicki|Iliescu, Alexandra|Bongfen, Silayuv E.|Mullick, Alaka|Langlais, David|Gros, Philippe",Journal of Immunology,193,3,1290,1300,,2014,26/05/2014,,,0022-1767,,,,,,,,"In the immunocompromised host, invasive infection with the fungal pathogen Candida albicans is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Sporadic cases in otherwise normal individuals are rare, and they are thought to be associated with genetic predisposition. Using a mouse model of systemic infection with C. albicans, we identified the SM/J mouse strain as unusually susceptible to infection. Genetic linkage studies in informative [C57BL/6JxSM/J]F2 mice identified a major locus on distal chromosome 15, given the appellation Carg5, that regulates C. albicans replication in SM/J mice. Cellular and molecular immunophenotyping experiments, as well as functional studies in purified cell populations from SM/J and C57BL/6J, and in [C57BL/ 6JxSM/J]F2 mice fixed for homozygous or heterozygous Carg5 alleles, indicate that Carg5-regulated susceptibility in SM/J is associated with a complex defect in the myeloid compartment of these mice. SM/J neutrophils express lower levels of Ly6G, and importantly, they show significantly reduced production of reactive oxygen species in response to stimulation with fMLF and PMA. Likewise, CD11b+Ly6G2Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes were present at lower levels in the blood of infected SM/J, recruited less efficiently at the site of infection, and displayed blunted oxidative burst. Studies in F2 mice establish strong correlations between Carg5 alleles, Ly6G expression, production of serum CCL2 (MCP-1), and susceptibility to C. albicans. Genomic DNA sequencing of chromatin immunoprecipitated for myeloid proinflammatory transcription factors IRF1, IRF8, STAT1 and NF-kB, as well as RNA sequencing, were used to develop a ""myeloid inflammatory score"" and systematically analyze and prioritize potential candidate genes in the Carg5 interval.",,10.4049/jimmunol.1400783,21272876,,,,ea068946-d74f-4d48-9e5b-441f7fbccc11,article,eng
Determination of PM mass emissions from an aircraft turbine engine using particle effective density,"Durdina, L.|Brem, B. T.|Abegglen, M.|Lobo, P.|Rindlisbacher, T.|Thomson, K. A.|Smallwood, G. J.|Hagen, D.E.|Sierau, B.|Wang, J.",Atmospheric Environment,99,,500,507,,2014,12/10/2014,,,1352-2310,,,,,,,,"Inventories of particulate matter (PM) emissions from civil aviation and air quality models need to be validated using up-to-date measurement data corrected for sampling artifacts. We compared the measured black carbon (BC) mass and the total PM mass determined from particle size distributions (PSD) and effective density for a commercial turbofan engine CFM56-7B26/3. The effective density was then used to calculate the PM mass losses in the sampling system. The effective density was determined using a differential mobility analyzer and a centrifugal particle mass analyzer, and increased from engine idle to take-off by up to 60%. The determined mass-mobility exponents ranged from 2.37 to 2.64. The mean effective density determined by weighting the effective density distributions by PM volume was within 10% of the unit density (1000kg/m3) that is widely assumed in aircraft PM studies. We found ratios close to unity between the PM mass determined by the integrated PSD method and the real-time BC mass measurements. The integrated PSD method achieved higher precision at ultra-low PM concentrations at which current mass instruments reach their detection limit. The line loss model predicted ~60% PM mass loss at engine idle, decreasing to ~27% at high thrust. Replacing the effective density distributions with unit density lead to comparable estimates that were within 20% and 5% at engine idle and high thrust, respectively. These results could be used for the development of a robust method for sampling loss correction of the future PM emissions database from commercial aircraft engines.",Aviation|Aircraft|Emissions|Particulate matter|Effective density|Black carbon,10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.018,21272878,,,,e40da252-7052-4c8c-84d0-d1d71b8f6c99,article,eng
Selective growth and ordering of SiGe nanowires for band gap engineering,"Benkouider, A.|Ronda, A.|Gouyé, A.|Herrier, C.|Favre, L.|Lockwood, D. J.|Rowell, N. L.|Delobbe, A.|Sudraud, P.|Berbezier, I.",Nanotechnology,25,33,,,335303,2014,2014,,,0957-4484,,,,,,,,"Selective growth and self-organization of silicon-germanium (SiGe) nanowires (NWs) on focused ion beam (FIB) patterned Si(111) substrates is reported. In its first step, the process involves the selective synthesis of Au catalysts in SiO2-free areas; its second step involves the preferential nucleation and growth of SiGe NWs on the catalysts. The selective synthesis process is based on a simple, room-temperature reduction of gold salts (Au3+Cl?/4 ) in aqueous solution, which provides well-organized Au catalysts. By optimizing the reduction process, we are able to generate a bidimensional regular array of Au catalysts with self-limited sizes positioned in SiO2 -free windows opened in a SiO /Si2 (111) substrate by FIB patterning. Such Au catalysts subsequently serve as preferential nucleation and growth sites of well-organized NWs. Furthermore, these NWs with tunable position and size exhibit the relevant features and bright luminescence that would find several applications in optoelectronic nanodevices.","nanowires (NWs); ordering; molecular beam epitaxy (MBE); selective growth;
focused ion beam (FIB) patterning; photoluminescence",10.1088/0957-4484/25/33/335303,21272879,,,,c1ff37d8-aef1-4549-abea-7d6c8fc544a2,article,eng
3D chemically cross-linked single-walled carbon nanotube buckypapers,"Jakubinek, Michael B.|Ashrafi, Behnam|Guan, Jingwen|Johnson, Michel B.|White, Mary Anne|Simard, Benoit",RSC Advances,4,101,57564,57573,,2014,04/11/2014,,,2046-2069,,,,,Royal Society of Chemistry,,,"Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) covalently modified with OH functional groups were assembled into buckypapers through solvent dispersion and vacuum filtration. These SWCNT-OH buckypaper sheets were subsequently crosslinked by wetting with bifunctional linkers followed by hot compression causing reaction between the functional groups of the reagent and OH functional groups on the side-walls of SWCNTs to create three-dimensional (3D) covalently cross-linked buckypapers. Cross-linking also was performed using SWCNTs encapsulated with a functionalized polymer wrapping in a core-shell structure, where OH or/and NH2 groups are available on the surface of the polymeric shell for reaction. The 3D cross-linked SWCNT buckypapers retain the porous character typical of buckypaper, and were characterized for their tensile properties and thermal and electrical conductivities. Several cross-linking approaches dramatically improved the mechanical properties. The strongest and stiffest papers (32 MPa, E = 3.1 GPa), which approach 10× stronger and stiffer than the pristine non-crosslinked buckypaper, were obtained at the expense of a loss of electrical conductivity. In other cases, such as cross-linking using a high-performance epoxy resin monomer, improvements in strength and stiffness of ?5× were obtained while retaining electrical and thermal conductivity. Therefore, the optimal cross-linking approach would be determined by the desired, multifunctional properties. Additionally, the approach can be used in the preparation buckypaper composites and it is demonstrated that cross-linking using a multifunctional epoxy resin prior to impregnation with the same epoxy resin results in substantially better mechanical properties in comparison to just epoxy-impregnation of pristine buckypaper.",Bucky paper,10.1039/c4ra12026d,21272882,,,,8f9b7f93-fc75-4249-ba5e-25584f6561e0,article,eng
Impact of UV and peracetic acid disinfection on the prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in uropathogenic escherichia coli in wastewater effluents,"Biswal, Basanta Kumar|Khairallah, Ramzi|Bibi, Kareem|Mazza, Alberto|Gehr, Ronald|Masson, Luke|Frigon, Dominic",Applied and Environmental Microbiology,80,12,3656,3666,,2014,2014-06,,,0099-2240,,,,,American Society for Microbiology,,,"Wastewater discharges may increase the populations of pathogens, including Escherichia coli, and of antimicrobial-resistant strains in receiving waters. This study investigated the impact of UV and peracetic acid (PAA) disinfection on the prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the most abundant E. coli pathotype in municipal wastewaters. Laboratory disinfection experiments were conducted on wastewater treated by physicochemical, activated sludge, or biofiltration processes; 1,766 E. coli isolates were obtained for the evaluation. The target disinfection level was 200 CFU/100 ml, resulting in UV and PAA doses of 7 to 30 mJ/cm2 and 0.9 to 2.0 mg/liter, respectively. The proportions of UPECs were reduced in all samples after disinfection, with an average reduction by UV of 55% (range, 22% to 80%) and by PAA of 52% (range, 11% to 100%). Analysis of urovirulence genes revealed that the decline in the UPEC populations was not associated with any particular virulence factor. A positive association was found between the occurrence of urovirulence and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). However, the changes in the prevalence of ARGs in potential UPECs were different following disinfection, i.e., UV appears to have had no effect, while PAA significantly reduced the ARG levels. Thus, this study showed that both UV and PAA disinfections reduced the proportion of UPECs and that PAA disinfection also reduced the proportion of antimicrobial resistance gene-carrying UPEC pathotypes in municipal wastewaters.",Effluents|Escherichia coli|Genes|Microorganisms|Pathogens|Population statistics|Wastewater treatment|Activated sludge|Antimicrobial resistances|Biofiltration process|Municipal wastewaters|Uropathogenic Escherichia coli|Virulence factors|Wastewater discharge|Wastewater effluents|Disinfection,10.1128/AEM.00418-14,21272885,,,,3a4849cf-2ce2-4bbe-80ee-9d5abceb880c,article,eng
Class 0 protostars in the Perseus molecular cloud: A correlation between the youngest protostars and the dense gas distribution,"Sadavoy, S. I.|Di Francesco, J.|André, PH.|Pezzuto, S.|Bernard, J.-P.|Maury, A.|Men'Shchikov, A.|Motte, F.|Ngu?ên-Lu'O'Ng, Q.|Schneider, N.|Arzoumanian, D.|Benedettini, M.|Bontemps, S.|Elia, D.|Hennemann, M.|Hill, T.|Könyves, V.|Louvet, F.|Peretto, N.|Roy, A.|White, G. J.",The Astrophysical Journal Letters,787,2,1,6,L18,2014,09/05/2014,,,2041-8205,,,,,,,,"We use PACS and SPIRE continuum data at 160 ?m, 250 ?m, 350 ?m, and 500 ?m from the Herschel Gould Belt Survey to sample seven clumps in Perseus: B1, B1-E, B5, IC 348, L1448, L1455, and NGC 1333. Additionally, we identify and characterize the embedded Class 0 protostars using detections of compact Herschel sources at 70 ?m as well as archival Spitzer catalogs and SCUBA 850 ?m photometric data. We identify 28 candidate Class 0 protostars, four of which are newly discovered sources not identified with Spitzer. We find that the star formation efficiency of clumps, as traced by Class 0 protostars, correlates strongly with the flatness of their respective column density distributions at high values. This correlation suggests that the fraction of high column density material in a clump reflects only its youngest protostellar population rather than its entire source population. We propose that feedback from either the formation or evolution of protostars changes the local density structure of clumps.","dust, extinction; ISM: individual objects (Perseus); stars: formation; stars: protostars",10.1088/2041-8205/787/2/L18,21272886,,,,c4ae70c7-8daa-4411-a8c7-8ebca600b01e,article,eng
Modeling the transcriptional regulatory network that controls the early hypoxic response in Candida albicans,"Sellam, Adnane|van het Hoog, Marco|Tebbji, Faiza|Beaurepaire, Cécile|Whiteway, Malcolm|Nantel, André",Eukaryotic Cell,13,5,675,690,,2014,2014-05,,,1535-9778,,,,,The American Society for Microbiology,,,"We determined the changes in transcriptional profiles that occur in the first hour following the transfer of Candida albicans to hypoxic growth conditions. The impressive speed of this response is not compatible with current models of fungal adaptation to hypoxia that depend on the depletion of sterol and heme. Functional analysis using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) identified the Sit4 phosphatase, Ccr4 mRNA deacetylase, and Sko1 transcription factor (TF) as potential regulators of the early hypoxic response. Cells mutated in these and other regulators exhibit a delay in their transcriptional responses to hypoxia. Promoter occupancy data for 29 TFs were combined with the transcriptional profiles of 3,111 in vivo target genes in a Network Component Analysis (NCA) to produce a model of the dynamic and highly interconnected TF network that controls this process. With data from the TF network obtained from a variety of sources, we generated an edge and node model that was capable of separating many of the hypoxia-upregulated and -downregulated genes. Upregulated genes are centered on Tye7, Upc2, and Mrr1, which are associated with many of the gene promoters that exhibit the strongest activations. The connectivity of the model illustrates the high redundancy of this response system and the challenges that lie in determining the individual contributions of specific TFs. Finally, treating cells with an inhibitor of the oxidative phosphorylation chain mimics most of the early hypoxic profile, which suggests that this response may be initiated by a drop in ATP production.",,10.1128/EC.00292-13,21272889,,,,154b9fe5-cff2-4b66-89fd-4dd8a3da40d2,article,eng
The Next Generation Virgo Cluster survey. V. Modeling the dynamics of M87 with the made-to-measure method,"Zhu, L.|Long, R. J.|Mao, S.|Peng, E. W.|Liu, C.|Caldwell, N.|Li, B.|Blakeslee, J. P.|Côté, P.|Cuillandre, J.-C.|Durrell, P.|Emsellem, E.|Ferrarese, L.|Gwyn, S.|Jordán, A.|Lançon, A.|Mei, S.|Muñoz, R.|Puzia, T.",The Astrophysical Journal,792,1,1,18,59,2014,14/08/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"We study the dynamics of the giant elliptical galaxy M87 from the central to the outermost regions with the made-to-measure (M2M) method. We use a new catalog of 922 globular cluster line-of-sight velocities extending to a projected radius of 180 kpc (equivalent to 25 M87 effective radii), and SAURON integral field unit data within the central 2.4 kpc. There are 263 globular clusters, mainly located beyond 40 kpc, newly observed by the Next Generation Virgo Survey. For the M2M modeling, the gravitational potential is taken as a combination of a luminous matter potential with a constant stellar mass-to-light ratio and a dark matter potential modeled as a logarithmic potential. Our best-fit dynamical model returns a stellar mass-to-light ratio in the I band of M/LI = 6.0 ± 0.3 with a dark matter potential scale velocity of 591 ± 50 km s-1 and scale radius of 42 ± 10 kpc. We determine the total mass of M87 within 180 kpc to be (1.5 ± 0.2) × 1013 M. The mass within 40 kpc is smaller than previous estimates determined using globular cluster kinematics that did not extend beyond ?45 kpc. With our new globular cluster velocities at much larger radii, we see that globular clusters around 40 kpc show an anomalously large velocity dispersion which affected previous results. The mass we derive is in good agreement with that inferred from ROSAT X-ray observation out to 180 kpc. Within 30 kpc our mass is also consistent with that inferred from Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observations, while within 120 kpc it is about 20% smaller. The model velocity dispersion anisotropy ? parameter for the globular clusters in M87 is small, varying from -0.2 at the center to 0.2 at ?40 kpc, and gradually decreasing to zero at ?120 kpc.",,10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/59,21272890,,,,f97b4f00-ffb9-4646-9627-59d27249f604,article,eng
"High-yield, single-step separation of metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs using block copolymers at low temperatures","Homenick, Christa M.|Rousina-Webb, Alexander|Cheng, Fuyong|Jakubinek, Michael B.|Malenfant, Patrick R. L.|Simard, Benoit",The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,118,29,16156,16164,,2014,03/06/2014,,,1932-7447,,,,,,,,"Electronic type separation of SWCNT material is necessary to facilitate the development of carbon nanotube electronics. A convenient, high-yield, single-step separation of metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs has been developed using block copolymers and density gradient ultracentrifugation. In particular by varying the centrifugation temperature and dissolved oxygen content under acidic conditions, extraction efficiencies of up to 65% were achieved with both metallic and semiconducting SWCNT electronic purity exceeding 99% as determined by absorption spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that lowering the temperature during the DGU separation, which is expected to increase the difference in densities between metallic and semiconducting nanotube complexes, results in higher purity and yield. Semiconducting and metallic bands are separated simply with a disposable pipet such that specialized fractioning equipment is not required for effective isolation of enriched SWCNTs.",Centrifugation|Acidic conditions|Carbon nanotube electronics|Density gradients|Dissolved oxygen contents|Extraction efficiencies|Semi-conducting nanotubes|Semiconducting-SWCNTs|Ultracentrifugation|Block copolymers,10.1021/jp5030476,21272875,,,,39054571-4882-4f46-8273-3b86ace64065,article,eng
Copper-catalysed cycloaddition reactions of nitrones and alkynes for bioorthogonal labelling of living cells,"Sherratt, Allison R.|Chigrinova, Mariya|McKay, Craig S.|Beaulieu, Louis-Philippe B.|Rouleau, Yanouchka|Pezacki, John Paul",RSC Advances,4,87,46966,46969,,2014,17/10/2014,,,2046-2069,,,,,Royal Society of Chemistry,,,"An adapted biocompatible version of the Kinugasa reaction, the copper-catalysed alkyne-nitrone cycloaddition followed by rearrangement (CuANCR), was developed for live-cell labelling. CuANCR labelling was demonstrated for both mammalian and bacterial cells. A method for metabolic incorporation of the nitrone group is also described. This journal is",Bioorthogonal labelling|Cycloaddition reaction|Living cell|Nitrones,10.1039/c4ra07851a,21272856,,,,1cc5bfa9-378c-4370-91e6-7f7b11e24d07,article,eng
Phonon density of states and anharmonicity of UO2,"Pang, Judy W. L.|Chernatynskiy, Aleksandr|Larson, Bennett C.|Buyers, William J. L.|Abernathy, Douglas L.|McClellan, Kenneth J.|Phillpot, Simon R.",Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics,89,11,,,115132,2014,28/03/2014,,,1098-0121,,,,,American Physical Society,,,"Phonon density of states (PDOS) measurements have been performed on polycrystalline UO2 at 295 and 1200 K using time-of-flight inelastic neutron scattering to investigate the impact of anharmonicity on the vibrational spectra and to benchmark ab initio PDOS simulations performed on this strongly correlated Mott insulator. Time-of-flight PDOS measurements include anharmonic linewidth broadening, inherently, and the factor of ?7 enhancement of the oxygen spectrum relative to the uranium component by the increased neutron sensitivity to the oxygen-dominated optical phonon modes. The first-principles simulations of quasiharmonic PDOS spectra were neutron weighted and anharmonicity was introduced in an approximate way by convolution with wave-vector-weighted averages over our previously measured phonon linewidths for UO2, which are provided in numerical form. Comparisons between the PDOS measurements and the simulations show reasonable agreement overall, but they also reveal important areas of disagreement for both high and low temperatures. The discrepancies stem largely from a ?10 meV compression in the overall bandwidth (energy range) of the oxygen-dominated optical phonons in the simulations. A similar linewidth-convoluted comparison performed with the PDOS spectrum of Dolling et al. obtained by shell-model fitting to their historical phonon dispersion measurements shows excellent agreement with the time-of-flight PDOS measurements reported here. In contrast, we show by comparisons of spectra in linewidth-convoluted form that recent first-principles simulations for UO2 fail to account for the PDOS spectrum determined from the measurements of Dolling et al. These results demonstrate PDOS measurements to be stringent tests for ab inito simulations of phonon physics in UO2 and they indicate further the need for advances in theory to address the lattice dynamics of UO2.",,10.1103/PhysRevB.89.115132,21272857,,,,2597cc3b-fa5e-49ee-8d17-947555bd9148,article,eng
Differences in lactococcal cell wall polysaccharide structure are major determining factors in bacteriophage sensitivity,"Ainsworth, Stuart|Sadovskaya, Irina|Vinogradov, Evguenii|Courtin, Pascal|Guerardel, Yann|Mahony, Jennifer|Grard, Thierry|Cambillau, Christian|Chapot-Chartier, Marie-Pierre|van Sinderen, Douwe",mBio,5,3,1,11,,2014,06/05/2014,,,2161-2129,,,,,,,,"Analysis of the genetic locus encompassing a cell wall polysaccharide (CWPS) biosynthesis operon of eight strains of Lactococcus lactis, identified as belonging to the same CWPS type C genotype, revealed the presence of a variable region among the strains examined. The results allowed the identification of five subgroups of the C type named subtypes C1 to C5. This variable region contains genes encoding glycosyltransferases that display low or no sequence homology between the subgroups. In this study, we purified an acidic polysaccharide from the cell wall of L. lactis 3107 (subtype C2) and confirmed that it is structurally different from the previously established CWPS of subtype C1 L. lactis MG1363. The CWPS of L. lactis 3107 is composed of pentasaccharide repeating units linked by phosphodiester bonds with the structure 6-?-Glc-3-?-Galf-3-?-GlcNAc-2-?-Galf-6-?-GlcNAc-1-P. Combinations of genes from the variable region of subtype C2 were introduced into a mutant of subtype C1 L. lactis NZ9000 deficient in CWPS biosynthesis. The resulting recombinant mutant synthesized a polysaccharide with a composition characteristic of that of subtype C2 L. lactis 3107 and not wild-type C1 L. lactis NZ9000. By challenging the recombinant mutant with various lactococcal phages, we demonstrated that CWPS is the host cell surface receptor of tested bacteriophages of both the P335 and 936 groups and that differences between the CWPS structures play a crucial role in determining phage host range.",bacterial polysaccharide|cell surface receptor|cell wall polysaccharide|pentasaccharide|unclassified drug|article|bacterial cell wall|bacterial genome|bacterial strain|bacteriophage|bacterium mutant|biochemical composition|biosynthesis|controlled study|gene cluster|genetic association|genetic complementation|genetic variability|host cell|host range|Lactococcus lactis|nonhuman|nucleotide sequence|priority journal|sensitivity analysis|structure analysis,10.1128/mBio.00880-14,21272859,,,,a5da84fd-8636-4874-b20e-62c20cd0e685,article,eng
A quantum particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm approach to the correspondence problem,"Hadavi, Hamid|Viktor, Herna L.|Paquet, Eric",,,,226,233,6873622,2014,2014-06,,,,"INISTA 2014 - IEEE International Symposium on Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications, Proceedings","2014 IEEE International Symposium on Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications, INISTA 2014, 23 June 2014 through 25 June 2014, Alberobello",,,IEEE,9781479930197,,"Finding correspondences between deformable objects has wide application in many domains. In information retrieval, researchers may be interested in finding similar objects, while computer animation experts may be considering ways to morph shapes. The correspondence problem is especially challenging when the objects under consideration are suspect to non-rigid deformations, noise and/or distortions. In this paper, a novel method using Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO) and Genetic Algorithms (GA) is presented to address this issue. In our QPSO-GA algorithm we formulate the problem of correspondence detection as an optimization problem over all possible mapping in between the geodesic distance matrices associated with two sets of point clouds. We proceed to identify the optimal mapping, by first applying Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization to the permutation matrices associated with their geodesic distance matrices and then employing Genetic Algorithms in order to guide the search. Experimental results suggest that our QPSO-GA algorithm is fast, scalable, and robust. Our method accurately identifies the correspondences between objects, even in the presence of noise and distortion.",Algorithms|Animation|Deformation|Geodesy|Intelligent systems|Mapping|Particle swarm optimization (PSO)|Correspondence|Deformable object|Isometry|Markovian process|Mutation|Genetic algorithms,10.1109/INISTA.2014.6873622,21272861,,,,4e42a936-61ee-4447-aa95-8dad3dc8eed8,article,eng
Rotating ring-disk electrode method,"Jia, Zheng|Yin, Geping|Zhang, Jiujun",,,,199,229,,2014,31/03/2014,,,,,,Rotating Electrode Methods and Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts,,,9780444632784,,"In this chapter, the importance of rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) fundamentals and practical usage in an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) study is emphasized in terms of both the electron-transfer process on electrode surface, diffusion-convection kinetics near the electrode, and the ORR mechanism, particularly the detection of intermediate such as peroxide. One of most important parameters of RRDE, the collection efficiency, is extensively described including its concept, theoretical expression as well as experiment calibration. Its usage in evaluating the ORR kinetic parameters, the apparent electron transfer, and percentage of peroxide formation is also presented. In addition, the measurement procedure including RRDE preparation, current-potential curve recording, and the data analysis are also discussed in this chapter.",,10.1016/B978-0-444-63278-4.00006-9,21272863,,,,7883ddce-9883-45a5-9f72-bec3ec7033c3,chapter,eng
Experimental confirmation of micromotion shift cancellation via operation at trap magic frequency and reduction in evaluated systematic uncertainties for the 88Sr+ optical frequency standard at 445 THz,"Madej, A. A.|Dubé, P.|Tibbo, M.|Bernard, J. E.",,,,62,63,6898259,2014,2014,,,0589-1485,2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014)|CPEM Digest,"29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014",,,IEEE,9781479952052,,"We describe recent experiments and results which show the effective cancellation of micromotion induced systematic shifts for the 445-THz reference transition in a trapped and laser cooled 88Sr+ single ion reference. Using two different ion trap systems based on a Paul and endcap design, the critical or magic frequency at which micromotion effects cancel has been effectively measured at 14.4 MHz. This work also allows an improved determination of the polarizability difference of the ground and excited states and an improvement in the evaluated blackbody shifts to the low 10-17 level.",Electric frequency control|Ions|Lasers|Spectroscopy|Stark effect|Strontium|Experimental confirmation|Laser stability|Micromotion|Optical frequency standard|Precision measurement|Systematic uncertainties|Clocks,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898259,21272865,,,,031c9c7a-62ea-4ca3-9c65-d1a2797e4bd2,article,eng
Seeing red in M32 : constraints on the stellar content from near- and mid-infrared observations and applications for studies of more distant galaxies,"Davidge, T. J.",The Astrophysical Journal,791,1,1,23,66,2014,28/07/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"The properties of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars in the Local Group galaxy M32 are investigated using ground- and space-based observations that span the 1-8 ?m wavelength interval, with the goal of demonstrating the utility of infrared observations as probes of stellar content. Comparisons with isochrones indicate that the brightest resolved stars in M32 have ages of a few gigayears and are younger on average than AGB stars with the same intrinsic brightness in the outer disk of M31. Accounting for stellar variability is shown to be essential for modeling AGB luminosity functions (LFs). Model LFs that assume the star-forming history measured by Monachesi et al. and the variability properties of Galactic AGB stars match both the K and [5.8] LFs of M32. Models also suggest that the slope of the [5.8] LF between M [5.8] = -8.5 and -10.0 is sensitive to the mix of stellar ages, and a sizeable fraction of the stars in M32 must have an age older than 7 Gyr in order to match the [5.8] LF. The structural properties of M32 in the infrared are also investigated. The effective radii that are computed from near-infrared and mid-infrared isophotes are similar to those measured at visible wavelengths, suggesting that the stellar content of M32 is well mixed. However, isophotes at radii >16? (>60 pc) in the near- and mid-infrared are flatter than those at visible wavelengths. The coefficient of the fourth-order cosine term in the Fourier expansion of isophotes changes from ""boxy"" values at r < 16? to ""disky"" values at r > 48?in [3.6] and [4.5]. The mid-infrared colors near the center of M32 do not vary systematically with radius, providing evidence of a well mixed stellar content in this part of the galaxy.",galaxies: dwarf; galaxies: evolution; galaxies: individual (M32); Local Group,10.1088/0004-637X/791/1/66,21272866,,,,a0921156-1ef7-4882-857d-190368ed9f12,article,eng
Neurosurgical virtual reality simulation metrics to assess psychomotor skills during brain tumor resection,"Azarnoush, Hamed|Alzhrani, Gmaan|Winkler-Schwartz, Alexander|Alotaibi, Fahad|Gelinas-Phaneuf, Nicholas|Pazos, Valérie|Choudhury, Nusrat|Fares, Jawad|DiRaddo, Robert|Del Maestro, Rolando F.",International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery,10,5,603,618,,2014,2014,,,1861-6410,,,,,,,,"Purpose Virtual reality simulator technology together with novel metrics could advance our understanding of expert neurosurgical performance and modify and improve resident training and assessment. This pilot study introduces innovative metrics that can be measured by the state-of-the-art simulator to assess performance. Such metrics cannot be measured in an operating room and have not been used previously to assess performance. Methods Three sets of performance metrics were assessed utilizing the NeuroTouch platform in six scenarios with simulated brain tumors having different visual and tactile characteristics. Tier 1 metrics included percentage of brain tumor resected and volume of simulated ""normal"" brain tissue removed. Tier 2 metrics included instrument tip path length, time taken to resect the brain tumor, pedal activation frequency, and sum of applied forces. Tier 3 metrics included sum of forces applied to different tumor regions and the force bandwidth derived from the force histogram. Results The results outlined are from a novice resident in the second year of training and an expert neurosurgeon. The three tiers of metrics obtained from the NeuroTouch simulator do encompass the wide variability of technical performance observed during novice/expert resections of simulated brain tumors and can be employed to quantify the safety, quality, and efficiency of technical performance during simulated brain tumor resection. Tier 3 metrics derived from force pyramids and force histograms may be particularly useful in assessing simulated brain tumor resections. Conclusion Our pilot study demonstrates that the safety, quality, and efficiency of novice and expert operators can be measured using metrics derived from the NeuroTouch platform, helping to understand how specific operator performance is dependent on both psychomotor ability and cognitive input during multiple virtual reality brain tumor resections.",Performance metrics; Virtual reality neurosurgical simulation; Haptic feedback; Brain tumor resection; Neurosurgical oncology; NeuroTouch,10.1007/s11548-014-1091-z,21272868,,,,b6747aaf-1142-4bf5-9447-1670e375da7c,article,eng
High-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array mapping in Brassica oleracea : identification of QTL associated with carotenoid variation in broccoli florets,"Brown, Allan F.|Yousef, Gad G.|Chebrolu, Kranthi K.|Byrd, Robert W.|Everhart, Koyt W.|Thomas, Aswathy|Reid, Robert W.|Parkin, Isobel A. P.|Sharpe, Andrew G.|Oliver, Rebekah|Guzman, Ivette|Jackson, Eric W.",Theoretical and Applied Genetics,127,9,2051,2064,,2014,14/08/2014,,,0040-5752,,,,,,,,"Key message A high-resolution genetic linkage map ofB. oleraceawas developed from aB. napusSNP array. The work will facilitate genetic and evolutionary studies inBrassicaceae. A broccoli population, VI-158 × BNC, consisting of 150 F2:3 families was used to create a saturated Brassica oleracea (diploid: CC) linkage map using a recently developed rapeseed (Brassica napus) (tetraploid: AACC) Illumina Infinium single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. The map consisted of 547 non-redundant SNP markers spanning 948.1 cM across nine chromosomes with an average interval size of 1.7 cM. As the SNPs are anchored to the genomic reference sequence of the rapid cycling B. oleracea TO1000, we were able to estimate that the map provides 96 % coverage of the diploid genome. Carotenoid analysis of 2 years data identified 3 QTLs on two chromosomes that are associated with up to half of the phenotypic variation associated with the accumulation of total or individual compounds. By searching the genome sequences of the two related diploid species (B. oleracea and B. rapa), we further identified putative carotenoid candidate genes in the region of these QTLs. This is the first description of the use of a B. napus SNP array to rapidly construct high-density genetic linkage maps of one of the constituent diploid species. The unambiguous nature of these markers with regard to genomic sequences provides evidence to the nature of genes underlying the QTL, and demonstrates the value and impact this resource will have on Brassica research.",,10.1007/s00122-014-2360-5,21272869,,,,58109087-04bd-4374-ba30-75c2769fbc0b,article,eng
Elucidating the surface chemistry of zinc phosphide nanoparticles through ligand exchange,"Mobarok, Md Hosnay|Buriak, Jillian M.",Chemistry of Materials,26,15,4653,4661,,2014,21/07/2014,,,0897-4756,,,,,,,,"Zn3P2 nanoparticles, a potential earth abundant nanomaterial for photovoltaic applications, are prepared via a solution-based synthesis and end up capped with weakly bound phosphine ligands. These ligands are easily displaced from the nanoparticle surface, leading to an irreversible aggregation of particles. In this work, we elaborate the chemistry of Zn 3P2 nanoparticles both to elucidate the surface functionalities present after synthesis, and to enable the production of stable solutions of Zn3P2 colloidal solutions. Three different types of anionic type ligands, formed from their neutral precursors of oleic acid, n-decylphosphonic acid, and 1-octadecanethiol, were shown to be effective in yielding soluble functionalized nanoparticles. The functionalized Zn 3P2 nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized by electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analyses, and FTIR spectroscopy. A combination of FTIR and multinuclear solution NMR spectroscopic studies on the starting agglomerated Zn3P 2 nanoparticles and the functionalized particle solutions reveals that the particle surface is terminated by Zn-CH3 and -PH x(SiMe3)3-x groups. Using oleic acid as the workhorse ligand, it was shown that addition of oleic acid to agglomerated nanoparticles led to a homogeneous dispersion of Zn3P2 nanoparticles, in toluene, along with production of CH4 and C 17H33COOSiMe3 as byproducts, as determined by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. FTIR spectroscopy of the ligand-exchanged particles indicated oleate coordination, along with the appearance of what has been assigned as a P-H stretch. Similar reaction chemistry was observed during ligand exchange with n-decylphosphonic acid and 1-octadecanethiol. On the basis of these data, a general mechanism for ligand exchange chemistry on the Zn3P2 nanoparticle surface was proposed to enable both the production of zinc phosphide nanoparticle solutions and the determination of various routes to surface functionalization of this material.",Agglomeration|Byproducts|Chelation|Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy|Ligands|Nanoparticles|Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|Oleic acid|Phosphorus compounds|Spectroscopic analysis|Surface chemistry|X ray diffraction|X ray diffraction analysis|X ray photoelectron spectroscopy|Zinc|Agglomerated nanoparticles|Functionalized nanoparticles|Functionalized particles|Homogeneous dispersions|Irreversible aggregation|Photovoltaic applications|Surface functionalities|Surface Functionalization|Synthesis (chemical),10.1021/cm502234k,21272872,,,,95606f4d-3e7b-4a88-acda-372302d363fb,article,eng
Strain-promoted cycloadditions involving nitrones and alkynes-rapid tunable reactions for bioorthogonal labeling,"MacKenzie, Douglas A.|Sherratt, Allison R.|Chigrinova, Mariya|Cheung, Lawrence L. W.|Pezacki, John Paul",Current Opinion in Chemical Biology,21,,81,88,,2014,2014-08,,,1367-5931,,,,,Elsevier,,,"The development and applications of strain-promoted alkyne-nitrone cycloaddition (SPANC) reactions have brought about new tools for rapid and specific functionalization of biomolecules in different settings. While a number of strain-promoted reactions have been successfully developed, SPANC reactions offer high reactivity with bimolecular rate constants of k2 that are as fast as 60M-1s-1. SPANC reactions also offer stability of starting materials, particularly in the case of endocyclic nitrones, as well as stereoelectronic tunability of the nitrone moiety to optimize reactivity towards different alkyne reaction partners. Herein we discuss recent advances in the development of SPANC reactions and their applications in bioorthogonal labeling.",alkyne derivative|nitrone derivative|chemical reaction kinetics|cycloaddition|strain promoted alkyne nitrone cycloaddition,10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.05.023,21272874,,,,faea30eb-c180-4c9c-bf46-e720941580de,article,eng
Establishment and validation of new complementing cells for production of E1-deleted adenovirus vectors in serum-free suspension culture|New complementing cells for production of E1-deleted adenovirus vectors in serum-free suspension culture,"Gilbert, Rénald|Guilbault, Claire|Gagnon, David|Bernier, Alice|Bourget, Lucie|Elahi, Seyyed Mehdy|Kamen, Amine|Massie, Bernard",Journal of Virological Methods,208,,177,188,,2014,23/08/2014,,,0166-0934,,,,,Elsevier,,,"E1-deleted adenovirus vectors (AdV) are important gene transfer vehicles for gene therapy and vaccination. Amplification of AdV must take place in cells that express the adenovirus E1A and E1B genes. Sequence homology between AdV and the E1 genes integrated within the complementing cells should be minimal to reduce the odds of generating replication-competent adenovirus (RCA). The present study describes the establishment of AdV complementing cells constructed by stable transfection of the minimal E1A and E1B genes into human lung carcinoma (A549). Because some transgene products can be cytotoxic, the cells were engineered to stably express the repressor of the cumate-switch (CymR) to silence transgene transcription during vector growth. For regulatory compliance and to facilitate the scale-up, the resulting complementing cells (SF-BMAdR) were adapted to serum-free suspension culture. The best clone of SF-BMAdR produced AdV carrying an innocuous transgene to the same level as 293 cells, but titers were better for AdV carrying transgene for a cytotoxic product. Elevated titers were maintained for at least two months in suspension culture in the absence of selective agent and the cells did not produce RCA. Because of their advantageous properties, SF-BMAdR cells should become an important tool for developing large-scale production processes of AdV for research and clinical applications.",Adenovirus vectors; Suspension culture; Serum-free medium; Cell line; Replication-competent adenovirus,10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.013,21272877,NRC-HHT-53257,,,55d1e495-a328-4708-8aee-eee63968a47d,article,eng
A Star-forming shock front in radio galaxy 4C+41.17 resolved with laser-assisted adaptive optics spectroscopy,"Steinbring, Eric",Astronomical Journal,148,1,,,10,2014,28/05/2014,,,0004-6256,,,,,IOP Publishing,,,"Near-infrared integral-field spectroscopy of redshifted [O III], H?, and optical continuum emission from the z = 3.8 radio galaxy 4C+41.17 is presented, obtained with the laser-guide-star adaptive optics facility on the Gemini North telescope. Employing a specialized dithering technique, a spatial resolution of 0?.10, or 0.7 kpc, is achieved in each spectral element, with a velocity resolution of ?70 km s-1. Spectra similar to local starbursts are found for bright knots coincident in archival Hubble Space Telescope ( HST) rest-frame ultraviolet images, which also allows a key line diagnostic to be mapped together with new kinematic information. There emerges a clearer picture of the nebular emission associated with the jet in 8.3 GHz and 15 GHz Very Large Array maps, closely tied to a Ly?-bright shell-shaped structure seen with HST. This supports a previous interpretation of that arc tracing a bow shock, inducing ?1010-11 M? star formation regions that comprise the clumpy broadband optical/ultraviolet morphology near the core.",active galaxies|galaxy jets|galaxy nuclei|starburst|adaptive optics,10.1088/0004-6256/148/1/10,21272880,,,,2efe6e94-573a-4969-bf06-70c445884f2e,article,eng
"Electrocatalytic activity and stability of carbon nanotubes-supported Pt-on-Au, Pd-on-Au, Pt-on-Pd-on-Au, Pt-on-Pd, and Pd-on-Pt catalysts for methanol oxidation reaction","Shi, Ranran|Wang, Jianshe|Cheng, Niancai|Sun, Xueliang|Zhang, Lei|Zhang, Jiujun|Wang, Liucheng",Electrochimica Acta,148,,1,7,,2014,14/10/2014,,,0013-4686,,,,,,,,"For optimizing both the activity and stability of Pt-based catalysts for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), several carbon nanotubes(CNTs)-supported catalysts such as Pt-on-Au/CNTs, Pd-on-Au/CNTs, Pt-on-Pdon- Au/CNTs, Pt-on-Pd/CNTs, and Pd-on-Pt/CNTs catalysts are synthesized mainly through electrodeposition method. The activity and stability comparisons show that Pt-on-Au/CNTs has a higher MOR activity but a lower stability than Pd-on-Au/CNTs. To utilize the merits of the Pt and Pd components, Pt-on-Pd-on- Au/CNTs and Pt-on-Pd/CNTs catalysts are synthesized. The Pt-on-Pd-on-Au/CNTs and Pt-on-Pd/CNTs catalysts shows higher MOR activity than Pd-on-Au/CNTs and Pd/CNTs catalysts and higher stability than Pt-on-Au/CNTs, suggesting a synergistic interaction between Pt and Pd in catalyzing methanol oxidation reaction. Calculation shows that the total mass activity of Pt-on-Pd/CNTs with quite low Pt amount is on a similar level as that of Pt/CNTs for MOR oxidation, indicating the Pt-on-Pd catalyst could have promising potential as a low-Pt catalyst for MOR in alkaline media.",methanol oxidation|low-Pt catalysts|stability|activity|Pt-on-Pd,10.1016/j.electacta.2014.10.036,21272881,,,,8a48ff8a-b0cc-4ea7-8de5-a32e3869f1fc,article,eng
Increased air velocity during exercise in the heat leads to equal reductions in hydration shifts and interleukin-6 with age,"Wright-Beatty, Heather E.|Hardcastle, Stephen G.|Boulay, Pierre|Larose, Joanie|Kenny, Glen P.",European Journal of Applied Physiology,114,10,2081,2092,,2014,19/06/2014,,,1439-6319,,,,,Springer,,,"Purpose The effectiveness of increased air velocity in reducing hydration shifts and physiological strain during work in the heat was examined in young and older males. Methods Ten young (mean ± SE, 24 ± 1 years) and 10 older (59 ± 1 years) males, matched for height, mass, and body surface area, cycled 4 × 15-min at moderate-to-heavy heat production (400 W), with 15-min rest separations between exercise bouts (final recovery 30 min), while wearing work clothing in humid heat (35 °C, 60 % relative humidity) under low (~0.5 m s-1) and high (~3.0 m s-1) air velocity. Rectal temperature (Tre) and heart rate were measured continuously, whereas hydration indices and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured at rest (PRE) and following the final recovery (POST). Results Young and older males experienced similar thermal and cardiovascular strain within the low (Tre end-exercise: young = 38.28 ± 0.11, older = 38.31 ± 0.08 °C) and high (Tre end-exercise: young = 37.94 ± 0.08, older = 37.87 ± 0.08 °C) air velocity conditions, with a reduced increase in both groups in high compared to low. Percent changes in plasma volume were similarly greater during the low (young = -10.9 ± 1.2, older = -10.8 ± 0.9 %) compared to high (young = -5.7 ± 0.6, older = -6.9 ± 0.7 %) condition for both groups. Despite elevated IL-6 at PRE in the older males, the IL-6 absolute change was similar between young (low = +4.10 ± 0.95, high = +0.99 ± 0.32 pg mL-1) and older (low = +3.58 ± 0.83, high = +1.24 ± 0.28 pg mL-1) males yet greater during the low compared to high condition. Conclusions Increased air velocity was effective in reducing the increase in hydration shifts and physiological strain (i.e. IL-6, thermal and cardiovascular strain) equally in young and older males.",,10.1007/s00421-014-2931-9,21272871,,,,54a47592-fce3-44ef-9955-5da7f0b47caf,article,eng
"Intramolecular charge transfer in di-tert-butylaminobenzonitriles and 2,4,6-tricyanoanilines : a computational TDDFT study","Zgierski, Marek Z.|Lim, Edward C.|Fujiwara, Takashige",Computational and Theoretical Chemistry,1036,,1,6,,2014,13/05/2014,,,2210-271X,,,,,,,,"The time-dependent DFT calculations for the low-lying excited electronic states of 4- and 3-di-tert-butylaminobenzonitrile, and 2,4,6-tricyano-N,N-dimethylaniline and 2,4,6-tricyanoaniline have been performed to investigate the mechanism of photo-induced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). In addition, CC2-RI calculations were performed for TCDMA. For di-tert-butylaminobenzonitriles, we found evidence for the ?? *-state mediated mechanism associated with the sequential state-switches: ?? * ? ?? * ? ICT. It is predicted that 2,4,6-tricyano-N,N-dimethylaniline (TCDMA), but not 2,4,6-tricyanoaniline, possesses two ICT states, one of which shows the ICT-characterized quinoidal geometry and lies below the initially photo-excited S1(?? *) state. The ?? * ? ICT formation in TCDMA feasibly occurs in accord with the observed time-resolved excited-state absorption spectra and the biexponential fluorescence decay from the mixed S1(?? *)/ICT state of TCDMA.","Intramolecular charge transfer; TDDFT calculations; Di-tert-butylaminobenzonitriles; 2,4,6-Tricyanoanilines; CC2-RI calculations",10.1016/j.comptc.2014.02.029,21272850,,,,19f7a0d4-da83-48bc-b7d7-e230d1ca905c,article,eng
Fabrication tolerant and broadband polarization splitter and rotator based on a taper-etched directional coupler,"Xiong, Yule|Xu, Dan-Xia|Schmid, Jens H.|Cheben, Pavel|Janz, Siegfried|Ye, Winnie N.",Optics Express,22,14,17458,17465,,2014,10/07/2014,,,1094-4087,,,,,The Optical Society,,,"We propose a fabrication tolerant polarization splitter and rotator (PSR) on the silicon-on-insulator platform based on the mode-coupling mechanism. The PSR consists of a silicon wire waveguide coupled to a taper-etched waveguide. Compared to previously reported PSRs based on directional couplers which are sensitive to fabrication variations, the partially etched taper structure can compensate for fabrication inaccuracies. In addition, the taper-etched geometry breaks both the horizontal and vertical symmetries of the waveguide, introducing an additional degree of design freedom to accommodate different upper cladding layers. The proposed PSR can be readily integrated in a planar waveguide circuit using e.g. SiO2 cladding, making it compatible with typical metal back-end-ofline processes. Our simulation results show that the PSR has a low TM-to-TE polarization conversion loss of -0.09 dB in the C-band (or a conversion efficiency of 98%). A low TE-to-TE through insertion loss (-0.07 dB) and a very low polarization crosstalk (-30 dB) over a wide wavelength range exceeding 160 nm with a large fabrication tolerance (>50 nm) are numerically demonstrated.",Directional couplers|Optical waveguides|Polarization|Silicon oxides|Waveguides|Fabrication tolerances|Planar waveguide circuit|Polarization conversion|Polarization crosstalk|Polarization splitters|Silicon wire waveguides|Silicon-on-insulator platforms|Upper cladding layers,10.1364/OE.22.017458,21272852,,,,91dc4dc6-630f-4c66-b6ff-240baf91119f,article,eng
Ursolic acid increases glucose uptake through the PI3K signaling pathway in adipocytes,"He, Yonghan|Li, Wen|Li, Ying|Zhang, Shuocheng|Wang, Yanwen|Sun, Changhao",PLoS ONE,9,10,1,8,e110711,2014,20/10/2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,,,,"Background: Ursolic acid (UA), a triterpenoid compound, is reported to have a glucose-lowering effect. However, the mechanisms are not fully understood. Adipose tissue is one of peripheral tissues that collectively control the circulating glucose levels.Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine the effect and further the mechanism of action of UA in adipocytes.Methods and Results: The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate and treated with different concentrations of UA. NBD-fluorescent glucose was used as the tracer to measure glucose uptake and Western blotting used to determine the expression and activity of proteins involved in glucose transport. It was found that 2.5, 5 and 10 ?M of UA promoted glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner (17%, 29% and 35%, respectively). 10 ?M UA-induced glucose uptake with insulin stimulation was completely blocked by the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin (1 ?M), but not by SB203580 (10 ?M), the inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), or compound C (2.5 ?M), the inhibitor of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) inhibitor. Furthmore, the downstream protein activities of the PI3K pathway, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase (PDK) and phosphoinositide-dependent serine/threoninekinase (AKT) were increased by 10 ?M of UA in the presence of insulin. Interestingly, the activity of AS160 and protein kinase C (PKC) and the expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) were stimulated by 10 ?M of UA under either the basal or insulin-stimulated status. Moreover, the translocation of GLUT4 from cytoplasm to cell membrane was increased by UA but decreased when the PI3K inhibitor was applied.Conclusions: Our results suggest that UA stimulates glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through the PI3K pathway, providing important information regarding the mechanism of action of UA for its anti-diabetic effect.",glucose|adipocytes|insulin|glucose metabolism|insulin resistance|adipocyte differentiation|membrane proteins|adipose tissue,10.1371/journal.pone.0110711,21272853,,,,4234b41c-e040-4a90-991b-a8bbcf3fbae7,article,eng
Preface,"Germer, Thomas A.|Zwinkels, Joanne C.|Tsai, Benjamin K.",,46,,xxi,xxv,,2014,30/06/2014,,,1079-4042,,,Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences,,Elsevier,,,,,10.1016/B978-0-12-386022-4.10000-7,21272854,,,,868e631a-e707-4ff7-b154-bd346dbee93b,chapter,eng
Determining intrachain diffusion coefficients for biopolymer dynamics from single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements,"Woodside, Michael T.|Lambert, John|Beach, Kevin S. D.",Biophysical Journal,107,7,1647,1653,,2014,07/08/2014,,,0006-3495,,,,,,,,"The conformational diffusion coefficient for intrachain motions in biopolymers, D, sets the timescale for structural dynamics. Recently, force spectroscopy has been applied to determine D both for unfolded proteins and for the folding transitions in proteins and nucleic acids. However, interpretation of the results remains unsettled. We investigated how instrumental effects arising from the force probes used in the measurement can affect the value of D recovered via force spectroscopy. We compared estimates of D for the folding of DNA hairpins found from measurements of rates and energy landscapes made using optical tweezers with estimates obtained from the same single-molecule trajectories via the transition path time. The apparent D obtained from the rates was much lower than the result found from the same data using transition time analysis, reflecting the effects of the mechanical properties of the force probe. Deconvolution of the finite compliance effects on the measurement allowed the intrinsic value to be recovered. These results were supported by Brownian dynamics simulations of the effects of force-probe compliance and bead size.",,10.1016/j.bpj.2014.08.007,21272851,,,,ae6ea2a5-b511-4a63-8861-b1de740d8f40,article,eng
Electrode kinetics of electron-transfer reaction and reactant transport in electrolyte solution,"Cai, Weiwei|Zhao, Xiao|Liu, Changpeng|Xing, Wei|Zhang, Jiujun",,,,33,65,,2014,2014,,,,,,Rotating Electrode Methods and Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts,,,9780444632784,,"In this chapter, to facilitate understanding and preparing the basic knowledge for rotating electrode theory, both the electron-transfer and reactant transport theories at the interface of electrode/electrolyte are presented. Regarding the reactant transport, three transportation modes such as diffusion, migration, and convection are described. A focusing discussion is given to the reactant diffusion near the electrode surface using both Fick's first and second laws. In addition, based on the approach in literature, the kinetics of reactant transport near and within a porous matrix electrode layer and its effect on the electron-transfer process is also presented using a simple equivalent electrode/electrolyte interface.",,10.1016/B978-0-444-63278-4.00002-1,21272858,,,,d053b310-0027-4245-bfc9-c1be48ca836d,chapter,eng
High field solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy of cucurbituril materials,"Bardelang, David|Brinkmann, Andreas|Ratcliffe, Christopher I.|Ripmeester, John A.|Terskikh, Victor V.|Udachin, Konstantin A.",CrystEngComm,16,18,3788,3795,,2014,04/02/2014,,,1466-8033,,,,,,,,"Solid state 13C NMR spectra of several cucurbituril materials, CB[n] where n = 5, 6, 7 and 8, have been analysed in detail. Where crystal structures are known the complex splitting patterns for the CO, CH and CH 2 resonances can be directly related to the different site symmetries imposed on the CB molecule by the crystal. Conversely, where the structure is not known the NMR splitting patterns can be used to suggest possible symmetries for the CB, and these could conceivably aid in solving crystal structures. The fact that each structure produces a uniquely different 13C NMR splitting pattern makes it a useful fingerprinting tool which can be used to detect new phases.",,10.1039/c3ce42467g,21272860,,,,0c1c056e-f71e-4fb8-bdea-d3f313c6efed,article,eng
Early osmotic adjustment responses in drought-resistant and drought-sensitive oilseed rape,"Hatzig, Sarah|Zaharia, L. Irina|Abrams, Suzanne|Hohmann, Marie|Legoahec, Laurie|Bouchereau, Alain|Nesi, Nathalie|Snowdon, Rod J.",Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,56,8,797,809,,2014,25/03/2014,,,1672-9072,,,,,Wiley,,,"The impact of osmotic stress on growth, physiology, and metabolism of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was investigated by detailed analysis of biomass traits, hormone metabolites and osmolytes in two genetically unrelated drought-tolerant genotypes and two unrelated drought-sensitive genotypes. Seedlings were grown in vitro under controlled conditions and osmotic stress was simulated by applying a gradual treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), followed by hypo-osmotic treatment of variants used for metabolite determination. The results provide a basis for the identification of reliable selection criteria for drought resistance in oilseed rape. The in vitro cultivation system established during this study enabled effective discrimination of early osmotic stress responses between drought-resistant and -susceptible oilseed rape genotypes that also show large differences in relative seed yield under drought conditions in the field. Clear physiological and metabolic differences were observed between the drought-resistant and drought-sensitive genotypes, suggesting that osmotic adjustment is a key component of drought response in oilseed rape. Unexpectedly, however, the drought-resistant genotypes did not show typical hormonal adjustment and osmolyte accumulation, suggesting that they possess alternative physiological mechanisms enabling avoidance of stress symptoms.",Abscisic acid; Brassica napus; Drought; Hormones; Metabolites,10.1111/jipb.12199,21272862,NRC-ACRD-56109,,,55c384d7-0259-4d12-a87b-e22a000e63c8,article,eng
Control of multiphoton and avalanche ionization using an ultraviolet-infrared pulse train in femtosecond laser micro/nano-machining of fused silica,"Yu, Xiaoming|Bian, Qiumei|Chang, Zenghu|Corkum, P. B.|Lei, Shuting",,,,,,89680G,2014,06/03/2014,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,8968,0277-786X,Laser-based Micro- and Nanoprocessing VIII,"Laser-Based Micro- and Nanoprocessing VIII, February 4-6, 2014, San Francisco, CA, USA",,,SPIE,9780819498816,,"We report on the experimental results of micro- and nanostructures fabricated on the surface of fused silica by a train of two femtosecond laser pulses, a tightly focused 266 nm (ultraviolet, UV) pulse followed by a loosely focused 800 nm (infrared, IR) pulse. By controlling the fluence of each pulse below the damage threshold, micro- and nanostructures are fabricated using the combined beams. The resulting damage size is defined by the UV pulse, and a reduction of UV damage threshold is observed when the two pulses are within ? 1 ps delay. The effects of IR pulse duration on the UV damage threshold and shapes are investigated. These results suggest that the UV pulse generates seed electrons through multiphoton absorption and the IR pulse utilizes these electrons to cause damage by avalanche process. A single rate equation model based on electron density can be used to explain these results. It is further demonstrated that structures with dimensions of 124 nm can be fabricated on the surface of fused silica using 0.5 NA objective. This provides a possible route to XUV (or even shorter wavelength) laser nano-machining with reduced damage threshold.","Fabrication|Multiphoton processes|Nanostructures|Ultrafast lasers|Ultrashort pulses|Avalanche ionization|Avalanche process|Damage threshold|Micro and nanostructures|Multi-photon absorption|On-electron density|Shorter wavelength|Ultraviolet , uv|Pulse generators",10.1117/12.2035290,21272864,,,,3f8e32cb-7394-4f5b-8c67-d3bf81ffd52a,article,eng
Controllable hydrothermal synthesis of Cu-doped ?-MnO2 films with different morphologies for energy storage and conversion using supercapacitors,"Su, Xiaohui|Yu, Lin|Cheng, Gao|Zhang, Huanhua|Sun, Ming|Zhang, Lei|Zhang, Jiujun",Applied Energy,134,,439,445,,2014,2014,,,0306-2619,,,,,,,,"The ?-MnO2 and Cu-doped ?-MnO2 grown on Ni foams are synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method for supercapacitor electrode application. The samples are characterized by XRD, ICP-AES, SEM, and BET for its composition, structure/morphology, and BET surface area. The electrochemical properties of the electrodes are studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 1M Na2SO4 solution. The results show that copper addition can vary the self-assembly of ?-MnO2 nanosheets, inducing the formation of flower-like structure. The morphology and electrochemical performance of the formed ?-MnO2 electrodes can be controlled by simply tuning the copper doping concentration. The 2at.% Cu-doped ?-MnO2 film obtains the maximum specific capacitance as high as 296Fg-1 at 1Ag-1, which is 80% higher than that of the pure ?-MnO2 film. Furthermore, it also shows a better cyclic stability than undoped ?-MnO2 film. The enhanced electrochemical properties may be attributed to its optimized hybrid nanosheet network and flow-like structure. A possible explanation for such enhancement in electrochemical properties of Cu-doped ?-MnO2 films has been discussed in this paper.",Copper doping|Flow-like structure|Birnessite MnO2 (d-MnO2)|Supercapacitor|Electrochemical properties,10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.050,21272832,,,,c9242b27-c2a0-4ce7-8b64-739637beced8,article,eng
"Importance of Rhodococcus strains in a bacterial consortium degrading a mixture of hydrocarbons, gasoline, and diesel oil additives revealed by metatranscriptomic analysis","Auffret, Marc. D.|Yergeau, Étienne|Labbé, Diane|Fayolle-Guichard, Francoise|Greer, Charles W.",Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,99,5,2419,2430,,2014,16/10/2014,,,0175-7598,,,,,,,,"A bacterial consortium (Mix3) composed of microorganisms originating from different environments (soils and wastewater) was obtained after enrichment in the presence of a mixture of 16 hydrocarbons, gasoline, and diesel oil additives. After addition of the mixture, the development of the microbial composition of Mix3 was monitored at three different times (35, 113, and 222 days) using fingerprinting method and dominant bacterial species were identified. In parallel, 14 bacteria were isolated after 113 days and identified. Degradation capacities for Mix3 and the isolated bacterial strains were characterized and compared. At day 113, we induced the expression of catabolic genes in Mix3 by adding the substrate mixture to resting cells and the metatranscriptome was analyzed. After addition of the substrate mixture, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria increased at day 222 while a shift between Rhodococcus and Mycobacterium was observed after 113 days. Mix3 was able to degrade 13 compounds completely, with partial degradation of isooctane and 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, but tert-butyl alcohol was not degraded. Rhodococcus wratislaviensis strain IFP 2016 isolated from Mix3 showed almost the same degradation capacities as Mix3: these results were not observed with the other isolated strains. Transcriptomic results revealed that Actinobacteria and in particular, Rhodococcus species, were major contributors in terms of total and catabolic gene transcripts while other species were involved in cyclohexane degradation. Not all the microorganisms identified at day 113 were active except R. wratislaviensis IFP 2016 that appeared to be a major player in the degradation activity observed in Mix3.",Bacterial consortium|Diesel oil|Metatranscriptomic analysis|Mixture of hydrocarbons|Rhodococcus|Dynamics of gene expression|Bacterial enrichment,10.1007/s00253-014-6159-8,21272834,,,,2dea6aa4-3aa8-478e-8cbc-a5089bd7b197,article,eng
A current-comparator-based high-voltage reference inductor,"So, Eddy|Bennett, David",,,,2,3,6898229,2014,2014-08,CPEM Digest,,0589-1485,2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014),"29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014",,,IEEE,9781479952052,,The development of a current-comparator-based high-voltage reference inductor at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) for calibrating loss measurement systems of large high voltage shunt reactors is presented. The high voltage reference inductor features an adjustable loss angle equivalent to a power factor from zero to 0.01. It has an uncertainty of less than 10×10-6 in both magnitude and phase.,Current-comparator-based|High-voltages|Loss angle|reference inductor|Shunt reactors|uncertainty,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898229,21272835,,,,75e201ba-6781-4460-a6fb-5e7d18bd6486,article,eng
Quantum confinement in Si and Ge nanostructures: Theory and experiment,"Barbagiovanni, Eric G.|Lockwood, David J.|Simpson, Peter J.|Goncharova, Lyudmila V.",Applied Physics Reviews,1,1,,,11302,2014,01/06/2014,,,1931-9401,,,,,AIP Publishing,,,"The role of quantum confinement (QC) in Si and Ge nanostructures (NSs) including quantum dots, quantum wires, and quantum wells is assessed under a wide variety of fabrication methods in terms of both their structural and optical properties. Structural properties include interface states, defect states in a matrix material, and stress, all of which alter the electronic states and hence the measured optical properties. We demonstrate how variations in the fabrication method lead to differences in the NS properties, where the most relevant parameters for each type of fabrication method are highlighted. Si embedded in, or layered between, SiO2, and the role of the sub-oxide interface states embodies much of the discussion. Other matrix materials include Si3N4 and Al2O3. Si NSs exhibit a complicated optical spectrum, because the coupling between the interface states and the confined carriers manifests with varying magnitude depending on the dimension of confinement. Ge NSs do not produce well-defined luminescence due to confined carriers, because of the strong influence from oxygen vacancy defect states. Variations in Si and Ge NS properties are considered in terms of different theoretical models of QC (effective mass approximation, tight binding method, and pseudopotential method). For each theoretical model, we discuss the treatment of the relevant experimental parameters.",Fabrication|Interface states|Interfaces (materials)|Optical properties|Quantum confinement|Semiconducting germanium|Effective mass approximation|Experimental parameters|Fabrication method|Oxygen vacancy defects|Pseudopotential method|Structural and optical properties|Theoretical modeling|Tight binding methods|Silicon,10.1063/1.4835095,21272837,,,,1af738ea-a199-4323-bd47-94870e6c3859,article,eng
The establishment of high current DC shunt calibration system at KRISS and comparison with NRC,"Kim, Kyu-Tae|Jung, Jae Kap|Lee, YoungSup|So, Eddy",,,,614,615,6898535,2014,2014-08,CPEM Digest,,0589-1485,2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014),"29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014",,,IEEE,9781479952052,,"The application of a simple binary step up method for possible calibration of high current DC shunts up to a few thousand amperes in which a pair of HCDC shunts are used to evaluate the current dependence of the shunt resistance. It was found that a complex exponential linear model can be applied to separate the drifts in voltage measurements from the contribution of the current coefficient of the shunt. This approach allows one to extract the information on the current coefficient of the shunt and together with low current measurement of the shunt resistance to calibrate the current output of HCDC source, which in turn can be used as a reference for calibration of customer's shunts. In order to validate the step up method, the calibrated HCDC source was used to obtain DC current ratios which is to be compared with NRC's high current ratio measurements of a multi-ratio 3000 A reference DC CT.",Voltage measurement|Calibration system|comparison|Current ratios|High currents|Calibration,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898535,21272838,,,,5d225b5c-97d2-4d2d-8139-1c5546dd16a7,article,eng
Failure mechanisms and damage model of ductile cast iron under low-cycle fatigue conditions,"Wu, Xijia|Quan, Guangchung|MacNeil, Ryan|Zhang, Zhong|Sloss, Clayton",Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science,45,11,5085,5097,,2014,22/07/2014,,,1073-5623,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"Strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue (LCF) tests were conducted on ductile cast iron (DCI) at strain rates of 0.02, 0.002, and 0.0002/s in the temperature range from room temperature to 1073 K (800 °C). A constitutive-damage model was developed within the integrated creep-fatigue theory (ICFT) framework on the premise of strain decomposition into rate-independent plasticity and time-dependent creep. Four major damage mechanisms: (i) plasticity-induced fatigue, (ii) intergranular embrittlement (IE), (iii) creep, and (iv) oxidation were considered in a nonlinear creep-fatigue interaction model which represents the overall damage accumulation process consisting of oxidation-assisted fatigue crack nucleation and propagation in coalescence with internally distributed damage (e.g., IE and creep), leading to final fracture. The model was found to agree with the experimental observations of the complex DCI-LCF phenomena, for which the linear damage summation rule would fail.",Cracks|Creep|Failure (mechanical)|Plasticity|Strain rate|Creep-fatigue interactions|Damage accumulation|Ductile cast irons|Fatigue-crack nucleation|Intergranular embrittlement|Low cycle fatigues|Rate-independent plasticities|Time-dependent creeps|Fatigue damage,10.1007/s11661-014-2468-x,21272839,,,,de7923f2-952d-4209-a440-76459ff5179c,article,eng
Uncertainty of measurements of podded propulsor performance characteristics,"Islam, Mohommed|Veitch, Brian|Liu, Pengfei",Ocean Engineering,81,,130,138,,2014,14/03/2014,,,0029-8018,,,,,,,,"One of the fundamental aspects of any physical experiment is the uncertainty or error limits of the measurement. Unfortunately, majority of published model experimental results do not come with the much needed error analysis. It is imperative that a fundamental and rigorous uncertainty assessment is carried out for all measurements, especially for measurements using a newly designed apparatus. This paper presents the uncertainty analysis methodology and results for a newly designed fully functional podded propulsor performance measurement apparatus. The measurements include propeller thrust, torque, rotation rate and advance speed as well as global forces and moments of a pod unit. The facility and measurement systems are briefly described, and detailed uncertainty assessment methodologies with examples for each measurement are provided with descriptions of bias and precision limits and total uncertainties. The generalized methodology can also be used for other relevant measurements.",Uncertainty analysis|Error limits|Bias error|Precision error|Podded propulsors|Measurement uncertainty,10.1016/j.oceaneng.2014.02.009,21272841,,,,987405c6-7b60-4a18-b729-7ec8f278c14b,article,eng
Methanogen community composition and rates of methane consumption in Canadian High Arctic permafrost soils,"Allan, J.|Ronholm, J.|Mykytczuk, N. C. S.|Greer, C. W.|Onstott, T. C.|Whyte, L. G.",Environmental Microbiology Reports,6,2,136,144,,2014,23/01/2014,,,1758-2229,,,,,Wiley,,,"Increasing permafrost thaw, driven by climate change, has the potential to result in organic carbon stores being mineralized into carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) through microbial activity. This study examines the effect of increasing temperature on community structure and metabolic activity of methanogens from the Canadian High Arctic, in an attempt to predict how warming will affect microbially controlled CH4 soil flux. In situCO2 and CH4 flux, measured in 2010 and 2011 from ice-wedge polygons, indicate that these soil formations are a net source of CO2 emissions, but a CH4 sink. Permafrost and active layer soil samples were collected at the same sites and incubated under anaerobic conditions at warmer temperatures, with and without substrate amendment. Gas flux was measured regularly and indicated an increase in CH4 flux after extended incubation. Pyrosequencing was used to examine the effects of an extended thaw cycle on methanogen diversity and the results indicate that in situ methanogen diversity, based on the relative abundance of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene associated with known methanogens, is higher in the permafrost than in the active layer. Methanogen diversity was also shown to increase in both the active layer and permafrost soil after an extended thaw. This study provides evidence that although High Arctic ice-wedge polygons are currently a sink for CH4, higher arctic temperatures and anaerobic conditions, a possible result of climate change, could result in this soil becoming a source for CH4 gas flux.",methane|Arctic|chemistry|classification|isolation and purification|kinetics|metabolism|microbiology|soil|temperature|bacteria|soil microbiology,10.1111/1758-2229.12139,21272842,,,,8c7a12d7-6860-4bea-885b-15b8e3fc3f49,article,eng
13C metabolic flux analysis shows that resistin impairs the metabolic response to insulin in L6E9 myotubes,"Guzmán, Shirley|Marin, Silvia|Miranda, Anibal|Selivanov, Vitaly A.|Centelles, Josep J.|Harmancey, Romain|Smih, Fatima|Turkieh, Annie|Durocher, Yves|Zorzano, Antonio|Rouet, Philippe|Cascante, Marta",BMC Systems Biology,8,1,1,12,109,2014,14/09/2014,,,1752-0509,,,,,BioMed Central,,,"Background: It has been suggested that the adipokine resistin links obesity and insulin resistance, although how resistin acts on muscle metabolism is controversial. We aimed to quantitatively analyse the effects of resistin on the glucose metabolic flux profile and on insulin response in L6E9 myotubes at the metabolic level using a tracer-based metabolomic approach and our in-house developed software, Isodyn.Results: Resistin significantly increased glucose uptake and glycolysis, altering pyruvate utilisation by the cell. In the presence of resistin, insulin only slightly increased glucose uptake and glycolysis, and did not alter the flux profile around pyruvate induced by resistin. Resistin prevented the increase in gene expression in pyruvate dehydrogenase-E1 and the sharp decrease in gene expression in cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-1 induced by insulin.Conclusions: These data suggest that resistin impairs the metabolic activation of insulin. This impairment cannot be explained by the activity of a single enzyme, but instead due to reorganisation of the whole metabolic flux distribution.",Resistin; Insulin resistance; Glucose metabolism; Fluxomics; Bioinformatics; Tracer-based metabolomics,10.1186/s12918-014-0109-z,21272845,,,,5ed7c525-8610-4de2-98b8-b6fcc8e143d3,article,eng
The hot core towards the intermediate-mass protostar NGC 7129 FIRS 2: Chemical similarities with Orion KL,"Fuente, A.|Cernicharo, J.|Caselli, P.|McCoey, C.|Johnstone, D.|Fich, M.|Van Kempen, T.|Palau, A.|Yildiz, U. A.|Tercero, B.|López, A.",Astronomy and Astrophysics,568,,,,A65,2014,15/08/2014,,,0004-6361,,,,,EDP Sciences,,,"Context. This paper is dedicated to the study of the chemistry of the intermediate-mass (IM) hot core NGC 7129 FIRS 2, probably the most compact warm core found in the 2-8 M? stellar mass range. Aims. Our aim is to determine the chemical composition of the IM hot core NGC 7129 FIRS 2, and to provide new insights on the chemistry of hot cores in a more general context. Methods. NGC 7129 FIRS 2 (hereafter, FIRS 2) is located at a distance of 1250 pc and high spatial resolution observations are required to resolve the hot core at its center. We present a molecular survey from 218 200 MHz to 221 800 MHz carried out with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI). These observations were complemented with a long integration single-dish spectrum taken with the IRAM 30 m telescope in Pico de Veleta (Spain). We used a local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) single temperature code to model the whole dataset. Results. The interferometric spectrum is crowded with a total of 300 lines from which a few dozen remain unidentified. The spectrum has been modeled with a total of 20 species and their isomers, isotopologues, and deuterated compounds. Complex molecules like methyl formate (CH3OCHO), ethanol (CH3CH2OH), glycolaldehyde (CH2OHCHO), acetone (CH3COCH3), dimethyl ether (CH3OCH 3), ethyl cyanide (CH3CH2CN), and the aGg' conformer of ethylene glycol (aGg'-(CH2OH)2) are among the detected species. The detection of vibrationally excited lines of CH 3CN, CH3OCHO, CH3OH, OCS, HC3N, and CH3CHO proves the existence of gas and dust at high temperatures. The gas kinetic temperature estimated from the vibrational lines of CH 3CN, ?405-67 +100 K, is similar to that measured in massive hot cores. Our data allow an extensive comparison of the chemistry in FIRS 2 and the Orion hot core. Conclusions. We find a quite similar chemistry in FIRS 2 and Orion. Most of the studied fractional molecular abundances agree within a factor of 5. Larger differences are only found for the deuterated compounds D2CO and CH2DOH and a few molecules (CH3CH2CN, SO2, HNCO and CH3CHO). Since the physical conditions are similar in both hot cores, only different initial conditions (warmer pre-collapse and collapse phase in the case of Orion) and/or different crossing times of the gas in the hot core can explain this behavior. We discuss these two scenarios.",Acetone|Deuterium|Ethylene glycol|Fuels|Isomers|Molecules|Sulfur dioxide|Astrochemistry|Chemical compositions|High spatial resolution|ISM: individual objects: NGC 7129|Kinetic temperatures|Local thermodynamic equilibrium|Stars: formation|Stars,10.1051/0004-6361/201323074,21272846,,,,117f9a5c-7769-425f-a1be-7e0512037547,article,eng
"Oxygen solubility, diffusion coefficient, and solution viscosity","Xing, Wei|Yin, Min|Lv, Qing|Hu, Yang|Liu, Changpeng|Zhang, Jiujun",,,,1,31,,2014,31/03/2014,,,,,,Rotating Electrode Methods and Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts,,Elsevier,9780444632784,,"In this chapter, the necessary parameters for both rotating disk electrode/rotating ring-disk electrode analysis in oxygen reduction reaction study, such as O2 solubility, O2 diffusion coefficient and the viscosity of the aqueous electrolyte solutions are discussed in depth in terms of their definitions, theoretical background, and experiment measurements. The effects of type/concentration of electrolyte, temperature, and pressure on values of these parameters are also discussed. To provide the readers with useful information, the values of these parameters are collected from literature, and summarized in several tables. In addition, the values of both the O2 solubility and diffusion coefficient in Nafion® membranes or ionomers are also listed in the tables. Hopefully, this chapter would be able to serve as a data source for the later chapters of this book, and also the readers could find it useful in their experimental data analysis.",Oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)|Rotating disk electrode(RDE)|Rotating ring-disk electrode(RRDE)|temperature|Nafion film ionomer|Pressure and pH|diffusion coefficient|electrolyte type/concentration|kinematic viscosity|oxygen solubility,10.1016/B978-0-444-63278-4.00001-X,21272848,,,,3b76c98e-3b7a-4ee4-bc93-2fa6fd03f89b,chapter,eng
Polylactic acid (PLA) biomedical foams for tissue engineering,"Shah Mohammadi, M.|Bureau, M. N.|Nazhat, S. N.",,,,313,334,,2014,2014,,,,,,Biomedical Foams for Tissue Engineering Applications,,Elsevier,9780857096968,,"Porous scaffolds based on polylactic acid (PLA) and its copolymers have been extensively used as templates for potential tissue regeneration applications. This chapter discusses the techniques involved in creating PLA-based foams, focusing on gas foaming. It also covers the structure, physical and mechanical properties of the scaffolds. It then reviews some of the applications of PLA-based foams for the engineering of soft and hard tissues. It also provides an insight into future trends in the design of PLA foams for biomedical applications. © 2014 Woodhead Publishing Limited. All rights reserved.",,10.1533/9780857097033.2.313,21272849,,,,1d1b583e-8eb2-4a62-8d5b-539a10f1ca98,chapter,eng
Identification and distribution of oxygenated fatty acids in Plantago seed lipids,"Smith, Mark A.|Zhang, Haixia|Purves, Randy W.","JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society",91,8,1313,1322,,2014,21/05/2014,,,0003-021X,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"Plant oils rich in oxygenated fatty acids (FAs) are of interest as renewable raw materials for industry. Previous studies reported unusual oxygenated FAs in the seed lipids of Plantago major and P. ovata. To determine if oxygenated FAs are a common component of Plantago seed oils, seed fatty acyl quality and quantity were determined for 23 Plantago species. Fatty acyl content, as a percentage of dry weight, ranged from 4.9 % in P. sempervirens to 18.8 % in P. coronopus. Oxygenated FAs were a frequent, but not ubiquitous component of Plantago seed lipids, reaching a level of almost 15 % in the seeds of P. nivalis. The oxygenated FAs were identified as isoricinoleic acid (9-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid, IR) and 9-oxo-cis-12-octadecenoic acid (OX). When present, most species contained both IR and OX. FAs containing oxo groups have not been reported as components of the seed oil of other plant species that synthesize IR or ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxy-cis-9-octadecenoic acid), suggesting unique aspects to the pathway of oxygenated FA biosynthesis in Plantago. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) demonstrated that IR and OX are components of triacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol estolides are a minor component of the seed oil of P. lanceolata with secondary acylation by oxygenated FAs.",Fatty acid methyl ester mass spectra; Isoricinoleic acid; MALDI-TOF MS; Oxo-fatty acid; Plantago lanceolata; Seed oil; Triacylglycerol estolide,10.1007/s11746-014-2478-2,21272813,NRC-ACRD-55936,,,59d74f5a-c07c-4618-8350-77aa0f900986,article,eng
Evanescent field waveguide sensing with subwavelength grating structures in silicon-on-insulator,"Wangüemert-Pérez, J. Gonzalo|Cheben, Pavel|Ortega-Moñux, Alejandro|Alonso-Ramos, Carlos|Pérez-Galacho, Diego|Halir, Robert|Molina-Fernández, Iñigo|Xu, Dan-Xia|Schmid, Jens H.",Optics Letters,39,15,4442,4445,,2014,23/07/2014,,,0146-9592,,,,,,,,"We explore, to the best of our knowledge, the potential of diffractionless subwavelength grating waveguides for sensing applications. We show that by subwavelength patterning of silicon-wire waveguides the field delocalization can be engineered to increase the sensitivity. Fully vectorial 3D-FDTD simulations confirm the sensitivity enhancement, achieving sensitivities of 0.83 RIU/RIU and 1.5 · 10-3 RIU/nm for bulk and surface sensing, respectively, which compare favorably to state-of-the-art sensing waveguides.",Waveguides|Delocalizations|Evanescent field waveguides|Sensing applications|Sensitivity enhancements|Sub-wave length grating|Sub-wavelength|Subwavelength grating waveguides|Surface sensing|Diffraction gratings,10.1364/OL.39.004442,21272815,,,,e667c438-322f-48c2-aaf7-17684329aae7,article,eng
Monte Carlo calculations of electron beam quality conversion factors for several ion chamber types,"Muir, B. R.|Rogers, D. W. O.",Medical Physics,41,11,,,111701,2014,14/10/2014,,,0094-2405,,,,,,,,"Purpose: To provide a comprehensive investigation of electron beam reference dosimetry using Monte Carlo simulations of the response of 10 plane-parallel and 18 cylindrical ion chamber types. Specific emphasis is placed on the determination of the optimal shift of the chambers' effective point of measurement (EPOM) and beam quality conversion factors.Methods: The EGSnrc system is used for calculations of the absorbed dose to gas in ion chamber models and the absorbed dose to water as a function of depth in a water phantom on which cobalt-60 and several electron beam source models are incident. The optimal EPOM shifts of the ion chambers are determined by comparing calculations of R50 converted from I50 (calculated using ion chamber simulations in phantom) to R50 calculated using simulations of the absorbed dose to water vs depth in water. Beam quality conversion factors are determined as the calculated ratio of the absorbed dose to water to the absorbed dose to air in the ion chamber at the reference depth in a cobalt-60 beam to that in electron beams.Results: For most plane-parallel chambers, the optimal EPOM shift is inside of the active cavity but different from the shift determined with water-equivalent scaling of the front window of the chamber. These optimal shifts for plane-parallel chambers also reduce the scatter of beam quality conversion factors, kQ, as a function of R50. The optimal shift of cylindrical chambers is found to be less than the 0.5 rcav recommended by current dosimetry protocols. In most cases, the values of the optimal shift are close to 0.3 rcav. Values of kecal are calculated and compared to those from the TG-51 protocol and differences are explained using accurate individual correction factors for a subset of ion chambers investigated. High-precision fits to beam quality conversion factors normalized to unity in a beam with R50 = 7.5 cm (k?Q) are provided. These factors avoid the use of gradient correction factors as used in the TG-51 protocol although a chamber dependent optimal shift in the EPOM is required when using plane-parallel chambers while no shift is needed with cylindrical chambers. The sensitivity of these results to parameters used to model the ion chambers is discussed and the uncertainty related to the practical use of these results is evaluated.Conclusions: These results will prove useful as electron beam reference dosimetry protocols are being updated. The analysis of this work indicates that cylindrical ion chambers may be appropriate for use in low-energy electron beams but measurements are required to characterize their use in these beams.",electron beam reference dosimetry|EGSnrc|kQ|kecal|beam quality conversion factors|EPOM|dosimetry protocols,10.1118/1.4893915,21272816,,,,4a21b4cc-c0b9-400e-b156-f456874a60f4,article,eng
"Biosensor systems and applications in genomics, proteomics and metabolomics: A review","Mackay, Scott|Chen, Jie",,,,217,220,6865104,2014,2014-06,,,0271-4310,Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,"2014 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, ISCAS 2014, 1 June 2014 through 5 June 2014, Melbourne, VIC",,,IEEE,9781479934324,,"This article provides a brief overview and background on current biosensor designs for applications in genomics, proteomics and metabolomics. As research continues in many different aspects of biosensor design, new and better ways to recognize and detect low concentrations of a wide variety of different biomolecules are being developed for various applications. Biosensors can offer a simpler, faster and cheaper alternative to the testing that is often required to collect the large amounts of data for genomic, proteomic and metabolomic sensing. Recognition elements such as DNA aptamers make detecting very different types of biomolecules in the same system possible, while the use of signal-enhancing nanoparticle probes and microfabricated sensor arrays make it possible to test for a large number of different target biomolecules quickly and effectively.",Antibodies|Biomolecules|Carbon nanotubes|Chemical detection|Aptamers|ELectrochemical detection|Genomics|Metabolomics|Optical detection|SELEX|Biosensors,10.1109/ISCAS.2014.6865104,21272817,,,,4482a5a6-1c87-458f-916b-35d985438b50,article,eng
Polyploid evolution of the Brassicaceae during the Cenozoic era,"Kagale, Sateesh|Robinson, Stephen J.|Nixon, John|Xiao, Rong|Huebert, Terry|Condie, Janet|Kessler, Dallas|Clarke, Wayne E.|Edger, Patrick P.|Links, Matthew G.|Sharpe, Andrew G.|Parkin, Isobel A. P.",Plant Cell,26,7,2777,2791,,2014,14/07/2014,,,1040-4651,,,,,ASPB Publications,,,"The Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) family, owing to its remarkable species, genetic, and physiological diversity as well as its significant economic potential, has become a model for polyploidy and evolutionary studies. Utilizing extensive transcriptome pyrosequencing of diverse taxa, we established a resolved phylogeny of a subset of crucifer species. We elucidated the frequency, age, and phylogenetic position of polyploidy and lineage separation events that have marked the evolutionary history of the Brassicaceae. Besides the well-known ancient ? (47 million years ago [Mya]) and ? (124 Mya) paleopolyploidy events, several species were shown to have undergone a further more recent (~7 to 12 Mya) round of genome multiplication. We identified eight whole-genome duplications corresponding to at least five independent neo/mesopolyploidy events. Although the Brassicaceae family evolved from other eudicots at the beginning of the Cenozoic era of the Earth (60 Mya), major diversification occurred only during the Neogene period (0 to 23 Mya). Remarkably, the widespread species divergence, major polyploidy, and lineage separation events during Brassicaceae evolution are clustered in time around epoch transitions characterized by prolonged unstable climatic conditions. The synchronized diversification of Brassicaceae species suggests that polyploid events may have conferred higher adaptability and increased tolerance toward the drastically changing global environment, thus facilitating species radiation.",,10.1105/tpc.114.126391,21272819,NRC-ACRD-56106,,,4b34af3e-7a58-4a49-b8a3-8eaf9dabcfba,article,eng
CIR modulation of the X-ray flux from the O7.5 III(n)((f)) star ? Persei?,"Massa, D.|Oskinova, L.|Fullerton, A. W.|Prinja, R. K.|Bohlender, D. A.|Morrison, N. D.|Blake, M.|Pych, W.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,441,3,2173,2180,,2014,01/07/2014,,,0035-8711,,,,,Oxford University Press,,,"We analyse a 162 ks high energy transmission grating Chandra observation of the O7.5 III(n)((f)) star ? Per, together with contemporaneous H? observations. The X-ray spectrum of this star is similar to other single O stars, and not pathological in any way. Its UV wind lines are known to display cyclical time variability, with a period of 2.086 d, which is thought to be associated with corotating interaction regions (CIRs). We examine the Chandra and H? data for variability on this time-scale. We find that the X-rays vary by ~15 per cent over the course of the observations and that this variability is out of phase with variable absorption on the blue wing of the H? profiles (assumed to be a surrogate for the UV absorption associated with CIRs). While not conclusive, both sets of data are consistent with models where the CIRs are either a source of X-rays or modulate them.",,10.1093/mnras/stu565,21272820,,,,4996bc29-edc8-4d58-8772-8dde8e816f7d,article,eng
The first CMOS LNA on a radio telescope,"Belostotski, Lenoid|Haslett, James W.|Veidt, Bruce|Landecker, Thomas L.|Gray, Andrew D.|Hovey, Gary J.|Sheehan, Ev|Messing, Rob.",,,,1,3,6887719,2014,2014,,,,Proceedings - ANTEM 2014: 2014 16th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics,"2014 16th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics, ANTEM 2014, 13 July 2014 through 16 July 2014, Victoria, BC",,,IEEE,9781479922253,,"This paper reports on the world's first CMOS low noise amplifier (LNA) operating successfully on a radio telescope since October 15th, 2010. The radio telescope used in this work is the Synthesis Telescope operated by the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, NRC, and located near Penticton, BC, Canada. This paper describes the work that led to the installation of the LNA on the telescope and shows measurement results obtained with the telescope.",Astrophysics|CMOS integrated circuits|Observatories|Radio frequency amplifiers|Radio telescopes|Aperture synthesis|Astrophysical observatory|CMOS LNA|CMOS low noise amplifiers|Square Kilometre Array (SKA)|Low noise amplifiers,10.1109/ANTEM.2014.6887719,21272821,,,,92ca9ad1-623f-4eeb-a179-bbb0b9b81fa6,article,eng
The GALEX ultraviolet virgo cluster survey (GUViCS) : III. The ultraviolet source catalogs,"Voyer, E. N.|Boselli, A.|Boissier, S.|Heinis, S.|Cortese, L.|Ferrarese, L.|Cote, P.|Cuillandre, J.-C.|Gwyn, S. D. J.|Peng, E. W.|Zhang, H.|Liu, C.",Astronomy and Astrophysics,569,,1,51,A124,2014,03/10/2014,,,0004-6361,,,,,,,,"In this paper we introduce the deepest and most extensive ultraviolet extragalactic source catalogs of the Virgo Cluster area to date. Archival and targeted GALEX imaging is compiled and combined to provide the deepest possible coverage over 120 deg2 in the NUV (eff = 231 6 Å) and ~40 deg2 in the FUV (eff = 1539 Å) between 180= RA =195 and 0° =Dec = 20°. We measure the integrated photometry of 1770 extended UV sources of all galaxy types anduse GALEX pipeline photometry for 1230855 point-like sources in the foreground, within, and behind the cluster. Extended source magnitudes are reliable to mUV ~ 22 showing a = ~ 0.01 = s difference from their asymptotic magnitudes. Point-like source magnitudes have a 1 = s standard deviation within = ~ 0.2 mag down to muv ~ 23. The point-like source catalog is cross-matched with large optical databases and surveys including the SDSS DR9 (> 1 million Virgo Cluster sources), the Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS; > 13 million Virgo Cluster sources),and the NED (~ 30000 sources in the Virgo Cluster). We find that 69% of the entire UV point-like source catalog has a unique optical counterpart, 11% of which are stars and 0.01% (129) are Virgo cluster members that are neither in the VCC nor part of the bright CGCG galaxy catalog (i.e., mpg < 14.5). These data are collected in three catalogs containing the UV extended sources, the UV point-like sources, and the most relevant optical parameters of UV-optically matched point-like sources for further studies from SDSS. The GUViCS catalogs provide a unique set of data for future work on UV and multiwavelength studies in the cluster and background environments.",Catalogs|Galaxies: clusters: individual: Virgo|Galaxies: photometry|Galaxies: star formation|Ultraviolet: galaxies,10.1051/0004-6361/201322511,21272825,,,,71f9c034-2833-4c6a-aa7a-4755e0fe2a9f,article,eng
"G141.2+5.0, a new pulsar wind nebula discovered in the Cygnus arm of the Milky Way","Kothes, R.|Sun, X. H.|Reich, W.|Foster, T. J.",The Astrophysical Journal Letters,784,2,,,L26,2014,14/03/2014,,,2041-8205,,,,,,,,"We report the discovery of the new pulsar wind nebula (PWN) G141.2+5.0 in data observed with the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory's Synthesis Telescope at 1420 MHz. The new PWN has a diameter of about 3.?5, which translates to a spatial extent of about 4 pc at a distance of 4.0 kpc. It displays a radio spectral index of ? ? -0.7, similar to the PWN G76.9+1.1. G141.2+5.0 is highly polarized up to 40% with an average of 15% in the 1420 MHz data. It is located in the center of a small spherical H I bubble, which is expanding at a velocity of 6 km s-1 at a systemic velocity of v LSR = -53 km s-1. The bubble could be the result of the progenitor star's mass loss or the shell-type supernova remnant (SNR) created by the same supernova explosion in a highly advanced stage. The systemic LSR velocity of the bubble shares the velocity of H I associated with the Cygnus spiral arm, which is seen across the second and third quadrants and an active star-forming arm immediately beyond the Perseus arm. A kinematical distance of 4 ± 0.5 kpc is found for G141.2+5.0, similar to the optical distance of the Cygnus arm (3.8 ± 1.1 kpc). G141.2+5.0 represents the first radio PWN discovered in 17 years and the first SNR discovered in the Cygnus spiral arm, which is in stark contrast with the Perseus arm's overwhelming population of shell-type remnants.",,10.1088/2041-8205/784/2/L26,21272826,,,,d487e0e1-a83e-4d2a-911a-65b7aecebea3,article,eng
Reproductive impacts and physiological adaptations of zebrafish to elevated dietary nickel,"Alsop, Derek|Lall, Santosh P.|Wood, Chris M.",Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part - C: Toxicology and Pharmacology,165,,67,75,,2014,2014-09,,,1532-0456,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Nickel (Ni) concentrations in the environment can rise due to human industrial activities. The toxicity of waterborne Ni to aquatic animals has been examined in a number of previous studies; however, little is known about the impacts of elevated dietary Ni. In the present study, zebrafish were chronically fed diets containing two concentrations of Ni [3.7 (control) and 116 ?g Ni/g diet]. Ni-exposed males, but not females, were significantly smaller (26%) compared to controls at 80 days. In addition, total egg production was decreased by 65% in the Ni treatment at 75-78 days of the experiment. Ni was ubiquitously distributed in control animals (similar to previous studies), and concentrations varied between tissues by 15-fold. Ni exposure resulted in modest but significant Ni accumulation in some tissues (increases were highest in brain, vertebrae and gut; 44%, 34% and 25%, respectively), an effect observed only at 80 days. The limited Ni accumulation may be due to (1) the lack of an acidified stomach in zebrafish and/or (2) the efficient upregulation of Ni transport and excretion mechanisms, as indicated by the 4.5-fold increase in waterborne 63Ni uptake by Ni-exposed fish. Eggs from Ni-exposed adults had Ni concentrations that were 5.2-fold higher than controls. However, by 4 days post fertilization, larvae had similar Ni concentrations as controls, demonstrating a capacity for rapid Ni depuration. Larvae from Ni-exposed adults were also more resistant to waterborne Ni (35% increase in the 96-h LC50 over controls). In conclusion, elevated dietary Ni significantly affected zebrafish reproduction despite only modest tissue Ni accumulation. There were also indications of adaptation, including increased Ni uptake rates and increased Ni tolerance of offspring from Ni-exposed adults. Ni concentrations were particularly elevated in the brain with exposure; possible relations to growth and reproductive impacts require further study.",estradiol|hydrocortisone|nickel|adaptation|animal experiment|animal tissue|brain|controlled study|dietary intake|egg production|environmental exposure|excretion|growth|intestine|larva|male|metabolic rate|nonhuman|ovary follicle|reproduction|survival|upregulation|zebra fish,10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.05.001,21272827,,,,dddbad09-1d5e-41da-a057-f6983c68d1e6,article,eng
Design and development of copper coatings for long term storage of used nuclear fuel,"Keech, P.G.|Vo, P.|Ramamurthy, S.|Chen, J.|Jacklin, R.|Shoesmith, D. W.",Corrosion Engineering Science and Technology,49,6,425,430,,2014,2014-10,,,1478-422X,,,,,Maney Publishing,,,"Within ongoing work, Canada's Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) is demonstrating that copper coatings can be developed as viable corrosion barriers for used fuel nuclear containers, emplaced in a deep geological repository. As a means of assessing container design and feasibility, coated samples, manufactured via cold spray and electro-deposition have been produced and characterised. Corrosion testing for coated samples and wrought samples reveals that cold spray samples behave similar to wrought samples in 3 mol L21NaCl solution at room temperature. When oxygen is absent, corrosion has not been observed.",Electrodeposition|Radioactive wastes|Cold spray|Copper coatings|Deep geological repository|Design and Development|Long-term storage|Copper corrosion,10.1179/1743278214Y.0000000206,21272831,,,,09234f84-85f8-4340-87c0-8864a6adee6f,article,eng
Efficient Raman generation in a waveguide: A route to ultrafast quantum random number generation,"England, D. G.|Bustard, P. J.|Moffatt, D. J.|Nunn, J.|Lausten, R.|Sussman, B. J.",Applied Physics Letters,104,5,,,51117,2014,04/02/2014,,,0003-6951,,,,,AIP Publishing,,,"The inherent uncertainty in quantum mechanics offers a source of true randomness which can be used to produce unbreakable cryptographic keys. We discuss the development of a high-speed random number generator based on the quantum phase fluctuations in spontaneously initiated stimulated Raman scattering (SISRS). We utilize the tight confinement and long interaction length available in a Potassium Titanyl Phosphate waveguide to generate highly efficient SISRS using nanojoule pulse energies, reducing the high pump power requirements of the previous approaches. We measure the random phase of the Stokes output using a simple interferometric setup to yield quantum random numbers at 145 Mbps.",Optical pumping|Quantum theory|Waveguides|Cryptographic key|Interaction length|Potassium titanyl phosphate|Pulse energies|Quantum phase fluctuations|Raman generation|Random number generators,10.1063/1.4864095,21272833,,,,d1687214-b39b-4e60-a3e0-409465dcaf07,article,eng
Eremophilane glucosides from petasites japonicus,"Wang, Guangyin|Zhang, Junzeng|Kulka, Marianna|Guo, Fujiang|Li, Yiming",Helvetica Chimica Acta,97,7,985,991,,2014,15/07/2014,,,0018-019X,,,,,Wiley,,,"Three new eremophilane glucosides, namely, petasitosides A-C, and seven known eremophilane-type sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the roots of Petasites japonicus. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. This is the first report on eremophilane glycosides from the genus Petasites.",Eremophilane glucosides; Petasites japonicus; Petasitosides AC; Sesquiterpenoids,10.1002/hlca.201300368,21272836,NRC-ACRD-55942,,,bfd88a1d-9cdb-4dfb-8dfc-363eb5c06c71,article,eng
Electrochemical synthesis of highly ordered polypyrrole on copper modified aluminium substrates,"Siddaramanna, Ashoka|Saleema, N.|Sarkar, D. K.",Applied Surface Science,307,,589,592,,2014,13/04/2014,,,0169-4332,,,,,,,,"Fabrication of highly ordered conducting polymers on metal surfaces has received a significant interest owing to their potential applications in organic electronic devices. In this context, we have developed a simple method for the synthesis of highly ordered polypyrrole (PPy) on copper modified aluminium surfaces via electrochemical polymerization process. A series of characteristic peaks of PPy evidenced on the infrared spectra of these surfaces confirm the formation of PPy. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of PPy deposited on copper modified aluminium surfaces also confirmed the deposition of PPy as a sharp and intense peak at 2? angle of 23° attributable to PPy is observed while this peak is absent on PPy deposited on as-received aluminium surfaces. An atomic model of the interface of PPy/Cu has been presented based on the inter-atomic distance of copper-copper of (1 0 0) plane and the inter-monomer distance of PPy, to describe the ordering of PPy on Cu modified Al surfaces.",Electrodeposition; Ordered polypyrrole; X-ray diffraction; Infrared spectroscopy; Copper films; Aluminium alloy surface,10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.04.077,21272844,,,,0ee500df-fed8-440a-b5f9-ee0ebcbaf98e,article,eng
Long-range spin transfer in triple quantum dots,"Sánchez, R.|Granger, G.|Gaudreau, L.|Kam, A.|Pioro-Ladrière, M.|Studenikin, S.A.|Zawadzki, P.|Sachrajda, A.S.|Platero, G.",Physical Review Letters,112,17,,,176803,2014,02/05/2014,,,0031-9007,,,,,,,,"Tunneling in a quantum coherent structure is not restricted to only nearest neighbors. Hopping between distant sites is possible via the virtual occupation of otherwise avoided intermediate states. Here we report the observation of long-range transitions in the transport through three quantum dots coupled in series. A single electron is delocalized between the left and right quantum dots, while the center one remains always empty. Superpositions are formed, and both charge and spin are exchanged between the outermost dots. The delocalized electron acts as a quantum bus transferring the spin state from one end to the other. Spin selection is enabled by spin correlations. The process is detected via the observation of narrow resonances which are insensitive to Pauli spin blockade. © 2014 American Physical Society.",Atomic physics|Physics|Coherent structure|Delocalized electron|Intermediate state|Narrow resonances|Nearest neighbors|Single electron|Spin correlations|Spin selection|Semiconductor quantum dots,10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.176803,21272847,,,,f58ae6b3-c7cb-407b-a7c6-06cb4e354f10,article,eng
Amino acid derivatives as bitter taste receptor (T2R) blockers,"Pydi, Sai P.|Sobotkiewicz, Tyler|Billakanti, Rohini|Bhullar, Rajinder P.|Loewen, Michele C.|Chelikani, Prashen",Journal of Biological Chemistry,289,36,25054,25066,,2014,05/10/2014,,,0021-9258,,,,,American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,,,"In humans, the 25 bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are activated by hundreds of structurally diverse bitter compounds. However, only five antagonists or bitter blockers are known. In this study, using molecular modeling guided site-directed mutagenesis, we elucidated the ligand-binding pocket of T2R4. We found seven amino acids located in the extracellular side of transmembrane 3 (TM3), TM4, extracellular loop 2 (ECL2), and ECL3 to be involved in T2R4 binding to its agonist quinine. ECL2 residues Asn-173 and Thr-174 are essential for quinine binding. Guided by a molecular model of T2R4, a number of amino acid derivatives were screened for their ability to bind to T2R4. These predictions were tested by calcium imaging assays that led to identification of ?-aminobutryic acid (GABA) and N?,N?-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-lysine (BCML) as competitive inhibitors of quinine-activated T2R4 with an IC50of 3.2 ± 0.3 ?M and 59 ± 18 nM, respectively. Interestingly, pharmacological characterization using a constitutively active mutant of T2R4 reveals that GABA acts as an antagonist, whereas BCML acts as an inverse agonist on T2R4. Site-directed mutagenesis confirms that the two novel bitter blockers share the same orthosteric site as the agonist quinine. The signature residues Ala-90 and Lys-270 play important roles in interacting with BCML and GABA, respectively. This is the first report to characterize a T2R endogenous antagonist and an inverse agonist. The novel bitter blockers will facilitate physiological studies focused on understanding the roles of T2Rs in extraoral tissues.",Amino acid derivatives; Bitter blockers; Bitter taste receptors; Calcium imaging; G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR); Molecular modeling; Receptor structure-function; Site-directed mutagenesis; Taste receptors,10.1074/jbc.M114.576975,21272843,NRC-ACRD-56083,,,4291d1f8-aa6d-400c-a07a-f0f94e11d702,article,eng
Excited state dynamics in SO2. I. Bound state relaxation studied by time-resolved photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopy,"Wilkinson, Iain|Boguslavskiy, Audrey E.|Mikosch, Jochen|Bertrand, Julien B.|Wörner, Hans Jakob|Villeneuve, David M.|Spanner, Michael|Patchkovskii, Serguei|Stolow, Albert",Journal of Chemical Physics,140,20,1,5,204301,2014,2014,,,0021-9606,,,,,,,,"The excited state dynamics of isolated sulfur dioxide molecules have been investigated using the time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and time-resolved photoelectron-photoion coincidence techniques. Excited state wavepackets were prepared in the spectroscopically complex, electronically mixed (B?)1B1/(Ã)1A2, Clements manifold following broadband excitation at a range of photon energies between 4.03 eV and 4.28 eV (308 nm and 290 nm, respectively). The resulting wavepacket dynamics were monitored using a multiphoton ionisation probe. The extensive literature associated with the Clements bands has been summarised and a detailed time domain description of the ultrafast relaxation pathways occurring from the optically bright (B?)1B1 diabatic state is presented. Signatures of the oscillatory motion on the (B?) 1B1/(Ã)1A2 lower adiabatic surface responsible for the Clements band structure were observed. The recorded spectra also indicate that a component of the excited state wavepacket undergoes intersystem crossing from the Clements manifold to the underlying triplet states on a sub-picosecond time scale. Photoelectron signal growth time constants have been predominantly associated with intersystem crossing to the (c?)3B2 state and were measured to vary between 750 and 150 fs over the implemented pump photon energy range. Additionally, pump beam intensity studies were performed. These experiments highlighted parallel relaxation processes that occurred at the one- and two-pump-photon levels of excitation on similar time scales, obscuring the Clements band dynamics when high pump beam intensities were implemented. Hence, the Clements band dynamics may be difficult to disentangle from higher order processes when ultrashort laser pulses and less-differential probe techniques are implemented.",Dynamics|Excited states|Photoelectron spectroscopy|Photoelectrons|Probes|Sulfur dioxide|Ultrashort pulses|Wave packets|Excited-state dynamics|Inter-system crossings|Multiphoton ionisation|Photoelectron signals|Photoelectron-photoion coincidence|Time domain description|Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy|Ultrafast relaxation|Photons,10.1063/1.4875035,21272840,,,,8e6b7e80-b29c-4847-9ef2-4f5df936e3df,article,eng
Abscisic acid flux alterations result in differential abscisic acid signaling responses and impact assimilation efficiency in barley under terminal drought stress,"Seiler, Christiane|Harshavardhan, Vokkaliga T.|Reddy, Palakolanu Sudhakar|Hensel, Götz|Kumlehn, Jochen|Eschen-Lippold, Lennart|Rajesh, Kalladan|Korzun, Viktor|Wobus, Ulrich|Lee, Justin|Selvaraj, Gopalan|Sreenivasulu, Nese",Plant Physiology,164,4,1677,1696,,2014,07/03/2014,,,0032-0889,,,,,,,,"Abscisic acid (ABA) is a central player in plant responses to drought stress. How variable levels of ABA under short-term versus long-term drought stress impact assimilation and growth in crops is unclear. We addressed this through comparative analysis, using two elite breeding lines of barley (Hordeum vulgare) that show senescence or stay-green phenotype under terminal drought stress and by making use of transgenic barley lines that express Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (AtNCED6) coding sequence or an RNA interference (RNAi) sequence of ABA 8'-hydroxylase under the control of a drought-inducible barley promoter. The high levels of ABA and its catabolites in the senescing breeding line under long-term stress were detrimental for assimilate productivity, whereas these levels were not perturbed in the stay-green type that performed better. In transgenic barley, drought-inducible AtNCED expression afforded temporal control in ABA levels such that the ABA levels rose sooner than in wild-type plants but also subsided, unlike as in the wild type, to near-basal levels upon prolonged stress treatment due to down-regulation of endogenous HvNCED genes. Suppressing of ABA catabolism with the RNA interference approach of ABA 89-hydroxylase caused ABA flux during the entire period of stress. These transgenic plants performed better than the wild type under stress to maintain a favorable instantaneous water use efficiency and better assimilation. Gene expression analysis, protein structural modeling, and protein-protein interaction analyses of the members of the PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1/PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1-LIKE/REGULATORY COMPONENT OF ABA RECEPTORS, TYPE 2C PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE Sucrose nonfermenting1- related protein kinase2, and ABA-INSENSITIVE5/ABA-responsive element binding factor family identified specific members that could potentially impact ABA metabolism and stress adaptation in barley.",,10.1104/pp.113.229062,21272818,,,,7a2e354e-276a-4175-a5f2-cb08899d4670,article,eng
Pathological mechanism for delayed hyperenhancement of chronic scarred myocardium in contrast agent enhanced magnetic resonance imaging,"Wang, Jian|Xiang, Bo|Lin, Hung-Yu|Liu, Hongyu|Freed, Darren|Arora, Rakesh C.|Tian, Ganghong",PLoS ONE,9,5,1,9,e96463,2014,06/05/2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,,,,"Objectives: To evaluate possible mechanism for delayed hyperenhancement of scarred myocardium by investigating the relationship of contrast agent (CA) first pass and delayed enhancement patterns with histopathological changes. Materials and Methods: Eighteen pigs underwent 4 weeks ligation of 1 or 2 diagonal coronary arteries to induce chronic infarction. The hearts were then removed and perfused in a Langendorff apparatus. The hearts firstly experienced phosphorus 31 MR spectroscopy. The hearts in group I (n = 9) and II (n = 9) then received the bolus injection of Gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (0.05 mmol/kg) and gadolinium-based macromolecular agent (P792, 15 mmol/kg), respectively. First pass T2* MRI was acquired using a gradient echo sequence. Delayed enhanced T1 MRI was acquired with an inversion recovery sequence. Masson's trichrome and anti- von Willebrand Factor (vWF) staining were performed for infarct characterization. Results: Wash-in of both kinds of CA caused the sharp and dramatic T2* signal decrease of scarred myocardium similar to that of normal myocardium. Myocardial blood flow and microvessel density were significantly recovered in 4-week-old scar tissue. Steady state distribution volume (?R1 relaxation rate) of Gd-DTPA was markedly higher in scarred myocardium than in normal myocardium, whereas ?R1 relaxation rate of P792 did not differ significantly between scarred and normal myocardium. The ratio of extracellular volume to the total water volume was significantly greater in scarred myocardium than in normal myocardium. Scarred myocardium contained massive residual capillaries and dilated vessels. Histological stains indicated the extensively discrete matrix deposition and lack of cellular structure in scarred myocardium. Conclusions: Collateral circulation formation and residual vessel effectively delivered CA into scarred myocardium. However, residual vessel without abnormal hyperpermeability allowed Gd-DTPA rather than P792 to penetrate into extravascular compartment. Discrete collagen fiber meshwork and loss of cellularity enlarged extracellular space accessible to Gd-DTPA, resulting in the delayed hyper-enhanced scar. © 2014 Wang et al.",collagen fiber|contrast medium|gadolinium pentetate|gadomelitol|von Willebrand factor|animal experiment|animal model|animal tissue|article|capillary density|cardiovascular magnetic resonance|contrast enhancement|controlled study|coronary artery ligation|domestic pig|extracellular space|heart disease|heart infarction|heart muscle blood flow|histopathology|isolated heart|nonhuman|phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance|scarred myocardium,10.1371/journal.pone.0096463,21272822,,,,82293cc6-cb81-4804-9707-559594368d52,article,eng
Detection of single graves by airborne hyperspectral imaging,"Leblanc, G.|Kalacska, M.|Soffer, R.",Forensic Science International,245,,17,23,,2014,29/08/2014,,,0379-0738,,,,,,,,"Airborne hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was assessed as a potential tool to locate single grave sites. While airborne HSI has shown to be useful to locate mass graves, it is expected the location of single graves would be an order of magnitude more difficult due to the smaller size and reduced mass of the targets. Two clearings were evaluated (through a blind test) as potential sites for containing at least one set of buried remains. At no time prior to submitting the locations of the potential burial sites from the HSI were the actual locations of the sites released or shared with anyone from the analysis team.The two HSI sensors onboard the aircraft span the range of 408-2524. nm. A range of indicators that exploit the narrow spectral and spatial resolutions of the two complimentary HSI sensors onboard the aircraft were calculated. Based on the co-occurrence of anomalous pixels within the expected range of the indicators three potential areas conforming to our underlying assumptions of the expected spectral responses (and spatial area) were determined. After submission of the predicted burial locations it was revealed that two of the targets were located within GPS error (10. m) of the true burial locations. Furthermore, due to the history of the TPOF site for burial work, investigation of the third target is being considered in the near future. The results clearly demonstrate promise for hyperspectral imaging to aid in the detection of buried remains, however further work is required before these results can justifiably be used in routine scenarios.",Hyperspectral|Grave detection|Single burial|Airborne remote sensing,10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.020,21272824,,,,53925cee-0cb6-40e8-b378-708245a12271,article,eng
Progress toward development of low-temperature microwave refractive index gas thermometry at NRC,"Rourke, P. M. C.|Hill, K. D.",International Journal of Thermophysics,36,2,205,228,,2014,28/09/2014,,,0195-928X,,,,,,,,"Progress toward the development of a low-temperature microwave refractive index gas thermometry implementation for primary thermometry at NRC is reported. A prototype quasi-spherical copper resonator has been integrated into a cryogenic system with a 5 K base temperature, and preliminary microwave measurements in vacuum have been completed to characterize the resonator between 5 K and 297 K. The dependence of experimental results on spectral fitting background terms, 1st- and 2nd-order shape corrections, and waveguide corrections has also been explored. The current NRC results agree with previous room-temperature measurements on the same resonator at NIST, and indicate no significant change in resonator shape between room temperature and low temperature. The temperature dependences of the resonator electrical conductivity and linear thermal expansion coefficient, as obtained from the microwave resonances, agree with published literature values for oxygen-free high-conductivity copper measured using other techniques.",Electromagnetic resonance|Gas thermometers|Low temperatures|Microwave refractive index|Microwaves,10.1007/s10765-014-1728-8,21272828,,,,1c57847b-a15d-4dca-bad6-d82c8f5c9251,article,eng
Investigating the antiviral role of cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector B in HCV replication,"Singaravelu, Ragunath|Delcorde, Julie|Lyn, Rodney K.|Steenbergen, Rineke H.|Jones, Daniel M.|Tyrrell, David Lorne|Russell, Rodney S.|Pezacki, John P.",FEBS Journal,281,16,3751,3765,,2014,23/07/2014,,,1742-464X,,,,,Wiley,,,"Cell-death-inducing DFF45-like effector B (CIDEB) is an apoptotic host factor, which was recently found to also regulate hepatic lipid homeostasis. Herein we delineate the relevance of these dual roles of CIDEB in apoptosis and lipid metabolism in the context of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. We demonstrate that HCV upregulates CIDEB expression in human serum differentiated hepatoma cells. CIDEB overexpression inhibits HCV replication in HCV replicon expressing Huh7.5 cells, while small interfering RNA knockdown of CIDEB expression in human serum differentiated hepatoma cells promotes HCV replication and secretion of viral proteins. Furthermore, we characterize a CIDEB mutant, KRRA, which is deficient in lipid droplet clustering and fusion and demonstrate that CIDEB-mediated inhibition of HCV is independent of the protein's lipid droplet fusogenic role. Our results suggest that higher levels of CIDEB expression, which favour an apoptotic role for the host factor, inhibit HCV. Collectively, our data demonstrate that CIDEB can act as an anti-HCV host factor and contribute to altered triglyceride homeostasis. Here, we illustrate that hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication activates the expression of the liver abundant host factor CIDEB with known regulatory roles in hepatic lipid homeostasis and apoptosis. We demonstrate that siRNA mediated knockdown CIDEB overexpression increase HCV replication and CIDEB knockdown inhibits HCV replication and this inhibition is independent of CIDEB's role in lipid droplet clustering and fusion.","cell death inducing DFF45 like effector b|host factor|small interfering RNA|unclassified drug|virus protein|apoptosis|controlled study|hepatitis C|lipid metabolism|nucleotide sequence|protein expression|protein function|protein secretion|replicon|upregulation|virus inhibition|virus replication|CARS microscopy|cell-inducing DFF45 like effector|lipid droplet|Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins|Caspase 3|Caspase 7|Caspases|Cell Line, Tumor|Hepacivirus|Homeostasis|Host-Pathogen Interactions|Lipid Metabolism|Triglycerides",10.1111/febs.12901,21272829,,,,3b0ef5cf-46ad-4905-87de-bee9b6f29379,article,eng
Rotating disk electrode method,"Du, Chunyu|Tan, Qiang|Yin, Geping|Zhang, Jiujun",,,,171,198,,2014,31/03/2014,,,,,,Rotating Electrode Methods and Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts,,,9780444632784,,"In this chapter, to give readers the knowledge how to appropriately use rotating disk electrode (RDE) in their oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) study, fundamentals of both the electron transfer process on electrode surface and diffusion-convection kinetics near the rotating electrode are presented. Two kinds of RDE and their associated theories of the diffusion-convection kinetics and its coupling with the electron-transfer process are presented, one is the smooth electrode surface, and the other is the catalyst-layer-coated electrode. For measurements using the RDE method, the apparatus of RDE and its associated devices such as rotator and electrochemical cell are described to give the readers the basic sense about this technique. The measurement procedure including RDE preparation, catalyst layer fabrication, current-potential curve recording, the data analysis, as well as the cautions in RDE measurements are also discussed in this chapter.",,10.1016/B978-0-444-63278-4.00005-7,21272830,,,,3d957598-a85f-472e-8de8-758653fae6a3,chapter,eng
Hosting various guests including fullerenes and free radicals in versatile organic paramagnetic bTbk open frameworks,"Bardelang, David|Giorgi, Michel|Hornebecq, Virginie|Stepanov, Anatoli|Hardy, Micael|Rizzato, Egon|Monnier, Valerie|Zaman, Md. Badruz|Chan, Gordon|Udachin, Konstantin|Enright, Gary|Tordo, Paul|Ouari, Olivier",Crystal Growth and Design,14,2,467,476,,2014,10/12/2014,,,1528-7483,,,,,ACS Publishing,,,"The dinitroxide bis(TEMPO) bisketal (bTbk) was shown to crystallize into open frameworks whose structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. We show that bTbk can be used as a supramolecular building block for the hosting of a plethora of guests inside the 1D channels of its paramagnetic framework, including other radicals such as TEMPO or 2-azaadamantane-N-oxyl. C60 and C70 were also found to be easily included in this open framework during its crystallization. This resulted in well-defined, nanostructured assemblies of composite radical crystals (bTbk/toluene/C60 or C70) or (bTbk/toluene/TEMPO) by a very simple dissolution/crystallization process with tunable guest content. Selective C60 extraction was also demonstrated directly from fullerene soot.",Building blockes|Fullerene soot|Nanostructured assembly|Open frameworks|Single crystal x-ray diffraction|Free radicals|Fullerenes|X ray diffraction|Paramagnetism,10.1021/cg401097e,21272823,,,,cf28f67c-dbdb-4e1a-81c2-e598cccae9bc,article,eng
Analytical method for the determination of trace toxic elements in milk based on combining Fe3O4 nanoparticles accelerated UV fenton-like digestion and solid phase extraction,"Ai, Xi|Wu, Li|Zhang, Mengni|Hou, Xiandeng|Yang, Lu|Zheng, Chengbin",Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,62,34,8586,8593,,2014,29/07/2014,,,0021-8561,,,,,ACS Publications,,,"A UV Fenton-like digestion method was developed first time for a complete digestion of milk samples by using 1.6 g L-1 Fe3O 4 magnetic nanoparticles, 0.2% (v/v) nitric acid, and 6% (w/w) H 2O2. During the digestion, the liberated As-, Sb-, and Bi-containing species were preconcentrated onto the surface of Fe 3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, which were conveniently separated with a hand-held magnet and subsequently dissolved in hydrochloric acid prior to hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometric detection. Owing to the integration of UV Fenton-like digestion, solid phase extraction, and magnetic separation into a single step, the developed method significantly simplifies sample preparation steps and reduces chemical consumption and hazardous waste. Limits of detection of 0.0015, 0.0022, and 0.0025 ?g L -1 were obtained for As, Sb, and Bi, respectively, using a 50 mL milk sample. The method was applied to the determination of these elements in a Certified Reference Material and milk samples.",Antimony|Bismuth|Effluent treatment|Hydrides|Magnetic separation|Nanoparticles|Phase separation|Certified reference materials|Chemical consumption|Fenton reactions|Hydride generations|Magnetic nano-particles|Sample pretreatment|Solid-phase extraction|Spectrometric detection|Trace elements,10.1021/jf501638k,21272802,,,,f307ae90-7bbc-4e76-a3fe-69ad4fefa6fd,article,eng
Hybrid cryogenic low noise amplifier for the MeetKAT array,"Jiang, Frank|Claude, Stéphane|Garcia, Dominic",,,,,,6887699,2014,2014-07,,,,Proceedings - ANTEM 2014: 2014 16th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics,"2014 16th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics, ANTEM 2014, 13 July 2014 through 16 July 2014, Victoria, BC",,,IEEE,9781479922253,,"Hybrid microwave integrated circuit technology is used to design and develop an L-band (900-2100 MHz) ultra-low noise amplifier for the MeerKAT array. This low noise amplifier achieved 2 K noise temperature, more than 40 dB gain, S11 & S22 better than -11 & -15 dB at 15 K ambient. Linearity and gain compression is verified. The noise performance is explored as the cooling temperature changes from 15 to 85 K.",Amplifiers (electronic)|Antenna arrays|Cryogenics|Microwave amplifiers|Microwave integrated circuits|Cooling temperature|Cryogenic low noise amplifiers|Hybrid microwave integrated circuits|MeerKAT array|Noise amplifiers|Noise performance|Noise temperature|SKA|Low noise amplifiers,10.1109/ANTEM.2014.6887699,21272807,,,,dc49d5bf-b45e-4cf0-9fe5-0b8d233b7ed5,article,eng
Continuous slow and fast light generation using a silicon-on-insulator microring resonator incorporating a multimode interference coupler,"Shahoei, Hiva|Xu, Dan-Xia.|Schmid, Jens H.|Yao, Jianping",Journal of Lightwave Technology,32,22,3677,3682,6856139,2014,15/07/2014,,,0733-8724,,,,,,,,"Continuously tunable slow and fast light generation using a silicon-on-insulator microring resonator (MRR) incorporating a multimode interference (MMI) coupler is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The MMI coupler is optimized for the transverse-magnetic mode. By changing the input polarization state, the self-coupling coefficient and the loss factor of the MRR are changed. The depth and the bandwidth of the MRR are tunable by tuning the self-coupling coefficient and the loss factor; thus, a tunable phase shift can be achieved at the resonance wavelength, which leads to the generation of a tunable slow and fast light. The proposed scheme is experimentally evaluated. A tunable slow light with a maximum time delay of 35 ps and a slow-to-fast light with a continuously tunable range of 102 ps are achieved for a 13.5-GHz Gaussian optical pulse by using a double-MMI coupler MRR and a single-MMI coupler MRR, respectively.",Microring resonator|Microring Resonator (MRR)|Multimode interference couplers|Silicon photonics|Slow and fast light,10.1109/JLT.2014.2339365,21272808,,,,b2f2414a-c120-4f49-9bbd-ecf82fee8963,article,eng
Silicon photonic integration with subwavelength gratings,"Schmid, J. H.|Cheben, P.|Lapointe, J.|Xu, D. -X.|Janz, S.|Vachon, M.|Wang, S.|Bock, P.|Benedikovi?, D.|Halir, R.|Ortega-Moñux, A.|Ramos, C. A.|Pérez, J. G. W.|Molina-Fernández, I.",,,,,,6876506,2014,2014-07,,,2162-7339,International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks,"16th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks, ICTON 2014, 6 July 2014 through 10 July 2014, Graz",,,IEEE,9781479956005,,"Subwavelength grating structures with a pitch smaller than the Bragg resonance length can be used for engineering the refractive index in silicon photonic waveguides. We discuss the principles, design, fabrication and applications of subwavelength nanostructures in silicon photonics and review our recent results on fiber-chip coupling structures, surface grating couplers, waveguide crossings, and athermal waveguides with a polymersilicon hybrid core.",Photonics|Refractive index|Transparent optical networks|Waveguides|Athermal waveguides|Fiber chip coupling|Grating couplers|Silicon photonics|Sub-wave length grating|Subwavelength nanostructures|Surface grating couplers|Waveguide crossings|Photonic devices,10.1109/ICTON.2014.6876506,21272812,,,,e8bcd5a4-ecb2-43b7-b0a4-937f02a4733d,article,eng
Effect of pre- and post-weld heat treatments on linear friction welded Ti-5553,"Wanjara, Priti|Dalgaard, Elvi|Gholipour, Javad|Cao, Xinjin|Cuddy, Jonathan|Jonas, John J.",Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science,45,11,5138,5157,,2014,2014-10,,,1073-5623,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"Linear friction welding allows solid-state joining of near-beta (?) titanium alloy Ti-5553 (Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr). In the as-welded condition, the weld zone (WZ) exhibits ? grain refinement and marked softening as compared with Ti-5553 in the solution heat treated and aged condition. The softening of the weldment is attributed to the depletion of the strengthening alpha (?) phase in the WZ and the adjacent thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ). Specifically, in near-? titanium alloys, the strength of the material mainly depends on the shape, size, distribution, and fraction of the primary ? and other decomposition products of the ? phase. Hence, a combination of pre- and post-weld heat treatments were applied to determine the conditions that allow mitigating the ? phase depletion in the WZ and TMAZ of the welds. The mechanical response of the welded samples to the heat treatments was determined by performing microhardness measurements and tensile testing at room temperature with an automated 3D deformation measurement system. It was found that though the joint efficiency in the as-welded condition was high (96 pct), strain localization and failure occurred in the TMAZ. The application of post-weld solution heat treatment with aging was effective in restoring ?, increasing the joint efficiency (97 to 99 pct) and inducing strain localization and failure in the parent material region.",Friction welding|Grain refinement|Heat treatment|Strength of materials|Tensile testing|Welding|3D deformation measurements|Decomposition products|Linear friction welding|Microhardness measurement|Post weld heat treatment|Solution heat treated|Solution heat treatment|Thermomechanically affected zones|Titanium alloys,10.1007/s11661-014-2475-y,21272814,,,,83e83dec-b6e9-4df6-8f2f-8114db9a6cd4,article,eng
Intra-pixel response of the new JWST infrared detector arrays,"Hardy, T.|Willot, C.|Pazder, J.",,9154,,,,91542D,2014,2014-07,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy VI, 22 June 2014 through 25 June 2014, Montreal, QC",,,SPIE,9780819496225,,We have repeated some of our previous measurements of the intra-pixel response of the infrared detector arrays for the Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). This set of tests was performed on a 5 micron cutoff substrate-removed HAWAII-1RG from the new batch of devices produced for JWST. The measurements were done at wavelengths from 650 nm to 1550 nm. The results from these tests indicate that there are no significant differences in the intra-pixel response between the older JWST devices and the new ones. Modeling suggests that the primary contributor to the response profile is diffusion in the bulk detector material.,Diffusion|Infrared detectors|Space telescopes|1550 nm|Detector materials|Fine guidance sensors|Intra-pixel response|James Webb space telescope|Response profile|Astronomy,10.1117/12.2057114,21272805,,,,7ecdff4f-bdc5-417a-92b1-94028ae69a3b,article,eng
An investigation on bio-based polyurethane foam insulation for building construction,"Mukhopadhyaya, Phalguni|Ton-That, Minh-Tan|Ngo, Tri-Dung|Legros, Nathalie|Masson, J. -F.|Bundalo-Perc, Sladana|van Reenen, David",,1574 STP,,131,141,,2014,2014-01,,,0066-0558,ASTM Special Technical Publication,"ASTM Symposium on Next-Generation Thermal Insulation Challenges and Opportunities, 23 October 2013 through 24 October 2013, Jacksonville, FL",,,ASTM International,9780803175938,,"Bio-based renewable construction material is an old concept. Wood, straw, and other products of nature have been used for millennia around the world. However, in modern construction, the ratio of bio-based to non-renewable building materials is very low. This is primarily due to performance requirements. Purely bio-based construction materials sometimes have performance levels not quite equal to modern construction materials. The biggest challenge for the development of bio-based construction materials is to bring environmental friendliness and high engineering performance together in a single material. This paper presents results from a laboratory screening study on the development and the assessment of rigid partially bio-based polyurethane (PU) foams (seven different formulations) that contain lignin-based polyols, up to 20 % of polyol weight. The formulation strategy, morphology, and hygrothermal performance of rigid bio-based PU foams are presented and compared with the traditional petroleum-based reference PU foam. This study demonstrates that partially bio-based rigid PU foam with appropriate formulation can have characteristics that may be suitable for the construction industry applications. For market acceptance, further investigation is needed on long-term performance and durability.",Alcohols|Construction industry|Industrial applications|Rigid foamed plastics|Thermal insulation|Bio-based|Bio-foam|Engineering performance|Environmental friendliness|Hygrothermal performance|Modern construction materials|Performance requirements|Polyurethane Foam|Building materials,10.1520/STP157420130107,21272809,,,,2f4bd601-06ea-4843-822f-80fe4dc7688a,article,eng
Far-IR spectra of small neutral gold clusters in the gas phase,"Gruene, Philipp|Butschke, Burkhard|Lyon, Jonathan T.|Rayner, David M.|Fielicke, André",Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie,228,04-May,337,350,,2014,07/02/2014,,,0942-9352,,,,,de Gruyter,,,"Vibrational spectra of small neutral gold clusters containing up to 8 Au atoms are measured in the far-infrared (46-222 cm-1) via photodissociation of their complexes with krypton atoms. Comparisons with calculated IR spectra for bare Au n clusters using density functional theory allow for structural assignment. For these small sizes, all clusters are found to be planar and of comparably high symmetry. For Au6 no data is available, as this cluster size is not detected in the photoionization mass spectra due to its high ionization energy. The structures assigned are for n = 4: rhombus (D2h); 5: trapezoid (C2v); 7: edge-capped triangle (Cs), 8: 4-fold edge-capped square (D4h).",,10.1515/zpch-2014-0480,21272810,,,,953381ac-864f-4cb5-b097-ed5dd91cf641,article,eng
Flow control in an aggressive interturbine transition duct using low profile vortex generators,"Zhang, Yanfeng|Hu, Shuzhen|Zhang, Xue-Feng|Benner, Michael|Mahallati, Ali|Vlasic, Edward",Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,136,11,,,112604,2014,03/06/2014,,,0742-4795,,,,,ASME,,,"This paper presents an experimental investigation of the flow mechanisms in an aggressive interturbine transition duct with and without low-profile vortex generators flow control. The interturbine duct had an area ratio of 1.53 and a mean rise angle of 35deg. Measurements were made inside the annulus at a Reynolds number of 150,000. At the duct inlet, the background turbulence intensity was raised to 2.3% and a uniform swirl angle of 20deg was established with a 48-airfoil vane ring. Results for the baseline case (no vortex generators) showed the flow structures within the duct were dominated by counter-rotating vortices and boundary layer separation in both the casing and hub regions. The combination of the adverse pressure gradient at the casing's first bend and upstream low momentum wakes caused the boundary layer to separate on the casing. The separated flow on the casing appears to reattach at the second bend. Counter-rotating and corotating vortex generators were installed on the casing. While both vortex generators significantly decreased the casing boundary layer separation with consequential reduction of overall pressure losses, the corotating configuration was found to be more effective.",Boundary layers|Flow control|Reynolds number|Transport aircraft|Adverse pressure gradient|Boundary-layer separation|Casing boundary layer|Co-rotating vortices|Counter-rotating vortices|Experimental investigations|Overall pressure loss|Turbulence intensity|Ducts,10.1115/1.4027656,21272811,,,,be0cbbac-62bf-4c20-8dc1-daee51409019,article,eng
Alma observations of the Orion proplyds,"Mann, Rita K.|Di Francesco, James|Johnstone, Doug|Andrews, Sean M.|Williams, Jonathan P.|Bally, John|Ricci, Luca|Hughes, A. Meredith|Matthews, Brenda C.",The Astrophysical Journal,784,1,,,82,2014,20/03/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,IOP Science,,,"We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of protoplanetary disks (""proplyds"") in the Orion Nebula Cluster. We imaged five individual fields at 856 ?m containing 22 Hubble Space Telescope (HST)-identified proplyds and detected 21 of them. Eight of those disks were detected for the first time at submillimeter wavelengths, including the most prominent, well-known proplyd in the entire Orion Nebula, 114-426. Thermal dust emission in excess of any free-free component was measured in all but one of the detected disks, and ranged between 1 and 163 mJy, with resulting disk masses of 0.3-79 M jup. An additional 26 stars with no prior evidence of associated disks in HST observations were also imaged within the 5 fields, but only 2 were detected. The disk mass upper limits for the undetected targets, which include OB stars, ?1 Ori C, and ?1 Ori F, range from 0.1 to 0.6 M jup. Combining these ALMA data with previous Submillimeter Array observations, we find a lack of massive (?3 M jup) disks in the extreme-UV-dominated region of Orion, within 0.03 pc of ?1 Ori C. At larger separations from ?1 Ori C, in the far-UV-dominated region, there is a wide range of disk masses, similar to what is found in low-mass star forming regions. Taken together, these results suggest that a rapid dissipation of disk masses likely inhibits potential planet formation in the extreme-UV-dominated regions of OB associations, but leaves disks in the far-UV-dominated regions relatively unaffected.",,10.1088/0004-637X/784/1/82,21272780,,,,362e9441-9b69-4d0c-8e98-8564411d5d3c,article,eng
Crystal engineering the clathrate hydrate lattice with NH4F,"Shin, Kyuchul|Moudrakovski, Igor L.|Davari, Mehdi D.|Alavi-Shoushtari, Saman|Ratcliffe, Christophe I.|Ripmeester, John A.",CrystEngComm,16,31,7209,7217,,2014,2014,,,1466-8033,,,,,,,,"There have been very few attempts to apply crystal engineering approaches to modify the clathrate lattice with the aim of modifying structure and properties. To this end, solutions of ammonium fluoride in water were used to prepare clathrate hydrates with ammonium fluoride replacing water molecules in the hydrate lattice. Both modified structure I Xe and structure II tetrahydrofuran/Xe hydrates were prepared, with the hydrate lattices consisting of NH4F-water solid solutions containing up to ~19 and 25 mole% NH4F, respectively. The lattice constants for both hydrates decreased with increase of the amount of NH4F incorporated, and guest positions and cage occupancies were determined from the PXRD patterns with direct space methods and Rietveld analysis. The 129Xe NMR spectra for Xe in the small cavities of each hydrate showed NH4F concentration-dependent fine structure, not evident in the pure water clathrates, and characteristic of the presence of cage configurations with different distributions of ions. Analysis of the spectra along with density functional theory calculations of the chemical shifts allowed reasonable assignments to be made of the ion distribution. As a test of the altered function of the clathrate upon modification, a clathrate of methanol was prepared, something which has not been possible to do with a pure water clathrate. Structural analysis of the PXRD pattern by direct space methods showed that the methanol OH was hydrogen-bonded to one or both of the NH 4 + and F- ions in the lattice, a conclusion corroborated by the absence of molecular motion (except for methyl group rotation) of the methanol guest in the clathrate cages, as determined by static 2H NMR and molecular dynamics simulations. The stability of the modified methanol clathrate can be attributed to the strong methanol CH 3OH?F- or CH3OH?NH 4 + hydrogen bonding which leaves the water-water hydrogen bonding network intact, as opposed to the situation in a pure water clathrate where the methanol-water hydrogen bonding disrupts the lattice and a stable clathrate cannot be made.",,10.1039/c3ce41661e,21272782,,,,d975d1cf-0c74-465b-8836-edf7417a760b,article,eng
Molecular mechanisms in the selective basal activation of pyrabactin receptor 1: Comparative analysis of mutants,"Dorosh, Lyudmyla|Rajagopalan, Nandhakishore|Loewen, Michele C.|Stepanova, Maria",FEBS Open Bio,4,,496,509,,2014,01/01/2014,,,2211-5463,,,,,Wiley,,,"Pyrabactin receptors (PYR) play a central role in abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction; they are ABA receptors that inhibit type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2C). Molecular aspects contributing to increased basal activity of PYR against PP2C are studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. An extensive series of MD simulations of the apo-form of mutagenized PYR1 as a homodimer and in complex with homology to ABA-insensitive 1 (HAB1) phosphatase are reported. In order to investigate the detailed molecular mechanisms mediating PYR1 activity, the MD data was analyzed by essential collective dynamics (ECD), a novel approach that allows the identification, with atomic resolution, of persistent dynamic correlations based on relatively short MD trajectories. Employing the ECD method, the effects of select mutations on the structure and dynamics of the PYR1 complexes were investigated and considered in the context of experimentally determined constitutive activities against HAB1. Approaches to rationally design constitutively active PYR1 constructs to increase PP2C inhibition are discussed.",abscisic acid|homodimer|mutant protein|pyrabactin receptor 1|in vitro study|molecular dynamics|mutation|protein analysis|protein function|protein structure|signal transduction|simulation,10.1016/j.fob.2014.05.001,21272783,,,,7bda731e-ce13-4b10-8501-8aca2f7de443,article,eng
Thickness measurements using photonic modes in monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy,"Yurtsever, Aycan|Couillard, Martin M.|Hyun, Jerome K.|Muller, David A.",Microscopy and Microanalysis,20,3,723,730,,2014,2014-06,,,1431-9276,,,,,Cambridge University Press,,,"Characteristic energies of photonic modes are a sensitive function of a nanostructures' geometrical parameters. In the case of translationally invariant planar waveguides, the eigen-energies reside in the infrared to ultraviolet parts of the optical spectrum and they sensitively depend on the thickness of the waveguide. Using swift electrons and the inherent Cherenkov radiation in dielectrics, the energies of such photonic states can be effectively probed via monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). Here, by exploiting the strong photonic signals in EELS with 200 keV electrons, we correlate the energies of waveguide peaks in the 0.5-3.5 eV range with planar thicknesses of the samples. This procedure enables us to measure the thicknesses of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy samples over a 1-500 nm range and with best-case accuracies below ±2%. The measurements are absolute with the only requirement being the optical dielectric function of the material. Furthermore, we provide empirical formulation for rapid and direct thickness estimations for a 50-500 nm range. We demonstrate the methodology for two semiconducting materials, silicon and gallium arsenide, and discuss how it can be applied to other dielectrics that produce strong optical fingerprints in EELS. The asymptotic form of the loss function for two-dimensional materials is also discussed.",,10.1017/S1431927614000245,21272784,,,,7773c538-be73-491e-8558-98878f51012c,article,eng
Particle filter-based method for prognostics with application to auxiliary power unit,"Yang, Chunsheng|Lou, Qingfeng|Liu, Jie|Yang, Yubin|Bai, Yun",,,,198,207,,2014,2014,Lecture Notes In Computer Science,8481,0302-9743,"Modern Advances in Applied Intelligence : 27th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems, IEA/AIE 2014, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, June 3-6, 2014, Proceedings, Part I","27th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems (IEA/AIE 2014), June 3-6, 2014, Kaohsiung, Taiwan",,,Springer International Publishing,978-3-319-07454-2|978-3-319-07455-9,,"Particle filter (PF)-based method has been widely used for machinery condition-based maintenance (CBM), in particular, for prognostics. It is employed to update the nonlinear prediction model for forecasting system states. In this work, we applied PF techniques to Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) prognostics for estimating remaining useful cycle to effectively perform APU health management. After introducing the PF-based prognostic method and algorithms, the paper presents the implementation for APU Starter prognostics along with the experimental results. The results demonstrated that the developed PF-based method is useful for estimating remaining useful cycle for a given failure of a component or a subsystem.",Intelligent systems|Machinery|Maintenance|Monte Carlo methods|Systems engineering|APU Starter prognostics|Condition-based maintenance (CBM)|Data-driven prognostics|Particle filter (PF)|remaining useful cycle (RUC)|Auxiliary power systems,10.1007/978-3-319-07455-9_21,21272785,,,,9e96282c-ed22-4ec2-b2dd-114de197bf15,chapter,eng
Structure of CbpA J-domain bound to the regulatory protein CbpM explains its specificity and suggests evolutionary link between CbpM and transcriptional regulators,"Sarraf, Naghmeh S.|Shi, Rong|McDonald, Laura|Baardsnes, Jason|Zhang, Linhua|Cygler, Miroslaw|Ekiel, Irena",PLoS ONE,9,6,1,10,e100441,2014,19/06/2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,,,,"CbpA is one of the six E. coli DnaJ/Hsp40 homologues of DnaK co-chaperones and the only one that is additionally regulated by a small protein CbpM, conserved in ?-proteobacteria. CbpM inhibits the co-chaperone and DNA binding activities of CbpA. This regulatory function of CbpM is accomplished through reversible interaction with the N-terminal Jdomain of CbpA, which is essential for the interaction with DnaK. CbpM is highly specific for CbpA and does not bind DnaJ despite the high degree of structural and functional similarity between the J-domains of CbpA and DnaJ. Here we report the crystal structure of the complex of CbpM with the J-domain of CbpA. CbpM forms dimers and the J-domain of CbpA interacts with both CbpM subunits. The CbpM-binding surface of CbpA is highly overlapping with the CbpA interface for DnaK, providing a competitive model for regulation through forming mutually exclusive complexes. The structure also provides the explanation for the strict specificity of CbpM for CbpA, which we confirmed by making mutants of DnaJ that became regulated by CbpM. Interestingly, the structure of CbpM reveals a striking similarity to members of the MerR family of transcriptional regulators, suggesting an evolutionary connection between the functionally distinct bacterial cochaperone regulator CbpM and the transcription regulator HspR.",CbpA protein|CbpM protein|chaperone|heat shock protein 40|MerR like family|protein DnaJ|protein DnaK|unclassified drug|article|binding competition|binding site|complex formation|controlled study|crystal structure|enzyme specificity|nonhuman|protein binding|protein domain|protein protein interaction|protein subunit|regulatory mechanism,10.1371/journal.pone.0100441,21272786,,,,054260a5-9712-47cb-924b-5924ffd1c11d,article,eng
Estimation of human body shape and posture under clothing,"Wuhrer, Stefanie|Pishchulin, Leonid|Brunton, Alan|Shu, Chang|Lang, Jochen",Computer Vision and Image Understanding,127,,31,42,,2014,2014-10,,,1077-3142,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Estimating the body shape and posture of a dressed human subject in motion represented as a sequence of (possibly incomplete) 3D meshes is important for virtual change rooms and security. To solve this problem, statistical shape spaces encoding human body shape and posture variations are commonly used to constrain the search space for the shape estimate. In this work, we propose a novel method that uses a posture-invariant shape space to model body shape variation combined with a skeleton-based deformation to model posture variation. Our method can estimate the body shape and posture of both static scans and motion sequences of human body scans with clothing that fits relatively closely to the body. In case of motion sequences, our method takes advantage of motion cues to solve for a single body shape estimate along with a sequence of posture estimates. We apply our approach to both static scans and motion sequences and demonstrate that using our method, higher fitting accuracy is achieved than when using a variant of the popular SCAPE model [2,18] as statistical model.",Virtual reality|Fitting accuracy|Geometry processing|Human subjects|Motion sequences|Posture modeling|Search spaces|Statistical modeling|Statistical shapes|Hosiery manufacture,10.1016/j.cviu.2014.06.012,21272789,,,,5919b8ca-dc39-45e4-ac12-e2ed2754a790,article,eng
Exploration of a new approach for calibrating grinding power model,"Shi, Zhongde|Guo, Changsheng|Attia, Helmi",,2,,,,V002T02A008,2014,2014,,,,"ASME 2014 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, MSEC 2014 Collocated with the JSME 2014 International Conference on Materials and Processing and the 42nd North American Manufacturing Research Conference","ASME 2014 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, MSEC 2014 Collocated with the JSME 2014 International Conference on Materials and Processing and the 42nd North American Manufacturing Research Conference, 9 June 2014 through 13 June 2014",,,The American Society of Mechanical Engineers,9780791845813,,"This paper is concerned with the reliable calibration of the grinding power model. The power model used in the present paper is expressed by formulae with grinding parameters as input arguments, and a number of model constants representing a given wheel, workpiece, and grinding fluid combination. The model constants are calibrated using measured grinding forces and power, taking into consideration of the chip formation, sliding, and plowing components of the power. These correspond to the constants of specific chip formation energy uch, the coefficient of friction ? and average contact pressure pa, and the plowing force per unit width F'pl, respectively. A new generalized experimental approach was developed in this study to reflect the physical meaning of the model. Compared with other approaches, this approach does not require a preknowledge of the wheel wear flat area value and the regime of the average contact pressure. The proposed approach includes measurements of forces and power from surface grinding tests with a fixed set of grinding parameters conducted at different wheel dullness levels for calibrating the constant ?, as well as tests with variable workspeeds at each of the wheel dullness level for calibrating the other constants. As an application example, it was applied to calibrating the power model for grinding of a nickel-based alloy with oil as grinding fluid and electroplated CBN wheels. The calibrated model was then validated through tests under different grinding conditions.",Grinding power|New approaches,10.1115/MSEC2014-3975,21272790,,,,f5bdb6bb-1f8e-417e-807b-379e4d3cf8da,article,eng
Observation of mixed acetylene - Nitrous oxide trimers: Infrared spectra of C2H2-(N2O)2 and (C2H2)2-N2O,"Sheybani-Deloui, S.|Yousefi, M.|Norooz Oliaee, J.|McKellar, A. R. W.|Moazzen-Ahmadi, N.",Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy,306,,6,10,,2014,2014-12,,,0022-2852,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Infrared spectra of the lowest energy isomers of C2H2-(N2O)2 and (C2H2)2-N2O were observed in the region of the ?1 fundamental band of the N2O monomer (?2224 cm-1) using a tunable diode laser and/or a CW quantum cascade laser to probe a pulsed supersonic slit jet expansion. One infrared band was measured for each trimer. The band for C2H2-(N2O)2 corresponds to the out-of-phase vibrations of the pair of equivalent N2O monomers. It is blue shifted by about 10 cm-1 with respect to the free N2O monomer. The band for (C2H2)2-N2O is slightly less blue shifted (centered at 2232.81 cm-1). It can be simulated as a predominately a-type band. In addition to the normal isotopologues, the corresponding bands for C2D2-(N2O)2 and (C2D2)2-N2O were also observed. The structures of these trimers are similar to those of the lowest energy isomers of the analogous OCS - acetylene trimers reported previously, that is, a twisted barrel with C2 symmetry for C2H2-(N2O)2 and a distorted T-shaped acetylene dimer with a coplanar N2O beside the stem of the T for (C2H2)2-N2O. Here, we present our observation and experimental results, which agree well with calculations based on distributed multipole pair potentials.",Infrared spectrum|Nitrous oxide|Van der Waals clusters,10.1016/j.jms.2014.10.001,21272792,,,,0163535c-e3d9-4fd0-802c-959924160626,article,eng
Detecting low concentration bacterial cells in complex media using a microchip-based flow cytometer,"Mu, Canjun|Zhang, Zhiyi|Lin, Min|Du, Yan|Cao, Xudong","Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical",202,,1051,1057,,2014,21/07/2014,,,0925-4005,,,,,,,,"Rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria in real-world samples, in which low concentration target bacteria usually coexist with a large quantity of interfering particles, is very important in many areas related to public health. In this study, we present our recent efforts in detecting low concentration bacteria in complex media that contain interfering particles and background noise using a microchip-based flow cytometer (i.e., microcytometer). To achieve this goal, low concentration 1.00 ?m YG fluorescent beads, model particles for bacteria, were first detected in the presence of both a great number of polystyrene beads and fluorescence background noise using a microcytometer developed in this study. The microcytometer was further used to detect low concentrations of FITC labeled bacteria E. coli DH5? in the presence of a large quantity of interfering beads and FITC fluorescence background noise. We show that the FITC labeled E. coli DH5? cells at concentrations as low as 431 cells/mL were detected by the microcytometer with efficiencies of over 86% in complex media that contained high concentration (i.e., 4.89 × 10 7 particles/mL) blank interfering beads (d = 4.50 ?m) with 0.5 ?M FITC fluorescein as fluorescence background. This translates to detection of one target bacterial cell from approximately 1 × 105 interfering particles. Unlike other reports, this is the first report that studied detection of low concentration bacteria by a microcytometer in complex sample media. The outstanding detection performances of the microcytometer demonstrated by this study strongly suggest that microcytometers are indeed very promising candidate for detection of pathogenic bacteria in real-world samples.",Bacteria detection|Microcytometer|Real-world samples|Food safety,10.1016/j.snb.2014.06.046,21272794,,,,51ef70c7-5c01-4d5a-b68d-2f768ccbff06,article,eng
Unraveling interactions in molecular crystals using dispersion corrected density functional theory : the case of the epoxydihydroarsanthrene molecules,"Otero de la Roza, A.|Luana, Victor|Tiekink, Edward R. T.|Zukerman-Schpector, Julio",Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation,10,11,5010,5019,,2014,09/10/2014,,,1549-9618,,,,,,,,"Noncovalent interactions are prevalent in crystal packing and supramolecular chemistry. Directional noncovalent interactions such as donor-acceptor bonds (e.g., hydrogen, chalcogen, and pnictogen bonds) as well as nondirectional forces (such as dispersion) come together to stabilize supramolecular assemblies by striking a delicate energetic balance. Typically, a two-pronged approach employing experimental X-ray structures and gas phase quantum chemical modeling has been used to understand and design supramolecular architectures. Drawing from recent advances in molecular crystal modeling with dispersion corrected density functional theory (DFT), we propose in this article a combination of qualitative noncovalent index (NCI) analysis and periodic and gas phase DFT calculations on substitutional crystal analogues to unravel the dominant interactions in a particular crystal packing. We illustrate the possibilities of this approach by studying three crystal packings of epoxydihydroarsanthrene analogues that present a complex combination of donor-acceptor interactions including pnictogen-pnictogen, pnictogen-?, and pnictogen-chalcogen. We show that, in these crystals, the chalcogen-pnictogen interaction dominates over the pnictogen-pnictogen and pnictogen-?. In the latter, the role of donor and acceptor is reversed depending on the interacting moieties. Multiple chalcogen-pnictogen interactions necessitate larger donor atoms, such as sulfur. These observations explain and rationalize the experimentally observed crystal structures.",,10.1021/ct500832g,21272795,,,,d61a9e08-cc7f-4050-8a75-74a12e2eccd5,article,eng
Improved catalytic reactor for the electrochemical promotion of highly dispersed Ru nanoparticles with CeO2 support,"Dole, Holly A. E.|Safady, Luis F.|Ntais, Spyridon|Couillard, Martin|Baranova, Elena A.",ECS Transactions,61,1,65,74,,2014,2014,,,1938-5862,,,,,The Electrochemical Society,,,"An improved design for a catalytic reactor for electrochemical promotion of highly dispersed catalysts was presented and compared to that of a plug flow-type reactor for the model reaction of ethylene oxidation. Electrochemical cells were prepared with low particle size (1.1 nm) Ru nanoparticles (RuNPs) which were supported on a mixed ionic-electronic conductor, CeO2, with a low metal loading (1 wt%), interfaced with a YSZ electrolyte. Comparable catalytic performance between the two reactors was observed for both open-circuits measurements. However, the rate enhancement ratio in the single-chamber capsule (SCC) reactor was found to be 1.6 compared to 1.4 for the plug flow-type reactor for an applied current of -5?A. These results were attributed to better electrical contact to the isolated RuNPs. Furthermore, the SCC reactor is simple to assemble and provides an intimate contact between the RuNPs/CeO2 catalyst and the current collector (i.e., gold mesh).",Catalysts|Catalytic oxidation|Ethylene|Metal nanoparticles|Catalytic performance|Catalytic reactor|Current collector|Electrical contacts|Electrochemical promotion|Ethylene oxidation|Flow-type reactor|Mixed ionic-electronic conductors|Ruthenium,10.1149/06101.0065ecst,21272799,,,,e350fa29-0ccd-40c0-ae77-15fbeb777b31,article,eng
Genome wide SNP identification in chickpea for use in development of a high density genetic map and improvement of chickpea reference genome assembly,"Deokar, Amit A.|Ramsay, Larissa|Sharpe, Andrew G.|Diapari, Marwan|Sindhu, Anoop|Bett, Kirsten|Warkentin, Thomas D.|Tar'an, Bunyamin",BMC Genomics,15,1,1,19,708,2014,23/08/2014,,,1471-2164,,,,,,,,"Background: In the whole genome sequencing, genetic map provides an essential framework for accurate and efficient genome assembly and validation. The main objectives of this study were to develop a high-density genetic map using RAD-Seq (Restriction-site Associated DNA Sequencing) genotyping-by-sequencing (RAD-Seq GBS) and Illumina GoldenGate assays, and to examine the alignment of the current map with the kabuli chickpea genome assembly.Results: Genic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) totaling 51,632 SNPs were identified by 454 transcriptome sequencing of Cicer arietinum and Cicer reticulatum genotypes. Subsequently, an Illumina GoldenGate assay for 1,536 SNPs was developed. A total of 1,519 SNPs were successfully assayed across 92 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), of which 761 SNPs were polymorphic between the two parents. In addition, the next generation sequencing (NGS)-based GBS was applied to the same population generating 29,464 high quality SNPs. These SNPs were clustered into 626 recombination bins based on common segregation patterns. Data from the two approaches were used for the construction of a genetic map using a population derived from an intraspecific cross. The map consisted of 1,336 SNPs including 604 RAD recombination bins and 732 SNPs from Illumina GoldenGate assay. The map covered 653 cM of the chickpea genome with an average distance between adjacent markers of 0.5 cM. To date, this is the most extensive genetic map of chickpea using an intraspecific population. The alignment of the map with the CDC Frontier genome assembly revealed an overall conserved marker order; however, a few local inconsistencies within the Cicer arietinum pseudochromosome 1 (Ca1), Ca5 and Ca8 were detected. The map enabled the alignment of 215 unplaced scaffolds from the CDC Frontier draft genome assembly. The alignment also revealed varying degrees of recombination rates and hotspots across the chickpea genome. Conclusions: A high-density genetic map using RAD-Seq GBS and Illumina GoldenGate assay was developed and aligned with the existing kabuli chickpea draft genome sequence. The analysis revealed an overall conserved marker order, although some localized inversions between draft genome assembly and the genetic map were detected. The current analysis provides an insight of the recombination rates and hotspots across the chickpea genome.",Cicer arietinum; Genotyping-by-sequencing; Illumina GoldenGate and Genetic mapping; Restriction site associated DNA (RAD) markers,10.1186/1471-2164-15-708,21272800,NRC-ACRD-56108,,,f44e0662-c703-4463-a959-10c1dec08bc6,article,eng
Recent improvements of the NRC watt balance,"Sanchez, C. A.|Wood, B. M.",,,,434,435,6898445,2014,2014-08,CPEM Digest,,0589-1485|0589-1485,2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014),"29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014",,,IEEE,9781479952052,,We describe the modifications and improvements that have been made over the past two years to reduce the uncertainty of the NRC watt balance.,Electronic kilogram|Measurement uncertainty|Planck's constants|Watt balance,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898445,21272801,,,,c52036aa-f2ae-4e6a-aff1-e913ee08eb22,article,eng
Electrochemically enhanced metal-support interaction of highly dispersed Ru nanoparticles with a CeO2 support,"Dole, H. A. E.|Safady, L. F.|Ntais, S.|Couillard, M.|Baranova, E. A.",Journal of Catalysis,318,,85,94,,2014,2014-10,,,0021-9517,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Small particle size (1.1 nm) Ru nanoparticles were supported on a mixed ionic-electronic conductor, CeO2, with a low metal loading (1 wt%), interfaced with a YSZ electrolyte. A pronounced enhancement (up to about 2.5 times) of the catalytic rate for the complete oxidation of ethylene was observed for negative polarization. The opposite effect was observed for positive polarization. Apparent Faradaic efficiencies up to 96 were determined, indicating a non-Faradaic effect. The modification of the cerium oxidation state (i.e., reduction from Ce4+ to Ce3+) is proposed to enhance the catalytic performance of the Ru nanoparticles. XPS analysis was performed to confirm this reduction of ceria. The enhancement of catalytic activity is attributed to the presence of more oxygen vacancies in the ceria interlayer causing a stronger metal-support interaction. Results demonstrate the feasibility of in-situ modification of the metal support-interaction between Ru nanoparticles and CeO2 catalytic support by a small current (-2 ?A) application.",Catalyst activity|Catalytic oxidation|Cerium compounds|Ethylene|Metal nanoparticles|Metals|Oxidation|Polarization|Reduction|Yttria stabilized zirconia|Catalytic performance|Electrochemical promotion|Ethylene oxidation|Faradaic efficiencies|Metal-support interactions|Mixed ionic-electronic conductors|Negative polarization|Ru nanoparticles|Ruthenium,10.1016/j.jcat.2014.07.003,21272803,,,,784bb68e-bd4a-4d5e-849f-bdfa6ed166e3,article,eng
Symbiosis with Frankia sp. Benefits the establishment of Alnus viridis ssp. Crispa and Alnus incana ssp. Rugosa in tailings sand from the Canadian oil sands industry,"Bissonnette, C.|Fahlman, B.|Peru, K. M.|Khasa, D. P.|Greer, C. W.|Headley, J. V.|Roy, S.",Ecological Engineering,68,,167,175,,2014,2014-07,,,0925-8574,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Canada's oil sands reserves found in an area of about 142,000km2 in Northern Alberta are estimated to be about 170 billion barrels. Extraction procedures generates oil sands process-affected materials (OSPM), a high pH, high salt and low nutrient residue which contains phytotoxic hydrocarbons. Efficient methods are needed to revegetate impacted landscapes in line with governmental standards. Actinorhizal alders could be used to provide nitrogen in a reclamation program as they are early successional species that naturally colonize harsh habitats and improve the soil conditions. In order to evaluate the extent to which alders can withstand OSPM-generated stress, the growth and development of both green (Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. ssp. crispa) and speckled (Alnus incana (L.) Moench ssp. rugosa) alders in varying proportions of OSPM mixed with pristine sand (from 0 to 100%) was assessed both in the presence and the absence of their symbiont, Frankia sp. Alder survival was not impaired by the presence of OSPM, although symbiosis establishment was less efficient when the alders grew in pure OSPM residue. Actinorhizal alders are very tolerant to OSPM: when grown in pure OSPM (100%), their dry biomass was 15 times greater than that of non-nodulated alders. Moreover, symbiotic alders allocated a higher proportion of their biomass to aerial parts, regardless of the OSPM percentage, whereas non-symbiotic alders showed a greater biomass investment in roots. When symbiosis was present, the alders thrived and produced a large amount of biomass that was highly correlated to the total nodule biomass. The pre-inoculation of alder seedlings in commercial greenhouses prior to their outplanting on OSPM-affected reclamation sites could significantly accelerate their growth and development.",Actinorhizal symbiosis|Alder|Early-successional|Extraction procedure|Frankia|Naphthenic acid|Oil sands industry|bacterium|biomass allocation|ecological engineering|growth rate|host-symbiont interaction|inoculation|reclaimed land|restoration ecology|revegetation|root system|symbiosis|tailings,10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.061,21272804,,,,a0f5ad54-de79-42e2-9007-bf8cbb72c359,article,eng
Histological assessment of angiogenesis in the hypoxic central nervous system,"Freitas-Andrade, Moises|Slinn, Jacqueline|Charlebois, Claudie|Moreno, Maria J.",Methods in Molecular Biology,1135,,157,175,,2014,2014,,,1064-3745,,,,,Springer International Publishing,9781493903191,,"Angiogenesis, the sprouting of new capillaries from preexisting vessels, is an integral part of both normal development and numerous pathological conditions such as tumor growth, inflammation, and stroke. The development of angiogenesis assays has been critical in understanding this process in both the context of disease and normal physiology. With the growing availability of antibodies against angiogenic markers as well as advances in microscopy and imaging analysis software, a more comprehensive assessment of the angiogenesis process is beginning to take form (Milner et al., Stroke 39:191-197, 2008; Freitas-Andrade et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 32:663-675, 2012; Li et al., Glia 58:1157-1167, 2010; Dore-Duffy and LaManna, Antioxid Redox Signal 9:1363-1371, 2007). This chapter describes an in vivo method of inducing brain angiogenesis in mice by chronic exposure to mild hypoxia. In addition, a detailed procedure of quantifying angiogenesis using multiple immunofluorescent labeling of mouse brain tissue sections is also presented.","angiogenesis|animal cell|animal tissue|antibody labeling|brain tissue|central nervous system|confocal laser scanning microscope|controlled study|female|fluorescence|hypoxia|image analysis|immunofluorescence|in vivo study|mouse|quantitative analysis|tissue section|Brain|Cell Hypoxia|Cerebrovascular Circulation|Cryoultramicrotomy|Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect|Mice|Microscopy, Fluorescence|Neovascularization, Physiologic",10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7_14,21272806,,,,a66537f2-aa73-4d56-ace9-b76e2e0aa181,article,eng
Evaluation of dynamic deformations of slab-on-girder bridge under moving trucks with corrosion-damaged columns,"Mohammed, Amina M.|Almansour, Husham H.|Martín-Pérez, Beatriz",Engineering Structures,66,,159,172,,2014,10/02/2014,,,0141-0296,,,,,,,,"A simplified hybrid linear/nonlinear dynamic finite element analysis (SHDFEA) based on visual inspection is introduced as part of a proposed semi-quantitative assessment approach of aged bridge columns. The focus is on the evaluation of the dynamic characteristics and behaviour of slab-on-girder bridges under moving trucks when their columns are subjected to severe corrosion damage. The proposed SHDFEA uses nonlinear finite element analysis to evaluate the damaged columns stiffness, mass and damping throughout the step-by-step time history analysis. The efficiency, accuracy and stability of the proposed SHDFEA are verified through different case studies, where very high numerical stability and fast convergence are achieved. The results show that the nonlinear dynamic analysis presents the most general approach to evaluate the effects of any level of corrosion damage in the column for any case of loading, boundary conditions and any progressive change in the column properties. However, linear dynamic analysis is found to be the most economical alternative when the columns are overdesigned. It is found that with severe local corrosion damage in traditionally designed slab-on-girder bridges columns, their static behaviour mostly remains in the elastic range, and the traffic load magnitude remains below their ultimate static capacity. It is also found that the changes in the bridge dynamic performance parameters are marginal when over-designed columns have severe corrosion damage and their safety and stability are critical.",Semi-quantitative assessment approach|Corrosion damage|Slab-on-girder bridge|Nonlinear dynamic analysis|Finite element method,10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.02.005,21272781,NRC-CONST-56155,,,c6d864fb-2015-4f30-9975-daadec358476,article,eng
Silicon photomultiplier-based Compton Telescope for Safety and Security (SCoTSS),"Sinclair, Laurel|Saull, Patrick|Hanna, David|Seywerd, Henry|MacLeod, Audrey|Boyle, Patrick",IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,61,5,2745,2752,2356412,2014,30/09/2014,,,0018-9499,,,,,,,,"A Compton gamma imager has been developed for use in consequence management operations and in security investigations. The imager uses solid inorganic scintillator, known for robust performance in field survey conditions. The design was constrained in overall size by the requirement that it be person transportable and operable from a variety of platforms. In order to introduce minimal dead material in the path of the incoming and scattered gamma rays, custom silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), with a thin glass substrate, were used to collect the scintillation light from the scatter layers. To move them out of the path of the gamma rays, preamplification electronics for the silicon photomultipliers were located a distance from the imager. This imager, the Silicon photomultiplier Compton Telescope for Safety and Security (SCoTSS) is able to provide a one-degree image resolution in a ±45° field of view for a 10 mCi point source 40 m distant, within about one minute, for gamma-ray energies ranging from 344 keV to 1274 keV. Here, we present a comprehensive performance study of the SCoTSS imager.",Compton Camera|Compton imager|Compton telescope|Gamma cameras|Gamma imager|Silicon photomultiplier|SiPM,10.1109/TNS.2014.2356412,21272793,,,,ba4f0a89-570e-4d2e-a33d-be45e30e8c1b,article,eng
"Alignment of the NRC watt balance: Considerations, uncertainties and techniques","Sanchez, C. A.|Wood, B. M.",Metrologia,51,2,S42,S53,51,2014,31/03/2014,,,0026-1394,,,,,IOP Publishing,,,"This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the alignment uncertainties in the NRC watt balance. We show that, due to the use of a beam balance in both phases of the experiment, some of the alignment errors of the weighing phase are correlated with errors in the moving phase, which makes our watt balance insensitive to some forms of misalignment. These correlations become inexact in the presence of parasitic forces acting on the coil former. We present evidence of such forces and estimate their effect and contribution to the various uncertainty components. Finally we describe the techniques used to align the apparatus and we give an estimate of all relevant alignment uncertainty components. © 2014 BIPM & IOP Publishing Ltd.",Alignment|Errors|Alignment error|Comprehensive analysis|kilogram|Plancks constant|Watt balance|Uncertainty analysis,10.1088/0026-1394/51/2/S42,21272797,,,,d3324298-3ebf-45e1-9523-546d12ca6982,article,eng
A new chemical probe for phosphatidylinositol kinase activity,"Sherratt, Allison R.|Nasheri ardakan, Neda|McKay, Craig S.|O'Hara, Shifawn|Hunt, Ashly|Ning, Zhibin|Figeys, Daniel|Goto, Nathalie K.|Pezacki, John Paul",ChemBioChem,15,9,1253,1256,,2014,2014,,,1439-4227,,,,,,,,"Phosphatidylinositol kinases (PIKs) are key enzymatic regulators of membrane phospholipids and membrane environments that control many aspects of cellular function, from signal transduction to secretion, through the Golgi apparatus. Here, we have developed a photoreactive ""clickable"" probe, PIK-BPyne, to report the activity of PIKs. We investigated the selectivity and efficiency of the probe to both inhibit and label PIKs, and we compared PIK-BPyne to a wortmannin activity-based probe also known to target PIKs. We found that PIK-BPyne can act as an effective in situ activity-based probe, and for the first time, report changes in PI4K-III? activity induced by the hepatitis C virus. These results establish the utility of PIK-BPyne for activity-based protein profiling studies of PIK function in native biological systems. Active PIKs: Phosphatidylinositol kinases (PIKs) are key enzymatic regulators of membrane phospholipids and environments that control many aspects of cellular function, from signal transduction to secretion. We developed a photoreactive ""clickable"" probe, PIK-BPyne, to assess activity of PIKs in native biological systems and demonstrated its ability to monitor hepatitis C virus-induced changes in PIK-III? activity.",phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase|phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase 110alpha|phosphatidylinositol kinase|phosphatidylinositol kinase 2alpha|phosphatidylinositol kinase 3alpha|phosphatidylinositol kinase 3beta|unclassified drug|wortmannin|article|breast cancer cell line|cancer cell line|chemical labeling|competitive inhibition|controlled study|enzyme activity|enzyme inhibition|female|genotype|hepatitis C|Hepatitis C virus|human|human cell|liver cell carcinoma|liver disease|liver transplantation|molecular probe|nonhuman|photoactivation|photoreactivation|PIK BPyne|primed in situ labeling|priority journal|protein analysis|protein function|uterine cervix cancer|virus replication|Western blotting|Hepatitis C virus,10.1002/cbic.201402155,21272798,,,,4f44d72f-257a-4b1e-b423-346b838f0840,article,eng
A density functional theory study of the reconstruction of gold (111) surfaces,"Torres, Edmanuel|Dilabio, Gino A.",The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,118,29,15624,15629,,2014,04/07/2014,,,1932-7447,,,,,,,,"We studied (p × ?3) gold (111) surface reconstructions within the DFT/PW91 approximation. Our findings clearly show that the reconstruction is energetically favorable in unreconstructed surfaces equal to or larger than the unit cell of the final reconstructed surface. Reconstructions in surfaces smaller than ?2.95 nm in the [11?0] direction are not more stable than the unreconstructed surface, and this may explain why (p × ?3) type reconstructions have not been observed in subnanometer gold particles. We found that reconstructions with (22 × ?3) and (23 × ?3) unit cells, usually reported in experiments, are isoenergetic.",Gold|Density functional theory studies|Gold particles|Reconstructed surfaces|Sub nanometers|Type reconstruction|Unit cells|Repair,10.1021/jp411368v,21272796,,,,40c87798-c5dd-4417-be28-be508c6f66e9,article,eng
Structural and magnetic behavior of the cubic oxyfluoride SrFeO 2F studied by neutron diffraction,"Thompson, Corey M.|Blakely, Colin K.|Flacau, Roxana|Greedan, John E.|Poltavets, Viktor V.",Journal of Solid State Chemistry,219,,173,178,,2014,2014-11,,,0022-4596,,,,,Elsevier,,,"The oxyfluoride SrFeO2F has been prepared via a low temperature route involving the infinite-layer SrFeO2 and XeF2. SrFeO2F crystallizes in the cubic space group Pm-3m with disordered oxygen and fluorine atoms on the anion site. Recent reports demonstrated that SrFeO2F is antiferromagnetic at room temperature and the zero field cooled and field cooled curves diverge at ~150 K and ~60 K, suggesting that the material has a spin glassy magnetic state at low temperatures. In this article, variable-temperature neutron diffraction (4-723 K) was performed to clarify the magnetic behavior observed in this material. Neutron powder diffraction measurements confirmed the antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering of the system at room temperature. Below 710(1) K, the magnetic structure is a G-type AFM structure characterized by a propagation vector k=(12, 12, 12). The ordered moments on Fe3+ are 4.35(6)?B at 4 K and 4.04(5)?B at 290 K. Our results indicate that the cubic structure is retained all the way to base temperature (4 K) in contrast to PbFeO 2F. These results are compared with those of Pb and Ba analogs which exhibit very similar magnetic behavior. Furthermore, the observation of magnetic reflections at 4 K in the diffraction pattern shows the absence of the previously proposed spin glassy behavior at low temperatures. Previous proposals to explain the ZFC/FC divergences are examined.",Crystallography|Lead|Neutron diffraction|Antiferromagnetic orders|Antiferromagnetics|Magnetic behavior|Magnetic reflections|Oxyfluorides|Propagation vector|Variable temperature|Zero-field-cooled|Antiferromagnetism,10.1016/j.jssc.2014.07.019,21272770,,,,ce306c7f-d1cf-4a59-bc65-06be62ca62fd,article,eng
Electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction,"Si, Fengzhan|Zhang, Yuwei|Yan, Liang|Zhu, Jianbing|Xiao, Meiling|Liu, Changpeng|Xing, Wei|Zhang, Jiujun",,,,133,170,,2014,31/03/2014,,,,,,Rotating Electrode Methods and Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts,,,9780444632784,,"In this chapter, the fundamentals of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) including thermodynamics and electrode kinetics are presented. The ORR kinetics including reaction mechanisms catalyzed by different electrode materials and catalysts including Pt, Pt alloys, carbon materials, and nonnoble metal catalysts are discussed based on the literature in terms of both experiment and theoretical approaches. It is emphasized that these fundamentals of ORR are necessary in order to perform the meaningful characterization of catalytic ORR activity using both rotating disk electrode and rotating ring-disk electrode methods.",,10.1016/B978-0-444-63278-4.00004-5,21272765,,,,81a5e009-530a-447d-9c98-316df8189b5e,chapter,eng
Recent advances in silicon waveguide devices using sub-wavelength gratings,"Halir, Robert|Ortega-Moñux, Alejandro|Schmid, Jens H.|Alonso-Ramos, Carlos|Lapointe, Jean|Xu, Dan-Xia|Wangüemert-Pérez, J. Gonzalo|Molina-Fernández, Ínigo|Janz, Siegfried",IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics,20,4,1,13,6678715,2014,15/01/2014,,,1077-260X,,,,,,,,"As most integrated optics platforms, silicon offers only a fixed set of material refractive indices for designing devices. The ability of sub-wavelength patterned structures to synthesize arbitrary equivalent index values between nSi ~ 3.5 and nair = 1 has thus enabled completely new design approaches that have led to silicon waveguide devices with breakthrough performance. This review covers the latest advances in sub-wavelength structured fiber-to-chip grating couplers and multimode interference couplers. We discuss, among others, single-etch grating couplers with high coupling efficiency -1.8 dB), and broad bandwidth (115 nm at 3 dB), as well as ultra-short, high performance multi-mode interference couplers. We furthermore introduce the concept of dispersion engineering with sub-wavelength structures, showing its potential to increase the bandwidth of waveguide devices, including multi-mode interference couplers covering a 450 nm wavelength span.",Dispersion engineering|Fiber-to-chip grating couplers|Multimode interference couplers|Silicon photonics|Sub-wave length grating|Diffraction gratings|Fixed platforms|Integrated optics|Photonics|Refractive index|Silicon|Waveguide components|Wavelength|Dispersion (waves),10.1109/JSTQE.2013.2293754,21272766,,,,f97c0443-1c9c-46bb-854f-1136555c488c,article,eng
Dispersive methods,"Gaertner, Arnold A.|Yoon, Howard W.|Germer, Thomas A.",Experimental methods in the physical sciences,46,,68,95,,2014,2014,,,1079-4042,,,,,Elsevier,,,"This chapter discusses dispersive means of obtaining spectral resolution in spectrophotometry. These methods are used to spatially disperse or separate the various wavelengths of optical electromagnetic radiation to enable analysis of material properties in wavelength bandwidths that are appropriate to the material, the material property, and the material application under consideration. The two predominant spectrometer types are based upon gratings or prisms to physically separate the different wavelengths of the radiation. We discuss characteristics of each spectrometer type that result in their particular advantages and disadvantages. Important characteristics include the spectral range, spectral bandpass, spectral resolution, system aperture, and system throughput. The effects of imperfections in ideal spectrometers, such as wavelength error, stray light, and polarization effects, will be considered. Issues important to the choice of radiation sources will be discussed. Some characteristics of radiation detectors, such as linearity and noise, will be discussed. The techniques that are used to identify the presence and effects of these spectrometer properties will be discussed, as well as methods that are used to mitigate and/or quantify their effect upon the validity and accuracy of our measured results.",,10.1016/B978-0-12-386022-4.00003-0,21272774,,,,20c3b2ae-ea84-4e8f-b553-7a0e682abb5b,article,eng
NIR initiated and pH sensitive single-wall carbon nanotubes for doxorubicin intracellular delivery,"Liu, Shuhan|Ko, Alex C.-T.|Li, Wenyan|Zhong, Wen|Xing, Malcolm",Journal of Materials Chemistry B,2,9,1125,1135,,2014,2014-03,,,2050-7518,,,,,Royal Society of Chemistry,,,"In this work, we synthesized a pH sensitive poly(ethylene glycol)-doxorubicin (PEG-DOX) on single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Using multimodal nonlinear optical imaging microscopy, we found that low power (1 mW cm-2) near-infrared radiation can initiate prodrug burst release from the carbon nanotubes in seconds. The successful SWNTs capping with PEG-DOX (denoted PEG-DOX@SWNT) was determined by transmission electron microscopy and FTIR results. The in vitro release of DOX from the PEG-DOX@SWNT was evaluated upon changes of pH values and NIR treating time. The cytotoxicity of the PEG-DOX@SWNT was also evaluated. This dual-sensitive delivery system based on SWNTs provides a facile approach to promote drug release and kill cancer cells.",,10.1039/c3tb21362e,21272775,,,,95298f71-c9da-47df-8dd0-a46861557c1b,article,eng
Fabricating nanostructures on fused silica using femtosecond infrared pulses combined with sub-nanojoule ultraviolet pulses,"Yu, Xiaoming|Chang, Zenghu|Corkum, P. B.|Lei, Shuting",Optics Letters,39,19,5638,5640,,2014,24/09/2014,,,0146-9592,,,,,OSA Publishing,,,Circular craters with diameters of 500 nm are fabricated on the surface of fused silica by femtosecond ultraviolet-infrared (UV-IR) pulse trains with 0.8 nJ UV pulse energy. UV damage thresholds at different IR energies and UV-IR delays are measured. Diameters and depths of the ablated craters can be modified by adding the IR pulse and varying the UV-IR delays. These results demonstrate the feasibility of nanomachining using short wavelength lasers with pulse energy far below normal damage thresholds.,Femtoseconds|Infrared pulse|Ultraviolet pulse,10.1364/OL.39.005638,21272776,,,,2cdfb7ed-d25a-4fcf-a92a-0a0ce6c24970,article,eng
Mutational approaches to improve the biophysical properties of human single-domain antibodies,"Kim, Dae Young|Hussack, Greg|Kandalaft, Hiba|Tanha, Jamshid",Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Proteins and Proteomics,1844,11,1983,2001,,2014,24/07/2014,,,1570-9639,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Monoclonal antibodies are a remarkably successful class of therapeutics used to treat a wide range of indications. There has been growing interest in smaller antibody fragments such as Fabs, scFvs and domain antibodies in recent years. In particular, the development of human VH and VL single-domain antibody therapeutics, as stand-alone affinity reagents or as ""warheads"" for larger molecules, are favored over other sources of antibodies due to their perceived lack of immunogenicity in humans. However, unlike camelid heavy-chain antibody variable domains (VHHs) which almost unanimously resist aggregation and are highly stable, human VHs and VLs are prone to aggregation and exhibit poor solubility. Approaches to reduce VH and VL aggregation and increase solubility are therefore very active areas of research within the antibody engineering community. Here we extensively chronicle the various mutational approaches that have been applied to human VHs and VLs to improve their biophysical properties such as expression yield, thermal stability, reversible unfolding and aggregation resistance. In addition, we describe stages of the VH and VL development process where these mutations could best be implemented. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent advances in molecular engineering of antibody.",Aggregation; Mutation; Single-domain antibody; Stability; VH; VL,10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.07.008,21272777,NRC-HHT-53236,,,b4fa8836-fbba-4941-8e5e-301b44d5e52c,article,eng
Effect of water-assisted extrusion and solid-state polymerization on the microstructure of PET/Clay nanocomposites,"Dini, Maryam|Mousavand, Tahereh|Carreau, Pierre J.|Kamal, Musa R.|Ton-That, Minh-Tan",Polymer Engineering and Science,54,8,1723,1736,,2014,2014-08,,,0032-3888,,,,,Wiley,,,"An melt-mixing process has been used to prepare Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/clay nanocomposites with high degree of clay delamination. In this method, steam was fed into a twin-screw extruder (TSE) to reduce the PET molecular weight and to facilitate their diffusion into the gallery spacing of organoclays. Subsequently, the molecular weight (MW) reduction of the PET matrix due to hydrolysis by water was compensated by solid-state polymerization (SSP). The effect of the thermodynamic compatibility of PET and organoclays on the exfoliated microstructure of the nanocomposites was also examined by using three different nanoclays. The dispersion of Cloisite 30B (C30B) in PET was found to be better than that of Nanomer I.28E (I28E) and Cloisite Na+. The effect of feeding rate and consequently residence time on the properties of PET nanocomposites was also investigated. The results reveal more delamination of organoclay platelets in PET-C30B nanocomposites processed at low feeding rate compared to those processed at high feeding rate. Enhanced mechanical and barrier properties were observed in PET nanocomposites after SSP compared to the nanocomposites prepared by conventional melt-mixing. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1723-1736, 2014.",Delamination|Microstructure|Molecular weight|Organoclay|Polymerization|Clay delamination|Cloisite 30b|Mechanical and barriers|Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)|Residence time|Solid state polymerization|Thermodynamic compatibility|Twin screw extruders|Nanocomposites,10.1002/pen.23685,21272778,,,,11f3a4cc-b915-40b8-b00f-d7f7bd48e97e,article,eng
Oxygen glucose deprivation-induced astrocyte dysfunction provokes neuronal death through oxidative stress,"Gouix, Elsa|Buisson, Alain|Nieoullon, André|Kerkerian-Le Goff, Lydia|Tauskela, Joseph S.|Blondeau, Nicholas|Had-Aissouni, Laurence",Pharmacological Research,87,,8,17,,2014,11/06/2014,,,1043-6618,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Understanding the role of astrocytes in stroke is assuming increasing prominence, not only as an important component on its own within the neurovascular unit, but also because astrocytes can influence neuronal outcome. Ischemia may induce astrogliosis and other phenotypic changes, but these remain poorly understood, in part due to limitations in reproducing these changes in vitro. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP-differentiated cultured astrocytes are more representative of the in vivo astroglial cell phenotype, and were much more susceptible than undifferentiated astrocytes to an ischemic-like stress, oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). OGD altered the expression/distribution and activity of glial glutamate transporters, impaired cellular glutamate uptake and decreased intracellular levels of glutathione preferentially in differentiated astrocytes. Resistance to OGD was conferred by inhibiting caspase-3 with DEVD-CHO and oxidative stress by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The resistance of undifferentiated astrocytes to OGD may result from a transient but selective morphological transformation into Alzheimer type II astrocytes, an intermediary stage prior to transforming into reactive astrocytes. Co-culture of neurons with OGD-exposed astrocytes resulted in neurotoxicity, but at surprisingly lower levels with dying differentiated astrocytes. The antioxidant NAC or the 5-LOX inhibitor AA861 added upon co-culture delayed (day 1) but did not prevent neurotoxicity (day 3). Astrocytes undergoing apoptosis as a result of ischemia may represent a transient neuroprotective mechanism via ischemia-induced release of glutathione, but oxidative stress was responsible for neuronal demise when ischemia compromised astrocyte supportive functions.","Astrocyte differentiation; Neuroprotection; Inflammation; ROS; Glutamate transporters, Ischemia",10.1016/j.phrs.2014.06.002,21272779,NRC-HHT-53272,,,be35e92f-c78e-4663-aa40-ab36a18027db,article,eng
Non-noble Fe-NX electrocatalysts supported on the reduced graphene oxide for oxygen reduction reaction,"Monteverde Videla, Alessandro H. A.|Ban, Shuai|Specchia, Stefania|Zhang, Lei|Zhang, Jiujun",Carbon,76,,386,400,,2014,2014-09,,,0008-6223,,,,,Elsevier,,,"In this paper, the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is synthesized from graphite oxide (GO) via microwave exfoliation method, and used to support non-noble metal Fe-NX based electrocatalysts (Fe-NX/rGO) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Tripyridyl triazine (TPTZ) is used as a ligand for Fe-NX catalyst preparation. The obtained catalyst presents a high content of pyridinic (N1) and pyrrolic (N2) nitrogen types on the catalyst surface (40.0% and 52.3% atomic concentrations, respectively) with Fe atomic content of 0.7%. A catalyst loading of 0.5 mg cm- 2 with a ionomer-to-carbon (ITC) mass ratio of 0.2 deposited on the glassy carbon electrode allows the highest ORR activity with the specific current of -0.35 mA mg-1 at a cell voltage of 0.8 V (vs. RHE). The overall electron transfer number obtained is of 3.98. Stability tests in acidic solution for this catalyst are also performed.",Electrolytic reduction|Glass membrane electrodes|Graphene|Atomic concentration|Catalyst preparation|Catalyst surfaces|Electron transfer|Glassy carbon electrodes|Oxygen reduction reaction|Reduced graphene oxides|Reduced graphene oxides (RGO)|Electrocatalysts,10.1016/j.carbon.2014.04.092,21272787,,,,544c84a1-af09-4b3a-bafd-31f1792b1ef0,article,eng
Properties of starless and prestellar cores in Taurus revealed by Herschel* SPIRE/PACS imaging,"Marsh, K. A.|Griffin, M. J.|Palmeirim, P.|André, P.|Kirk, J.|Stamatellos, D.|Ward-Thompson, D.|Roy, A.|Bontemps, S.|Di Francesco, J.|Elia, D.|Hill, T.|Könyves, V.|Motte, F.|Nguyen-Luong, Q.|Peretto, N.|Pezzuto, S.|Rivera-Ingraham, A.|Schneider, N.|Spinoglio, L.|White, G.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,439,4,3683,3693,,2014,21/02/2014,,,0035-8711,,,,,Oxford University Press,,,"The density and temperature structures of dense cores in the L1495 cloud of the Taurus starforming region are investigated using Herschel Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver and Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer images in the 70, 160, 250, 350 and 500 ?m continuum bands. A sample consisting of 20 cores, selected using spectral and spatial criteria, is analysed using a new maximum likelihood technique, COREFIT, which takes full account of the instrumental point spread functions.We obtain central dust temperatures, T0, in the range 6-12K and find that, in the majority of cases, the radial density falloff at large radial distances is consistent with the asymptotic r-2 variation expected for Bonnor-Ebert spheres. Two of our cores exhibit a significantly steeper falloff, however, and since both appear to be gravitationally unstable, such behaviour may have implications for collapse models. We find a strong negative correlation between t0 and peak column density, as expected if the dust is heated predominantly by the interstellar radiation field. At the temperatures we estimate for the core centres, carbon-bearing molecules freeze out as ice mantles on dust grains, and this behaviour is supported here by the lack of correspondence between our estimated core locations and the previously published positions of H13CO+ peaks. On this basis, our observations suggest a sublimation-zone radius typically ~104 au. Comparison with previously published N2H+ data at 8400 au resolution, however, shows no evidence for N2H+ depletion at that resolution.",methods: data analysis|high angular resolution|stars: formation|protostars|ISM: clouds|submillimetre: ISM,10.1093/mnras/stu219,21272791,,,,f29ddbae-709b-4555-a882-1158f6f05b36,article,eng
Performance of vacuum insulation panel constructed with fiber-powder composite as core material,"Mukhopadhyaya, Phalguni|Van Reenen, David|Normandin, Nicole",,1574 STP,,1,10,,2014,2014-01,,,0066-0558,ASTM Special Technical Publication,"ASTM Symposium on Next-Generation Thermal Insulation Challenges and Opportunities, 23 October 2013 through 24 October 2013, Jacksonville, FL",,,ASTM International,9780803175938,,"Buildings consume about 40 % of the national energy requirement in a developed country, and the addition of thermal insulation in building envelope construction is considered as the most primary and effective way to reduce energy consumption in buildings. Recent upgrades of energy codes in Europe and North America have also recommended higher levels of insulation in building envelopes. All these factors have provided a fresh impetus for the search for high-performance thermal insulation. Among various nonconventional insulations being introduced in the construction industry, as the next-generation thermal insulation, vacuum insulation panel (VIP) appears to be one of the most promising insulation materials, with the highest thermal insulating capacity (up to 10 times more thermally efficient than conventional thermal insulation materials). Quite naturally, the application of VIP in building envelope construction offers many advantages such as increased energy efficiency of exterior building envelopes, thinner wall thickness, optimum space use, reduced material consumption, etc. However, the acceptance of VIP in the construction industry is critically dependent on the cost and long-term performance. The expensive core material (e.g., precipitated silica or fumed silica) is one of the main reasons for the higher cost of VIPs that offer a satisfactory long-term service life in building envelope applications. To overcome this cost barrier for the mass application of VIPs in the building industry, researchers at the National Research Council Canada - Construction Portfolio have developed a low-cost fiber-powder composite core material for the VIP. This paper briefly introduces the concept of fiber-powder composite and present performance assessment data from laboratory-scale trial VIPs (300 mm by 300 mm) constructed with fiber-powder composite core materials.",Construction industry|Coremaking|Costs|Energy efficiency|Energy utilization|Fibers|Silica|Solar buildings|Core material|Nano-porous|Performance assessment|Reduce energy consumption|Reduced material consumption|Vacuum insulation panel|Thermal insulation,10.1520/STP157420130105,21272788,,,,2914424a-f34c-4961-9345-79709bb2ab35,article,eng
Broadband single-photon-level memory in a hollow-core photonic crystal fibre,"Sprague, M. R.|Michelberger, P. S.|Champion, T. F. M.|England, D. G.|Nunn, J.|Jin, X. -M.|Kolthammer, W. S.|Abdolvand, A.|Russell, P. S. J.|Walmsley, I. A.",Nature Photonics,8,4,287,291,,2014,24/03/2014,,,1749-4885,,,,,nature publishing group,,,"Storing information encoded in light is critical for realizing optical buffers for all-optical signal processing and quantum memories for quantum information processing. These proposals require efficient interaction between atoms and a well-defined optical mode. Photonic crystal fibres can enhance light-matter interactions and have engendered a broad range of nonlinear effects; however, the storage of light has proven elusive. Here, we report the first demonstration of an optical memory in a hollow-core photonic crystal fibre. We store gigahertz-bandwidth light in the hyperfine coherence of caesium atoms at room temperature using a far-detuned Raman interaction. We demonstrate a signal-to-noise ratio of 2.6:1 at the single-photon level and a memory efficiency of 27 ± 1%. Our results demonstrate the potential of a room-temperature fibre-integrated optical memory for implementing local nodes of quantum information networks.",Information services|Particle beams|Quantum optics|Signal processing|All-optical signal processing|Efficient interaction|Hollow-core photonic crystal fibre|Hyperfine coherences|Light-matter interactions|Of quantum-information|Quantum-information processing|Single-photon level|Photonic crystal fibers,10.1038/nphoton.2014.45,21272767,,,,9e17f3e8-0c50-4955-af05-dc559b681a44,article,eng
Determination of boron isotope compositions of geological materials by laser ablation MC-ICP-MS using newly designed high sensitivity skimmer and sample cones,"Lin, Lin|Hu, Zhaochu|Yang, Lu|Zhang, Wen|Liu, Yongsheng|Gao, Shan|Hu, Shenghong",Chemical Geology,386,,22,30,,2014,10/08/2014,,,0009-2541,,,,,,,,"The effects of addition of nitrogen gas with use of three different combinations of sample and skimmer cones on the performance of LA-MC-ICP-MS for in situ B isotope ratio measurements were investigated in detail. Compared to the standard arrangement (H skimmer cone+standard sample cone), sensitivities of B isotopes were improved by a factor of 2.4 and 3.8 with use of X skimmer cone+standard sampler cone and the X skimmer cone+Jet sample cone, respectively. The best within-run precision (2s) of 11B/10B was approximately 50ppm for B4 reference material (B content=31,400?g/g) with use of X skimmer cone+Jet sample cone. It was found that different cone combinations had significant effects on the instrument mass bias, but had little effect on the precisions of B isotope ratios. Addition of nitrogen (2-4ml/min) in the central channel gas did not improve the sensitivity of B. However, significant wider ion axial distribution profile and more stable mass-bias for B isotope ratios were evident. Under selected optimum conditions, good agreements between the measured ?11B values and the reference values were obtained for the international reference minerals (B4, Dravite, Elbaite, IMMRB1 and Schorl), the NIST SRM 610-612 synthetic soda-lime glasses and the MPI-DING glasses (GOR-128-G, GOR-132-G, and StHs6/80). It was found that for low-B containing (11ppm and 31ppm) materials, the precisions (2s) of 11B/10B can be improved by a factor of 2-10 by using the newly designed X-skimmer cone and Jet sample cone, compared to that of using the standard cones. The international reference mineral Danburite (?11B of -14.92±6.77 2SD, n=32) showed a significant non-uniformity of B isotope ratio distribution. Our first boron isotopic results from standards GSD-1G (?11B: 11.92±1.03, n=30), GSE-1G (?11B: 1.63±0.32, n=30), GP-4 (?11B: -5.85±1.01, n=40) and DD-1 (?11B: -13.21±0.56, n=35) showed these materials were fairly homogeneous in boron isotope ratios, making them as good candidates as reference materials. The proposed LA-MC-ICPMS method is suitable for the direct determination of B isotope ratio in a variety of geological materials.",Boron isotopes|Laser ablation|MC-ICP-MS|Nitrogen|Signal enhancement|Reference material|Signal enhancement,10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.08.001,21272768,,,,8d761097-a733-4411-a71b-c2f615c5ad53,article,eng
Oxygen reduction reaction in 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide: Addition of water as a proton species,"Yuan, Xiao-Z|Alzate, Vanesa|Xie, Zhong|Ivey, Douglas G.|Quaz, Wei",Journal of the Electrochemical Society,161,4,A451,A457,,2014,22/01/2014,,,0013-4651,,,,,The Electrochemical Society,,,"In this work, the physical and electrochemical behavior in a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMP-TFSI) has been investigated. Water was added to BMP-TFSI and the effect of added water on conductivity, electrochemical window (ECW) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was explored. The results show that for water amounts up to 1.0 wt%, water addition to BMP-TFSI slightly increases the conductivity of BMP-TFSI due to ""shear relaxation"" in the water-ionic liquid mixture. As a result of an ""impurity effect"", an increase in water addition to BMP-TFSI brings about a reduction in the ECW for the mixture. The rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) technique has confirmed that the ORR process in as-received BMP-TFSI can be assigned to one-electron transfer: O2 + e- h- O2-*. The reversibility of the O2/O2-* redox couple is greatly reduced with the addition of water. The suppressed anodic peak is likely attributable to the fact that the superoxide readily reacts with water. In water added BMP-TFSI, the ORR peak occurs at a more positive potential with an increased current density. The improved ORR activity is attributed to a proton effect and the increase in electron transfer number of the ORR in water added BMP-TFSI.",Bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide|Electrochemical behaviors|Electrochemical window|One-electron transfer|Oxygen reduction reaction|Positive potential|Room temperature ionic liquids|Rotating ring-disk electrode techniques|Electron transitions|Ionic liquids|Mixtures|Oxygen|Protons|Electrolytic reduction,10.1149/2.008404jes,21272769,,,,cb630995-dc11-44f0-a3b1-323c4cee1b10,article,eng
Identification of mechanisms for attenuation of the FSC043 mutant of Francisella tularensis SCHU S4,"Lindgren, Marie|Tancred, Linda|Golovliov, Igor|Conlan, Wayne|Twine, Susan M.|Sjöstedt, Anders",Infection and Immunity,82,9,3622,3635,,2014,2014-09,,,0019-9567,,,,,ASM Journals,,,"Previously, we identified a spontaneous, essentially avirulent mutant, FSC043, of the highly virulent strain SCHU S4 of Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis. We have now characterized the phenotype of the mutant and the mechanisms of its attenuation in more detail. Genetic and proteomic analyses revealed that the pdpE gene and most of the pdpC gene were very markedly downregulated and, as previously demonstrated, that the strain expressed partially deleted and fused fupA and fupB genes. FSC043 showed minimal intracellular replication and induced no cell cytotoxicity. The mutant showed delayed phagosomal escape; at 18 h, colocalization with LAMP-1 was 80%, indicating phagosomal localization, whereas the corresponding percentages for SCHU S4 and the ?fupA mutant were <10%. However, a small subset of the FSC043-infected cells contained up to 100 bacteria with LAMP-1 colocalization of around 30%. The unusual intracellular phenotype was similar to that of the ?pdpC and ?pdpC ?pdpE mutants. Complementation of FSC043 with the intact fupA and fupB genes did not affect the phenotype, whereas complementation with the pdpC and pdpE genes restored intracellular replication and led to marked virulence. Even higher virulence was observed after complementation with both double-gene constructs. After immunization with the FSC043 strain, moderate protection against respiratory challenge with the SCHU S4 strain was observed. In summary, FSC043 showed a highly unusual intracellular phenotype, and based on our findings, we hypothesize that the mutation in the pdpC gene makes an essential contribution to the phenotype.","lysosome associated membrane protein 1|bacterial gene|bacterial growth|bacterial strain|bacterial virulence|bacterium mutant|cell division|cytotoxicity|deletion mutant|down regulation|Francisella tularensis|Francisella tularensis FSC043|Francisella tularensis SCHU S4|gene construct|gene expression|gene mutation|gene replication|genetic analysis|macrophage|microarray analysis|microbial attenuation|mouse|phagosome|phenotype|protein analysis|protein expression|protein localization|proteomics|Bacterial Proteins|Cell Line|Mice, Inbred C57BL|Tularemia",10.1128/IAI.01406-13,21272756,,,,18a2ea9a-1933-4412-b735-15646ac641ca,article,eng
Early allopolyploid evolution in the post-neolithic Brassica napus oilseed genome,"Chalhoub, B.|Denoeud, F.|Liu, S.|Parkin, I. A. P.|Tang, H.|Wang, X.|Chiquet, J.|Belcram, H.|Tong, C.|Samans, B.|Corréa, M.|Da Silva, C.|Just, J.|Falentin, C.|Koh, C. S.|Le Clainche, I.|Bernard, M.|Bento, P.|Noel, B.|Labadie, K.|Alberti, A.|Charles, M.|Arnaud, D.|Guo, H.|Daviaud, C.|Alamery, S.|Jabbari, K.|Zhao, M.|Edger, P. P.|Chelaifa, H.|Tack, D.|Lassalle, G.|Mestiri, I.|Schnel, N.|Le Paslier, M.-C.|Fan, G.|Renault, V.|Bayer, P. E.|Golicz, A. A.|Manoli, S.|Lee, T.-H.|Thi, V. H. D.|Chalabi, S.|Hu, Q.|Fan, C.|Tollenaere, R.|Lu, Y.|Battail, C.|Shen, J.|Sidebottom, C. H. D.|Canaguier, A.|Chauveau, A.|Bérard, A.|Deniot, G.|Guan, M.|Liu, Z.|Sun, F.|Lim, Y. P.|Lyons, E.|Town, C. D.|Bancroft, I.|Meng, J.|Ma, J.|Pires, J. C.|King, G. J.|Brunel, D.|Delourme, R.|Renard, M.|Aury, J.-M.|Adams, K. L.|Batley, J.|Snowdon, R. J.|Tost, J.|Edwards, D.|Zhou, Y.|Hua, W.|Sharpe, Andrew G.|Paterson, A. H.|Guan, C.|Wincker, P.",Science,345,6199,950,953,,2014,22/08/2014,,,0036-8075,,,,,,,,"Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was formed ?7500 years ago by hybridization between B. rapa and B. oleracea, followed by chromosome doubling, a process known as allopolyploidy. Together with more ancient polyploidizations, this conferred an aggregate 72x genome multiplication since the origin of angiosperms and high gene content.We examined the B. napus genome and the consequences of its recent duplication. The constituent An and Cn subgenomes are engaged in subtle structural, functional, and epigenetic cross-talk, with abundant homeologous exchanges. Incipient gene loss and expression divergence have begun. Selection in B. napus oilseed types has accelerated the loss of glucosinolate genes, while preserving expansion of oil biosynthesis genes. These processes provide insights into allopolyploid evolution and its relationship with crop domestication and improvement.","article|chromosome duplication|cytology|genetics|molecular evolution|plant genome|plant seed|polyploidy|rapeseed|Brassica napus|Chromosome Duplication|Evolution, Molecular|Genome, Plant|Polyploidy|Seeds",10.1126/science.1253435,21272762,NRC-ACRD-56049,,,fe675255-2695-4042-a736-97a04c55b3d4,article,eng
Quantum control: May the electric force be with you,"Stolow, Albert",Nature Chemistry,6,9,759,760,,2014,21/08/2014,,,1755-4330,,,,,nature publishing group,,,,,10.1038/nchem.2037,21272772,,,,f291f2e6-adb2-4c03-b040-e382d7af3565,article,eng
"Reply to discussion by Chen and Gao of ""The impact of fire on seismic resistance of fibre reinforced polymer strengthened concrete structural systems""","Bénichou, Noureddine|Mostafaei, Hossein|Green, Mark F.|Hollingshead, Kevin",Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering,41,2,179,180,,2014,24/01/2014,,,0315-1468,,,,,National Research Council Canada. Research Press,,,,,,21272771,,,,26361c48-0a3b-4850-8ad4-ae8a4507b712,article,eng
"Raman scattering in Si/SiGe nanostructures: Revealing chemical composition, strain, intermixing, and heat dissipation","Mala, S. A.|Tsybeskov, L.|Lockwood, D. J.|Wu, X.|Baribeau, J.-M.",Journal of Applied Physics,116,1,,,14305,2014,02/07/2014,,,0021-8979,,,,,,,,"We present a quantitative analysis of Raman scattering in various Si/Si1-xGex multilayered nanostructures with well-defined Ge composition (x) and layer thicknesses. Using Raman and transmission electron microscopy data, we discuss and model Si/SiGe intermixing and strain. By analyzing Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman signals, we calculate temperature and discuss heat dissipation in the samples under intense laser illumination.",Germanium|Phonons|Raman spectra|Raman scattering|Thermal conductivity,10.1063/1.4886598,21272773,,,,20665cc4-b9c8-4b5b-a19c-1a5e81424733,article,eng
"Two-photon excited state dynamics of dark valence, rydberg, and superexcited states in 1,3-butadiene","Schalk, Oliver|Boguslavskiy, Andrey E.|Stolow, Albert",The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters,5,3,560,565,,2014,22/01/2014,,,1948-7185,,,,,ACS Publications,,,"Two-photon absorption in systems with parity permits access to states that cannot be prepared by one-photon absorption. Here we present the first time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy study using this technique, applied to 1,3-butadiene, in which we investigated the dynamics of its dark valence, Rydberg, and superexcited states. The dark valence state dynamics are accessed via the Rydberg manifold, excited by two photons of 400 nm. We find that the 'dark' 21Ag state populated in this manner has a much longer lifetime than when accesses via the 11Bu 'bright' valence state when populated by one photon of 200 nm. In addition, we compared the dynamics of the 3s?- and 3d?-Rydberg states. These Rydberg states relax to the valence manifold on a subpicosecond time scale, with the 3s?-Rydberg state decay rate being larger due to a stronger valence-Rydberg mixing. Finally, we investigated superexcited valence states that fragment or autoionize within 200 fs, likely without involving Rydberg states.",Autoionization|Conical intersection|One photon absorption|Subpicosecond time scale|Superexcited state|Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy|Two photon absorption|Butadiene|Decay (organic)|Excited states|Mixing|Photoelectron spectroscopy|Photons|Rydberg states|Two photon processes|Dynamics,10.1021/jz402725u,21272759,,,,eea29a58-f58d-4ead-8935-0ac01bf7dbef,article,eng
Computational intelligence for urban infrastructure condition assessment: water transmission and distribution systems,"Liu, Zheng|Kleiner, Yehuda",IEEE Sensors Journal,14,12,4122,4133,6855316,2014,21/10/2014,,,1530-437X,,,,,,,,"Water transmission and distribution systems are critical urban infrastructure. The aging of water mains can lead to increased breakage rate, decreased hydraulic capacity, and deterioration of water quality. Condition assessment of water mains encompasses building computational model of failures, discerning distress indicators from inspection, rating health condition, and forecasting future failures. In this process, computational intelligence helps to achieve high-level awareness of system condition and facilitates the decision making in water main renewal and rehabilitation using the combined information from field knowledge, historical records, inspection results, and sensory data. This paper reviews computational approaches to achieve condition assessment of water mains. Inspection and sensor technologies involved in the assessment process are also briefly discussed.",Computational intelligence|water pipe|information fusion,10.1109/JSEN.2014.2336240,21272761,,,,4ff847c4-1867-4c6d-8c41-478336da86f8,article,eng
"Correlations between the stellar, planetary, and debris components of exoplanet systems observed by Herschel","Marshall, J. P.|Moro-Martín, A.|Eiroa, C.|Kennedy, G.|Mora, A.|Sibthorpe, B.|Lestrade, J. -F.|Maldonado, J.|Sanz-Forcada, J.|Wyatt, M. C.|Matthews, B.|Horner, J.|Montesinos, B.|Bryden, G.|Del Burgo, C.|Greaves, J. S.|Ivison, R. J.|Meeus, G.|Olofsson, G.|Pilbratt, G. L.|White, G. J.",Astronomy and Astrophysics,565,,,,A15,2014,21/04/2014,,,0004-6361,,,,,EDP Sciences,,,"Context. Stars form surrounded by gas-and dust-rich protoplanetary discs. Generally, these discs dissipate over a few (3-10) Myr, leaving a faint tenuous debris disc composed of second-generation dust produced by the attrition of larger bodies formed in the protoplanetary disc. Giant planets detected in radial velocity and transit surveys of main-sequence stars also form within the protoplanetary disc, whilst super-Earths now detectable may form once the gas has dissipated. Our own solar system, with its eight planets and two debris belts, is a prime example of an end state of this process. Aims. The Herschel DEBRIS, DUNES, and GT programmes observed 37 exoplanet host stars within 25 pc at 70, 100, and 160 ?m with the sensitivity to detect far-infrared excess emission at flux density levels only an order of magnitude greater than that of the solar system's Edgeworth-Kuiper belt. Here we present an analysis of that sample, using it to more accurately determine the (possible) level of dust emission from these exoplanet host stars and thereafter determine the links between the various components of these exoplanetary systems through statistical analysis. Methods. We have fitted the flux densities measured from recent Herschel observations with a simple two parameter (Td, L IR/L) black-body model (or to the 3? upper limits at 100 ?m). From this uniform approach we calculated the fractional luminosity, radial extent and dust temperature. We then plotted the calculated dust luminosity or upper limits against the stellar properties, e.g. effective temperature, metallicity, and age, and identified correlations between these parameters. Results. A total of eleven debris discs are identified around the 37 stars in the sample. An incidence of ten cool debris discs around the Sun-like exoplanet host stars (29 ± 9%) is consistent with the detection rate found by DUNES (20.2 ± 2.0%). For the debris disc systems, the dust temperatures range from 20 to 80 K, and fractional luminosities (L IR/L) between 2.4 ×10-6 and 4.1 ×10 -4. In the case of non-detections, we calculated typical 3? upper limits to the dust fractional luminosities of a few ×10 -6. Conclusions. We recover the previously identified correlation between stellar metallicity and hot-Jupiter planets in our data set. We find a correlation between the increased presence of dust, lower planet masses, and lower stellar metallicities. This confirms the recently identified correlation between cold debris discs and low-mass planets in the context of planet formation by core accretion.",Astrophysics|Debris|Dust|Extrasolar planets|Luminance|Solar system|Circumstellar matters|Dust temperatures|Effective temperature|Infrared: planetary systems|Infrared: star|Planet formation|Planet-disk interactions|Second generation|Stars,10.1051/0004-6361/201323058,21272746,,,,0b5ca8b6-410f-422e-b031-10818e143e9b,article,eng
The black hole mass of NGC 4151. II. Stellar dynamical measurement from near-infrared integral field spectroscopy,"Onken, Christopher A.|Valluri, Monica|Brown, Jonathan S.|McGregor, Peter J.|Peterson, Bradley M.|Bentz, Misty C.|Ferrarese, Laura|Pogge, Richard W.|Vestergaard, Marianne|Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa|Riffel, Rogemar A.",The Astrophysical Journal,791,1,1,20,37,2014,24/07/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"We present a revised measurement of the mass of the central black hole (M BH) in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4151. The new stellar dynamical mass measurement is derived by applying an axisymmetric orbit-superposition code to near-infrared integral field data obtained using adaptive optics with the Gemini Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS). When our models attempt to fit both the NIFS kinematics and additional low spatial resolution kinematics, our results depend sensitively on how ?2 is computed - probably a consequence of complex bar kinematics that manifest immediately outside the nuclear region. The most robust results are obtained when only the high spatial resolution kinematic constraints in the nuclear region are included in the fit. Our best estimates for the black hole mass and H-band mass-to-light ratio are M BH ? 3.76 ± 1.15 × 107 M ? (1? error) and ?? H ? 0.34 ± 0.03 M ?/L ? (3? error), respectively (the quoted errors reflect the model uncertainties). Our black hole mass measurement is consistent with estimates from both reverberation mapping () and gas kinematics (; 1? errors), and our best-fit mass-to-light ratio is consistent with the photometric estimate of ?? H = 0.4 ± 0.2 M ?/L ?. The NIFS kinematics give a central bulge velocity dispersion ?c = 116 ± 3 km s-1, bringing this object slightly closer to the M BH-? relation for quiescent galaxies. Although NGC 4151 is one of only a few Seyfert 1 galaxies in which it is possible to obtain a direct dynamical black hole mass measurement - and thus, an independent calibration of the reverberation mapping mass scale - the complex bar kinematics makes it less than ideally suited for this purpose.","galaxies: active; galaxies: individual (NGC 4151); galaxies: kinematics and dynamics;
galaxies: nuclei; galaxies: Seyfert; methods: numerical",10.1088/0004-637X/791/1/37,21272748,,,,b19c304b-96e6-4dfc-9388-683948f88065,article,eng
Priming and testing silicon patch-clamp neurochips,"Py, Christophe|Denhoff, Michael W.|Sabourin, Nicaulas|Weber, John|Shiu, Matthew|Zhao, Ping",New Biotechnology,31,5,430,435,,2014,26/04/2014,,,1871-6784,,,,,,,,"We report on the systematic and automated priming and testing of silicon planar patch-clamp chips after their assembly in Plexiglas packages and sterilization in an air plasma reactor. We find that almost 90% of the chips are successfully primed by our automated setup, and have a shunt capacitance of between 10. pF and 30. pF. Blocked chips are mostly due to glue invasion in the well, and variability in the manual assembly process is responsible for the distribution in shunt capacitance value. Priming and testing time with our automated setup is less than 5. min per chip, which is compatible with the production of large series for use in electrophysiology experiments.",Capacitance|Plasma applications|Silicon|Air plasmas|Automated setup|Manual assembly|Neuro-chips|Patch-clamp|Planar patch clamps|Shunt capacitance|Testing time|Electrophysiology|glue|poly(methyl methacrylate)|silicon|accuracy|air plasma reactor|article|automation|biochip|biocompatibility|bioreactor|controlled study|electric potential|electrophysiology|instrument sterilization|materials testing|nanofabrication|neurochip|planar patch clamp|priority journal,10.1016/j.nbt.2014.04.003,21272750,,,,bb6f67cd-4a0a-441d-8c79-226d4e78bbac,article,eng
Special issue on joining technologies for composites,"Backman, D.",Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design,49,3,139,,,2014,2014,,,0309-3247,,,,,,,,,,10.1177/0309324713516724,21272751,,,,1f3cd05c-3d55-44da-a7a3-f685cc6cef34,article,eng
Elemental abundance analyses with DAO spectrograms. XXXIV. A three-dimensional graphical examination of the elemental abundances of the mercury-manganese and metallic-line stars,"Yüce, Kutluay|Adelman, Saul J.",Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,126,938,345,358,,2014,2014-04,,,0004-6280,,,,,The Astronomical Society of the Pacific,,,"Detailed analyses of high-dispersion, high signal-to-noise spectra enable astronomers to infer many stellar properties. We study nonmagnetic normal and chemically peculiar B, A, and F stars to understand the details of their optical region abundances via graphical techniques using two kinds of figures for 32 elements. By characterizing the anomalies of the mercury-manganese (HgMn) and the metallic-line (Am) stars, we provide major theoretical tests. We confirmed the known Hg dichotomy between HgMn stars, which are greatly overabundant, and the Am stars with normal abundances. Further P, Ga, Xe, Pt, and Au values were only overabundant for some HgMn stars, and lines of the rare earth elements, such as Sm and Eu, were seen only in some Am and normal stars. These observations might be due in some cases to changes in the major ionization state of atoms in the relevant stellar atmosphere. That some HgMn stars with large Ga overabundances have positions close in the H-R diagram to HgMn stars that lack Ga II lines in the optical region suggests a dichotomy similar to Hg with a boundary close to, but not identical, to that for Hg. The spread of the abundance anomalies for a given element tends to be smaller among the Am stars than among the HgMn stars. Star-to-star differences are superimposed upon abundance trends.",,10.1086/676335,21272752,,,,62cc4004-bffb-438b-a41e-8526ba25d143,article,eng
Optimizing cone beam CT scatter estimation in egs-cbct for a clinical and virtual chest phantom,"Thing, Rune Slot|Mainegra-Hing, Ernesto",Medical Physics,41,7,,,71902,2014,09/06/2014,,,0094-2405,,,,,AIP Publishing,,,"Purpose: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image quality suffers from contamination from scattered photons in the projection images. Monte Carlo simulations are a powerful tool to investigate the properties of scattered photons.egs-cbct, a recent EGSnrc user code, provides the ability of performing fast scatter calculations in CBCT projection images. This paper investigates how optimization of user inputs can provide the most efficient scatter calculations. Methods: Two simulation geometries with two different x-ray sources were simulated, while the user input parameters for the efficiency improving techniques (EITs) implemented inegs-cbct were varied. Simulation efficiencies were compared to analog simulations performed without using any EITs. Resulting scatter distributions were confirmed unbiased against the analog simulations. Results: The optimal EIT parameter selection depends on the simulation geometry and x-ray source. Forced detection improved the scatter calculation efficiency by 80%. Delta transport improved calculation efficiency by a further 34%, while particle splitting combined with Russian roulette improved the efficiency by a factor of 45 or more. Combining these variance reduction techniques with a built-in denoising algorithm, efficiency improvements of 4 orders of magnitude were achieved. Conclusions: Using the built-in EITs inegs-cbct can improve scatter calculation efficiencies by more than 4 orders of magnitude. To achieve this, the user must optimize the input parameters to the specific simulation geometry. Realizing the full potential of the denoising algorithm requires keeping the statistical uncertainty below a threshold value above which the efficiency drops exponentially.",algorithm|analytical parameters|computed tomography scanner|computer simulation|cone beam computed tomography|controlled study|geometry|imaging phantom|intermethod comparison|light scattering|noise reduction|process optimization|thorax|X ray,10.1118/1.4881142,21272754,,,,5511ac5f-2788-4b42-8a68-13ae7e17eebc,article,eng
The A? peptides-activated calcium-sensing receptor stimulates the production and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor-A by normoxic adult human cortical astrocytes,"Dal Prà, Ilaria|Armato, Ubaldo|Chioffi, Franco|Pacchiana, Raffaella|Whitfield, James F.|Chakravarthy, Balu|Gui, Li|Chiarini, Anna",NeuroMolecular Medicine,16,4,645,657,,2014,20/06/2014,,,1535-1084,,,,,,,,"The excess vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) produced in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain can harm neurons, blood vessels, and other components of the neurovascular units (NVUs). But could astrocytes partaking in networks of astrocyte-neuron teams and connected to blood vessels of NVUs contribute to VEGF production? We have shown with cultured cerebral cortical normal (i.e., untransformed) adult human astrocytes (NAHAs) that exogenous amyloid-? peptides (A?s) stimulate the astrocytes to make and secrete large amounts of A?s and nitric oxide by a mechanism mediated through the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Here, we report that exogenous A?s stimulate the NAHAs to produce and secrete even VEGF-A through a CaSR-mediated mechanism. This is indicated by the ability of A?s to specifically bind the CaSR, and the capability of a CaSR activator, the ""calcimimetic"" NPS R-568, to imitate, and of the CaSR antagonist, ""calcilytic"" NPS 2143, to inhibit, the A?s stimulation of VEGF-A production and secretion by the NAHAs. Thus, A?s that accumulate in the AD brain may make the astrocytes that envelop and functionally collaborate with neurons into multi-agent AD-driving ""machines"" via a CaSR signaling mechanism(s). These observations suggest the possibility that CaSR allosteric antagonists such as NPS 2143 might impede AD progression.",Amyloid-?; Human adult; Astrocyte; Calcimimetic; Calcilytic; Calcium-sensing receptor; Vascular endothelial growth factor-A,10.1007/s12017-014-8315-9,21272758,,,,49bd8b67-237d-4b9e-970e-f9eefa232c32,article,eng
An improved sampling approach to overcome transient effect in staircase waveform,"Zuliang, Lu|Yan, Yang|Lu, Huang|Lei, Wang|So, Eddy",,,,702,703,6898579,2014,2014-08,CPEM Digest,,0589-1485,2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014),"29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014",,,IEEE,9781479952052,,"The advantage of the new sampling approach to overcome transient effect in staircase waveform is described. Based on this sampling approach, a general form is developed in this paper. In this form, more samples of the staircase waveform are used for calculations in the measurement. It provides a better basis to achieve a lower uncertainty. The necessary theoretical basis is analyzed with interesting characteristics. The experiment results are reported.",Sampling|Digital-analog conversion|Transient effect|Wave forms|Discrete Fourier transforms,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898579,21272763,,,,ab99daff-f33d-49b3-bc81-903735563f25,article,eng
TADPOL : a 1.3 mm survey of dust polarization in star-forming cores and regions,"Hull, Charles L. H.|Plambeck, Richard L.|Kwon, Woojin|Bower, Geoffrey C.|Carpenter, John M.|Crutcher, Richard M.|Fiege, Jason D.|Franzmann, Erica|Hakobian, Nicholas S.|Heiles, Carl|Houde, Martin|Hughes, A. Meredith|Lamb, James W.|Looney, Leslie W.|Marrone, Daniel P.|Matthews, Brenda C.|Pillai, Thushara|Pound, Marc W.|Rahman, Nurur|Sandell, Goran|Stephens, Ian W.|Tobin, John J.|Vaillancourt, John E.|Volgenau, N. H.|Wright, Melvin C. H.","Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series",213,1,,,13,2014,03/07/2014,,,0067-0049,,,,,,,,"We present ? 1.3 mm Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy observations of dust polarization toward 30 star-forming cores and eight star-forming regions from the TADPOL survey. We show maps of all sources, and compare the 2.?5 resolution TADPOL maps with 20? resolution polarization maps from single-dish submillimeter telescopes. Here we do not attempt to interpret the detailed B-field morphology of each object. Rather, we use average B-field orientations to derive conclusions in a statistical sense from the ensemble of sources, bearing in mind that these average orientations can be quite uncertain. We discuss three main findings. (1) A subset of the sources have consistent magnetic field (B-field) orientations between large (20?) and small (2.?5) scales. Those same sources also tend to have higher fractional polarizations than the sources with inconsistent large-to-small-scale fields. We interpret this to mean that in at least some cases B-fields play a role in regulating the infall of material all the way down to the 1000 AU scales of protostellar envelopes. (2) Outflows appear to be randomly aligned with B-fields; although, in sources with low polarization fractions there is a hint that outflows are preferentially perpendicular to small-scale B-fields, which suggests that in these sources the fields have been wrapped up by envelope rotation. (3) Finally, even at 2.?5 resolution we see the so-called polarization hole effect, where the fractional polarization drops significantly near the total intensity peak. All data are publicly available in the electronic edition of this article.",ISM: magnetic fields; magnetic fields; polarization; stars: formation; stars: magnetic field; stars: protostars,10.1088/0067-0049/213/1/13,21272764,,,,e343aa6d-1a31-4d7a-b7c2-792ba5e89114,article,eng
Addendum to the AAPM's TG-51 protocol for clinical reference dosimetry of high-energy photon beams,"McEwen, Malcolm|DeWerd, Larry|Ibbott, Geoffrey|Followill, David|Rogers, David W.O.|Seltzer, Stephen|Seuntjens, Jan",Medical Physics,41,4,,,41501,2014,2014,,,0094-2405,,,,,American Association of Physicists in Medicine,,,"An addendum to the AAPM's TG-51 protocol for the determination of absorbed dose to water in megavoltage photon beams is presented. This addendum continues the procedure laid out in TG-51 but new kQ data for photon beams, based on Monte Carlo simulations, are presented and recommendations are given to improve the accuracy and consistency of the protocol's implementation. The components of the uncertainty budget in determining absorbed dose to water at the reference point are introduced and the magnitude of each component discussed. Finally, the consistency of experimental determination of N D,w coefficients is discussed. It is expected that the implementation of this addendum will be straightforward, assuming that the user is already familiar with TG-51. The changes introduced by this report are generally minor, although new recommendations could result in procedural changes for individual users. It is expected that the effort on the medical physicist's part to implement this addendum will not be significant and could be done as part of the annual linac calibration.",rotraxate|water|accuracy|air temperature|atmospheric pressure|calibration|dosimetry|humidity|ionization chamber|linear accelerator|megavoltage radiotherapy|Monte Carlo method|photon therapy|practice guideline|radiation beam|radiation dose distribution|radiation field|water temperature,10.1118/1.4866223,21272744,,,,a371d919-a33f-4b4a-9f5c-092c7ea751da,article,eng
Catalog of observed tangents to the spiral arms in the milky way galaxy,"Vallée, Jacques P.","Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series",215,1,,,1,2014,09/10/2014,,,0067-0049,,,,,,,,"From the Sun's location in the Galactic disk, one can use different arm tracers (CO, H I, thermal or ionized or relativistic electrons, masers, cold and hot dust, etc.) to locate a tangent to each spiral arm in the disk of the Milky Way. We present a master catalog of the astronomically observed tangents to the Galaxy's spiral arms, using different arm tracers from the literature. Some arm tracers can have slightly divergent results from several papers, so a mean value is taken - see the Appendix for CO, H II, and masers. The catalog of means currently consists of 63 mean tracer entries, spread over many arms (Carina, Crux-Centaurus, Norma, Perseus origin, near 3 kpc, Scutum, Sagittarius), stemming from 107 original arm tracer entries. Additionally, we updated and revised a previous statistical analysis of the angular offset and linear separation from the mid-arm for each different mean arm tracer. Given enough arm tracers, and summing and averaging over all four spiral arms, one could determine if arm tracers have separate and parallel lanes in the Milky Way. This statistical analysis allows a cross-cut of a Galactic spiral arm to be made, confirming a recent discovery of a linear separation between arm tracers. Here, from the mid-arm's CO to the inner edge's hot dust, the arm halfwidth is about 340 pc; doubling would yield a full arm width of 680 pc. We briefly compare these observations with the predictions of many spiral arm theories, notably the density wave theory.",catalogs; Galaxy: disk; Galaxy: fundamental parameters; Galaxy: structure; ISM: kinematics and dynamics,10.1088/0067-0049/215/1/1,21272747,,,,1a3d6600-aaba-49ee-9945-6c516a0033f1,article,eng
Copper fixed-point measurements for radiation thermometry at National Research Council,"Todd, A. D .W.|Woods, D. J.",International Journal of Thermophysics,35,6,1366,1377,,2014,30/07/2014,,,0195-928X,,,,,,,,"Due to its high transition temperature relative to other fixed points defined in the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) and its relatively low cost compared to silver and gold, copper is often chosen as the fixed point used to define the ITS-90 above 1235 K at national measurement institutes. Measurement of the copper freezing point can be done in a variety of furnaces. Although there are a large number of copper fixed-point designs, we expect the freezing temperatures to be the same. The difference between realizing different sized fixed points and the use of different furnaces in which to realize them is explored here. A traditional, large aperture fixed-point containing over 600 g of copper is compared to a hybrid-type fixed point containing only 15 g of copper and a commercial fixed point. Three types of furnaces including a heat-pipe furnace, a compact furnace, and a high-temperature blackbody were used to realize the copper freezing point. Between the fixed-point types, only the length of the plateau differed. However, a significant difference was found between the freezing temperatures determined in the different furnaces, and this difference was independent of cell type.","Copper fixed-points; Heat pipe; Hybrid fixed points; Radiation
thermometry",10.1007/s10765-014-1666-5,21272749,,,,d153900c-d4d5-422c-9d5a-5017b52ffdc4,article,eng
A mussel (Mytilus edulis) tissue certified reference material for the marine biotoxins azaspiracids,"McCarron, Pearse|Giddings, Sabrina D.|Reeves, Kelly L.|Hess, Phillip|Quilliam, Michael A.",Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,407,11,2985,2996,,2014,22/10/2014,,,1618-2642,,,,,,,,"Azaspiracids (AZAs) are lipophilic biotoxins produced by marine algae that can contaminate shellfish and cause human illness. The European Union (EU) regulates the level of AZAs in shellfish destined for the commercial market, with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) being used as the official reference method for regulatory analysis. Certified reference materials (CRMs) are essential tools for the development, validation, and quality control of LC-MS methods. This paper describes the work that went into the planning, preparation, characterization, and certification of CRM-AZA-Mus, a tissue matrix CRM, which was prepared as a wet homogenate from mussels (Mytilus edulis) naturally contaminated with AZAs. The homogeneity and stability of CRM-AZA-Mus were evaluated, and the CRM was found to be fit for purpose. Extraction and LC-MS/MS methods were developed to accurately certify the concentrations of AZA1 (1.16 mg/kg), AZA2 (0.27 mg/kg), and AZA3 (0.21 mg/kg) in the CRM. Quantitation methods based on standard addition and matrix-matched calibration were used to compensate for the matrix effects in LC-MS/MS. Other toxins present in this CRM at lower levels were also measured with information values reported for okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-2, yessotoxin, and several spirolides.]",Azaspiracids|Matrix certified reference material|Seafood safety|Matrix effects|Liquid chromatography|mass spectrometry,10.1007/s00216-014-8250-5,21272755,,,,a2c96d5f-56b6-4748-abcc-85bf868c33f6,article,eng
Biologically active polymers from spontaneous carotenoid oxidation : a new frontier in carotenoid activity,"Johnston, James B.|Nickerson, James G.|Daroszewski, Janusz|Mogg, Trevor J.|Burton, Graham W.",PLoS ONE,9,10,,,e111346,2014,31/10/2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,,,,"In animals carotenoids show biological activity unrelated to vitamin A that has been considered to arise directly from the behavior of the parent compound, particularly as an antioxidant. However, the very property that confers antioxidant activity on some carotenoids in plants also confers susceptibility to oxidative transformation. As an alternative, it has been suggested that carotenoid oxidative breakdown or metabolic products could be the actual agents of activity in animals. However, an important and neglected aspect of the behavior of the highly unsaturated carotenoids is their potential to undergo addition of oxygen to form copolymers. Recently we reported that spontaneous oxidation of ß-carotene transforms it into a product dominated by ß-carotene-oxygen copolymers. We now report that the polymeric product is biologically active. Results suggest an overall ability to prime innate immune function to more rapidly respond to subsequent microbial challenges. An underlying structural resemblance to sporopollenin, found in the outer shell of spores and pollen, may allow the polymer to modulate innate immune responses through interactions with the pattern recognition receptor system. Oxygen copolymer formation appears common to all carotenoids, is anticipated to be widespread, and the products may contribute to the health benefits of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables.",,10.1371/journal.pone.0111346,21272760,,,,809f13a0-17ce-4c4a-adb7-b675fce3e0ce,article,eng
Measurements of wood pellets self-heating kinetic parameters using isothermal calorimetry,"Guo, Wendi|Trischuk, Ken|Bi, Xiaotao|Lim, C. Jim|Sokhansanj, Shahab",Biomass and Bioenergy,63,,1,9,,2014,2014-04,,,0961-9534,,,,,Elsevier,,,Wood pellets release heat and gases during storage. A TAM air isothermal calorimeter was used to measure the rate of heat release by bulk pellets at temperatures ranging from 30 to 50°C. The results showed that self-heating rate at the tested temperature range strongly depended on the reaction temperature and the age of pellets. Heat release rate increased as the reaction temperature increased but the rate was not sensitive to pellets moisture content. The activation energy of the self-heating reaction increased with the age of pellets. A simple global kinetic model for self-heating was developed from the experimental data. The model can be applied to simulate the self-heating process in pellets storage containers at different storage temperatures and age of stored pellets.,Activation energy|Calorimeters|Digital storage|Heating|Isotherms|Kinetic parameters|Kinetic theory|Spontaneous combustion|Global kinetic modeling|Heat Release Rate (HRR)|Heat release rate measurement|Isothermal calorimeter|Isothermal calorimetry|Kinetic modeling|Storage temperatures|Wood pellet|Pelletizing|activation energy|bioenergy|biomass power|biotechnology|calorimetry|combustion|heat flux|isotherm|numerical model|reaction kinetics|storage|wood,10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.02.022,21272753,,,,955e7a40-0860-49cc-a365-e6b906b81700,article,eng
Discovery of new magnetic early-B stars within the MiMeS HARPSpol survey,"Alecian, E.|Kochukhov, O.|Petit, V.|Grunhut, J.|Landstreet, J.|Oksala, M. E.|Wade, G. A.|Hussain, G.|Neiner, C.|Bohlender, D.",Astronomy and Astrophysics,567,,,,A28,2014,2014-07,,,0004-6361,,,,,EDP Sciences,,,"Context. The Magnetism in Massive Stars (MiMeS) project aims at understanding the origin of the magnetic fields in massive stars as well as their impact on stellar internal structure, evolution, and circumstellar environment. Aims. One of the objectives of the MiMeS project is to provide stringent observational constraints on the magnetic fields of massive stars; however, identification of magnetic massive stars is challenging, as only a few percent of high-mass stars host strong fields detectable with the current instrumentation. Hence, one of the first objectives of the MiMeS project was to search for magnetic objects among a large sample of massive stars, and to build a sub-sample for in-depth follow-up studies required to test the models and theories of fossil field origins, magnetic wind confinement and magnetospheric properties, and magnetic star evolution. Methods. We obtained high-resolution spectropolarimetric observations of a large number of OB stars thanks to three large programs (LP) of observations that have been allocated on the high-resolution spectropolarimeters ESPaDOnS, Narval, and the polarimetric module HARPSpol of the HARPS spectrograph. We report here on the methods and first analysis of the HARPSpol magnetic detections. We identified the magnetic stars using a multi-line analysis technique. Then, when possible, we monitored the new discoveries to derive their rotation periods, which are critical for follow-up and magnetic mapping studies. We also performed a first-look analysis of their spectra and identified obvious spectral anomalies (e.g., surface abundance peculiarities, H? emission), which are also of interest for future studies. Results. In this paper, we focus on eight of the 11 stars in which we discovered or confirmed a magnetic field from the HARPSpol LP sample (the remaining three were published in a previous paper). Seven of the fields were detected in early-type Bp stars, while the last field was detected in the Ap companion of a normal early B-type star. We report obvious spectral and multiplicity properties, as well as our measurements of their longitudinal field strengths, and their rotation periods when we are able to derive them. We also discuss the presence or absence of H? emission with respect to the theory of centrifugally-supported magnetospheres.",Magnetic fields|Magnetosphere|Analysis techniques|Internal structure|Longitudinal fields|Spectral anomalies|Spectropolarimeters|Stars: chemically peculiar|Stars: magnetic field|Stars: massive|Stars,10.1051/0004-6361/201323286,21272738,,,,c0f802d9-ed5e-47b0-828a-32509c6e32bc,article,eng
Calcium metaborate as a cathode additive to improve the high-temperature properties of nickel hydroxide electrodes for nickel-metal hydride batteries,"Li, Jing|Shangguan, Enbo|Guo, Dan|Li, Quanmin|Chang, Zhaorong|Yuan, Xiao-Zi|Wang, Haijiang",Journal of Power Sources,263,,110,117,,2014,18/04/2014,,,0378-7753,,,,,,,,"In this paper, a novel additive, calcium metaborate (CMB), is proposed to improve the high-temperature characteristics of the nickel electrodes for nickel-metal hydride batteries. As a soluble calcium salt, CMB can easily and uniformly be dispersed in the nickel electrodes. The effects of CMB on the nickel electrode are investigated via a combination of cyclability, capacity retention, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. Compared with conventional nickel electrodes, the electrode containing 0.5 wt.% CMB exhibits superior electrode properties including enhanced discharge capacity, improved high-rate discharge ability and excellent cycle stability at an elevated temperature (70 °C). The improved cell performance of the nickel electrode containing CMB additives can be attributable to the increased oxygen evolution overvoltage and slower oxygen evolution rate. Compared with insoluble calcium salts, such as Ca(OH) 2, CaCO3, and CaF2, CMB is more effective as a cathode additive to improve the high-temperature performance of Ni-MH batteries.",Nickelemetal hydride battery|High-temperature performance|Soluble calcium salt|Calcium metaborate|Cycle stability,10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.134,21272739,,,,d0349e0e-14da-47ca-96f6-559cce2d7409,article,eng
Differences in soil solution chemistry between soils amended with nanosized CuO or Cu reference materials : implications for nanotoxicity tests,"McShane, Heather V. A.|Sunahara, Geoffrey I.|Whalen, Joann K.|Hendershot, William H.",Environmental Science and Technology,48,14,8135,8142,,2014,10/06/2014,,,0013-936X,,,,,,,,"Soil toxicity tests for metal oxide nanoparticles often include micrometer-sized oxide and metal salt treatments to distinguish between toxicity from nanometer-sized particles, non-nanometer-sized particles, and dissolved ions. Test result will be confounded if each chemical form has different effects on soil solution chemistry. We report on changes in soil solution chemistry over 56 days-the duration of some standard soil toxicity tests-in three soils amended with 500 mg/kg Cu as nanometer-sized CuO (nano), micrometer-sized CuO (micrometer), or Cu(NO3)2 (salt). In the CuO-amended soils, the log Cu2+ activity was initially low (minimum -9.48) and increased with time (maximum -5.20), whereas in the salt-amended soils it was initially high (maximum -4.80) and decreased with time (minimum -6.10). The Cu2+ activity in the nano-amended soils was higher than in the micrometer-amended soils for at least the first 11 days, and lower than in the salt-amended soils for at least 28 d. The pH, and dissolved Ca and Mg concentrations in the CuO-amended soils were similar, but the salt-amended soils had lower pH for at least 14 d, and higher Ca and Mg concentrations throughout the test. Soil pretreatments such as leaching and aging prior to toxicity tests are suggested.",Calcium|Metal nanoparticles|Micrometers|Chemical forms|Different effects|Metal oxide nanoparticles|Mg concentrations|Nanometer-sized particles|Reference material|Soil solution chemistry|Soil toxicity tests|Soil moisture|copper|copper oxide|copper compound|nanotechnology|particle size|pH|soil amendment|toxicity test|article|light scattering|particle size|pH|soil amendment|soil analysis|soil pollution|transmission electron microscopy|Cations|Copper|Hordeum|Hydrogen-Ion Concentration|Nanoparticles|Particle Size|Powders|Reference Standards|Soil|Soil Pollutants|Solubility|Solutions|Time Factors|Toxicity Tests,10.1021/es500141h,21272740,,,,8603ab61-af75-4212-ae45-b99c5e982abb,article,eng
Enhancing biomass production and yield by maintaining enhanced capacity for CO2 uptake in response to elevated CO2,"Dahal, Keshav|Weraduwage, Sarathi M.|Kane, Khalil|Rauf, Shezad A.|Leonardos, Evangelos D.|Gadapati, Winona|Savitch, Leonid|Singh, Jas|Marillia, Elizabeth-France|Taylor, David C.|Micallef, Malgre C.|Knowles, Vicki|Plaxton, William|Barron, John|Sarhan, Fathey|Hüner, Norman|Grodzinski, Bernard|Micallef, Barry J.",Canadian Journal of Plant Science,94,6,1075,1083,,2014,2014-08,,,0008-4220,,,,,Canadian Science Publishing,,,"Using four model plants, two members of the Gramineae, rye and wheat, and two Brassicaceae, Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana, two fundamental approaches were exploited to determine how regulating source-sink development would alter photosynthesis, productivity and yield during long-term acclimation to elevated CO2. In one approach we exploited the cold acclimation response of winter wheat, rye and B. napus. In the other approach we modified the dark respiration in A. thaliana to alter availability of respiratory substrates required for anabolic processes, such as fatty acid metabolism, thus reducing sink limitations on canopy photosynthesis at elevated CO2. Taken together, the data show the importance of maintaining strong demand from active sinks when the aboveground canopy is being exposed to elevated levels of the primary substrate of photosynthesis, CO2.",acclimation|carbon dioxide|cereal|crop yield|dicotyledon|photosynthesis|phytomass|productivity|source-sink dynamics,10.4141/CJPS2013-151,21272741,,,,05ac685b-cacb-4802-819a-0d87ea574fde,article,eng
Loading due to interaction of waves with colinear and oblique currents,"Zaman, M. Hasanat|Baddour, Emile",Ocean Engineering,81,,1,11,,2014,05/03/2014,,,0029-8018,,,,,,,,"A study on the loading of an oblique surface wave and a surface current field on a fixed vertical slender cylinder in a 3D flow frame is illustrated in the present paper. The three dimensional expressions describing the characteristics of the combined wave-current field in terms of mass, momentum and energy flux conservation equations are formulated. The parameters before the interaction of the oblique wave-free uniform current and current-free wave are used to formulate the kinematics of the flow field. These expressions are also employed to formulate and calculate the loads imparted by the wave-current combined flow on a bottom mounted slender vertical cylinder. In the present study two different situations are assumed where current is uniform over depth and also acting over a layer of fluid that extends from the free surface to a specified finite depth. In this paper we extend the approach considered in Zaman and Baddour (2004) for the wave-current analysis. Morison et al. (1950) equation is deployed for the load computations in all cases. The above models are utilized to compute the loads and moments on a slender cylinder for a wave with varying range of incidence current field.",3D wave-current field|Superposition model|Wave–current loading|Moments,10.1016/j.oceaneng.2014.02.005,21272743,OCRE-PR-2014-003,,,6983cda3-0601-4456-a145-4e26917faa74,article,eng
The WIRCam deep survey: II. Mass selected clustering,"Bielby, R. M.|Gonzalez-Perez, V.|McCracken, H. J.|Ilbert, O.|Daddi, E.|Le Fèvre, O.|Hudelot, P.|Kneib, J. -P.|Mellier, Y.|Willott, C.",Astronomy and Astrophysics,568,,,,A24,2014,2014-08,,,0004-6361,,,,,EDP Sciences,,,"We present an analysis of the clustering of galaxies from z ? 2 to the present day using the WIRCam Deep Survey (WIRDS). WIRDS combines deep optical data from the CFHTLS Deep fields with its own deep near-infrared data, providing a photometric data-set over an effective area of 2.4 deg2, from which accurate photometric redshifts and stellar masses can be estimated. We use the data to calculate the angular correlation function for galaxy samples split by star-formation activity, stellar mass and redshift. Using WIRDS with its large total area and multiple fields gives a low cosmic variance contribution to the error, which we estimate to be less than ~2.8%. Based on power-law fits, we estimate the real-space clustering for each sample, determining clustering lengths and power-law slopes. For galaxies selected by constant mass, we find that the clustering scale shows no evolution up to z ? 2. Splitting the galaxy sample by mass, we see a consistent trend for higher mass galaxies to have larger clustering scales at all redshifts considered. We use our results to test the galform semi-analytical model of galaxy formation and evolution. The observed trends are well matched by the model galaxies for both the redshift evolution and the mass dependence of the galaxy clustering. We split the galaxy population into passive and star-forming populations based on rest-frame dust-corrected NUV-r colours. We find that the passive galaxy populations show a significantly larger clustering scale at all redshifts than the star-forming population below masses of M~ 1011 h-1M?, showing that even at z ? 2 passive galaxies exist in denser environments than the bulk of the star-forming galaxy population. For star-forming galaxies with stellar masses of M ? 1011 h-1M?, we find a clustering strength of ~8 h-1 Mpc across all redshifts, comparable to the measurements for the passive population. Additionally, for star-forming galaxies we see that clustering strength increases for higher stellar mass systems, however little sign of a mass dependence in passive galaxies is observed over the range in stellar mass that is probed. Comparing our results to the model galaxy population produced by galform, we find a qualitative good agreement between the model predictions and the observed clustering. Finally, we investigate the connection between galaxy stellar mass and dark matter halo mass, showing a clear correlation between the two in both the WIRDS data and the galform predictions.",Forecasting|Photometry|Stars|Surveys|Angular correlations|Clustering strength|Galaxies: evolutions|Galaxies:high-redshift|Galaxy formations|Large scale structure of universe|Semi-analytical model|Star forming galaxy|Galaxies,10.1051/0004-6361/201322814,21272745,,,,c7073309-71e3-4444-8ce8-f6c6e537581a,article,eng
The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. VIII. The spatial distribution of globular clusters in the virgo cluster,"Durrell, P.R.|Côte, P.|Peng, E.W.|Blakeslee, J.P.|Ferrarese, L.|Mihos, J.C.|Puzia, T.H.|Lançon, A.|Liu, C.|Zhang, H.|Cuillandre, J.-C.|McConnachie, A.|Jordán, A.|Accetta, K.|Boissier, S.|Boselli, A.|Courteau, S.|Duc, P.-A.|Emsellem, E.|Gwyn, S.|Mei, S.|Taylor, J.E.",The Astrophysical Journal,794,2,,,103,2014,2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"We report on a large-scale study of the distribution of globular clusters (GCs) throughout the Virgo cluster, based on photometry from the Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS), a large imaging survey covering Virgo's primary subclusters (Virgo A = M87 and Virgo B = M49) out to their virial radii. Using the g ? o, (g ? - i ?)o color-magnitude diagram of unresolved and marginally resolved sources within the NGVS, we have constructed two-dimensional maps of the (irregular) GC distribution over 100 deg2 to a depth of g ? o =24.We present the clearest evidence to date showing the difference in concentration between red and blue GCs over the full extent of the cluster, where the red (more metal-rich) GCs are largely located around the massive early-type galaxies in Virgo, while the blue (metal-poor) GCs have a much more extended spatial distribution with significant populations still present beyond 83? (~215 kpc) along the major axes of both M49 and M87. A comparison of our GC maps to the diffuse light in the outermost regions of M49 and M87 show remarkable agreement in the shape, ellipticity, and boxiness of both luminous systems. We also find evidence for spatial enhancements of GCs surrounding M87 that may be indicative of recent interactions or an ongoing merger history. We compare the GC map to that of the locations of Virgo galaxies and the X-ray intracluster gas, and find generally good agreement between these various baryonic structures.We calculate the Virgo cluster contains a total population of NGC = 67,300±14,400, of which 35% are located in M87 and M49 alone. For the first time, we compute a cluster-wide specific frequency SN,CL = 2.8±0.7, after correcting for Virgo's diffuse light. We also find a GC-to-baryonic mass fraction ?b = 5.7 ± 1.1 × 10-4 and a GC-to-total cluster mass formation efficiency ?t = 2.9 ± 0.5 × 10-5, the latter values slightly lower than but consistent with those derived for individual galactic halos. Taken as a whole, our results show that the production of the complex structures in the unrelaxed Virgo cluster core (including the production of the diffuse intracluster light) is an ongoing and continuing process.",,10.1088/0004-637X/794/2/103,21272719,,,,5fe58b9d-7c8b-4c34-a06d-e412a262f824,article,eng
Evaluating collagen morphology and pathological lipid deposition using multiphoton image statistics,"Mostaço-Guidolin, Leila B.|Ko, Alex C.-T.|Wang, Fei|Tian, Hong|Hewko, Mark|Shiomi, Masashi|Major, Arkady|Sowa, Michael G.",,8948,,,,89482A,2014,28/02/2014,,,1605-7422,Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE,"Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences XIV, 2 February 2014 through 4 February 2014, San Francisco, CA",,,SPIE,9780819498618,,"In this study we present a novel image analysis methodology to quantify and to classify morphological details in tissue collagen fibril organization and lipid deposition. Co-localized collagen (second harmonic, SHG) and lipid (coherent Raman, CARS) images of atherosclerotic artery walls were acquired by a supercontinuum-powered multi-modal nonlinear microscope. Textural features based on the first-order statistics (FOS) and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) parameters were extracted from the SHG and CARS images. Multi-group classifications based on support vector machine of SHG and CARS images were subsequently performed to investigate the potential of texture analysis in providing quantitative descriptors of structural and compositional changes during disease progression. Using a rabbit model, different collagen remodeling and lipid accumulation patterns in disease tissues can be successfully tracked using these image statistics, thus providing a robust foundation for classification. When the variation of the CARS image features were tracked against the age of the rabbit, it was noticed that older animals (advanced plaques) present a more complex necrotic core containing high-lipid extracellular structures with various shapes and distribution. With combined FOS and GLCM texture statistics, we achieved reliable classification of SHG and CARS images acquired from atherosclerotic arteries with >90% accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The proposed image analysis methodology can also be applied in a wide range of applications to evaluate conditions involving collagen re-modeling and prominent lipid accumulation.",Coherent scattering|Collagen|Deposition|Image analysis|Textures|Tissue|Compositional changes|Disease progression|Extracellular structure|First-order statistics|Gray level co occurrence matrix(GLCM)|Lipid accumulations|Multi-group classifications|Sensitivity and specificity|Image texture,10.1117/12.2038232,21272723,,,,3631f5f3-8f9c-4cf2-9d59-fae0c76f0686,article,eng
Seasonal and extreme precipitation characteristics for the watersheds of the Canadian Prairie Provinces as simulated by the NARCCAP multi-RCM ensemble,"Khaliq, M. N.|Sushama, L.|Monette, A.|Wheater, H.",Climate Dynamics,44,1,255,277,,2014,18/07/2014,,,0930-7575,,,,,,,,"This study evaluates projected changes to characteristics of winter, spring, summer and fall seasonal precipitation and rain and snow dominated daily precipitation extremes for 47 watersheds, located mainly in the Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba provinces of Canada, using a multi-Regional Climate Model (RCM) ensemble available through the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program. The set of simulations considered includes those performed with the six participating RCMs for the 1980-2004 period driven by National Centre for Environmental Prediction reanalysis II and those driven by four Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) for the 1971-2000 and 2041-2070 periods. For precipitation extremes, regional frequency analysis is used to develop projected changes to selected 10-, 30- and 50-year return levels of rain and snow dominated extremes (i.e. RDEs and SDEs) separately. The uncertainties due to internal dynamics and physics of the RCMs and those due to the lateral boundary data from driving AOGCMs are studied at the watershed level and evaluated in terms of coefficient of variation on the basis of a multi-RCM ensemble. In general, the structural uncertainty appears to be larger than that associated with the choice of the driving AOGCM for most of the precipitation characteristics considered. Analyses of multi-RCM ensemble-averaged projected changes to mean seasonal precipitation and various return levels of RDEs and SDEs show an increase over nearly all the study domain. The changes to seasonal precipitation are not generally found statistically significant at 5 % significance level but those for RDEs and SDEs are found significant more often for return levels of smaller return period (10-year) compared to those of larger return period (50-year). It is expected that changes in seasonal and extreme precipitation characteristics will have important implications for managing regional water security-related issues in the Canadian Prairie Provinces.",Canadian Prairie Provinces; Climate change; Precipitation extremes; Regional climate models;Regional frequency analysis; Seasonal precipitation,10.1007/s00382-014-2235-0,21272724,,,,d7fdf8b8-cdea-41f9-a37b-b63ef6d81f25,article,eng
A determination of Planck's constant using the NRC watt balance,"Sanchez, C. A.|Wood, B. M.|Green, R. G.|Liard, J. O.|Inglis, D.",Metrologia,51,2,S5,S14,,2014,31/03/2014,,,0026-1394,,,,,IOP Publishing,,,We have measured Planck's constant and have obtained a value of 6.626 070 34(12) × 10-34 J s. To our knowledge this measurement of h has the lowest uncertainty reported to date. This result has been obtained from measurements of four masses of different material and nominal values varying from 1 kg to 250 g. The experimental procedures and the measurement uncertainties are described in detail.,Engineering|Metallurgical engineering|Experimental procedure|Measurement uncertainty|Measurements of|Nominal values|Planck constants|Planck's constants|Watt balance|Uncertainty analysis,10.1088/0026-1394/51/2/S5,21272726,,,,4c7504b2-a387-4d73-a551-c82db3bd6918,article,eng
Effects of various dietary factors on astaxanthin absorption in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar),"Chimsung, Noppawan|Tantikitti, Chutima|Milley, Joyce E.|Verlhac-Trichet, Viviane|Lall, Santosh P.",Aquaculture Research,45,10,1611,1620,,2014,2014-09,,,1355-557X,,,,,Wiley,,,"The experiment was designed to investigate the dietary factors that might enhance or interfere with astaxanthin (Ax) absorption in salmon including potentially interfering factors such as certain carotenoids (zeaxanthin and lutein), plant sterols, fibre and enhancing compounds such as cholesterol and vitamin E. Two hundred and eighty-eight salmon (778 ± 78 g) were reared in sea water under controlled conditions and fed practical experimental diets. The experimental diets were supplemented with 40 mg Ax kg-1, in addition to various dietary factors, including cholesterol (2%), vitamin E (450 IU kg-1), wheat bran (5%), lutein (40 mg kg-1), zeaxanthin (40 mg kg-1) and phytosterol (2%). After 26 days of feeding, blood was collected and plasma was separated to determine the plasma Ax concentration. Ax was not detected in the plasma of fish fed the non-pigmented diet. Fish fed diet containing 2% cholesterol significantly improved Ax absorption, which was reflected in the higher Ax concentration in plasma of Atlantic salmon. Other supplements including vitamin E, wheat bran, lutein, zeaxanthin and phytosterols in diet had no significant effect on plasma Ax concentration. Fish fed diet containing 2% cholesterol significantly increased cholesterol concentration in fish plasma. Phytosterol had no benefit to lower cholesterol plasma level in fish fed 2% phytosterol-supplemented diet.",Absorption; Astaxanthin; Atlantic salmon; Carotenoid; Cholesterol; Fibre; Lutein; Phytosterol; Vitamin E; Zeaxanthin,10.1111/are.12108,21272731,NRC-ACRD-55462,,,360ead43-3aa9-42e5-b8fb-942abeb42ee5,article,eng
The search for faint radio supernova remnants in the outer Galaxy: Five new discoveries,"Gerbrandt, Stephanie|Foster, Tyler J.|Kothes, Roland|Geisbüsch, Jörn|Tung, Albert",Astronomy and Astrophysics,566,,,,A76,2014,18/06/2014,,,0004-6361,,,,,EDP Sciences,,,"Context. High resolution and sensitivity large-scale radio surveys of the Milky Way are critical in the discovery of very low surface brightness supernova remnants (SNRs), which may constitute a significant portion of the Galactic SNRs still unaccounted for (ostensibly the ""missing SNR problem""). Aims. The overall purpose here is to present the results of a systematic, deep data-mining of the Canadian Galactic plane Survey (CGPS) for faint, extended non-thermal and polarized emission structures that are likely the shells of uncatalogued SNRs. Methods. We examine 5 × 5 degree mosaics from the entire 1420 MHz continuum and polarization dataset of the CGPS after removing unresolved ""point"" sources and subsequently smoothing them. Newly revealed extended emission objects are compared to similarly prepared CGPS 408 MHz continuum mosaics, as well as to source-removed mosaics from various existing radio surveys at 4.8 GHz, 2.7 GHz, and 327 MHz, to identify candidates with non-thermal emission characteristics. We integrate flux densities at each frequency to characterise the radio spectra behaviour of these candidates. We further look for mid- and high-frequency (1420 MHz, 4.8 GHz) ordered polarized emission from the limb brightened ""shell""-like continuum features that the candidates sport. Finally, we use IR and optical maps to provide additional backing evidence. Results. Here we present evidence that five new objects, identified as filling all or some of the criteria above, are strong candidates for new SNRs. These five are designated by their Galactic coordinate names G108.5+11.0, G128.5+2.6, G149.5+3.2, G150.8+3.8, and G160.1-1.1. The radio spectrum of each is presented, highlighting their steepness, which is characteristic of synchrotron radiation. CGPS 1420 MHz polarization data and 4.8 GHz polarization data also provide evidence that these objects are newly discovered SNRs. These discoveries represent a significant increase in the number of SNRs known in the outer Galaxy second quadrant of longitude (90° < ? < 180°), and suggests that deep mining of other current and future Milky Way surveys will find even more objects and help to reconcile the difference between expected numbers of Galactic SNRs and the smaller number of currently known SNRs.",Image processing|Optical data processing|Polarization|Supernovae|Surveys|Canadian galactic plane surveys|Galactic coordinates|ISM: supernova remnants|Nonthermal emission|Polarized emissions|Radio continuum: ISM|Surface brightness|Techniques: image processing|Galaxies,10.1051/0004-6361/201423679,21272732,,,,5c16917a-a198-4182-8679-d5e3a3d7b434,article,eng
Synthesis of Ni/SiO2 nanocomposites for tunable electromagnetic absorption,"Gong, Chungong|Wang, Xinwin|Zhang, Xuefeng|Zhao, Xiaowei|Meng, Hongjie|Jia, Yongshuai|Zhang, Jingwei|Zhang, Zhijun",Materials Letters,121,,81,84,,2014,01/02/2014,,,0167-577X,,,,,,,,Composition tunable Ni/SiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized via a facile one-step wet chemical process. The morphology and size of Ni as well as the magnetic and electromagnetic properties of the hybrid materials are all highly dependent on the SiO2 content. The electromagnetic wave absorption of the Ni/SiO2 nanocomposites with optimal composition is satisfactory. The enhanced microwave absorption might attribute to the enhanced interfacial polarization between Ni and SiO2 nanoparticles and the appropriate match of the hybrid nanocomposite.,Ni/SiO2; Nanocomposites; Magnetic materials; Microwaveabsorption,10.1016/j.matlet.2014.01.138,21272736,,,,b84df8f0-0333-4c8f-a794-84bccda5c4dc,article,eng
The origin of organic emission in NGC 2071,"van Kempen, T. A.|McCoey, C.|Tisi, S.|Johnstone, D.|Fich, M.",Astronomy and Astrophysics,569,,1,9,A53,2014,23/09/2014,,,0004-6361,,,,,,,,"Context. The physical origin behind organic emission lines in embedded low-mass star formation has been fiercely debated over the last two decades. A multitude of scenarios have been proposed, from a hot corino to PDRs on cavity walls to shock excitation. Aims. The aim of this paper is to determine the location and the corresponding physical conditions of the gas responsible for organics emission lines. The outflows around the small protocluster NGC 2071 are an ideal testbed that can be used to differentiate between various scenarios. Methods. Using Herschel-HIFI and the Submillimeter Array, observations of CH3OH, H2CO, and CH3CN emission lines over a wide range of excitation energies were obtained. Comparisons to a grid of radiative transfer models provide constraints on the physical conditions. Comparison to H2O line shape is able to trace gas-phase synthesis versus a sputtered origin. Results. Emission of organics originates in three separate spots: the continuum sources IRS 1 (""B"") and IRS 3 (""A"") and a new outflow position (""F""). Densities are above 107cm-3and temperatures between 100 K and 200 K. CH3OH emission observed with HIFI originates in all three regions and cannot be associated with a single region. Very little organic emission originates outside of these regions. Conclusions. Although the three regions are small (<1500 AU), gas-phase organics likely originate from sputtering of ices as a result of outflow activity. The derived high densities (>107cm-3) are likely a requirement for organic molecules to survive from being immediately destroyed by shock products after evaporation. The lack of spatially extended emission confirms that organic molecules cannot (re-)form through gas-phase synthesis, as opposed to H2O, which shows strong line wing emission. The lack of CH3CN emission at ""F"" is evidence for a different history of ice processing because of the absence of a protostar at that location and recent ice mantle evaporation.",Circumstellar matters|Organic emissions|Stars: formation|Stars: protostars|Submillimeter: isms,10.1051/0004-6361/201423821,21272737,,,,fbd0ee48-8af8-4490-92a3-0f5d500faac6,article,eng
Signatures of the continuum electron phase in molecular strong-field photoelectron holography,"Meckel, M.|Staudte, A.|Patchkovskii, S.|Villeneuve, D. M.|Corkum, P. B.|Dörner, R.|Spanner, M.",Nature Physics,10,8,594,600,,2014,2014,,,1745-2473,,,,,Macmillan Publishers Limited,,,"Laser-driven electron recollision is at the heart of the rapidly growing field of attosecond science. The recollision wavepacket is qualitatively described within the strong-field approximation, which commonly assumes tunnelling ionization and plane-wave propagation of the liberated electron in the continuum. However, with increasing experimental sophistication, refinements to this simple model have become necessary. Through careful modelling and measurements of laser-induced recollision holography using aligned N 2 molecules, we demonstrate that the continuum electron wavepacket already carries a non-trivial spatial phase structure immediately following ionization. This effect is of rather general character: any molecule and any non-isotropic system that is ionized by a strong laser field will exhibit an offset in the phase of the continuum electron wavepacket. Specifically, this has important implications for any coherent scattering process in molecules, such as high-harmonic generation or laser-induced electron holography.",,10.1038/nphys3010,21272742,,,,8a45e9a3-95fa-4d9e-975b-c24330926653,article,eng
"Physical and chemical characteristics of l1689-smm16, an oscillating prestellar core in ophiuchus","Chitsazzadeh, S.|Di Francesco, J.|Schnee, S.|Friesen, R. K.|Shimajiri, Y.|Langston, G. I.|Sadavoy, S. I.|Bourke, T. L.|Keto, E. R.|Pineda, J. E.|Takakuwa, S.|Tatematsu, K.",The Astrophysical Journal,790,2,1,21,129,2014,15/07/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"We present single-dish observations of the L1689-SMM16 core in the Ophiuchus molecular cloud in NH3 (1, 1) and (2, 2) emission using the Green Bank Telescope, in N2H+ (1-0) emission using the Nobeyama Radio Observatory, and in NH2D (), HCN (1-0), HNC (1-0), H 13CO+ (1-0), and HCO+ (1-0) emission using the Mopra telescope. The morphologies of the integrated NH3 (1, 1) and N2H+ (1-0) emission well match that of 250 ?m continuum emission. Line widths of NH3 (1, 1) and N2H+ (1-0) show the presence of transonic turbulence across the core. Jeans and virial analyses made using updated measurements of core mass and size confirm that L1689-SMM16 is prestellar, i.e., gravitationally bound. It also has accumulated more mass compared to its corresponding Jeans mass in the absence of magnetic fields and therefore is a ""super-Jeans"" core. The high levels of X(NH 3)/X(N2H+) and deuterium fractionation reinforce the idea that the core has not yet formed a protostar. Comparing the physical parameters of the core with those of a Bonnor-Ebert sphere reveals the advanced evolutionary stage of L1689-SMM16 and shows that it might be unstable to collapse. We do not detect any evidence of infall motions toward the core. Instead, red asymmetry in the line profiles of HCN (1-0) and HNC (1-0) indicates the expansion of the outer layers of the core at a speed of 0.2 km s -1 to 0.3 km s-1. For a gravitationally bound core, expansion in the outer layers might indicate that the core is experiencing oscillations.",ISM: kinematics and dynamics; ISM: molecules; ISM: structure; radio lines: ISM; stars: formation,10.1088/0004-637X/790/2/129,21272720,,,,112c4e5c-4693-42f1-86b1-f6f17c34aa26,article,eng
Shuttle-Cargo fusion molecules of transport peptides and the hD 2/3 receptor antagonist fallypride : a feasible approach to preserve ligand-receptor binding?,"Wängler, Carmen|Chowdhury, Shafinaz|Höfner, Georg|Djurova, Petia|Purisima, Enricho O.|Bartenstein, Peter|Wängler, Bjo?rn|Fricker, Gert|Wanner, Klaus T.|Schirrmacher, Ralf",Journal of Medicinal Chemistry,57,10,4368,4381,,2014,30/04/2014,,,0022-2623,,,,,,,,"To determine if the conjugation of a small receptor ligand to a peptidic carrier to potentially facilitate transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by ""molecular Trojan horse"" transcytosis is feasible, we synthesized several transport peptide-fallypride fusion molecules as model systems and determined their binding affinities to the hD2 receptor. Although they were affected by conjugation, the binding affinities were found to be still in the nanomolar range (between 1.5 and 64.2 nM). In addition, homology modeling of the receptor and docking studies for the most potent compounds were performed, elucidating the binding modes of the fusion molecules and the structure elements contributing to the observed high receptor binding. Furthermore, no interaction between the hybrid compounds and P-gp, the main excretory transporter of the BBB, was found. From these results, it can be inferred that the approach to deliver small neuroreceptor ligands across the BBB by transport peptide carriers is feasible.","3 [3 [(1 allylpyrrolidin 2 yl)methylcarbamoyl]4,5 dimethoxy phenyl] propyl thiol|butaclamol|carrier protein|chlorpromazine|cyclosporin A|dopamine 2 receptor|dopamine 2 receptor blocking agent|dopamine 3 receptor|dopamine 3 receptor blocking agent|drug carrier|fallypride|fluorine 18|gallium 68|haloperidol|ligand|maleimide|multidrug resistance protein|raclopride|transferrin receptor|unclassified drug|amino acid sequence|article|binding affinity|binding site|blood brain barrier|conjugate|conjugation|derivatization|drug synthesis|environmental temperature|freeze drying|high performance liquid chromatography|human|in vitro study|isotope labeling|ligand binding|membrane permeability|molecular docking|molecular model|molecule|nuclear localization signal|peptide synthesis|pH|positron emission tomography|reaction time|receptor binding|stereospecificity|transcytosis|Amino Acid Sequence|Benzamides|Biological Transport|Blood-Brain Barrier|Carrier Proteins|Dopamine Antagonists|Humans|Ligands|Models, Molecular|Molecular Docking Simulation|Molecular Sequence Data|P-Glycoprotein|Receptors, Dopamine D2|Receptors, Transferrin|Transcytosis",10.1021/jm5004123,21272728,,,,7a4b49e4-755d-432e-be8b-7f3b45b51d2d,article,eng
Amphiphobic surfaces from functionalized TiO2 nanotube arrays,"Farsinezhad, Samira|Waghmare, Prashant R.|Wiltshire, Benjamin D.|Sharma, Himani|Amiri, Saeid|Mitra, Sushanta K.|Shankar, Karthik",RSC Advances,4,63,33587,33598,,2014,31/07/2014,,,2046-2069,,,,,Royal Society of Chemistry,,,"Vertically-oriented, self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNAs) are a highly ordered n-type semiconducting nanoarchitecture with a wide range of potential applications. We generated low energy surfaces repellent to a broad spectrum of liquids by functionalizing TNAs using monolayers of two different fluorinated hydrocarbon molecules: perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and 1H, 1H?, 2H, 2H?-perfluorodecyl phosphonic acid (PFDPA). Nanotubes of two different outer diameters (50 nm and 130 nm) were studied and their wetting behavior analyzed in liquids belonging to different solvent classes to infer the nature of the wetting states. We show that the wetting behavior of perfluorinated monolayer-functionalized TNAs in polar liquids is explained by fakir or Cassie-states whilst the wetting behavior of bare nanotubes in every liquid is explained by Wenzel-type states. On the other hand, a transition between the Cassie and Wenzel states due to closed pores in the TNA architecture dictates the wetting behavior of functionalized TNAs in apolar liquids. The wetting behavior of functionalized TNAs is understood considering the synergistic effect of geometric and chemical surface modification. PFDPA-functionalized TNAs were found to be resilient to 24 hours of exposure to water and ethylene glycol at a static fluid pressure of 0.105 MPa, and are one step closer towards the realization of a mechanically robust omniphobic surface. At the same time, an understanding of wetting behavior will be useful in the design and optimization of a wide range of interface-sensitive devices such as metal oxide nanotube/nanopore array based sensors, implants, flow-through membranes, photocatalysts and heterojunction solar cells.",Ethylene glycol|Heterojunctions|Liquids|Monolayers|Nanotubes|Chemical surface modification|Design and optimization|Fluorinated hydrocarbons|Heterojunction solar cells|Interface-sensitive|Low energy surfaces|Mechanically robust|Perfluorononanoic acids|Wetting,10.1039/c4ra06402j,21272729,,,,1ec6b97b-1b37-4666-8dad-5759651ff4fa,article,eng
Linewidth-narrowing phenomena with intersubband cavity polaritons,"Murphy, Francis J.|Bak, Alexy O.|Matthews, Mary|Dupont, Emmanuel|Amrania, Hemmel|Phillips, Chris C.",Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics,89,20,1,5,205319,2014,30/05/2014,,,1098-0121,,,,,,,,"Absorption spectra of strongly coupled intersubband cavity polaritons have been measured, using a tunable midinfrared quantum cascade laser, with high angular and spectral resolution. Pronounced linewidth narrowing of the polaritons around the anticrossing was found, with polariton linewidths narrower (4.2 meV) than both the bare intersubband transition linewidth and empty cavity linewidth (6.2 and 6 meV, respectively), at room temperature. This is due to variations in the degree of spatial averaging of the in-plane quantum-well disorder as the polariton's extended coherence length is increased by the photonic coupling over the value corresponding to the bare intersubband transition coherence length.",,10.1103/PhysRevB.89.205319,21272730,,,,a9a31d6a-4332-4128-98d8-5f7610167cdd,article,eng
Hydrophobic triaryl-substituted ?-lactams as activity-based probes for profiling eukaryotic enzymes and host-pathogen interactions,"Nasheri, Neda|McKay, Craig S.|Fulton, Kelly|Twine, Susan|Powdrill, Megan H.|Sherratt, Allison R.|Pezacki, John Paul",ChemBioChem,15,15,2195,2200,,2014,13/10/2014,,,1439-4227,,,,,Wiley,,,"ABPP with ?-lactams: We identified the eukaryotic targets of ?-lactam-containing compounds by activity-based protein profiling. Using this method, we demonstrated that ?-lactam-based activity probes can be applied to identify differentially active enzymes in different cell lines and during hepatitis C virus replication.",beta lactam derivative|enzyme|eukaryote|fluorescence|gel electrophoresis|host pathogen interaction|hydrophobicity|liquid chromatography|molecular probe|protein analysis|tandem mass spectrometry,10.1002/cbic.201402097,21272734,,,,5a84f256-3ea2-4d75-b07f-ba7a461ef57f,article,eng
Sorption and capillary condensation in wood and the moisture content of red pine,"Wang, Jieying|Mukhopadhyaya, Phalguni|Morris, Paul I.",Journal of Building Physics,37,4,327,347,,2014,2014-04,,,1744-2591,,,,,SAGE Publications,,,"The major purpose of this study is to improve hygrothermal simulation of wood responses to environmental vapor and moisture conditions under high relative humidity conditions. The article first reviews moisture property-related wood microstructures, sorption behavior, the concept of fiber saturation point, the potential for vapor to condense in wood under high relative humidity conditions, the measurement of equilibrium moisture content using traditional sorption methods, and the use of pressure plate test method at relative humidities above 95%. It then summarizes the results of equilibrium moisture content measurements for red pine sapwood at high relative humidity conditions using both sorption and pressure plate methods, with capillary saturation as maximum moisture content. It also discusses a number of wood microstructure and end-use-related factors that could influence the moisture content in service and the measurement of equilibrium moisture content in laboratory. Inconsistencies were found with other equilibrium moisture content data using the pressure plate test method.",Atmospheric humidity|Digital storage|Microstructure|Moisture|Sorption|Testing|Vapors|Equilibrium moisture contents|High relative humidities|Hygrothermal|Moisture storage|Pressure plate methods|Red pines|Moisture determination|Humidity|Microstructure|Moisture Content|Wood Products,10.1177/1744259112453829,21272733,,,,21bfa5c9-0527-42a9-ba6e-9ccd0a92d761,article,eng
Using Monte Carlo ray tracing simulations to model the quantum harmonic oscillator modes observed in uranium nitride,"Lin, J. Y. Y.|Aczel, A. A.|Abernathy, D. L.|Nagler, S. E.|Buyers, W. J. L.|Granroth, G. E.",Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics,89,14,1,8,144302,2014,07/04/2014,,,1098-0121,,,,,,,,"Recently an extended series of equally spaced vibrational modes was observed in uranium nitride (UN) by performing neutron spectroscopy measurements using the ARCS and SEQUOIA time-of-flight chopper spectrometers [A. A. Aczel, Nat. Commun. 3, 1124 (2012)2041-172310.1038/ncomms2117]. These modes are well described by three-dimensional isotropic quantum harmonic oscillator (QHO) behavior of the nitrogen atoms, but there are additional contributions to the scattering that complicate the measured response. In an effort to better characterize the observed neutron scattering spectrum of UN, we have performed Monte Carlo ray tracing simulations of the ARCS and SEQUOIA experiments with various sample kernels, accounting for nitrogen QHO scattering, contributions that arise from the acoustic portion of the partial phonon density of states, and multiple scattering. These simulations demonstrate that the U and N motions can be treated independently, and show that multiple scattering contributes an approximate Q-independent background to the spectrum at the oscillator mode positions. Temperature-dependent studies of the lowest few oscillator modes have also been made with SEQUOIA, and our simulations indicate that the T dependence of the scattering from these modes is strongly influenced by the uranium lattice.",,10.1103/PhysRevB.89.144302,21272715,,,,92ab4201-9913-404c-9702-9e5c9e96b238,article,eng
"MOST light-curve analysis of the ? Doradus pulsator hr 8799, showing resonances and amplitude variations","Sódor, Á.|Chené, A. -N.|De Cat, P.|Bognár, Zs.|Wright, D. J.|Marois, C.|Walker, G. A. H.|Matthews, J. M.|Kallinger, T.|Rowe, J. F.|Kuschnig, R.|Guenther, D. B.|Moffat, A. F. J.|Rucinski, S. M.|Sasselov, D.|Weiss, W. W.",Astronomy and Astrophysics,568,,,,A106,2014,2014-08,,,0004-6361,,,,,EDP Sciences,,,"Context. The central star of the HR 8799 system is a ? Doradus-type pulsator. The system harbours four planetary-mass companions detected by direct imaging, and is a good solar system analogue. The masses of the companions are not accurately known because the estimation depends greatly on the age of the system, which is also not known with sufficient accuracy. Asteroseismic studies of the star might help to better constrain the age of HR 8799. We organized an extensive photometric and multi-site spectroscopic observing campaign to study the pulsations of the central star. Aims. The aim of the present study is to investigate the pulsation properties of HR 8799 in detail via the ultra-precise 47 d nearly continuous photometry obtained with the Microvariability and Oscillations in STars (MOST) space telescope, and to find as many independent pulsation modes as possible, which is the prerequisite for an asteroseismic age determination. Methods. We carried out Fourier analysis of the wide-band photometric time series. Results. We find that resonance and sudden amplitude changes characterize the pulsation of HR 8799. The dominant frequency is always at f1 = 1.978 d-1.Many multiples of one-ninth of the dominant frequency appear in the Fourier spectrum of the MOST data: n/9 f 1, where n = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,13,14,17,18}. Our analysis also reveals that many of these peaks show strong amplitude decrease and phase variations even on the 47 d time scale. The dependencies between the pulsation frequencies of HR 8799 make the planned subsequent asteroseismic analysis rather difficult. We point out some resemblance between the light curve of HR 8799 and the modulated pulsation light curves of Blazhko RR Lyrae stars.",Fourier analysis|Photometry|Amplitude changes|Amplitude variations|Dominant frequency|Micro-variability|Pulsation frequency|Stars: individual|Stars: oscillation|Techniques: photometric|Stars,10.1051/0004-6361/201423976,21272717,,,,721c30d7-eb56-4ad8-ba01-993e9385c8e9,article,eng
Calculation of equivalent initial flaw size distributions for multiple-site damage,"Renaud, G.|Liao, M.|Bombardier, Y.",,,,,,,2014,2014-01,,,,"55th AIAA/ASMe/ASCE/AHS/SC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference","55th AIAA/ASMe/ASCE/AHS/SC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference - SciTech Forum and Exposition 2014, 13 January 2014 through 17 January 2014, National Harbor, MD",,,AIAA,,,"An optimization based methodology was developed to calculate equivalent initial flaw sizes (EIFS) consistent with multiple-site damage in-service findings. The new methodology is compared with a simplified single-crack engineering approach that was previously used for a structural risk analysis. Calculated EIFS, fatigue life, and risk results resulting from both approaches are compared for the Royal Canadian Air Force in-service damage and nil findings at the CC-130 CW-1 location. For the considered case, the results suggest that the simplified engineering approach overestimates the probability of failure.",,10.2514/6.2014-1526,21272718,,,,c936a6d2-7f77-45f2-946b-3b44d0a96ee9,article,eng
Molecular outflows driven by low-mass protostars. I. Correcting for underestimates when measuring outflow masses and dynamical properties,"Dunham, Michael M.|Arce, Hector G.|Mardones, Diego|Lee, Jeong-Eun|Matthews, Brenda C.|Stutz, Amelia M.|Williams, Jonathan P.",The Astrophysical Journal,783,1,,,29,2014,10/02/2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,IOP Science,,,"We present a survey of 28 molecular outflows driven by low-mass protostars, all of which are sufficiently isolated spatially and/or kinematically to fully separate into individual outflows. Using a combination of new and archival data from several single-dish telescopes, 17 outflows are mapped in 12CO (2-1) and 17 are mapped in 12CO (3-2), with 6 mapped in both transitions. For each outflow, we calculate and tabulate the mass (M flow), momentum (P flow), kinetic energy (E flow), mechanical luminosity (L flow), and force (F flow) assuming optically thin emission in LTE at an excitation temperature, T ex, of 50 K. We show that all of the calculated properties are underestimated when calculated under these assumptions. Taken together, the effects of opacity, outflow emission at low velocities confused with ambient cloud emission, and emission below the sensitivities of the observations increase outflow masses and dynamical properties by an order of magnitude, on average, and factors of 50-90 in the most extreme cases. Different (and non-uniform) excitation temperatures, inclination effects, and dissociation of molecular gas will all work to further increase outflow properties. Molecular outflows are thus almost certainly more massive and energetic than commonly reported. Additionally, outflow properties are lower, on average, by almost an order of magnitude when calculated from the 12CO (3-2) maps compared to the 12CO (2-1) maps, even after accounting for different opacities, map sensitivities, and possible excitation temperature variations. It has recently been argued in the literature that the 12CO (3-2) line is subthermally excited in outflows, and our results support this finding.",,10.1088/0004-637X/783/1/29,21272722,,,,5098e8ad-1249-40ca-ad51-ec1371094641,article,eng
Strict limit on in-plane ordered magnetic dipole moment in URu2 Si2,"Ross, K. A.|Harriger, L.|Yamani, Z.|Buyers, W. J. L.|Garrett, J. D.|Menovsky, A. A.|Mydosh, J. A.|Broholm, C. L.",Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics,89,15,1,8,155122,2014,17/04/2014,,,1098-0121,,,,,,,,"Neutron diffraction is used to examine the polarization of weak static antiferromagnetism in high quality single crystalline URu2Si2. As previously documented, elastic Bragg-like diffraction develops for temperature T,10.1016/B978-0-444-63278-4.00003-3,21272666,,,,50775c7f-99bf-49de-a5aa-34d4d1c4ae91,chapter,eng
The role of roughness-induced damping in the oscillatory motion of bilayer graphene,"Ye, Zhijiang|Otero de la Roza, Alberto|Johnson, Erin R.|Martini, Ashlie",Nanotechnology,25,42,1,6,425703,2014,02/10/2014,,,0957-4484,,,,,,,,A multi-scale theoretical model is presented that is the first to offer quantitative agreement with experimental measurements of self-retraction and oscillation of bilayer graphene. The model integrates density-functional theory calculations of the energetics driving flake retraction and molecular-dynamics simulations capturing the dynamic response of laterally-offset rough surfaces. We demonstrate that nanoscale roughness explains self-retraction motion and propose a recipe for tuning that motion by controlling friction.,Graphene|Bilayer Graphene|Molecular dynamics simulations|Oscillatory motion|Density functional theory,10.1088/0957-4484/25/42/425703,21272667,,,,b18c3195-0259-42d9-8d9c-b767ac93b91d,article,eng
Solution-processed annealing-free ZnO nanoparticles for stable inverted organic solar cells,"Alem, Salima|Lu, Jianping|Movileanu, Raluca|Kololuoma, Terho|Dadvand, Afshin|Tao, Ye","Organic Electronics: physics, materials, applications",15,5,1035,1042,,2014,2014-05,,,1566-1199,,,,,Elsevier,,,"We report the development and application of high-quality zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) processed in air for stable inverted bulk heterojunction solar cells as an electron extraction layer (EEL). The ZnO NPs (average size ?11 nm) were dispersed in chloroform and stabilized by propylamine (PA). We demonstrated that the ZnO NP dispersion with 4 vol.% of PA as stabilizer can be used in air directly and remains clear up to one month after preparation. Our inverted solar cells consisted of a blade-coated poly(N-9?-heptadecanyl-2, 7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4?,7?-di-2-thienyl-2?,1?, 3?-benzothiadiazole (PCDTBT) and [6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) (1: 4 by weight) active layer sandwiched between a ZnO electron extraction layer and a MoO3/Ag anode. All solar cells with ZnO films fabricated in air using PA-stabilized ZnO dispersions prepared within a time window of one month exhibited power conversion efficiencies (PCE) above 4%. In contrast, if the ZnO film was prepared in air using regular un-stabilized ZnO NP dispersion, the PCE would drop to 0.2% due to poor film quality. More interestingly, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements indicated that the PA ligands were not covalently bonded to ZnO NPs and did not exist in the deposited ZnO films. The spin-cast ZnO thin films (without any thermal treatment) are insoluble in organic solvents and can be directly used as an EEL in solar cells. This feature is beneficial for fabricating organic solar cells on flexible polymer substrates. More importantly, our non-encapsulated inverted solar cells are highly stable with their PCEs remaining unchanged after being stored in air for 50 days.",Convergence of numerical methods|Extraction|Heterojunctions|Metallic films|Molybdenum oxide|Nanoparticles|Photoelectrons|X ray photoelectron spectroscopy|Zinc oxide|Bulk heterojunction|Inverted solar cells|Power conversion efficiencies|Propylamines|Zinc oxide nanoparticles|Solar cells,10.1016/j.orgel.2014.02.024,21272670,,,,18ac3f26-2b15-4157-9d83-49f4338bf870,article,eng
Biogeochemical activity of microbial biofilms in the water column overlying uranium mine tailings,"Bondici, V. F.|Khan, N. H.|Swerhone, G. D. W.|Dynes, J. J.|Lawrence, J. R.|Yergeau, E.|Wolfaardt, G. M.|Warner, J.|Korber, D. R.",Journal of Applied Microbiology,117,4,1079,1094,,2014,2014-10,,,1364-5072,,,,,Wiley,,,"Aims: To describe microbial diversity, biofilm composition and biogeochemical potential within biofilms in the water overlying uranium tailings characterized by high pH, high metal concentration and low permeability. Methods and Results: To estimate microbial diversity in biofilms formed in water columns overlying uranium mine tailings, culture-dependent and culture-independent methods were employed. High-throughput sequencing revealed the presence of 11 phyla; however, the majority of the sequences were affiliated with four major lineages (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes) as confirmed by culture-based methods. Dominant phylotypes were closely related to methylotrophs (Methylobacterium) and bacterial groups able to utilize complex hydrocarbons (Aquabacterium and Dechloromonas). Microbial diversity in biofilms from the 13 m depth was significantly different that in biofilms from 1 to 41 m (P < 0·05). Phylotypes closely related to iron-reducing bacteria were identified at each depth; whereas sulphate-, thio-sulphate-, sulphite- and sulphur-reducing bacteria, at low abundance, were only detected at lower depths. Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) was used to investigate polymer quantity and composition of the biofilm components, and principal component analysis of the CLSM data revealed that the relative abundance of ?-L-fucose and N-acetyl-glucosamine/lipopolysaccharide residues separated tailings-water interface biofilms from those from other depths. Reduced (ferrous) iron was detected within all the biofilm samples examined by scanning X-ray transmission microscopy. Conclusions: Microbial communities within the water column covering a highly alkaline uranium tailings body form biofilms with microenvironments where iron reduction takes place. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study demonstrates the biogeochemical potential of microbial biofilm communities in the water column covering an alkaline uranium tailings body; specifically, the nature of the bacterial groups detected (Aquabacterium, Dechloromonas) and the presence of reduced iron suggest that complex hydrocarbons are available for bacterial growth and geochemical change, such as iron reduction, can occur even though the system bulk phase is predominantly oxic.",,10.1111/jam.12593,21272671,,,,5690eebb-b013-438d-8a1a-2c31669b2995,article,eng
Application of isothermal titration calorimetry for characterizing thermodynamic parameters of biomolecular interactions : peptide self-assembly and protein adsorption case studies,"Kabiri, Maryam|Unsworth, Larry D.",Biomacromolecules,15,10,3463,3473,,2014,18/08/2014,,,1525-7797,,,,,,,,"The complex nature of macromolecular interactions usually makes it very hard to identify the molecular-level mechanisms that ultimately dictate the result of these interactions. This is especially evident in the case of biological systems, where the complex interaction of molecules in various situations may be responsible for driving biomolecular interactions themselves but also has a broader effect at the cell and/or tissue level. This review will endeavor to further the understanding of biomolecular interactions utilizing the isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) technique for thermodynamic characterization of two extremely important biomaterial systems, viz., peptide self-assembly and nonfouling polymer-modified surfaces. The advantages and shortcomings of this technique will be presented along with a thorough review of the recent application of ITC to these two areas. Furthermore, the controversies associated with the enthalpy-entropy compensation effect as well as thermodynamic equilibrium state for such interactions will be discussed.",Biomolecular interactions|Isothermal titration calorimetry|Peptide self assemblies|Protein adsorption|Thermodynamic parameter|peptide|polymer|protein|adiabaticity|adsorption|Article|case study|enthalpy|entropy|equilibrium constant|human|isothermal titration calorimetry|macromolecule|molecular interaction|protein analysis|surface plasmon resonance|theory|thermodynamics,10.1021/bm5004515,21272657,,,,e55f80fd-9f1d-4686-9b90-407f8edc2cf8,article,eng
"Infrared spectra of He-, Ne-, and Ar-C6D6","George, J.|McKellar, A. R. W.|Moazzen-Ahmadi, N.",Chemical Physics Letters,610-611,,121,124,,2014,08/06/2014,,,0009-2614,,,,,,,,"Spectra of He-, Ne- and Ar-C6D6 in the region of the ?12 fundamental of C6D6 are observed in a pulsed supersonic jet expansion using a tunable optical parametric oscillator laser source. These are the first reported infrared spectra of rare gas-benzene complexes and the first observation in any region for He- and Ne-C 6D6. Two bands are studied for each complex: the ?12 fundamental itself (?2289 cm-1) and the ?2 + ?13 combination band (?2276 cm-1) which are coupled by a Fermi resonance. Effective intermolecular separations of 3.593(1) and 3.455(1) Å are obtained for He- and Ne-C6D 6, respectively, consistent with previous ultraviolet and microwave results for the analogous C6H6 complexes.",Optical parametric oscillators|Spectroscopy|Supersonic aerodynamics|Combination bands|Fermi resonances|Infrared spectrum|Intermolecular separations|Laser sources|Pulsed supersonic jet expansions|Two bands|Argon lasers,10.1016/j.cplett.2014.06.059,21272659,,,,13264acf-4705-460e-9864-17dd09163208,article,eng
Determination of relative ion chamber calibration coefficients from depth-ionization measurements in clinical electron beams,"Muir, B. R.|McEwen, M. R.|Rogers, D. W. O.",Physics in Medicine and Biology,59,19,5953,5969,5953,2014,12/09/2014,,,0031-9155,,,,,,,,"A method is presented to obtain ion chamber calibration coefficients relative to secondary standard reference chambers in electron beams using depth-ionization measurements. Results are obtained as a function of depth and average electron energy at depth in 4, 8, 12 and 18 MeV electron beams from the NRC Elekta Precise linac. The PTW Roos, Scanditronix NACP-02, PTW Advanced Markus and NE 2571 ion chambers are investigated. The challenges and limitations of the method are discussed. The proposed method produces useful data at shallow depths. At depths past the reference depth, small shifts in positioning or drifts in the incident beam energy affect the results, thereby providing a built-in test of incident electron energy drifts and/or chamber set-up. Polarity corrections for ion chambers as a function of average electron energy at depth agree with literature data. The proposed method produces results consistent with those obtained using the conventional calibration procedure while gaining much more information about the behavior of the ion chamber with similar data acquisition time. Measurement uncertainties in calibration coefficients obtained with this method are estimated to be less than 0.5%. These results open up the possibility of using depth-ionization measurements to yield chamber ratios which may be suitable for primary standards-level dissemination.",Calibration coefficients|Clinical electron beams|Reference dosimetry|Electron beams,10.1088/0031-9155/59/19/5953,21272646,,,,2fd0383c-7ea9-4a5f-a34c-e2231684e08e,article,eng
Nanowire waveguides launching single photons in a Gaussian mode for ideal fiber coupling,"Bulgarini, Gabriele|Reimer, Michael E.|Bouwes Bavinck, Maaike|Jöns, Klaus D.|Dalacu, Dan|Poole, Philip J.|Bakkers, Erik P. A. M.|Zwiller, Val",Nano Letters,14,7,4102,4106,,2014,13/06/2014,,,1530-6984,,,,,,,,"Quantum communication as well as integrated photonic circuits require single photons propagating in a well-defined Gaussian mode. However, tailoring the emission mode to a Gaussian remains an unsolved challenge for solid-state quantum emitters due to their random positioning in the host material or photonic structure. Here, we overcome these limitations by embedding a semiconductor quantum dot in a tapered nanowire waveguide. Owing to the deterministic positioning of the emitter in the waveguide, we demonstrate a Gaussian emission profile in the far field. Hence, we further couple the emission into a single-mode optical fiber with a record efficiency of 93%, thereby addressing a major hurdle for practical implementation of single photon sources in emerging photonic technologies.",Quantum dot; nanowire; single photon emission; waveguide modes; Fourier microscopy,10.1021/nl501648f,21272649,,,,b8bb4646-d6fd-43e7-aaa1-e72cec4ef898,article,eng
Facile fabrication of LiMn2O4 microspheres from multi-shell MnO2 for high-performance lithium-ion batteries,"Li, Bao|Wei, Xiurge|Chang, Zhaorong|Chen, Xenian|Yuan, Xiao-Zi|Wang, Haijiang",Materials Letters,135,,75,78,,2014,30/07/2014,,,0167-577X,,,,,,,,"A facile and convenient method is proposed to fabricate the LiMn 2O4 microspheres from multi-shell MnO2. Comparing to the LiMn2O4 synthesized from commercial electrolytic MnO2 (EMD), the LiMn2O4 microspheres synthesized in this work exhibit a close-to-theory specific capacity of 145.9 mA h/g at 0.2 C, while the LiMn2O4 from commercial MnO2 only shows a value of 105.3 mA h/g under the same testing conditions. LiMn2O4 microspheres also exhibit an excellent rate performance: 131.8 and 113.3 mA h/g at 5 and 10 C, respectively. This facile and convenient method to prepare LiMn2O4 microspheres provides a new way to fabricate lithium manganate cathode materials with high specific capacity and rate performance.",Energy storage and conversions|LiMn2O4|Nanocomposites|Multi-shell MnO2|Lithium-ion battery,10.1016/j.matlet.2014.07.117,21272650,,,,8c07fd03-0b80-4991-a30a-13cce801b531,article,eng
Using gas modifiers to significantly improve sensitivity and selectivity in a cylindrical FAIMS device,"Purves, Randy W.|Ozog, Allison R.|Ambrose, Stephen J.|Prasad, Satendra|Belford, Michael|Dunyach, Jean-Jacques",Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry,25,7,1274,1284,,2014,06/05/2014,,,1044-0305,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"(Graph Presented) Recent reports describing enhanced performance when using gas additives in a DMS device (planar electrodes) have indicated that comparable benefits are not attainable using FAIMS (cylindrical electrodes), owing to the non-homogeneous electric fields within the analyzer region. In this study, a FAIMS system (having cylindrical electrodes) was modified to allow for controlled delivery of gas additives. An experiment was carried out that illustrates the important distinction between gas modifiers present as unregulated contaminants and modifiers added in a controlled manner. The effect of contamination was simulated by adjusting the ESI needle position to promote incomplete desolvation, thereby permitting ESI solvent vapor into the FAIMS analyzer region, causing signal instability and irreproducible CV values. However, by actively controlling the delivery of the gas modifier, reproducible CV spectra were obtained. The effects of adding different gas modifiers were examined using 15 positive ions having mass-to-charge (m/z) values between 90 and 734. Significant improvements in peak capacity and increases in ion transmission were readily attained by adding acetonitrile vapor, even at trace levels (?0.1%). Increases in signal intensity were greatest for the low m/z ions; for the six lowest molecular weight species, signal intensities increased by ?10- to over 100-fold compared with using nitrogen without gas additives, resulting in equivalent or better signal intensities compared with ESI without FAIMS. These results confirm that analytical benefits derived from the addition of gas modifiers reported with a uniform electric field (DMS) also are observed using a non-homogenous electric field (FAIMS) in the analyser region.",DMS; Electrospray; FAIMS; Gas additives; Gas-phase separation,10.1007/s13361-014-0878-z,21272653,NRC-ACRD-55852,,,88804470-0c8b-46ef-921c-8b66c5d47a82,article,eng
Practical approaches to determine ventilation rate for offices while considering physical and chemical variables for building material emissions,"Ye, Wei|Won, Doyun|Zhang, Xu",Building and Environment,82,,490,501,,2014,2014,,,0360-1323,,,,,,,,"Indoor air pollutants in offices can be attributed to various sources, including building materials, consumer products, and exhalation from occupants. The required ventilation rate for offices can be determined by estimating the majority of emissions originated from building materials, as an additional determinant factor for ventilation rate, with the assumption of constant ventilation with 100% outdoor air, uniform indoor mixing, and no chemical reactions. In this paper, the validity of these assumptions was investigated by incorporating the effects of various physical and chemical factors in determining material emissions and ventilation rates. Three physical factors investigated were recirculation ventilation, intermittent ventilation and pollutant distribution. Simplified methods using correction factors were proposed to revise the ventilation rate and validated by emission modeling and CFD method. In addition, three chemical factors were discussed. First, 28 building materials were selected from the NRC database and each was subject to determining the ventilation rate. As a result, 28 leading pollutants that are likely to determine the ventilation rate were obtained. Because most of the leading pollutants are reactants rather than products of indoor air reactions, it was concluded that the current ventilation rate determining methods should still be applicable. Additionally, a correction method was proposed for a reaction product such as formaldehyde. Second, the methods to revise ventilation rate based on temperature variation and pollutant concentration in outdoor air were proposed. This study showed that ventilation rate for offices could be determined based on building material emissions in more realistic ventilation and environmental conditions.",Volatile organic compounds|Recirculation|Intermittent|Distribution|Reaction|Health-relevant pollutant,10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.09.017,21272648,,,,9d31337b-8a0e-4cc2-9a85-87d9a7db01ea,article,eng
Molecule-surface recognition between heterocyclic aromatic compounds and kaolinite in toluene investigated by molecular theory of solvation and thermodynamic and kinetic experiments,"Huang, WenJuan|Dedzo, Gustave Kenne|Stoyanov, Stanislav R.|Lyubimova, Olga|Gusarov, Sergey|Singh, Shashank|Lao, Hayes|Kovalenko, Andriy|Detellier, Christian",The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,118,41,23821,23834,,2014,24/09/2014,,,1932-7447,,,,,ACS Publications,,,"Molecular recognition interactions between kaolinite and a series of heterocyclic aromatic compounds (HAC) representative of the N- and S-containing moieties in petroleum asphaltene macromolecules are investigated using the three-dimensional reference interaction site model with the Kovalenko-Hirata closure approximation (3D-RISM-KH) theory of solvation and experimental techniques in toluene solvent. The statistical-mechanical 3D-RISM-KH molecular theory of solvation predicts the adsorption configuration and thermodynamics from the 3D site density distribution functions and total solvation free energy, respectively, for adsorption of HAC and toluene on kaolinite. Spectrophotometric measurements show that, among the HAC studied, only acridine and phenanthridine adsorb quantitatively on kaolinite. For these pyridinic HAC, the adsorption results fitted to the Langmuir isotherm in the monolayer domain suggest a uniform monolayer of HAC molecules. The 3D-RISM-KH studies predict that the aluminum hydroxide surface of kaolinite is preferred for HAC adsorption due to strong hydrogen bonding with the pyridinic N atoms, while the rest of the HAC adsorb weaker. Adsorption on the silicon oxide side is weak and delocalized, as evident from the 3D solvation free energy density. Toluene sites effectively compete with non-hydrogen bonding HAC, such as fused thiophenes, for the kaolinite surface. The adsorption enthalpy and phenanthridine-acridine loading ratio are calculated and correlated with the experimentally determined Langmuir constant and adsorption loading. This combined experimental and computational modeling approach is aimed to provide insight into the specific interactions among clays, bitumen, and solvents so as to help accelerate the development of environmentally friendly and efficient desorption systems for nonaqueous extraction of bitumen from Oil Sands, an important unconventional petroleum reserve.",Heterocyclic aromatic compounds|Kinetic experiment|Molecular theory of solvation|Molecule surface,10.1021/jp507393u,21272647,,,,7b90aae5-5f3a-4009-aa11-d27eb5d6926a,article,eng
? Pegasi: testing Vega-like magnetic fields in B stars,"Neiner, C.|Monin, D.|Leroy, B.|Mathis, S.|Bohlender, D.",Astronomy and Astrophysics,562,,,,A59,2014,2014-02,,,0004-6361,,,,,EDP Sciences,,,"Context. The bright B pulsator ? Peg shows both p and g modes of ? Cep and SPB types. It has also been claimed that it is a magnetic star, while others do not detect any magnetic field. Aims. We check for the presence of a magnetic field, with the aim to characterise it if it exists, or else provide a firm upper limit of its strength if it is not detected. If ? Peg is magnetic as claimed, it would make an ideal asteroseismic target for testing various theoretical scenarios. If it is very weakly magnetic, it would be the first observation of an extension of Vega-like fields to early B stars. Finally, if it is not magnetic and we can provide a very low upper limit on its non-detected field, it would make an important result for stellar evolution models. Methods. We acquired high resolution, high signal-to-noise spectropolarimetric Narval data at Telescope Bernard Lyot (TBL). We also gathered existing dimaPol spectropolarimetric data from the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory (DAO) and Musicos spectropolarimetric data from TBL. We analysed the Narval and Musicos observations using the least-squares deconvolution (LSD) technique to derive the longitudinal magnetic field and Zeeman signatures in lines. The longitudinal field strength was also extracted from the H? line observed with the DAO. With a Monte Carlo simulation we derived the maximum strength of the field possibly hosted by ? Peg. Results. We find that no magnetic signatures are visible in the very high quality spectropolarimetric data. The average longitudinal field measured in the Narval data is Bl = -0.1 ± 0.4 G. We derive a very strict upper limit of the dipolar field strength of Bpol ~ 40 G. Conclusions. We conclude that ? Peg is not magnetic: it hosts neither a strong stable fossil field as observed in a fraction of massive stars nor a very weak Vega-like field. There is therefore no evidence that Vega-like fields exist in B stars, contrary to the predictions by fossil field dichotomy scenarios. These scenarios should thus be revised. Our results also provide strong constraints for stellar evolution models.",Astrophysical observatory|Longitudinal fields|Longitudinal magnetic fields|Magnetic signatures|Stars: early-type|Stars: individual|Stars: magnetic field|Stellar evolutions|Magnetic fields|Monte Carlo methods|Stars,10.1051/0004-6361/201323093,21272655,,,,849bc166-8cec-4693-8d9b-9d8864314e39,article,eng
Sampling current ratio bridge for calibration of current transducers up to 10 kA with 5 ppm uncertainty|Sampling current ratio bridge for calibration of current transducers up to 10 kA with 5 5 · 1o-6 Uncertainty,"van den Brom, Helko E.|Rietveld, Gert|So, Eddy",,,,8,9,6898232,2014,2014-08,CPEM Digest,,0589-1485,2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014),"29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014",,,IEEE,9781479952052,,"A sampling current ratio bridge has been developed, tested and validated for the accurate complex ratio measurement of AC current transducers for primary currents up to 10 kA with expanded uncertainties of 5 · 10-6 in magnitude and 5 ?rad in phase (k = 2). A unique property of the system is the use of digitizers for sampling of the secondary current signals and step-down transformers with a large number of current ratios. This allows for the accurate calibration of a large variety of different current transformers and other types of current transducers.",Electric instrument transformers|Sampling|Current ratios|Current transducer|uncertainty|Electric current measurement,10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898232,21272619,,,,d03e1b81-dc1d-4fd9-8b22-0b3d36d2b4db,article,eng
Atom-scale surface reactivity mediated by long-ranged equilibrium charge transfer,"Piva, Paul G.|Dilabio, Gino A.|Livadaru, Lucian|Wolkow, Robert A.",Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics,90,15,155422-1,155422-13,155422,2014,13/10/2014,,,1098-0121,,,,,,,,"The observation of reaction outcomes at the bulk scale provides an average view of chemical processes, obscuring potentially significant differences in the behavior of matter at the atom scale. Through a series of atom-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy experiments, the inhomogeneous reactivity of silicon surface dangling bond states is revealed. The differences in reactivity provide evidence for the coexistence of neutral and negative surface states on these surfaces. It is shown that reactivity can be modulated through the density of surface states and by the bulk dopant level. These findings demonstrate that site-specific surface reactivity at the atom scale can be modulated by nonlocal charge allocation and provide opportunities for controlling chemistry at this scale.",,10.1103/PhysRevB.90.155422,21272629,,,,38537676-9488-44e7-9b36-435e8210056d,article,eng
What will it take to observe processes in 'real time'?,"Leone, Stephen R.|Mccurdy, C. William|Burgdörfer, Joachim|Cederbaum, Lorenz S.|Chang, Zenghu|Dudovich, Nirit|Feist, Johannes|Greene, Chris H.|Ivanov, Misha|Kienberger, Reinhard|Keller, Ursula|Kling, Matthias F.|Loh, Zhi-Heng|Pfeifer, Thomas|Pfeiffer, Adrian N.|Santra, Robin|Schafer, Kenneth|Stolow, Albert|Thumm, Uwe|Vrakking, Marc J. J.",Nature Photonics,8,3,162,166,,2014,28/02/2014,,,1749-4885,,,,,Macmillan Publishers Limited,,,,,10.1038/nphoton.2014.48,21272643,,,,cc05e30f-3404-48a0-b674-73bbcd70a844,article,eng
An ode to the atomic weights,"Meija, Juris",Nature Chemistry,6,9,749,750,,2014,2014-09,,,1755-4330,,,,,MacMilliam Publishers Limited,,,,,10.1038/nchem.2047,21272644,,,,a26eb96f-243c-43a8-a460-31f28aef3bdd,article,eng
Atmospheric methane oxidizers are present and active in Canadian high Arctic soils,"Martineau, Christine|Pan, Yao|Bodrossy, Levente|Yergeau, Etienne|Whyte, Lyle G.|Greer, Charles W.",FEMS Microbiology Ecology,89,2,257,269,,2014,19/02/2014,,,0168-6496,,,,,Oxford University Press,,,"The melting of permafrost and the associated potential for methane emissions to the atmosphere are major concerns in the context of global warming. However, soils can also represent a significant sink for methane through the activity of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB). In this study, we looked at the activity, diversity, and community structure of MOB at two sampling depths within the active layer in three soils from the Canadian high Arctic. These soils had the capacity to oxidize methane at low (15 ppm) and high (1000 ppm) methane concentrations, but rates differed greatly depending on the sampling date, depth, and site. The pmoA gene sequences related to two genotypes of uncultured MOB involved in atmospheric methane oxidation, the 'upland soil cluster gamma' and the 'upland soil cluster alpha', were detected in soils with near neutral and acidic pH, respectively. Other groups of MOB, including Type I methanotrophs and the 'Cluster 1' genotype, were also detected, indicating a broader diversity of MOB than previously reported for Arctic soils. Overall, the results reported here showed that methane oxidation at both low and high methane concentrations occurs in high Arctic soils and revealed that different groups of atmospheric MOB inhabit these soils. Methane oxidation at both low and high methane concentrations occurs in high Arctic soils and different groups of methane-oxidizing bacteria inhabit these soils.","Bacteria (microorganisms)|Methylococcaceae|bacterial protein|methane|methane monooxygenase|oxygenase|particulate methane monooxygenase|RNA 16S|bacterial gene|DNA sequence|enzymology|genetic variability|genetics|metabolism|microbiology|molecular genetics|nucleotide sequence|oxidation reduction reaction|phylogeny|pmoA microarray|uncultured methanotrophs|High-affinity methane oxidation|microbial ecology in cold environments|Arctic Regions|Genes, Bacterial|Genetic Variation|Molecular Sequence Data|Oxidation-Reduction|Sequence Analysis, DNA|Soil Microbiology",10.1111/1574-6941.12287,21272645,,,,e17e75eb-c271-43dd-9604-8faabeeec3ec,article,eng
High-precision quadruple isotope dilution method for simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in seawater by GCMS after derivatization with triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate,"Pagliano, E.|Meija, J.|Mester, Z.",Analytica Chimica Acta,824,,36,41,,2014,2014,,,0003-2670,,,,,,,,"Quadruple isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ID4MS) has been applied for simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in seawater. ID4MS allows high-precision measurements and entails the use of isotopic internal standards (18O-nitrite and 15N-nitrate). We include a tutorial on ID4MS outlining optimal experimental design which generates results with low uncertainties and obviates the need for direct (separate) evaluation of the procedural blank. Nitrite and nitrate detection was achieved using a headspace GCMS procedure based on single-step aqueous derivatization with triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate at room temperature. In this paper the sample preparation was revised and fundamental aspects of this chemistry are presented. The proposed method has detection limits in the low parts-per-billion for both analytes, is reliable, precise, and has been validated using a seawater certified reference material (MOOS-2). Simplicity of the experimental design, low detection limits, and the use of quadruple isotope dilution makes the present method superior to the state-of-the-art for determination of nitrite and nitrate, and an ideal candidate for reference measurements of these analytes in seawater. © 2014.","Quadruple isotope dilution;
High-precision;
Nitrite and nitrate;
Seawater;
Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate derivatization;
GCMS",10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.018,21272651,,,,3b5c7676-ed16-441a-b6eb-e97f511965b4,article,eng
Binary orbits as the driver of ?-ray emission and mass ejection in classical novae,"Chomiuk, Laura|Linford, Justin D.|Yang, Jun|O'Brien, T. J.|Paragi, Zsolt|Mioduszewski, Amy J.|Beswick, R. J.|Cheung, C. C.|Mukai, Koji|Nelson, Thomas|Ribeiro, Valerio A. R. M.|Rupen, Michael P.|Sokoloski, J. L.|Weston, Jennifer|Zheng, Yong|Bode, Michael F.|Eyres, Stewart|Roy, Nirupam|Taylor, Gregory B.",Nature,514,7522,339,342,,2014,16/10/2014,,,0028-0836,,,,,,,,"Classical novae are the most common astrophysical thermonuclear explosions, occurring on the surfaces of white dwarf stars accreting gas from companions in binary star systems. Novae typically expel about 10-4 solarmasses of material at velocities exceeding 1,000 kilometres per second. However, the mechanism of mass ejection innovae is poorly understood, and could be dominated by the impulsive flash of thermonuclear energy, prolonged optically thick winds or binary interaction with the nova envelope. Classical novae are now routinely detected at gigaelectronvolt ?-ray wavelengths, suggesting that relativistic particles are accelerated by strong shocks in the ejecta. Here we report high-resolution radio imaging of the ?-rayemitting nova V959 Mon. We find that its ejecta were shaped by the motion of the binary system: some gas was expelled rapidly along the poles as a wind from the white dwarf, while denser material drifted out along the equatorial plane, propelled by orbital motion. At the interface between the equatorial and polar regions, we observe synchrotron emission indicative of shocks and relativistic particle acceleration, thereby pinpointing the location of ?-ray production. Binary shaping of the nova ejecta and associated internal shocks are expected to be widespread among novae, explaining why many novae are ?-ray emitters.",astrophysics|explosion|velocity|wavelength|X-ray spectroscopy|acceleration|Article|gamma radiation|image analysis|motion|optical resolution|spectrum|synchrotron radiation|wind,10.1038/nature13773,21272652,,,,4fe775af-eaf9-49da-9e4b-371435b2b14a,article,eng
Tunneling splitting in double-proton transfer: Direct diagonalization results for porphycene,"Smedarchina, Zorka|Siebrand, Willem|Fernández-Ramos, Antonio",Journal of Chemical Physics,141,17,,,174312,2014,05/11/2014,,,0021-9606,,,,,AIP Publishing,,,"Zero-point and excited level splittings due to double-proton tunneling are calculated for porphycene and the results are compared with experiment. The calculation makes use of a multidimensional imaginary-mode Hamiltonian, diagonalized directly by an effective reduction of its dimensionality. Porphycene has a complex potential energy surface with nine stationary configurations that allow a variety of tunneling paths, many of which include classically accessible regions. A symmetry-based approach is used to show that the zero-point level, although located above the cis minimum, corresponds to concerted tunneling along a direct trans - trans path; a corresponding cis - cis path is predicted at higher energy. This supports the conclusion of a previous paper [Z. Smedarchina, W. Siebrand, and A. Fernández-Ramos, J. Chem. Phys. 127, 174513 (2007)] based on the instanton approach to a model Hamiltonian of correlated double-proton transfer. A multidimensional tunneling Hamiltonian is then generated, based on a double-minimum potential along the coordinate of concerted proton motion, which is newly evaluated at the RI-CC2/cc-pVTZ level of theory. To make it suitable for diagonalization, its dimensionality is reduced by treating fast weakly coupled modes in the adiabatic approximation. This results in a coordinate-dependent mass of tunneling, which is included in a unique Hermitian form into the kinetic energy operator. The reduced Hamiltonian contains three symmetric and one antisymmetric mode coupled to the tunneling mode and is diagonalized by a modified Jacobi-Davidson algorithm implemented in the Jadamilu software for sparse matrices. The results are in satisfactory agreement with the observed splitting of the zero-point level and several vibrational fundamentals after a partial reassignment, imposed by recently derived selection rules. They also agree well with instanton calculations based on the same Hamiltonian.",Diagonalizations|Porphycene|Tunneling splittings,10.1063/1.4900717,21272639,,,,dd39d144-6b79-4785-8984-337bb4f37146,article,eng
Microscopic theory of the optical properties of colloidal graphene quantum dots,"Ozfidan, Isil|Korkusinski, Marek|Güçlü, A. Devrim|McGuire, John A.|Hawrylak, Pawel",Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics,89,8,,,85310,2014,21/02/2014,,,1098-0121,,,,,American Physical Society,,,"We present a microscopic theory of electronic and optical properties of colloidal graphene quantum dots (CGQDs). The single-particle properties are described in the tight-binding model based on the pz carbon orbitals. Electron-electron screened Coulomb direct, exchange, and scattering matrix elements are calculated using Slater pz orbitals. The many-body ground state and excited states are constructed as a linear combination of a finite number of excitations from the Hartree-Fock (HF) ground state (GS) by exact diagonalization techniques. HF ground states corresponding to semiconductor, Mott-insulator, and spin-polarized phases are obtained as a function of the strength of the screened interaction versus the tunneling matrix element. In the semiconducting phase of a triangular CGQD, the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band are found to be degenerate due to rotational symmetry. The singlet and triplet exciton spectra from the HF GS are obtained by solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation. The low-energy exciton spectrum is predicted to consist of two bright-singlet exciton states corresponding to two circular polarizations of light and a lower-energy band of two dark singlets and 12 dark triplets. The robustness of the bright degenerate singlet pair against correlations in the many-body state is demonstrated as well as the breaking of the degeneracy by the lowering of symmetry of the CGQD. The band-gap renormalization, electron-hole attraction, fine structure, oscillator strength, and polarization of the exciton are analyzed as a function of the size, shape, screening, and symmetry of the CGQD. The theoretical results are compared with experimental absorption spectra.",,10.1103/PhysRevB.89.085310,21272627,,,,fabc734d-e2fd-4fc8-814e-12c60e2a476e,article,eng
Recent advances in electrochemical detection of arsenic in drinking and ground waters,"Luong, John H. T.|Lam, Edmond|Male, Keith B.",Analytical Methods,6,16,6157,6169,,2014,08/05/2014,,,1759-9660,,,,,,,,"Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) using noble electrodes is based on the reduction of As3+ to As0, followed by its stripping or oxidation to As3+ or As5+ species, the two predominant forms of arsenic in water. The rapid and convenient ASV method can detect As(iii) at the low ppb level, but it is susceptible to interferences from various endogenous metals or organic compounds in waters. Electrode surface modification with metallic nanoparticles (NPs), carbonaceous nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes and graphene) and even enzymes (arsenite oxidase) can improve detection sensitivity and selectivity, while circumventing such interferences. All electrochemical methods aim for a detection limit below the World Health Organization guideline value of 10 ppb (133.3 nM). Despite numerous publications in this field during the last ten years with respect to novel electrode materials and electrolytes, reproducibility of electrochemical detection is still problematic and the analysis of arsenic in real ground-water samples is far from certainty and triviality. Considerable efforts are still needed to develop electrode materials and analytical procedures for reliable detection of arsenic with sub-ppb levels in the presence of endogenous toxic metals and organics in water matrices.",Electrodes; Groundwater; Voltammetry; Analytical procedure; Anodic stripping voltammetry; Detection sensitivity; ELectrochemical detection; ELectrochemical methods; Electrode surface modifications; Metallic nanoparticles; World Health Organization; Arsenic,10.1039/c4ay00817k,21272637,NRC-ACRD-56046,,,556177ae-d88e-4790-a513-132219544262,article,eng
"The ALMA assembly, integration, and verification project: A retrospective analysis","Lopez, B.|Knee, L. B. G.|Jager, H.|Whyborn, N.|McMullin, J.|Murowinski, R.|Peck, A.|Corder, S.",,9150,,,,91500B,2014,04/08/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy VI, 22 June 2014 through 24 June 2014, Montreal, QC",,,SPIE,9780819496188,,"The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is a joint project between astronomical organizations in Europe, North America, and East Asia, in collaboration with the Republic of Chile. ALMA consists of 54 twelve-meter antennas and 12 seven-meter antennas operating as an aperture synthesis array in the (sub)millimeter wavelength range. Assembly, Integration, and Verification (AIV) of the antennas was completed at the end of the year 2013, while the final optimization and complete expansion to validate all planned observing modes will continue. This paper compares the actually obtained results of the period 2008-2013 with the baselines that had been laid out in the early project-planning phase (2005-2007). First plans made for ALMA AIV had already established a two-phased project life-cycle: phase 1 for setting up necessary infrastructure and common facilities, and taking the first three antennas to the start of commissioning; and phase 2 focused on the steady state processing of the remaining units. Throughout the execution of the project this lifecycle was refined and two additional phases were added, namely a transition phase between phases 1 and 2, and a closing phase to address the project ramp-down. A sub-project called Accelerated Commissioning and Science Verification (ACSV) was carried out during the year 2009 in order to provide focus to the whole ALMA organization, and to accomplish the start-of-commissioning milestone. Early phases of CSV focused on validating the basic performance and calibration. Over time additional observing modes have been validated as capabilities expanded both in hardware and software. This retrospective analysis describes the originally presented project staffing plans and schedules, the underlying assumptions, identified risks and operational models, among others. For comparison actual data on staffing levels, the resultant schedule, additional risks identified and those that actually materialized, are presented. The observed similarities and differences are then analyzed and explained, and corresponding lessons learned are presented.",Antennas|Astronomy|Life cycle|Personnel selection|Plant shutdowns|Project management|Risk perception|Systems engineering|Aperture synthesis|Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA)|Hardware and software|Joint projects|Millimeter wavelength|Operational model|Retrospective analysis|Transition phase|Risk assessment,10.1117/12.2056310,21272617,,,,707a1202-daa9-4fe0-b88a-fa6912b44ba1,article,eng
Coordinate swapping in standard addition graphs for analytical chemistry : a simplified path for uncertainty calculation in linear and nonlinear plots,"Meija, Juris|Pagliano, Enea|Mester, Zolta?n",Analytical Chemistry,86,17,8563,8567,,2014,2014,,,0003-2700,,,,,,,,"Uncertainty of the result from the method of standard addition is often underestimated due to neglect of the covariance between the intercept and the slope. In order to simplify the data analysis from standard addition experiments, we propose x-y coordinate swapping in conventional linear regression. Unlike the ratio of the intercept and slope, which is the result of the traditional method of standard addition, the result of the inverse standard addition is obtained directly from the intercept of the swapped calibration line. Consequently, the uncertainty evaluation becomes markedly simpler. The method is also applicable to nonlinear curves, such as the quadratic model, without incurring any additional complexity.",Chemical analysis|Calibration lines|Nonlinear curves|Quadratic modeling|Standard addition|Uncertainty calculations|Uncertainty evaluation|Chemistry,10.1021/ac5014749,21272638,,,,8464f428-2dd1-4c13-a23d-7f3ff3edb63d,article,eng
Oxidation resistance of novel multilayer coatings for gas turbine components,"Gao, F.|Yang, Q.|Liu, R.|Huang, X.",Surface Engineering,30,9,624,635,,2014,2014-09,,,0267-0844,,,,,Maney Publications,,,"This article presents a study of the oxidation behaviour of two multilayer coatings, denoted as MC I and MC II, respectively, which are designed with a three-layer architecture: a Cr-Si barrier layer on the IN738 substrate, a NiCrAlY intermediate layer, and an aluminised top layer. The emphasis of this research is on the total amount of oxide scales formed and the residual oxide scales on the coatings with various combinations among the three layers to investigate the effects of each layer and the interactions between the layers on the oxidation resistance of the coatings. The difference between the two multilayer coatings is that the Al content in the top layer of MC II is twice as much as that in the top layer of MC I. The coatings are fabricated through a combination of plasma spray and pack cementation processes, and then experience oxidation test at 1050 °C for 1000 h. The average thicknesses of the oxide scales are around 15 and 45 ?m for MC I and MC II, respectively. The experimental results are modelled using the analysis of variance. Two models for the volume of total oxide scales and the ratio of the volume of spalled oxide scales to the volume of total oxide scales, are proposed to study the effects of the coating layers on the formation and spallation of oxide scales, which directly affect the oxidation resistance of the coatings. The experimental and analytical results demonstrate that the Cr-Si layer and its interactions with the other coating layers affect the spallation of oxide scales the most among the three layers. It prevents Al and Cr from diffusing into the substrate. The interaction between the Cr-Si layer and the NiCrAlY layer, and the increase in Al/Ni ratio of the aluminide top layer, promote the formation of oxide scales and also minimise the spallation of oxide scales.",Aluminised layer|Cr-Si layer|Multi-layer-coating|Multi-layered coatings|NiCrAlY|Oxidation,10.1179/1743294414Y.0000000283,21272641,,,,e5196754-7b32-40bf-a4d8-e89e1b49b891,article,eng
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase inhibition blocks formation of hepatitis C virus-induced specialized membranes,"Lyn, Rodney K.|Singaravelu, Ragunath|Kargman, Stacia|O'Hara, Shifawn|Chan, Helen|Oballa, Renata|Huang, Zheng|Jones, Daniel M.|Ridsdale, Andrew|Russell, Rodney S.|Partridge, Anthony W.|Pezacki, John P.",Scientific Reports,4,,,,4549,2014,01/04/2014,,,2045-2322,,,,,Nature Publishing Group,,,"Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication is dependent on the formation of specialized membrane structures; however, the host factor requirements for the formation of these HCV complexes remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1) halts the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, and negatively modulates HCV replication. Unsaturated fatty acids play key roles in membrane curvature and fluidity. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that SCD-1 inhibition disrupts the integrity of membranous HCV replication complexes and renders HCV RNA susceptible to nuclease-mediated degradation. Our work establishes a novel function for unsaturated fatty acids in HCV replication.",,10.1038/srep04549,21272642,,,,9cdcf4c8-7f8d-4413-8b2c-bfcc0e220b6f,article,eng
Asymmetry in the noise equivalent angle performance of the JWST fine guidance sensor,"Rowlands, Neil|Warner, Gerry|Albert, Loic|Hardy, Tim|Pipher, Judith|Hutchings, John|Doyon, Rene",,9154,,,,91540L,2014,23/07/2014,,,0277-786X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy VI, 22 June 2014 through 25 June 2014, Montreal, QC",,,SPIE,9780819496225,,"The James Webb Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor makes use of three 2048×2048 five micron cutoff H2RG HgCdTe detectors from Teledyne Imaging Systems. The FGS consists of two Guider channels and a Near-InfraRed Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) channel. We report here on detailed tests results from the Guider channels originating in both instrument level performance testing and from recent Guider performance testing with the FGS integrated into JWST's Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM). A key performance parameter is the noise equivalent angle (NEA) or centroiding precision. The JWST requirement flowed down to the Guiders is a NEA of 4 milli-arcseonds, equivalent to approximately 1/20th of a detector pixel. This performance has been achieved in the testing to date. We have noted a systematic asymmetry in the NEA depending on whether the NEA in the row or column direction is considered. This asymmetry depends on guide star brightness and reaches its maximum, where the row NEA is 15% to 20% larger than the column NEA, at the dim end of the Guide star brightness range. We evaluate the detector level characteristics of spatially correlated noise and asymmetric inter-pixel capacitance (IPC) as potential sources of this NEA asymmetry. Modelling is used to estimate the impact on NEA of these potential contributors. These model results are then compared to the Guider test results obtained to date in an effort to isolate the cause of this effect. While asymmetric IPC can induce asymmetric NEA, the required magnitude of IPC is far greater than observed in these detectors. Thus, spatially correlated noise was found to be the most likely cause of the asymmetric NEA.",Infrared detectors|Instrument testing|Space telescopes|Stars|FGS|Guidance sensors|H2RG|HgCdTe|JWST|SIDECAR|Luminance,10.1117/12.2057311,21272633,,,,f6c34fe8-ed45-4434-9fbc-d119d4090769,article,eng
Quantitative radio-labeled biomolecule detection using a functionalized CMOS sensor,"Griffin, R. H.|Mozenson, O.|Beking, M. A.|Derosa, M. C.|Lopinski, Gregory (Greg)|Tarr, N. G.",IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,61,3,1112,1117,6819065,2014,20/05/2014,,,0018-9499,,,,,IEEE,,,"For the first time, a CMOS imager has been used to detect the presence of radio-labeled target biomolecules captured on a functionalized surface. A CMOS image sensor from an SLR camera was used. Using aptamer functionalization the system successfully detected 32P labeled adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at concentrations well below those typically associated with fluorescence-based sensor architectures. The system has also demonstrated its amenability to multiplexed/spotted biomolecule detection. GEANT4, a Monte Carlo toolkit for simulating the passage of radiation through matter, was used to analyze the detector. Radiolabel detection offers the potential for direct quantitative measurement of bound biomolecules which is advantageous compared to the use of fluorescent tags.",Adenosinetriphosphate|CMOS integrated circuits|Detectors|Fluorescence|Radioactive tracers|Aptamers|Biomolecule detection|CMOS imagers|Geant4|Radiolabel|Biomolecules,10.1109/TNS.2014.2311588,21272640,,,,6282f5a5-96c7-4217-a9bd-e86e90701027,article,eng
Recommending a value for the Newtonian gravitational constant,"Wood, Barry M.","Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences",372,2026,,,20140029,2014,08/09/2014,,,1364-503X,,,,,The Royal Society,,,"The primary objective of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants is 'to periodically provide the scientific and technological communities with a self-consistent set of internationally recommended values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry based on all of the relevant data available at a given point in time'. I discuss why the availability of these recommended values is important and how it simplifies and improves science. I outline the process of determining the recommended values and introduce the principles that are used to deal with discrepant results. In particular, I discuss the specific challenges posed by the present situation of gravitational constant experimental results and how these principles were applied to the most recent 2010 recommended value. Finally, I speculate about what may be expected for the next recommended value of the gravitational constant scheduled for evaluation in 2014.",Fundamental constants|Gravitational constant|Least-squares adjustment|Newtonians,10.1098/rsta.2014.0029,21272620,,,,cef4176e-ff76-4c22-a14a-27b9843fcc55,article,eng
Interfacing a tetraphenylethene derivative and a smart hydrogel for temperature-dependent photoluminescence with sensitive thermoresponse,"Jiang, Yingnan|Yang, Xudong|Ma, Cheng|Wang, Chuanxi|Chen, Yang|Dong, Fengxia|Yang, Bai|Yu, Kui|Lin, Quan",ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces,6,7,4650,4657,,2014,04/03/2014,,,1944-8244,,,,,,,,"We report, for the first time, the design and synthesis of thermoresponsive (TR) photoluminescent (PL) hydrogel nanoparticles, with a core consisting of poly[styrene-co-(N-isopropylacrylamide)] (PS-co-PNIPAM) and a PNIPAM-co-PAA shell. PAA represents polyacrylic acid which interacts with our emitting molecule 1,2-bis[4-(2-triethylammonioethoxy)phenyl]-1,2-diphenylethene dibromide (d-TPE). The electrostatic interaction between each water-soluble d-TPE molecule and two AA repeat units activates these d-TPE molecules to exhibit strong PL. Our d-TPE doped PS-co-PNIPAM/PNIPAM-co-PAA particles in water display remarkable TR PL: the emission intensity decreased in the course of heating from 2 to 80 °C and recovered during cooling from 80 to 2 °C. Such linear, reversible, and sensitive TR PL is achieved by the use of both PAA and PNIPAM as the shell polymeric chain and by careful optimization of the d-TPE to AA feed molar ratio. Thus, the emission of the d-TPE molecule is affected sensitively by temperature. In addition to such an exceptionally temperature-dependent PL, the presence of CrO4 2- resulted in the decrease of the emission intensity, which was also temperature-dependent. The present study provides a unified conceptual methodology to engineer functional water-dispersible hydrogel nanoparticles that are stimuli-responsive with the potential to advance various PL-based applications.",photoluminescent hydrogel nanoparticles|reversible and linear thermoresponses|temperature-dependent photoluminescence|TPE derivatives,10.1021/am501106x,21272622,,,,76d589d2-37eb-4f21-ba54-69a452eeed6f,article,eng
The halo+cluster system of the Galactic globular cluster NGC 1851,"Marino, A. F.|Milone, A. P.|Yong, D.|Dotter, A.|Da Costa, G.|Asplund, M.|Jerjen, H.|Mackey, D.|Norris, J.|Cassisi, S.|Sbordone, L.|Stetson, P. B.|Weiss, A.|Aparicio, A.|Bedin, L. R.|Lind, K.|Monelli, M.|Piotto, G.|Angeloni, R.|Buonanno, R.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,442,4,3044,3064,stu1099,2014,2014,,,0035-8711,,,,,Oxford University Press,,,"NGC 1851 is surrounded by a stellar component that extends more than 10 times beyond the tidal radius. Although the nature of this stellar structure is not known, it has been suggested to be a sparse halo of stars or associated with a stellar stream. We analyse the nature of this intriguing stellar component surrounding NGC 1851 by investigating its radial velocities and chemical composition, in particular in comparison with those of the central cluster analysed in a homogeneous manner. In total we observed 23 stars in the halo with radial velocities consistent with NGC 1851, and for 15 of them we infer [Fe/H] abundances. Our results show that (i) stars dynamically linked to NGC 1851 are present at least up to ?2.5 tidal radii, supporting the presence of a halo of stars surrounding the cluster; (ii) apart from the NGC 1851 radial velocity-like stars, our observed velocity distribution agrees with that expected from Galactic models, suggesting that no other substructure (such as a stream) at different radial velocities is present in our field; (iii) the chemical abundances for the s-process elements Sr and Ba are consistent with the s-normal stars observed in NGC 1851; (iv) all halo stars have metallicities, and abundances for the other studied elements Ca, Mg and Cr, consistent with those exhibited by the cluster. The complexity of the whole NGC 1851 cluster+halo system may agree with the scenario of a tidally disrupted dwarf galaxy in which NGC 1851 was originally embedded.",,10.1093/mnras/stu1099,21272630,,,,75bff966-9c78-4555-8815-2884c2372b22,article,eng
UV-induced transformation and physicochemical property changes of quantum dots in the presence of air,"Ruan, Xinchao|Yang, Chun|Wu, Xiaohua|Yu, Kui|Feng, Yong-Lai",Journal of Nanoparticle Research,16,6,,,2435,2014,2014-06,,,1388-0764,,,,,Springer International Publishing,,,"Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) can be released to the environment during their lifecycles. The potential uptake by biological systems, along with uncertain distribution pathways, makes this class of materials important to study from a perspective of potential impacts to the environment and people. In this study, colloidal quantum dots (Q-dots), with diameter around 3 nm and passivated with C18H33 chains (oleic acid), were used, as a model system, to investigate the fate and the transformations of ENMs under UV irradiation in the presence of air. Before and after the UV light irradiation, the changes of the Q-dots on DNA interaction potency, and UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra are compared. When the Q-dots were exposed to UV light, the formation of water-soluble products was confirmed by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra collected from aqueous dispersions and by the mass loss. Both the UV irradiation time and intensity were found to influence the amount of water-soluble products produced. However, before and after UV irradiation, the Q-dots exhibited little change of their DNA interaction potency. Therefore, it seems that the Q-dot surface chemical reactivity to DNA changed little, in conjunction with photooxidization of the surface passivation ligand.",Colloidal quantum dots|UV irradiation|Water-soluble products|DNA interaction potency|Surface chemical reactivity|Transformation of nanomaterials|Environmental effects,10.1007/s11051-014-2435-x,21272636,,,,cdb7be45-da33-4f2f-bfec-f920250ace84,article,eng
Microstructural analysis of linear friction-welded 718 plus superalloy,"Vishwakarma, K. R.|Ojo, O. A.|Wanjara, P.|Chaturvedi, M. C.",JOM,66,12,2525,2534,,2014,04/04/2014,,,1047-4838,,,,,,,,"The microstructure of Allvac 718 Plus (718 Plus; ATI, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) superalloy was examined after linear friction welding (LFW) and after standard postweld heat treatment (PWHT). The liquid phase reaction of second-phase precipitates, which are known to constitutionally liquate during conventional fusion welding, was observed in the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of the welded material. These phases included MC-type carbides, Ti-rich carbonitrides, and ? phase precipitates. This observation is contrary to the general assumption that LFW is a completely solid-state joining process. However, unlike conventional fusion welding processes that cause heat-affected zone liquation cracking in 718 Plus and many other superalloys, the LFW process did not cause cracking in 718 Plus superalloy despite the liquation of precipitates. This absence of cracking during joining is attributed to the applied compressive stress during the forging stage of the LFW process. Also, no cracking was observed after PWHT, although PWHT resulted in a microstructure that had a nonhomogeneous distribution of precipitates in the weld and the TMAZ. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by: NRC Canada.",,10.1007/s11837-014-0938-7,21272632,,,,f3ab6862-5228-4280-a3bb-b750c6fb63ce,article,eng
"Production, characterization, and applications of porous materials","Michailidis, Nikolaos|Tsouknidas, Alexander|Lefebvre, Louis-Philippe|Hipke, Thomas|Kanetake, Naoyuki",Advances in Materials Science and Engineering,2014,,,,263129,2014,12/08/2014,,,1687-8434,,,,,Hindawi Publishing Corp.,,,,,10.1155/2014/263129,21272634,,,,b9a59d9e-023c-4af1-b953-44afaa76aff7,article,eng
Structural characterization of the extracellular polysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae O1 El-Tor,"Yildiz, Fitnat|Fong, Jiunn|Sadovskaya, Irina|Grard, Thierry|Vinogradov, Evgeny",PLoS ONE,9,1,,,e86751,2014,24/01/2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,PLOS,,,"The ability to form biofilms is important for environmental survival, transmission, and infectivity of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera in humans. To form biofilms, V. cholerae produces an extracellular matrix composed of proteins, nucleic acids and a glycoconjugate, termed Vibrio exopolysaccharide (VPS). Here, we present the data on isolation and characterization of the polysaccharide part of the VPS (VPS-PS), which has the following structure: -4)-?-GulpNAcAGly3OAc-(1-4)-?-D-Glcp-(1-4)- ?-Glcp-(1-4)-?-D-Galp-(1- where ?-D-Glc is partially (?20%) replaced with ?-D-GlcNAc. ?-GulNAcAGly is an amide between 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-?-guluronic acid and glycine. Apparently, the polysaccharide is bound to a yet unidentified component, which gives it high viscosity and completely suppresses any NMR signals belonging to the sugar chains of the VPS. The only reliable method to remove this component at present is a treatment of the whole glycoconjugate with concentrated hydrochloric acid.",exopolysaccharide|glucosamine|glycine|glycoconjugate|hydrochloric acid|n acetylglucosamine|biofilm|carbohydrate analysis|chemical binding|chemical modification|extracellular matrix|isolation procedure|proton nuclear magnetic resonance|structure activity relation|structure analysis|Vibrio cholerae|viscosity,10.1371/journal.pone.0086751,21272635,,,,beb13b06-1d70-4430-9d37-4f2418909926,article,eng
"Fate of palmitic, palmitoleic and eicosapentaenoic acids during anaerobic digestion of Phaeodactylum tricornutum at varying lipid concentration","Frigon, Jean-Claude|Hamani Abdou, Rekia|McGinn, Patrick J.|O'Leary, Stephen J. B.|Guiot, Serge R.",Algal Research,6,Part A,46,51,,2014,18/09/2014,,,2211-9264,,,,,Elsevier,,,"The literature is showing an increasing trend in the use of microalgal biomass for the production of biofuel, with a recent keen interest for the conversion of microalgae into methane. The methane potential from Phaeodactylum tricornutum was similar for the whole algae, 362. ±. 5. L/kg total volatile solid (TVS), compared with a sample from which the lipids were extracted, at 358. ±. 6. L/kg TVS. The anaerobic digestion of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) representative of the dominant acids found in P. tricornutum during 22. weeks of incubation demonstrated that the usual incubation time of typical anaerobic digesters (3-6. weeks) is insufficient to hydrolyze the lipids and maximize the energy yield contained in the microalgae. The results from methane potential assays targeting the LCFAs that were found in significant concentrations in P. tricornutum, namely palmitic, palmitoleic and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids), at concentration of 2.5 and 1.25. g/L, showed a slow but high yield with palmitic acid (802. ±. 16. L/kg), inhibition from palmitoleic acid and fair degradation of EPA (442. ±. 67. L/kg). There was a 27% increase in the methane yield from a reconstituted P. tricornutum containing 25% of LCFA compared to 10%, at 456. ±. 1 vs 363. ±. 5. mL. STP/g TVS. Increasing the free fatty acid fraction to 50% in the microalgal biomass resulted in the inhibition of the digestion after production of methane during the first 11. days of incubation.",Anaerobic digestion; Biofuel; Fatty acids; Lipid; Methane; Microalgae; Phaeodactylum,10.1016/j.algal.2014.08.011,21272623,NRC-ACRD-56103,,,1e70bfa1-4d7f-444b-ae12-876fb524d15b,article,eng
Effect of chill parameters on the residual strain in cast 319 aluminum alloy : a neutron diffraction study,"Kumar, V.|Sediako, D.|Bichler, L.",SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing,7,2,411,414,,2014,01/04/2014,,,1946-3979,,,,,,,,"The demand for light weight vehicles continues to stimulate extensive research into the development of light weight casting alloys and optimization of their manufacturing processes. Of primary relevance are Aluminum (Al) and Magnesium (Mg) based alloys, which have successfully replaced selected iron based castings in automobiles. However, optimization of as-cast microstructure, processing and performance remains a challenge for some Al-based alloys. In this context, placement of chills in castings has been frequently used to locally manipulate the solidification conditions and microstructure of a casting. In this work, the effect of using an active copper chill on the residual strain profile of a sand-cast B319 aluminum alloy was investigated. Wedge-shaped castings were produced with three different cooling conditions: copper plate chill, copper pipe with cooling water and no chill (baseline). The effect of chill condition on the variation of residual strain in the casting was investigated using neutron diffraction approach. Diffraction from (111) and (311) reflections was studied and revealed that the (311) reflection did not exhibit appreciable strain variation at different chill conditions. In contrast, the (111) reflection exhibited a mix of tensile and compressive strains which varied with a distance from the copper chill. A copper plate chill introduced a fluctuating pattern of strain profile with tensile and compressive strain peaks, while faster cooling (copper pipe with water flow) had attenuated the residual strain profile, suggesting the need to control the chilling condition in order to achieve optimal casting performance.",As cast microstructure|Compressive strain|Cooling conditions|Manufacturing process|Neutron diffraction studies|Residual strains|Solidification condition|Strain variation|Aluminum|Copper|Copper pipe|Copper plating|Light weight vehicles|Magnesium castings|Microstructure|Neutron diffraction|Optimization|Strain|Aluminum alloys,10.4271/2014-01-0836,21272624,,,,7f57fd68-6dc0-4f9c-b4c8-c7709ee54626,article,eng
A simple pendulum laser interferometer for determining the gravitational constant,"Parks, Harold V.|Faller, James E.","Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences",372,2026,,,20140024,2014,08/09/2014,,,1364-503X,,,,,Royal Society Publishing,,,"We present a detailed account of our 2004 experiment to measure the Newtonian constant of gravitation with a suspended laser interferometer. The apparatus consists of two simple pendulums hanging from a common support. Each pendulum has a length of 72 cm and their separation is 34 cm. A mirror is embedded in each pendulum bob, which then in combination form a Fabry-Perot cavity. A laser locked to the cavity measures the change in pendulum separation as the gravitational field is modulated due to the displacement of four 120 kg tungsten masses.",Fabry-Perot|Gravitational constant|Laser interferometer|Physical constants|Precision measurement|Simple pendulums,10.1098/rsta.2014.0024,21272625,,,,e1dc56ef-6a55-4f5d-b757-00c7e3f2c457,article,eng
Indentation and needle insertion properties of the human eye,"Matthews, A.|Hutnik, C.|Hill, K.|Newson, T.|Chan, T.|Campbell, G.",Eye (Basingstoke),28,7,880,887,,2014,09/05/2014,,,0950-222X,,,,,Nature Publishing Group,,,"PurposeCharacterization of the biomechanical properties of the human eye has a number of potential utilities. One novel purpose is to provide the basis for development of suitable tissue-mimicking material. The purpose of this study was to determine the indentation and needle insertion characteristics on human eye globes and tissue strips.MethodsAn indenter assessed the elastic response of human eye globes and tissue strips under increasing compressive loads. Needle insertion determined the force (N) needed to penetrate various areas of the eye wall.ResultsThe results demonstrated that globes underwent slightly greater indentation at the midline than at the central cornea, and corneal strips indented twofold more than scleral strips, although neither difference was significant (P=0.400 and P=0.100, respectively). Significant differences were observed among various areas of needle insertion (P<0.001). Needle insertion through the anterior sclera (adjacent to the limbus) and posterior sclera (adjacent to the optic nerve) required the greatest amount of force (0.954 and 1.005 N, respectively). The force required to penetrate the central cornea (0.518 N) was significantly lower than all other areas except the midline sclera (0.700 N)ConclusionThese data form the basis for further research into the development of a tissue-mimicking human eye construct with potential utility as a model for use in ophthalmology research and surgical teaching.",adult|aged|biomechanics|cornea|cornea limbus|corneal strip|drug delivery system|eye|eye indentation|force|ophthalmic needle|sclera,10.1038/eye.2014.99,21272631,,,,9e102bdd-bdf1-4f17-b809-ffa78d7aa05a,article,eng
Molecular gas clumps from the destruction of icy bodies in the ? pictoris debris disk,"Dent, W. R. F.|Wyatt, M. C.|Roberge, A.|Augereau, J.-C.|Casassus, S.|Corder, S.|Greaves, J. S.|De Gregorio-Monsalvo, I.|Hales, A.|Jackson, A. P.|Meredith Hughes, A.|Lagrange, A.-M.|Matthews, B.|Wilner, D.",Science,343,6178,1490,1492,,2014,28/03/2014,,,0036-8075,,,,,AAAS,,,"Many stars are surrounded by disks of dusty debris formed in the collisions of asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets, but is gas also released in such events? Observations at submillimeter wavelengths of the archetypal debris disk around ? Pictoris show that 0.3% of a Moon mass of carbon monoxide orbits in its debris belt. The gas distribution is highly asymmetric, with 30% found in a single clump 85 astronomical units from the star, in a plane closely aligned with the orbit of the inner planet, ? Pictoris b. This gas clump delineates a region of enhanced collisions, either from a mean motion resonance with an unseen giant planet or from the remnants of a collision of Mars-mass planets.",carbon monoxide|asteroid|carbon monoxide|collision|Mars|molecular analysis|resonance|wavelength|astronomy|attenuation|beta pictoris debris disk|cosmological phenomena|field emission|icy body destruction|moon|planet collision|steady state|velocity,10.1126/science.1248726,21272621,,,,1f68c87a-f466-4eb8-b729-1ba05a4e7490,article,eng
Effects of fatigue on the integrity OFA frcition stir welded lap joint containing residual stresses,"Bach, Michael|Merati, Ali|Gharghouri, Michael",,996,,794,800,,2014,2014-08,,,1022-6680,Advanced Materials Research,"9th European Conference on Residual Stresses, ECRS 2014, 7 July 2014 through 10 July 2014, Troyes",,,Trans Tech Publications,9783038351535,,"This research uses a non-destructive method of neutron diffraction to measure the tri-axial residual stresses in a friction stir welded aerospace fuselage component: a stringer-to-skin lap joint. Two different specimens were examined. Fatigue testing was performed on both specimens to determine their fatigue lives. Effects of the different components of residual stresses were examines and related to fatigue performance. A combination of fractography, hardness testing, and residual stress measurement was used to predict areas of high probability of structural failure in the friction stir welded lap joints.",Fatigue of materials|Fatigue testing|Fracture mechanics|Joints (structural components)|Neutron diffraction|Nondestructive examination|Stringers|Welding|Crack nucleation|Fatigue performance|Friction stir|Lap joint|Structural failure|Tri-axial|Residual stresses,10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.996.794,21272618,,,,06eb4716-4c95-4046-97f6-7e05e2b9ba5e,article,eng
Improving the performance of high voltage LiMn1.5 Ni0.5 O4 cathode material by carbon coating|Improving the performance of high voltage LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 cathode material by carbon coating,"Niketic, Svetlana|Couillard, Martin|MacNeil, Dean|Abu-Lebdeh, Yaser",Journal of Power Sources,271,,285,290,,2014,11/08/2014,,,0378-7753,,,,,,,,"In this work, the high voltage LiMn1.5Ni0.5O 4 cathode material has been synthesized as octadecahedron crystals with a disordered spinel structure and has been coated with a carbon layer from two different precursors (sucrose and Xerogel carbon) to improve its performance in Li-ion batteries. The effect of carbon coating on the physical and electrochemical properties of the crystals has been evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), elemental and surface area (BET) analyses and battery cycling at different charge/discharge rates and temperatures. It was found that the amount of carbon, present as a thin layer (5-10 nm) and estimated at <1 w.t.%, causes an increase in electronic conductivity with no effect on crystal structure. Battery results of the cathode material in half cells show that carbon coating greatly improves the discharge capacity, rate capability at room temperature and 60 °C as well as cycling stability. Moreover, the material coated from Xerogel carbon shows the highest capacity at 10 C rate and 60 °C.",High voltage|Li-ion battery|Spinel cathode|Carbon coating,10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.08.015,21272614,,,,f2f60e32-263a-4759-ad76-2c563642654f,article,eng
Toughening mechanisms in interfacially modified HDPE/thermoplastic starch blends,"Taguet, Aurélie|Bureau, Martin N.|Huneault, Michael A.|Favis, Basil D.",Carbohydrate Polymers,114,,222,229,,2014,13/08/2014,,,0144-8617,,,,,,,,"The mechanical behavior of polymer blends containing 80 wt% of HDPE and 20 wt% of TPS and compatibilized with HDPE-g-MA grafted copolymer was investigated. Unmodified HDPE/TPS blends exhibit high fracture resistance, however, the interfacial modification of those blends by addition of HDPE-g-MA leads to a dramatic drop in fracture resistance. The compatibilization of HDPE/TPS blends increases the surface area of TPS particles by decreasing their size. It was postulated that the addition of HDPE-g-MA induces a reaction between maleic anhydride and hydroxyl groups of the glycerol leading to a decrease of the glycerol content in the TPS phase. This phenomenon increases the stiffness of the modified TPS particles and stiffer TPS particles leading to an important reduction in toughness and plastic deformation, as measured by the EWF method. It is shown that the main toughening mechanism in HDPE/TPS blends is shear-yielding. This article demonstrates that stiff, low diameter TPS particles reduce shear band formation and consequently decrease the resistance to crack propagation.",Starch|Glycerol|Toughness|Blends|Compatibilization,10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.073,21272616,,,,b56a434d-9b98-4964-95b8-d2b0a07bb99a,article,eng
Origin of non-SEI related coulombic efficiency loss in carbons tested against Na and Li,"Memarzadeh Lotfabad, Elmira|Kalisvaart, Peter|Kohandehghan, Alireza|Karpuzov, Dimitre|Mitlin, David",Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2,46,19685,19695,,2014,14/10/2014,,,2050-7488,,,,,,,,"Partially ordered but not graphitized carbons are widely employed for sodium and lithium ion battery (NIB and LIB) anodes, either in their pure form or as a secondary supporting phase for oxides, sulfides and insertion electrodes. These ""pseudographitic"" materials ubiquitously display a poor initial coulombic efficiency (CE), which has been historically attributed to solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation on their large surface areas (up to ?2500 m2 g-1). Here we identify the other sources CE loss by examining a pseudographitic carbon with a state-of-the-art capacity (>350 mA h g-1 for NIB, >800 mA h g-1 for LIB), but with a purposely designed low surface area (14.5 m2 g-1) that disqualifies SEI from having a substantial role. During the initial several (<5) cycles both Na and Li are irreversibly trapped in the bulk, with the associated CE loss occurring at higher desodiation/delithiation voltages. We measure a progressively increasing graphene interlayer spacing and a progressively increasing Raman G band intensity, indicating that the charge carriers become trapped not only at the graphene defects but also between the graphene planes hence causing them to both dilate and order. For the case of Li, we also unambiguously detected irreversible metal underpotential deposition (""nanoplating"") within the nanopores at roughly below 0.2 V. It is expected that in conventional high surface area carbons these mechanisms will be a major contributor to CE loss in parallel to classic SEI formation. Key implications to emerge from these findings are that improvements in early cycling CE may be achieved by synthesizing pseudographitic carbons with lower levels of trapping defects, but that for LIBs the large cycle 1 CE loss may be unavoidable if highly porous structures are utilized.",Coulombic efficiency,10.1039/c4ta04995k,21272613,,,,17095b12-0fef-4556-b22f-48cff5b94b5e,article,eng
Development of a Compton imager based on bars of scintillator,"MacLeod, A. M. L.|Boyle, P. J.|Hanna, D. S.|Saull, P. R. B.|Sinclair, L. E.|Seywerd, H. C. J.","Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment",767,,397,406,,2014,21/08/2014,,,0168-9002,,,,,,,,We have developed a compact Compton gamma-ray imager with a large field of view and a low channel-count that is capable of quickly localizing gamma-ray sources in the few hundred keV - several MeV range. The two detector planes (scatter and absorber) employ bars of NaI(Tl) read out by photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) located at each end. The long-range imaging performance has been tested from 392 keV to 1274 keV. An angular resolution measure of 2.72±0.06° and an efficiency of (1.79±0.04)×10-³ at 662 keV is obtained. A ¹³?Cs (662 keV) source equivalent to a 10 mCi source 40 m away can be located in 60 s with an uncertainty of about a degree. No significant degradation in imaging performance is observed for source angles up to 40° off axis.,Compton imaging|Compton telescope|Pulse-height sharing|Radiation detection|Security|Scintillator,10.1016/j.nima.2014.08.012,21272615,,,,8a54282b-cc66-40fa-8214-a045cbe9bebd,article,eng
Electrolyte effect on gelation behavior of oppositely charged nanocrystalline cellulose and polyelectrolyte,"Lu, Ang|Song, Yongbo|Boluk, Yaman",Carbohydrate Polymers,114,,57,64,,2014,27/07/2014,,,0144-8617,,,,,,,,"The electrolyte (NaCl) influences on the sol-gel transition of the complex solution composed of oppositely charged nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and polyelectrolyte (quaternized hydroxyethylcellulose ethoxylate, QHEC) were investigated by the rheological means in the present paper. Winter and Chambon theory was applicable to describe the sol-gel transition, and the critical gel points have been successfully determined. When increasing the NaCl concentration, more NCC were needed to form a critical gel due to the screening of the electrostatic interaction, and the larger loss tangent and relaxation exponent (n) values at the gel point demonstrated a less elastic nature of the complex solution with more NaCl. The results indicated the gel network was composed of entanglements and association of QHEC (as polymer network), as well as the electrostatic adsorption interaction between QHEC chains and NCC rods (as cross-linking). With the addition of NaCl, the screening effect led to the enhancement of the entanglements and weakening of the electrostatic adsorption, however, the gel strength decreased with increasing the NaCl amount, suggesting the electrostatic adsorption interaction played a more dominant role than the entanglements when the gel was formed. Moreover, the exponents of the scaling law ?0 ?-? and Ge ?z of the QHEC/NCC/NaCl solution revealed that the scaling law n = z/(z + ?) between n, ?, and z was only feasible at the highest NaCl concentration, as a result of that the intermolecular electrostatic interaction was completely screened, indicating the scaling law was only feasible when intermolecular interaction was small enough to be neglected.",Nanocrystalline cellulose|Gelation|Opposite charge|Electrolytes,10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.040,21272610,,,,0b768db5-3a4a-4c9b-aa0a-40611ea9bf57,article,eng
High-throughput quantitative analysis of domoic acid directly from mussel tissue using Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization - tandem mass spectrometry,"Beach, Daniel G.|Walsh, Callee M.|McCarron, Pearse",Toxicon,92,,75,80,,2014,15/10/2014,,,0041-0101,,,,,,,,"Eliminating sample extraction or liquid chromatography steps from methods for analysis of the neurotoxin Domoic Acid (DA) in shellfish could greatly increase throughput in food safety testing laboratories worldwide. To this end, we have investigated the use of Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization (LAESI) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection for DA analysis directly from mussel tissue homogenates without sample extraction, cleanup or separation. DA could be selectively detected directly from mussel tissue homogenates using MS/MS in selected reaction monitoring scan mode. The quantitative capabilities of LAESI-MS/MS for DA analysis from mussel tissue were evaluated by analysis of four mussel tissue reference materials using matrix-matched calibration. Linear response was observed from 1 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg and the method limit of detection was 1 mg/kg. Results for DA analysis in tissue within the linear range were in good agreement with two established methods, LC-UV and LC-MS/MS (recoveries from 103 to 125%). Beyond the linear range, extraction and clean-up were required to achieve good quantitation. Most notable is the extremely rapid analysis time of about 10 s per sample by LAESI-MS/MS, which corresponds to a significant increase in sample throughput compared with existing methodology for routine DA analysis.",Ambient ionization; Direct analysis; Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP); Algal toxin; Shellfish testing,10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.10.009,21272611,,,,1a74d54d-6773-4450-b406-1657267ebf4e,article,eng
Experimental and modeling study on charge storage/transfer mechanism of graphene-based supercapacitors,"Ban, Shuai|Jing, Xie|Zhou, Hongjun|Zhang, Lei|Zhang, Jiujun",Journal of Power Sources,268,,604,609,,2014,2014,,,0378-7753,,,,,,,,"A symmetrical graphene-based supercapacitor is constructed for studying the charge-transfer mechanism within the graphene-based electrodes using both experiment measurements and molecular simulation. The in-house synthesized graphene is characterized by XRD, SEM and BET measurements for morphology and surface area. It is observed that the electric capacity of graphene electrode can be reduced by both high internal resistance and limited mass transfer. Computer modeling is conducted at the molecular level to characterize the diffusion behavior of electrolyte ions to the interior of electrode with emphasis on the unique 2D confinement imposed by graphene layers. Although graphene powder poses a moderate internal surface of 400 m2 g -1, the capacitance performance of graphene electrode can be as good as that of commercial activated carbon which has an overwhelming surface area of 1700 m2 g-1. An explanation to this abnormal correlation is that graphene material has an intrinsic capability of adaptively reorganizing its microporous structure in response to intercalation of ions and immergence of electrolyte solvent. The accessible surface of graphene is believed to be dramatically enlarged for ion adsorption during the charging process of capacitor.",Graphene|Aqueous electrolyte|Electric double layer supercapacitor|Mass transfer|Ion adsorption|Molecular simulation,10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.037,21272612,,,,f4815558-5d4c-4055-978d-a9dc8cdcccda,article,eng
"?-Carotene autoxidation: oxygen copolymerization, non-vitamin A products and immunological activity","Burton, Graham W.|Daroszewski, Janusz|Nickerson, James G.|Johnston, James B.|Mogg, Trevor J.|Nikiforov, Grigory B.",Canadian Journal of Chemistry,92,4,305,316,,2014,2014-04,,,1480-3291,,,,,,,,"Carotenoids are reported to have immunological effects independent of vitamin A activity. Although antioxidant activity has been suggested as a basis of action, the ability of carotenoids to autoxidize to numerous non-vitamin A products with immunological activity is an alternative yet to be fully explored. We have undertaken a systematic study of ?-carotene autoxidation and tested the product mixture for immunological activity. Autoxidation proceeds predominantly by oxygen copolymerization, leading to a defined, reproducible product corresponding to net uptake of almost 8 molar equivalents of oxygen. The product, termed OxC-beta, empirical formula C40H60O15 versus C40H56 for ?-carotene, contains more than 30% oxygen (w/w) and 85% ?-carotene oxygen copolymers (w/w) as well as minor amounts of many C8?C18 norisoprenoid compounds. No vitamin A or higher molecular weight norisoprenoids are present. The predominance of polymeric products has not been reported previously. The polymer appears to be a less polymerized form of sporopollenin, a biopolymer found in exines of spores and pollen. Autoxidations of lycopene and canthaxanthin show a similar predominance of polymeric products. OxC-beta exhibits immunological activity in a PCR gene expression array, indicating that carotenoid oxidation produces non-vitamin A products with immunomodulatory potential.",?-carotene autoxidation|oxygen copolymer|non-vitamin A oxidation products|immune function|gene expression,10.1139/cjc-2013-0494,21272466,NRC-ACRD-55952,,,738c1765-9794-46e2-a997-073ebbefe652,article,eng
A sensitive nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor using cadmium oxide nanoparticles/multiwall carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode,"Butwong, Nutthaya|Zhou, Lin|Ng-eontae, Wittaya|Burakham, Rodjana|Moore, Eric|Srijaranai, Supalax|Luong, John H.T.|Glennon, Jeremy D.",Journal of electroanalytical chemistry,717-718,,41,46,,2014,08/01/2014,,,1572-6657,,,,,,,,"A simple sensing scheme for hydrogen peroxide has been described by electrochemical deposition of cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles with ?50 nm in diameter on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode modified with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The CdO/MWCNT modified sensor, with a surface coverage of 1.13 × 10?8 mol/cm2, displayed high synergistic electrocatalytic activity for H2O2. The sensor was capable of reducing H2O2 at ?1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl (H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e? ? 2H2O) in a broad pH range. At the optimal pH 7, the sensor exhibited a detection limit of 0.1 ?M, broad linearity from 0.5 to 200 ?M, good reproducibility (RSD of 5.9%), and long-term stability. Uric acid, ascorbic acid and dopamine up to 100 ?M provoked no signal response, attesting selectivity of the CdO/MWCNT modified electrode for hydrogen peroxide.",Cadmium oxide|Multiwall carbon nanotube|Glassy carbon electrode|Hydrogen peroxide,10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.12.028,21272463,NRC-ACRD-56028,,,ed4397aa-140d-483e-a10a-635a8712313b,article,eng
Identification and functional characterization of a flax UDP-glycosyltransferase glucosylating secoisolariciresinol (SECO) into secoisolariciresinol monoglucoside (SMG) and diglucoside (SDG),"Ghose, Kaushik|Selvaraj, Kumarakurubaran|McCallum, Jason|Kirby, Chris W.|Sweeney-Nixon, Marva|Cloutier, Sylvie J.|Deyholos, Michael|Datla, Raju|Fofana, Bourlaye",BMC Plant Biology,14,1,,,82,2014,28/03/2014,,,1471-2229,,,,,,,,"Background: Lignans are a class of diphenolic nonsteroidal phytoestrogens often found glycosylated in planta. Flax seeds are a rich source of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) lignans. Glycosylation is a process by which a glycosyl group is covalently attached to an aglycone substrate and is catalyzed by uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Until now, very little information was available on UGT genes that may play a role in flax SDG biosynthesis. Here we report on the identification, structural and functional characterization of 5 putative UGTs potentially involved in secoisolariciresinol (SECO) glucosylation in flax. Results: Five UGT genes belonging to the glycosyltransferases' family 1 (EC 2.4.x.y) were cloned and characterized. They fall under four UGT families corresponding to five sub-families referred to as UGT74S1, UGT74T1, UGT89B3, UGT94H1, UGT712B1 that all display the characteristic plant secondary product glycosyltransferase (PSPG) conserved motif. However, diversity was observed within this 44 amino acid sequence, especially in the two peptide sequences WAPQV and HCGWNS known to play a key role in the recognition and binding of diverse aglycone substrates and in the sugar donor specificity. In developing flax seeds, UGT74S1 and UGT94H1 showed a coordinated gene expression with that of pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase (PLR) and their gene expression patterns correlated with SDG biosynthesis. Enzyme assays of the five heterologously expressed UGTs identified UGT74S1 as the only one using SECO as substrate, forming SECO monoglucoside (SMG) and then SDG in a sequential manner.Conclusion: We have cloned and characterized five flax UGTs and provided evidence that UGT74S1 uses SECO as substrate to form SDG in vitro. This study allowed us to propose a model for the missing step in SDG lignan biosynthesis.",Flax|Glucosylation|Glycosyltranferases|Lignan|SDG|Secoisolariciresinol|UGTs,10.1186/1471-2229-14-82,21272462,NRC-ACRD-56029,,,a2c6b6bd-0869-4845-ba6e-bf6fcb01a9b4,article,eng
"Deracemization of 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline using mutant cyclohexylamine oxidase obtained by iterative saturation mutagenesis","Li, Guangyue|Ren, Jie|Yao, Peiyuan|Duan, Yitao|Zhang, Hailing|Wu, Qiaqing|Feng, Jinhui|Lau, Peter C. K.|Zhu, Dunming",ACS catalysis,4,3,903,908,,2014,14/02/2014,,,2155-5435,,,,,,,,"The current toolkit of biocatalysts for the production of enantiomerically pure chiral amines is largely restricted to amine transaminases, ammonia lyases, or the genetic variants of monoamine oxidase N(MAO-N) from Aspergillus niger. Flavin-dependent amine oxidases have the apparent advantage of using molecular oxygen as a stoichiometric oxidant and their reactions are irreversible. To expand the toolkit and increase the substrate spectrum of a bacterial and flavin-dependent cyclohexylamine oxidase (CHAO) to enable deracemization of secondary amines, saturation mutagenesis of 11 amino acid residues located around the cyclohexanone substrate within a distance of 5 Å, followed by iterative saturation mutagenesis of four beneficial mutants, were performed. Screening with 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline as the substrate generated two improved CHAO variants, T198FL199S and T198FL199SM226F, that exhibited up to 406 times higher catalytic efficiency than the wild-type CHAO. Besides, high stereoselectivity for 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline and other 2-substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines was demonstrated. In particular, deracemization of 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline by Escherichia coli whole cells expressing CHAO mutant T198FL199SM226F led to the production of (R)-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline with high yield (76%) and enantiomeric excess (ee, 98%). Tetrahydroquinolines are important building blocks of natural and synthetic products useful in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.",biocatalysis|amine oxidase|iterative saturation mutagenesis|chiral amines|deracemization,10.1021/cs401065n,21272461,NRC-ACRD-56031,,,b2cf86a5-9099-43c8-971b-86b604091499,article,eng
Simultaneous profiling of seed-associated bacteria and fungi reveals antagonistic interactions between microorganisms within a shared epiphytic microbiome on Triticum and Brassica seeds,"Links1, Matthew G.|Demeke, Tigst|Gräfenhan, Tom|Hill, Janet E.|Hemmingsen, Sean M.|Dumonceaux, Tim J.",New phytologist,202,2,542,553,,2014,2014-04,,,0028-646X|1469-8137,,,,,,,,"In order to address the hypothesis that seeds from ecologically and geographically diverse plants harbor characteristic epiphytic microbiota, we characterized the bacterial and fungal microbiota associated with Triticum and Brassica seed surfaces. The total microbial complement was determined by amplification and sequencing of a fragment of chaperonin 60 (cpn60). Specific microorganisms were quantified by qPCR. Bacteria and fungi corresponding to operational taxonomic units (OTU) that were identified in the sequencing study were isolated and their interactions examined. A total of 5477 OTU were observed from seed washes. Neither total epiphytic bacterial load nor community richness/evenness was significantly different between the seed types; 578 OTU were shared among all samples at a variety of abundances. Hierarchical clustering revealed that 203 were significantly different in abundance on Triticum seeds compared with Brassica. Microorganisms isolated from seeds showed 99-100% identity between the cpn60 sequences of the isolates and the OTU sequences from this shared microbiome. Bacterial strains identified as Pantoea agglomerans had antagonistic properties toward one of the fungal isolates (Alternaria sp.), providing a possible explanation for their reciprocal abundances on both Triticum and Brassica seeds. cpn60 enabled the simultaneous profiling of bacterial and fungal microbiota and revealed a core seed-associated microbiota shared between diverse plant genera.",biocontrol|core microbiome|cpn60 universal target|DNA barcode|epiphytes|seed microbiota,10.1111/nph.12693,21272460,NRC-ACRD-55986,,,e0c8bc36-41ff-4cb7-9b5a-43e5a421f97c,article,eng
Structure determinants for the substrate specificity of Acyl-CoA ?9 desaturases from a marine copepod,"Meesapyodsuk, Dauenpen|Qiu, Xiao",ACS Chemical Biology,9,4,922,934,,2014,18/04/2014,,,1554-8929,,,,,,,,"In contrast to soluble acyl-ACP desaturases from plants, little is known about the structure-guiding principle underlying substrate specificity and regioselectivity of membrane-bound acyl-CoA desaturases from animals, mainly due to lack of the three-dimensional structure information. Here we report identification of two homologous membrane-bound acyl-CoA ?9 desaturases (ChDes9-1 and ChDes9-2) from the marine copepod Calanus hyperboreus that accumulates more than 90% of total storage lipids in the form of wax esters. ChDes9-2 is a common ?9 desaturase with substrate specificity to long chain fatty acid 18:0, while ChDes9-1 is a new type of ?9 desaturase introducing a ?9 double bond into a wide range of very long chain fatty acids ranging from 20:0 to 26:0. Reciprocal domain swapping and site-directed mutagenesis guided by the membrane topology revealed that presence or absence of an amphipathic and bulky residue, tyrosine, in the middle of the second transmembrane domain was important in determining the substrate specificity of the two desaturases. To examine the mechanistic structure for the substrate specificity, tyrosine-scanning mutagenesis was employed to systematically substitute the residues in the transmembrane domain of the very long chain desaturase. The results showed that the transmembrane domain formed an ?-helix structure probably involved in formation of the substrate-binding pocket and the corresponding residue of the tyrosine likely resided at the critical position within the pocket mediating the interaction with the substrates, thereby specifying the chain length of the substrates.",,10.1021/cb400675d,21272459,NRC-ACRD-56050,,,cdd0d360-444a-4c4a-8804-837b92ef05b4,article,eng
The emerging biofuel crop Camelina sativa retains a highly undifferentiated hexaploid genome structure,"Kagale, Sateesh|Koh, Chushin|Nixon, John|Bollina, Venkatesh|Clarke, Wayne E.|Tuteja, Reetu|Spillane, Charles|Robinson, Stephen J.|Links, Matthew G.|Clarke, Carling|Higgins, Erin E.|Huebert, Terry|Sharpe, Andrew G.|Parkin, Isobel A. P.",Nature communications,5,,,,3706,2014,2014-04,,,2041-1723,,,,,,,,"Camelina sativa is an oilseed with desirable agronomic and oil-quality attributes for a viable industrial oil platform crop. Here we generate the first chromosome-scale high-quality reference genome sequence for C. sativa and annotated 89,418 protein-coding genes, representing a whole-genome triplication event relative to the crucifer model Arabidopsis thaliana. C. sativa represents the first crop species to be sequenced from lineage I of the Brassicaceae. The well-preserved hexaploid genome structure of C. sativa surprisingly mirrors those of economically important amphidiploid Brassica crop species from lineage II as well as wheat and cotton. The three genomes of C. sativa show no evidence of fractionation bias and limited expression-level bias, both characteristics commonly associated with polyploid evolution. The highly undifferentiated polyploid genome of C. sativa presents significant consequences for breeding and genetic manipulation of this industrial oil crop.",Biological sciences|Biotechnology|Genetics,10.1038/ncomms4706,21272458,NRC-ACRD-55995,,,e0b33c4f-3343-4898-b17e-afca4f67dc50,article,eng
One-step antibody immobilization-based rapid and highly-sensitive sandwich ELISA procedure for potential in vitro diagnostics,"Vashist, Sandeep Kumar|Schneider, E. Marion|Lam, Edmond|Hrapovic, Sabahudin|Luong, John H. T.",Scientific reports,4,,,,4407,2014,18/03/2014,,,2045-2322,,,,,,,,"An improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay using one-step antibody immobilization has been developed for the detection of human fetuin A (HFA), a specific biomarker for atherosclerosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The anti-HFA formed a stable complex with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) by ionic and hydrophobic interactions. The complex adsorbed on microtiter plates exhibited a detection range of 4.9 pg mL-1 to 20 ng mL-1 HFA, with a limit of detection of 7 pg mL-1. Furthermore, an analytical sensitivity of 10 pg mL-1 was achieved, representing a 51-fold increase in sensitivity over the commercial sandwich ELISA kit. The results obtained for HFA spiked in diluted human whole blood and plasma showed the same precision as the commercial kit. When stored at 4°C in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), the anti-HFA bound microtiter plates displayed no significant decrease in their functional activity after two months. The new ELISA procedure was extended for the detection of C-reactive protein, human albumin and human lipocalin-2 with excellent analytical performance.",Diagnostic markers|Immunological techniques,10.1038/srep04407,21272457,NRC-ACRD-56045,,,7a1fa7b8-6a1b-44a9-b4a2-866a218a2c38,article,eng
"Toward high-performance, greener, and low-vulnerability munitions with the RIGHTTRAC technology demonstrator program","Brochu, Sylvie|Brassard, M.|Thiboutot, Sonia|Ampleman, Guy|Brousseau, Patrick|Petre, Catalin Florin|Côté, F.|Poulin, I.|Diaz, Emmanuela|Sunahara, Geoffrey I.|Hawari, Jalal|Monteil-Rivera, Fanny|Rocheleau, Sylvie|Côté, Sebastien|Martel, Richard",International journal of energetic materials and chemical propulsion,13,1,7,36,,2014,2014,,,2150-766X,,,,,,,,"The revolutionary insensitive, green, and healthier training technology with reduced adverse contamination (RIGHTTRAC) program is a 5-year technology demonstration program (TDP) aimed at showing that green and insensitive munitions have better properties than current munitions, and that it is feasible to implement safer weapon solutions that would ease the environmental pressure on ranges and training areas and decrease the health hazards for the users. The goals of this TDP are to reach a near-zero dud rate and to eliminate the potential for research development explosive (RDX) contamination as well as the use of toxic and carcinogenic compounds. This will be done by performing significant improvements to the fuzing system, the main explosive charge and the gun propellant. The vehicle used for this demonstration is a 105-mm army artillery munition (high-explosive Ml), currently filled with Composition B (a 60:40 RDX:TNT mix) and using a single-base gun propellant (Ml formulation). The aim of this communication is to provide an overview of the project and to describe the steps taken to evaluate the environmental properties of the chosen propellant and explosive formulations. At its completion, it is believed that this project will have provided the required data to assess the long-term effects of the munitions on the environment right at an early stage of the weapon development cycle, and that this can be cost effective in the long run. This will help sustain military training while preserving our resources, as well as shaping the future of weapon system development.",RIGHTTRAC|insensitive munition|LOVA|GIM|ecotoxicology,10.1615/IntJEnergeticMaterialsChemProp.2014005314,21272456,NRC-ACRD-56044,,,df187e5c-7ffe-4f0b-80e8-8aae28623478,article,eng
Genetics and breeding for clubroot resistance in Canadian spring canola (Brassica napus L.),"Rahman, H.|Peng, G.|Yu, F.|Falk, K.C.|Kulkarni, M.|Selvaraj, G.",Canadian journal of plant pathology,36,suppl. 1,122,134,,2014,28/02/2014,,,0008-4220,,,,,,,,"Clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin is a concern to the canola (Brassica napus L.) growers in Canada. A crop management strategy that includes deployment of genetic resistance and appropriate cultural practices is needed for long-term management of this disease. Resistance to the P. brassicae pathotypes present in Canada has been found in the primary and secondary gene pools of spring B. napus canola. Some of these sources, such as winter canola Mendel, rutabaga and Pak Choi (Brassica rapa L.) Flower Nabana, were used in genetic studies and breeding for the development of clubroot-resistant canola cultivars. A dominant gene in Mendel and Flower Nabana was found to confer resistance to P. brassicae pathotype 3, while a simple or a complex genetic control of resistance was found in rutabaga. The clubroot resistance (CR) gene in Flower Nabana was mapped to chromosome A3, and molecular markers linked to the CR gene were identified for use in marker-assisted breeding (MAB). Using the CR genes from Mendel and rutabaga, several clubroot-resistant spring canola lines were developed. Often the CR genes of Mendel and rutabaga conferring resistance to pathotype 3 also conferred resistance to other pathotypes of P. brassicae found in Canada, including pathotypes 5, 6 and 8. The CR gene of Flower Nabana was introgressed into B. napus and B. rapa canola through MAB. Since single-gene controlled resistance can be eroded, other strategies such as pyramiding different CR genes into B. napus canola should be considered for durable resistance.",Brassica napus|breeding|clubroot resistance|gene introgression|genetics|mapping|Plasmodiophora brassicae|spring canola,10.1080/07060661.2013.862571,21272455,NRC-ACRD-54682,,,002eab6b-2767-41eb-bfdf-6505e0436439,article,eng
Study of azoles as bifunctional additives for proton exchange membranes melt-processing from LSC and SSC perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers,"Mokrini, Asmae",,,,377,388,,2014,2014-11,ECS Transactions,64(3),1938-6737|1938-5862,Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 14 (PEFC 14),"2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, October 5-9, 2014, Cancun, Mexico",,,,,,"This work investigates the potential use of azoles as bifunctional additives for proton exchange membranes (PEM) manufacturing through direct melt-processing of acidic ionomers. The development of high-volume manufacturing processes to prototype PEM fuel cell components with a reduced number of steps is vital to reduce system cost and complexity, and to meet the demands of high volume production and durability requirements especially for automotive applications. The strong ionic associations in ionomers act generally as physical cross-links, increasing by several orders of magnitude both melt-viscosities and relaxation times, resulting in ionomeric materials that are very difficult to melt-process with high shear rate processes such as melt-casting or melt-blowing. The strength of the ionic interactions in ionomers, and hence their physical and mechanical properties, depends on the acidity of the pendent anion. Polymers modified with the stronger acid, such as sulfonic acid (pKa~1), exhibit more dramatic changes in thermal, viscoelastic, and rheological properties than those modified with the weaker carboxylic acid (pKa~4-5). However, most ionomers may be melt-processed in very low shear rate operations such as compression-molding, which reveals that these ionic associations are not permanent cross-links and can be reversibly disrupted under suitable conditions. The approach investigated is based on the use of selected bi-functional additives that act as a SO3H groups protection and a melt-processing aid.[1] The additives selected are highly polar additives with relatively high boiling points that are expected to interact with the ion-rich aggregates that compose the nanophase separation in ionomers and act as plasticizers which expectantly improve the viscoelastic behavior during melt processing. Additives from the azole family, imidazole, 1,2,4-triazole and benzimidazole have been investigated as potential bifunctional additives. This presentation, will discuss the results obtained with four commercial PFSA ionomers Nafion® DE-2020 and NR-40 with long side chain (LSC), and Aquivion® D83-24B and D79-20BS with short side chain (SSC).",,10.1149/06403.0377ecst,21272407,,,,b16b8942-c651-4991-92ff-6dad75bf5dbb,article,eng
Optimization of triacylglycerol-estolide analysis by matrix-assissted laser desportion/ionization-mass spectrometry,"Zhang, Haixia|Smith, Mark A.|Purves, Randy W.",Journal of American Oil Chemists' Society,91,6,905,915,,2014,2014-06,,,0003-021X|1558-9331,,,,,,,,"Acylglycerols containing more than three acyl groups (TAG-estolides) have been reported in plant seed oils and oil from ergot fungus. These TAG-estolides have considerable potential for industrial use, however, costs of producing synthetic TAG-estolides limits their use in large-scale applications. Identification and structural characterization of additional natural sources of TAG-estolides has been restricted by their complexity and limitations of current analytical techniques. In this work, detection and characterization of TAG-estolides was optimized for use with MALDI-TOF-MS. Eight commonly used matrices were compared; 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and 2,4,6- trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) gave good quality mass spectra. Matrix additives were examined and lithium was the most suitable, since MS/MS spectra of lithiated TAG-estolides provided the most informative fragmentation using an optimized method. The matrix solution pH was examined, and for THAP, replacing LiCl with 10-40 mM LiOH resulted in a slightly basic pH and significantly more intense TAG-estolide signals (up to eightfold higher). Since DHB is acidic, a larger amount of LiOH (>150 mM) was required for the matrix solution to become basic, leading to ion suppression and reduced signal intensities. Thus, for TAG-estolide analysis, THAP with ~20 to 30 mM LiOH gives the highest quality spectra and the most informative MS/MS fragmentation.",DHB|Ergot oil|Estolide|MALDI-MS|THAP|Triacylglycerol,10.1007/s11746-014-2437-y,21272403,NRC-ACRD-56025,,,04503c7d-02c9-43df-972a-583d81b9a394,article,eng
"Brassica villosa, a system for studying non-glandular trichomes and genes in the Brassicas","Nayidu, N.K.|Tan, Y.|Taheri, A.|Li, X.|Bjorndahl, T.C.|Nowak, J.|Wishart, D.S.|Hegedus, D.|Gruber, M.Y.",Plant Molecular Biology,85,4,519,539,,2014,2014-07,,,0167-4412|1573-5028,,,,,,,,"Brassica villosa is a wild Brassica C genome species with very dense trichome coverage and strong resistance to many insect pests of Brassica oilseeds and vegetables. Transcriptome analysis of hairy B. villosa leaves indicated higher expression of several important trichome initiation genes compared with glabrous B. napus leaves and consistent with the Arabidopsis model of trichome development. However, transcripts of the TRY inhibitory gene in hairy B. villosa were surprisingly high relative to B. napus and relative transcript levels of SAD2, EGL3, and several XIX genes were low, suggesting potential ancillary or less important trichome-related roles for these genes in Brassica species compared with Arabidopsis. Several antioxidant, calcium, non-calcium metal and secondary metabolite genes also showed differential expression between these two species. These coincided with accumulation of two alkaloid-like compounds, high levels of calcium, and other metals in B. villosa trichomes that are correlated with the known tolerance of B. villosa to high salt and the calcium-rich natural habitat of this wild species. This first time report on the isolation of large amounts of pure B. villosa trichomes, on trichome content, and on relative gene expression differences in an exceptionally hairy Brassica species compared with a glabrous species opens doors for the scientific community to understand trichome gene function in the Brassicas and highlights the potential of B. villosa as a trichome research platform.",Brassica napus|Brassica villosa|Global gene expression|Metals|Secondary metabolites|Trichome preparations,10.1007/s11103-014-0201-1,21272401,NRC-ACRD-56060,,,7ee2c5a9-3a4d-455d-ab4d-ee39b59323ed,article,eng
An EAR-dependent regulatory module promotes male germ cell division and sperm fertility in Arabidopsis,"Borg, M.|Rutley, N.|Kagale, S.|Hamamura, Y.|Gherghinoiu, M.|Kumar, S.|Sari, U.|Esparza-Franco, M.A.|Sakamoto, W.|Rozwadowski, K.|Higashiyama, T.|Twell, D.",Plant Cell,26,5,2098,2113,,2014,2014-05,,,2098-2113,,,,,,,,"The production of the sperm cells in angiosperms requires coordination of cell division and cell differentiation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the germline-specific MYB protein DUO1 integrates these processes, but the regulatory hierarchy in which DUO1 functions is unknown. Here, we identify an essential role for two germline-specific DUO1 target genes, DAZ1 and DAZ2, which encode EAR motif-containing C2H2-type zinc finger proteins. We show that DAZ1/DAZ2 are required for germ cell division and for the proper accumulation of mitotic cyclins. Importantly, DAZ1/DAZ2 are sufficient to promote G2- to M-phase transition and germ cell division in the absence of DUO1. DAZ1/DAZ2 are also required for DUO1-dependent cell differentiation and are essential for gamete fusion at fertilization. We demonstrate that the two EAR motifs in DAZ1/DAZ2 mediate their function in the male germline and are required for transcriptional repression and for physical interaction with the corepressor TOPLESS. Our findings uncover an essential module in a regulatory hierarchy that drives mitotic transition in male germ cells and implicates gene repression pathways in sperm cell formation and fertility.",,10.1105/tpc.114.124743,21272400,NRC-ACRD-56070,,,82d28fab-facc-424a-b1b2-1c986cef320d,article,eng
"Bond coat engineering influence on the evolution of the microstructure, bond strength, and failure of TBCs subjected to thermal cycling","Lima, R. S.|Nagy, D.|Marple, B. R.",,,,1,8,,2014,14/11/2014,,,1059-9630|1544-1016,Journal of Thermal Spray Technology,"2014 International Thermal Spray Conference (ITSC), May 21-23, 2014, Barcelona, Spain",,,,,,"Different types of thermal spray systems, including HVOF (JP5000 and DJ2600-hybrid), APS (F4-MB and Axial III), and LPPS (Oerlikon Metco system) were employed to spray CoNiCrAlY bond coats (BCs) onto Inconel 625 substrates. The chemical composition of the BC powder was the same in all cases; however, the particle size distribution of the powder employed with each torch was that specifically recommended for the torch. For optimization purposes, these BCs were screened based on initial evaluations of roughness, porosity, residual stress, relative oxidation, and isothermal TGO growth. A single type of standard YSZ top coat was deposited via APS (F4MB) on all the optimized BCs. The TBCs were thermally cycled by employing a furnace cycle test (FCT) (1080 °C-1 h—followed by forced air cooling). Samples were submitted to 10, 100, 400, and 1400 cycles as well as being cycled to failure. The behavior of the microstructures, bond strength values (ASTM 633), and the TGO evolution of these TBCs, were investigated for the as-sprayed and thermally cycled samples. During FCT, the TBCs found to be both the best and poorest performing and had their BCs deposited via HVOF. The results showed that engineering low-oxidized BCs does not necessarily lead to an optimal TBC performance. Moreover, the bond strength values decrease significantly only when the TBC is about to fail (top coat spall off) and the as-sprayed bond strength values cannot be used as an indicator of TBC performance.",bond coat|bond strength|CoNiCrAlY|furnace cycle testing (FCT)|TBC,10.1007/s11666-014-0181-3,21272380,NRC-AST-147063,,,5cadbf6b-3a65-4887-be1c-41624d203123,article,eng
Thermal cycling assessment of steel-based thermal barrier coatings for Al protection,"Poirier, Dominique|Lamarre, Jean-Michel|Legoux, Jean-Gabriel",,,,1,10,,2014,20/11/2014,,,1059-9630|1544-1016,Journal of Thermal Spray Technology,"2014 International Thermal Spray Conference (ITSC), May 21-23, 2014, Barcelona, Spain",,,,,,"There is a strong interest from the transportation industry to achieve vehicle weight reduction through the replacement of steel components by aluminum parts. For some applications, aluminum requires protective coatings due to its limited wear and lower temperature resistance compared to steel. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of amorphous-type plasma-sprayed steel coatings and conventional arc-sprayed steel coatings as thermal barrier coatings, mainly through the evaluation of their spalling resistance under thermal cycling. The microstructures of the different coatings were first compared via SEM. The amorphicity of the coatings produced via plasma spraying of specialized alloyed steel and the crystalline phases of the conventional arc-sprayed steel coatings were confirmed through x-ray diffraction. The thermal diffusivity of all coatings produced was measured to be about a third of that of bulk stainless steel. Conventional arc-sprayed steel coatings typically offered better spalling resistance under thermal cycling than steel-based amorphous coatings due probably to their higher initial bond strength. However, the presence of vertical cracks in the steel-based amorphous coatings was found to have a beneficial effect on their thermal cycling resistance. The amorphous plasma-sprayed steel coatings presented indications of recrystallization after their exposure to high temperature.",amorphous structure|atmospheric plasma spray|steel|thermal barrier coatings|thermal cycling|wire arc spray,10.1007/s11666-014-0190-2,21272371,NRC-AST-147061,,,1140e39f-658e-430f-92f4-164424dabca4,article,eng
Simultaneous over-expressing of an acyl-ACP thioesterase (FatB) and silencing of acyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase (SAD) by artifical microRNAs increases saturated fatty acid levels in Brassica napus seeds,"Sun, Jin-Yue|Hammerlindl, Joe|Forseille, Li|Zhang, Haixia|Smith, Mark A.",Plant Biotechnology Journal,12,5,624,637,,2014,2014-06,,,1467-7652,,,,,,,,"No temperate oilseeds crops are available that produce oil with a high saturated fatty acid content. To achieve such a profile, Brassica napus cv. DH12075 was engineered by simultaneous seed-specific over-expression of a native fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase B [BnFatB(2)] and artificial microRNA-mediated down-regulation of eight endogenous genes encoding putative stearoyl-ACP desaturases (BnSADs). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of transformed lines showed that the BnFatB(2) gene was highly over-expressed and the eight putative SAD genes were strongly down-regulated in developing seed demonstrating the successful application of microRNA as a tool for down-regulation of genes in the allotetraploid plant B. napus. Analysis of seed triacylglycerol (TAG) composition revealed that all lines contained high levels of palmitic acid (16:0) and moderately increased levels of stearic acid (18:0). Total saturated fatty acid content was increased from 7.4% in the control to 37.3-45.6% in the transformed lines, with FatB over-expression as the dominant trait. A twofold increase in 16:0 was observed in seed polar lipids. The melting point of oil from mature seeds was increased from -10 °C in DH12075 to 15 °C in the line with the highest saturated fatty acid content. TAG composition showed a shift from predominantly C54 TAG to C50 and C52 TAGs enriched in palmitic acid. Seedling establishment at low temperature was compromised in lines with high saturated fatty acid content. Results suggested that transcript encoding stearoyl-ACP desaturase in developing B. napus seeds is present in considerable excess of the level required for efficient desaturation of 18:0.",Brassica napus|saturated fatty acid|FatB|stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase|artificial microRNAs|palmitic acid,10.1111/pbi.12168,21272367,NRC-ACRD-55567,,,3cbc7722-e250-42e2-bb3e-aafe33ba9b8e,article,eng
On the dielectric behavior of annealed plasma sprayed forsterite and alumina coatings,"Lamarre, Jean-Michel|Cojocaru, Cristian V.|Legoux, Jean-Gabriel|National Research Council Canada",,,,184,189,,2014,21/05/2014,,,,Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference 2014 (ITSC),"Thermal Spray 2014, May 21-23, 2014, Barcelona, Spain",,,,,,"Atmospheric plasma spray (APS) is an efficient technique for depositing high performance dielectric coatings at a low cost, with high deposition rate and on complex-shaped parts. Due to its availability, low price, ease to spray and good dielectric properties, alumina (Al2O3) is a very common choice of material for insulating applications. However, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of alumina does not represent the best match for the CTE of most metallic substrates hence alternative high CTE ceramic materials are of interest. We report on the microstructural and electrical properties of a dense high CTE forsterite (Mg2SiO4) coating deposited by APS. Annealed forsterite coatings' microstructure and dielectric properties are compared to that of annealed alumina coatings. The ceramics' electrical properties were evaluated by performing impedance measurements on as-sprayed coatings and coatings exposed to different annealing temperatures. We show that both materials exhibit important degradation after exposure to a threshold temperature. An equivalent electrical model is used to extract relevant coating properties such as resistivity and dielectric constant. The coating electrical degradation mechanisms are discussed.",,,21272357,NRC-AST-147059,,,c4c391bc-db6a-4986-bab8-eb744957550f,article,eng
Different cold spray deposition strategies : single- and multi-layers to repair aluminium alloy components|Different cold spray deposition strategies : single and multi layers to repair aluminium alloy components,"Rech, Silvano|Trentin, Andrea|Vezzù, Simone|Vedelago, Enrico|Legoux, Jean-Gabriel|Irissou, Éric",,23,8,1237,1250,,2014,30/08/2014,,,1059-9630|1544-1016,Journal of Thermal Spray Technology,"2011 International Thermal Spray Conference, September 27–29, 2011, Hamburg, Germany",,,,,,"Cold spraying is increasingly being used for reconstruction or repair of damaged aluminium alloy components, especially in the aviation industry. Both thin (<0.5 mm) and thick (up to 1 cm) coatings are necessary to achieve dimensional recovery of such components. Thin and above all thick coatings can be deposited in a single pass (single layer) or in several passes (multi-pass), resulting in different thermal and stress effects in the component and the coating itself. The thermal input, the amount and type of residual stresses and the porosity affect various characteristics such as adhesion, crack propagation and mechanical properties of the coating. In this study, two sets (single- and multi-pass) of aluminium alloy (AA6061) coatings with different thicknesses (0.5 mm to 2 mm) were deposited onto AA6061 substrates and compared using metallographic and fractographic analyses, four-point bending testing, residual stress analysis and Vickers microhardness indentation. Finally, the coating adhesion and cohesion were measured using the standard ASTM-C633 adhesion test and tubular coating tensile test. This study demonstrates that the single-layer strategy results in greater adhesion and lower porosity, while multilayer coatings have higher elastic modulus. Independent of the strategy, the compressive residual stress decreases as a function of coating thickness.",aircraft|feedstock|processing|testing,10.1007/s11666-014-0141-y,21272354,NRC-AST-147062,,,1b689db4-1d37-439a-82ac-e7de4412d284,article,eng
"Distinguishing vaccinium species by chemical fingerprinting based on NMR spectra, validated with spectra collected in different laboratories","Markus, M.A.|Ferrier, J.|Luchsinger, S.M.|Yuk, J.|Cuerrier, A.|Balick, M.J.|Hicks, J.M.|Killday, K.B.|Kirby, C.W.|Berrue, F.|Kerr, R.G.|Knagge, K.|Gödecke, T.|Ramirez, B.E.|Lankin, D.C.|Pauli, G.F.|Burton, I.|Karakach, T.K.|Arnason, J.T.|Colson, K.L.",Planta Medica,80,08-Sep,732,739,,2014,2014-06,,,1439-0221,,,,,,,,"A method was developed to distinguish Vaccinium species based on leaf extracts using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Reference spectra were measured on leaf extracts from several species, including lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), oval leaf huckleberry (Vaccinium ovalifolium), and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon). Using principal component analysis, these leaf extracts were resolved in the scores plot. Analysis of variance statistical tests demonstrated that the three groups differ significantly on PC2, establishing that the three species can be distinguished by nuclear magnetic resonance. Soft independent modeling of class analogies models for each species also showed discrimination between species. To demonstrate the robustness of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for botanical identification, spectra of a sample of lowbush blueberry leaf extract were measured at five different sites, with different field strengths (600 versus 700MHz), different probe types (cryogenic versus room temperature probes), different sample diameters (1.7mm versus 5mm), and different consoles (Avance I versus Avance III). Each laboratory independently demonstrated the linearity of their NMR measurements by acquiring a standard curve for chlorogenic acid (R2=0.9782 to 0.9998). Spectra acquired on different spectrometers at different sites classifed into the expected group for the Vaccinium spp., confirming the utility of the method to distinguish Vaccinium species and demonstrating nuclear magnetic resonance fingerprinting for material validation of a natural health product.",caffeic acid|chlorogenic acid|quinic acid|article|cranberry|magnetic field|nonhuman|nuclear magnetic resonance|nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|principal component analysis|species identification|Vaccinium|Vaccinium angustifolium|Vaccinium ovalifolium,10.1055/s-0034-1368569,21272318,NRC-ACRD-56068,,,c5998f14-faf9-41ce-a8cc-9488e48152a6,article,eng
Exploring GLIMPSE bubble N107: Multiwavelength observations and simulations,"Sidorin, V.|Douglas, K.A.|Palouš, J.|Wünsch, R.|Ehlerová, S.",Astronomy and Astrophysics,565,,,,A6,2014,2014,,,1432-0746,,,,,,,,,H II regions|ISM : clouds|Ism: bubbles|ISM: supernova remnants,10.1051/0004-6361/201322687,21272312,,,,d5e1915b-1d8e-40e6-9879-945f010344af,article,eng
Nanometer-scale Sn coatings improve the performance of silicon nanowire LIB anodes,"Kohandehghan, A.|Cui, K.|Kupsta, M.|Memarzadeh, E.|Kalisvaart, P.|Mitlin, D.",Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2,29,11261,11279,,2014,28/05/2014,,,2050-7496,,,,,,,,"We demonstrate that a thin partially dewetted coating of Sn will improve the cycling performance of silicon nanowire (SiNWs) lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes. The optimum architecture 3Sn/SiNWs (i.e. a Sn layer with an average film thickness of a 3 nm covering the nanowire) maintained a reversible capacity of 1865 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at a rate of 0.1 C. This is almost double of the baseline uncoated SiNWs, where the reversible capacity after 100 cycles was 1046 mA h g-1 (?78% improvement). The 1Sn/SiNWs and 3Sn/SiNWs electrodes demonstrated much improved cycling coulombic efficiency, with >99% vs. 94-98% for the baseline. At a high current density of 5 C, these nanocomposite offered 2× the capacity retention of bare SiNWs (?20 vs. ?10% of 0.1 C capacity). It is demonstrated that the Sn coating both lithiates and delithiates at a higher voltage than Si and thus imparts a compressive stress around the nanowires. This confines their radial expansion in favor of longitudinal, and reduces the well-known failure mode by lithiation-induced nanowire stranding and fracture. TOF-SIMS analysis on the post-cycled delithiated specimens shows enhanced Li signal near the current collector due to accelerated SEI formation at the interface. FIB demonstrates concurrent en-masse delamination of SEI agglomerated sections of the nanowires from the current collector. Both of these deleterious effects are lessened by the presence of the Sn coatings. © 2014 the Partner Organisations.",,10.1039/c4ta00993b,21272311,,,,2614f7f3-7c67-4769-a71f-11712ed64bb4,article,eng
"Calcium-43 chemical shift and electric field gradient tensor interplay: A sensitive probe of structure, polymorphism, and hydration","Widdifield, C.M.|Moudrakovski, I.|Bryce, D.L.",Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics,16,26,13340,13359,,2014,15/05/2014,,,1463-9076,,,,,,,,"Calcium is the 5th most abundant element on earth, and is found in numerous biological tissues, proteins, materials, and increasingly in catalysts. However, due to a number of unfavourable nuclear properties, such as a low magnetogyric ratio, very low natural abundance, and its nuclear electric quadrupole moment, development of solid-state 43Ca NMR has been constrained relative to similar nuclides. In this study, 12 commonly-available calcium compounds are analyzed via43Ca solid-state NMR and the information which may be obtained by the measurement of both the 43Ca electric field gradient (EFG) and chemical shift tensors (the latter of which are extremely rare with only a handful of literature examples) is discussed. Combined with density functional theory (DFT) computations, this 'tensor interplay' is, for the first time for 43Ca, illustrated to be diagnostic in distinguishing polymorphs (e.g., calcium formate), and the degree of hydration (e.g., CaCl2·2H2O and calcium tartrate tetrahydrate). For Ca(OH)2, we outline the first example of 1H to 43Ca cross-polarization on a sample at natural abundance in 43Ca. Using prior knowledge of the relationship between the isotropic calcium chemical shift and the calcium quadrupolar coupling constant (CQ) with coordination number, we postulate the coordination number in a sample of calcium levulinate dihydrate, which does not have a known crystal structure. Natural samples of CaCO3 (aragonite polymorph) are used to show that the synthetic structure is present in nature. Gauge-including projector augmented-wave (GIPAW) DFT computations using accepted crystal structures for many of these systems generally result in calculated NMR tensor parameters which are in very good agreement with the experimental observations. This combination of 43Ca NMR measurements with GIPAW DFT ultimately allows us to establish clear correlations between various solid-state 43Ca NMR observables and selected structural parameters, such as unit cell dimensions and average Ca-O bond distances. © 2014 The Owner Societies.",,10.1039/c4cp01180e,21272310,,,,4f2013c5-dd9f-4316-8b2e-2722a33cdcc4,article,eng
Detection of high-energy compounds using photoluminescent silicon nanocrystal paper based sensors,"Gonzalez, Christina M.|Iqbal, Muhammad|Dasog, Mita|Piercey, Davin G.|Lockwood, Ross|Klapötke, Thomas M.|Veinot, Jonathan G.C.",Nanoscale,6,5,2608,2612,,2014,14/01/2014,,,2040-3364,,,,,,,,"Luminescent silicon nanocrystals (Si-NCs) surface functionalized with dodecyl groups were exposed to solutions of nitroaromatic compounds including nitrobenzene, nitrotoluene, and dinitrotoluene. It was found that Si-NC luminescence was quenched upon exposure to nitroaromatics via an electron transfer mechanism as indicated by Stern-Volmer analysis. This quenching was exploited and a straightforward paper-based Si-NC sensor was developed. This paper motif was found to be sensitive to solution, vapor, and solid phase nitroaromatics, as well as solution borne RDX and PETN. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry.",,10.1039/c3nr06271f,21272309,,,,5cda66ae-9bf7-45ca-afd3-9772ce151a30,article,eng
Colossal pseudocapacitance in a high functionality-high surface area carbon anode doubles the energy of an asymmetric supercapacitor,"Li, Z.|Xu, Z.|Wang, H.|Ding, J.|Zahiri, B.|Holt, C.M.B.|Tan, X.|Mitlin, D.",Energy and Environmental Science,7,5,1708,1718,,2014,14/02/2014,,,1754-5706,,,,,,,,"Here we demonstrate a facile template-free synthesis route to create macroscopically monolithic carbons that are both highly nitrogen rich (4.1-7.6 wt%) and highly microporous (SA up to 1405 m2 g-1, 88 vol% micropores). While such materials, which are derived from common chicken egg whites, are expected to be useful in a variety of applications, they are extremely promising for electrochemical capacitors based on aqueous electrolytes. The Highly Functionalized Activated Carbons (HFACs) demonstrate a specific capacitance of >550 F g-1 at 0.25 A g-1 and >350 F g-1 at 10 A g-1 in their optimized state. These are among the highest values reported in the literature for carbon-based electrodes, including for systems such as templated carbons and doped graphene. We show that HFACs serve as ideal negative electrodes in asymmetric supercapacitors, where historically the specific capacitance of the oxide-based positive electrode was mismatched with the much lower specific capacitance of the opposing AC. An asymmetric cell employing HFACs demonstrates a 2× higher specific energy and a 4× higher volumetric energy density as compared to the one employing a high surface area commercial AC. With 3.5 mg cm-2 of HFAC opposing 5.0 mg cm-2 of NiCo 2O4/graphene, specific energies (active mass normalized) of 48 W h kg-1 at 230 W kg-1 and 28 W h kg-1 at 1900 W kg-1 are achieved. The asymmetric cell performance is among the best in the literature for hybrid aqueous systems, and actually rivals cells operating with a much wider voltage window in organic electrolytes. This journal is © 2014 the Partner Organisations.",,10.1039/c3ee43979h,21272308,,,,265b900a-27ea-40d9-b4da-030cd2f693b4,article,eng
Rechargeable batteries with gigh energy storage activated by in-situ induced fluorination of carbon nanotube cathode,"Cui, X.|Chen, J.|Wang, T.|Chen, W.",Scientific Reports,4,,,,5310,2014,16/06/2014,,,2045-2322,,,,,,,,"High performance rechargeable batteries are urgently demanded for future energy storage systems. Here, we adopted a lithium-carbon battery configuration. Instead of using carbon materials as the surface provider for lithium-ion adsorption and desorption, we realized induced fluorination of carbon nanotube array (CNTA) paper cathodes, with the source of fluoride ions from electrolytes, by an in-situ electrochemical induction process. The induced fluorination of CNTA papers activated the reversible fluorination/ defluorination reactions and lithium-ion storage/release at the CNTA paper cathodes, resulting in a dual-storage mechanism. The rechargeable battery with this dual-storage mechanism demonstrated ab maximum discharging capacity of 2174 mAh g carbon -1 and a specific energy of 4113 Wh kg carbon -1 with good cycling performance.",,10.1038/srep05310,21272307,,,,d6d420ed-d6ec-45ff-8448-255b18744b99,article,eng
Deconvoluting the mechanism of microwave annealing of block copolymer thin films,"Jin, C.|Murphy, J.N.|Harris, K.D.|Buriak, J.M.",ACS Nano,8,4,3979,3991,,2014,21/03/2014,,,1936-086X,,,,,,,,"The self-assembly of block copolymer (BCP) thin films is a versatile method for producing periodic nanoscale patterns with a variety of shapes. The key to attaining a desired pattern or structure is the annealing step undertaken to facilitate the reorganization of nanoscale phase-segregated domains of the BCP on a surface. Annealing BCPs on silicon substrates using a microwave oven has been shown to be very fast (seconds to minutes), both with and without contributions from solvent vapor. The mechanism of the microwave annealing process remains, however, unclear. This work endeavors to uncover the key steps that take place during microwave annealing, which enable the self-assembly process to proceed. Through the use of in situ temperature monitoring with a fiber optic temperature probe in direct contact with the sample, we have demonstrated that the silicon substrate on which the BCP film is cast is the dominant source of heating if the doping of the silicon wafer is sufficiently low. Surface temperatures as high as 240°C are reached in under 1 min for lightly doped, high resistivity silicon wafers (n- or p-type). The influence of doping, sample size, and BCP composition was analyzed to rule out other possible mechanisms. In situ temperature monitoring of various polymer samples (PS, P2VP, PMMA, and the BCPs used here) showed that the polymers do not heat to any significant extent on their own with microwave irradiation of this frequency (2.45 GHz) and power (?600 W). It was demonstrated that BCP annealing can be effectively carried out in 60 s on non-microwave-responsive substrates, such as highly doped silicon, indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass, glass, and Kapton, by placing a piece of high resistivity silicon wafer in contact with the sample-in this configuration, the silicon wafer is termed the heating element. Annealing and self-assembly of polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) and polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) BCPs into horizontal cylinder structures were shown to take place in under 1 min, using a silicon wafer heating element, in a household microwave oven. Defect densities were calculated and were shown to decrease with higher maximum obtained temperatures. Conflicting results in the literature regarding BCP annealing with microwave are explained in light of the results obtained in this study. © Published 2014 by the American Chemical Society.",Block copolymers|Defect density|Microwave irradiation|Self assembly|Thin films|patterning|Thermal-annealing,10.1021/nn5009098,21272306,,,,98b5861c-6f57-4ce3-b18d-8f0629996d76,article,eng
Anodes for sodium ion batteries based on tin-germanium-Antimony alloys,"Farbod, B.|Cui, K.|Kalisvaart, W.P.|Kupsta, M.|Zahiri, B.|Kohandehghan, A.|Lotfabad, E.M.|Li, Z.|Luber, E.J.|Mitlin, D.",ACS Nano,8,5,4415,4429,,2014,26/03/2014,,,1936-086X,,,,,,,,"Here we provide the first report on several compositions of ternary Sn-Ge-Sb thin film alloys for application as sodium ion battery (aka NIB, NaB or SIB) anodes, employing Sn50Ge50, Sb50Ge50, and pure Sn, Ge, Sb as baselines. Sn33Ge33Sb33, Sn50Ge25Sb25, Sn60Ge20Sb20, and Sn50Ge50 all demonstrate promising electrochemical behavior, with Sn50Ge25Sb25 being the best overall. This alloy has an initial reversible specific capacity of 833 mAhg-1 (at 85 mAg-1) and 662 mAhg-1 after 50 charge-discharge cycles. Sn50Ge25Sb25 also shows excellent rate capability, displaying a stable capacity of 381 mAhg-1 at a current density of 8500 mAg-1 (~10C). A survey of published literature indicates that 833 mAhg-1 is among the highest reversible capacities reported for a Sn-based NIB anode, while 381 mAhg-1 represents the optimum fast charge value. HRTEM shows that Sn50Ge25Sb25 is a composite of 10-15 nm Sn and Sn-Alloyed Ge nanocrystallites that are densely dispersed within an amorphous matrix. Comparing the microstructures of alloys where the capacity significantly exceeds the rule of mixtures prediction to those where it does not leads us to hypothesize that this new phenomenon originates from the Ge(Sn) that is able to sodiate beyond the 1:1 Na:Ge ratio reported for the pure element. Combined TOF-SIMS, EELS TEM, and FIB analysis demonstrates substantial Na segregation within the film near the current collector interface that is present as early as the second discharge, followed by cycling-induced delamination from the current collector. © Published 2014 by the American Chemical Society.",Anodes|Sn|Sb|Ge|Thin films|LIB|Lithium-ion battery|NaB|NIB|SIB|Sodium ion batteries,10.1021/nn4063598,21272305,,,,10aae9f2-0d69-4480-afd6-328433e8a4ee,article,eng
Directed branch growth in aligned nanowire arrays,"Beaudry, A.L.|Laforge, J.M.|Tucker, R.T.|Sorge, J.B.|Adamski, N.L.|Li, P.|Taschuk, M.T.|Brett, M.J.",Nano Letters,14,4,1797,1803,,2014,14/03/2014,,,1530-6992,,,,,,,,"Branch growth is directed along two, three, or four in-plane directions in vertically aligned nanowire arrays using vapor-liquid-solid glancing angle deposition (VLS-GLAD) flux engineering. In this work, a dynamically controlled collimated vapor flux guides branch placement during the self-catalyzed epitaxial growth of branched indium tin oxide nanowire arrays. The flux is positioned to grow branches on select nanowire facets, enabling fabrication of aligned nanotree arrays with L-, T-, or X-branching. In addition, a flux motion algorithm is designed to selectively elongate branches along one in-plane axis. Nanotrees are found to be aligned across large areas by X-ray diffraction pole figure analysis and through branch length and orientation measurements collected over 140 ?m2 from scanning electron microscopy images for each array. The pathway to guided assembly of nanowire architectures with controlled interconnectivity in three-dimensions using VLS-GLAD is discussed. © 2014 American Chemical Society.",Branched nanowires|Glancing Angle Deposition|Indium tin oxide|Nanotrees|Vapor-liquid-solid|Epitaxy,10.1021/nl404377v,21272304,,,,8a0020da-25d7-41d5-b865-8ceb06ffd9cb,article,eng
Evaluating angular ion current density for atomically defined nanotips,"Urban, R.|Wolkow, R.A.|Pitters, J.L.",Microscopy and Microanalysis,,,,,,2014,10/07/2014,,,1431-9276,,,,,,,,"In this paper we investigate methods to characterize angular current density from atomically defined gas field ion sources. We show that the ion beam emitted from a single apex atom is described by a two-dimensional Gaussian profile. Owing to the Gaussian shape of the beam and the requirement to collect the majority of the ion current, fixed apertures have inhomogeneous illumination. Therefore, angular current density measurements through a fixed aperture record averaged angular current density. This makes comparison of data difficult as averaged angular current density depends on aperture size. For the same reasons, voltage normalization cannot be performed for fixed aperture measurements except for aperture sizes that are infinitely small. Consistent determination of angular current density and voltage normalization, however, can be achieved if the beam diameter as well as total ion current are known. In cases where beam profile cannot be directly imaged with a field ion microscope, the beam profile could be extracted from measurements taken at multiple acceleration voltages and/or with multiple aperture sizes. © Microscopy Society of America 2014.",,10.1017/S1431927614001627,21272303,,,,5df66f84-9a81-4d82-b204-02da570e9acb,article,eng
Nano-dot markers for electron tomography formed by electron beam-induced deposition: Nanoparticle agglomerates application,"Hayashida, M.|Malac, M.|Bergen, M.|Li, P.",Ultramicroscopy,144,,50,57,,2014,26/04/2014,,,1879-2723,,,,,,,,A method allowing fabrication of nano-dot markers for electron tomography was developed using an electron beam-induced deposition in an ordinary dual beam instrument (FIB and SEM) or an SEM. The electron beam deposited nano-dot markers are suitable for automatic alignment of tomographic series. The accuracy of the alignment was evaluated and the method was demonstrated on agglomerated nanoparticle samples using a rod-shaped sample with no missing wedge effect. Simulations were used to assess the effect of marker size on alignment accuracy. © 2014.,Electron tomography|Nanoparticle agglomerate|Electron beam induced deposition|Fiducial marker|Nano-dot marker|FIB sample preparation,10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.04.005,21272302,,,,b161c1ff-d2ca-45cc-af96-71a3461312e9,article,eng
Wine yeast typing by MALDI-TOF MS,"Usbeck, J.C.|Wilde, C.|Bertrand, D.|Behr, J.|Vogel, R.F.",Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,98,8,3737,3752,,2014,2014,,,1432-0614,,,,,,,,"For the production of wine, the most important industrially used yeast species is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Years of experience have shown that wine quality and property are significantly affected by the employed strain conducting the fermentation. Consequently, the ability of a strain level differentiation became an important requirement of modern winemaking. In our study, we showed that the differentiation by time-consuming and laborious biochemical and DNA-based methods to enable a constant beverage quality and characteristics can be replaced by matrix-assisted-laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), accompanied by the additional benefit of an application prediction. Mass fingerprints of 33 Saccharomyces strains, which are commonly used for varying wine fermentations, were generated by MALDI-TOF MS upon optimized sample preparation and instrument settings and analyzed by a cluster analysis for strain or ecotype-level differentiation. As a reference method, delta-PCR was chosen to study the genetic diversity of the employed strains. Finally, the cluster analyses of both methods were compared. It could be shown that MALDI-TOF MS, acting at proteome level, provides valuable information about the relationship between yeast strains and their application potential according to their MALDI mass fingerprint. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.",Yeast|MALDI TOF MS|Time of flight mass spectrometry|Wine fermentation|Candida krusei|Saccharomyces bayanus|Saccharomyces cerevisiae|Saccharomyces uvarum,10.1007/s00253-014-5586-x,21272294,,,,b392ffb0-7f66-4e1f-b86c-ebbaa066fbc7,article,eng
Validity of the dipole approximation in TEM-EELS studies,"Egerton, R.F.|Mcleod, R.A.|Malac, M.",Microscopy Research and Technique,,,,,,2014,07/07/2014,,,1059-910X,,,,,,,,"Nondipole effects in electron energy-loss spectroscopy are evaluated in terms of deviation of the inelastic scattering from a Lorentzian angular distribution, which is assumed in established procedures for plural-scattering deconvolution, thickness measurement, and Kramers-Kronig analysis. The deviation appears to be small and may be outweighed by the effect of plural (elastic+inelastic) scattering, which is not removed by conventional deconvolution methods. In the core-loss region of the spectrum, non-Lorentzian behaviour stems from a reduction of the generalized oscillator strength from its optical value and (for energies far above an ionization threshold) formation of a Bethe-ridge angular distribution. At incident energies above 200 keV, retardation effects further distort the angular dependence, even for core losses just above threshold. With an on-axis collection aperture, non-dipole effects are masked by the rapid falloff of intensity with scattering angle, but they may become important for off-axis measurements. Near-edge fine structure is sensitive to nondipole effects but these can be minimized by use of an angle-limiting collection aperture. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",EELS; nondipole; Lorentzian angular distribution,10.1002/jemt.22398,21272293,,,,fa1079e1-cdbd-4127-af94-df9c2c4365e8,article,eng
Immersed boundary solution of natural convection in a square cavity with an enclosed rosette-shaped hot cylinder,"Ilinca, F.|Hétu, J.-F.",Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A: Applications,65,12,1154,1175,,2014,2014,,,1521-0634,,,,,,,,"Numerical solutions are shown for the natural convection flow inside a cold square enclosure with a hot rosette-shaped cylinder inside. Solutions are obtained using an immersed-boundary finite element method. The study investigates the effect of the rosette-shape factor on the heat transfer and fluid flow for Rayleigh numbers between 103 and 107. Results indicate the formation of recirculation cells of number, size, and location depending strongly on the shape of the cylinder and on the Rayleigh number. All solutions reach a steady state, except when the rosette-shape factor is 0.6 at Ra = 106, for which a periodic transient solution is obtained. © 2014 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.",Natural convection|Heat transfer and fluid flow|Immersed boundary|Natural convection flow|Numerical solution|Rayleigh number|Recirculation cells|Square enclosures|Transient solutions|Cylinders (shapes),10.1080/10407782.2013.857880,21272272,,,,abf2e016-ae71-46c1-845c-29325fa955df,article,eng
Transition between mechanisms of laser-induced field-free molecular orientation,"Znakovskaya, I.|Spanner, M.|De, S.|Li, H.|Ray, D.|Corkum, P.|Litvinyuk, I. V.|Cocke, C. L.|Kling, M. F.",Physical Review Letters,112,11,,,113005,2014,2014,,,0031-9007,,,,,,,,"The transition between two distinct mechanisms for the laser-induced field-free orientation of CO molecules is observed via measurements of orientation revival times and subsequent comparison to theoretical calculations. In the first mechanism, which we find responsible for the orientation of CO up to peak intensities of 8×1013 W/cm2, the molecules are impulsively oriented through the hyperpolarizability interaction. At higher intensities, asymmetric depletion through orientation-selective ionization is the dominant orienting mechanism. In addition to the clear identification of the two regimes of orientation, we propose that careful measurements of the onset of the orientation depletion mechanism as a function of the laser intensity will provide a relatively simple route to calibrating absolute rates of nonperturbative strong-field molecular ionization. © 2014 American Physical Society.",Depletion mechanism|Field-free orientation|Hyper-polarizability|Laser intensities|Measurements of|Molecular ionization|Nonperturbative|Theoretical calculations|Ionization|Molecules|Molecular orientation,10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.113005,21272275,,,,ff2e08c1-30f7-4d2b-a901-d304334a4433,article,eng
Ethanol extract of Liuwei Dihuang reduces weight gain and visceral fat in obese-prone CD rats fed a high-fat diet,"Nair, Sandhya V. G.|Zhang, Junzeng|Wang, Yanwen",Experimental Biology and Medicine,239,5,552,558,,2014,06/03/2014,,,1535-3699,,,,,,,,"The current study investigated the effect and mechanisms of action of Liuwei Dihuang ethanol extract (LWDH-EE) on obesity and related metabolic phenotypes in male obese-prone CD rats. The rats were fed a high-fat diet and treated with 0 (obese control), 350 (EE350), or 700 (EE700) mg/kg/d of LWDH-EE in water once a day by gavage feeding for 10 weeks. The EE700 decreased body weight after 3 weeks of the treatment and the effect was maintained throughout the remaining study period. The EE700 also significantly reduced visceral fat and improved metabolic phenotypes by lowering the serum total cholesterol (T-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol, free fatty acids (FFA), and leptin levels. The EE350 reduced epididymal fat, serum T-C, and FFA but did not significantly affect other parameters. LWDH-EE dose-dependently increased fat and carbohydrate oxidations, energy expenditure, and the relative efficiency of fat oxidation for energy expenditure. EE350 and EE700 reduced food intake only in week 5 and did not affect the accumulative food intake in every week and the entire treatment period. Taken together, the results suggest that LWDH-EE is a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of obesity possibly through a primary action of increasing energy metabolism and expenditure, along with a possible effect of decreasing energy intake.",blood lipids; energy expenditure; hormones; Liuwei Dihuang ethanol extract; obese rats; visceral fat; weight gain,10.1177/1535370214525313,21272278,NRC-ACRD-55985,,,e029b96e-cf85-40e0-bf59-40091d0c8162,article,eng
Comparing m31 and milky way satellites: The extended star formation histories of andromeda,"Weisz, D.R.|Skillman, E.D.|Hidalgo, S.L.|Monelli, M.|Dolphin, A.E.|McConnachie, A.|Bernard, E.J.|Gallart, C.|Aparicio, A.|Boylan-Kolchin, M.|Cassisi, S.|Cole, A.A.|Ferguson, H.C.|Irwin, M.|Martin, N.F.|Mayer, L.|McQuinn, K.B.W.|Navarro, J.F.|Stetson, P.B.",The Astrophysical Journal,789,1,,,24,2014,2014,,,1538-4357,,,,,,,,"We present the first comparison between the lifetime star formation histories (SFHs) of M31 and Milky Way (MW) satellites. Using the Advanced Camera for Surveys on board the Hubble Space Telescope, we obtained deep optical imaging of Andromeda II (And II; MV = -12.0; log(M /M?) ? 6.7) and Andromeda XVI (And XVI; MV = -7.5; log(M /M?) ? 4.9) yielding color-magnitude diagrams that extend at least 1 mag below the oldest main-sequence turnoff, and are similar in quality to those available for the MW companions. And II and And XVI show strikingly similar SFHs: both formed 50%-70% of their total stellar mass between 12.5 and 5 Gyr ago (z ? 5-0.5) and both were abruptly quenched ?5 Gyr ago (z ? 0.5). The predominance of intermediate age populations in And XVI makes it qualitatively different from faint companions of the MW and clearly not a pre-reionization fossil. Neither And II nor And XVI appears to have a clear analog among MW companions, and the degree of similarity in the SFHs of And II and And XVI is not seen among comparably faint-luminous pairs of MW satellites. These findings provide hints that satellite galaxy evolution may vary substantially among hosts of similar stellar mass. Although comparably deep observations of more M31 satellites are needed to further explore this hypothesis, our results underline the need for caution when interpreting satellite galaxies of an individual system in a broader cosmological context. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.",,10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/24,21272282,,,,387b6d5a-0837-4f95-8972-1ab0b82a78a6,article,eng
Thermodynamic post-processing versusGC-content pre-processing for DNA codessatisfying the hamming distance and reverse-complement constraints,"Tulpan, D.|Smith, D.H.|Montemanni, R.",IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics,11,2,441,452,6710171,2014,2014,,,1545-5963,,,,,,,,"Stochastic, meta-heuristic and linear construction algorithms for the design of DNA strands satisfying Hamming distance and reverse-complement constraints often use a GC-content constraint to pre-process the DNA strands. Since GC-content is a poor predictor of DNA strand hybridization strength the strands can be filtered by post-processing using thermodynamic calculations. An alternative approach is considered here, where the algorithms are modified to remove consideration of GC-content and rely on post-processing alone to obtain large sets of DNA strands with satisfactory melting temperatures. The two approaches (pre-processing GC-content and post-processing melting temperatures) are compared and are shown to be complementary when large DNA sets are desired. In particular, the second approach can give significant improvements when linear constructions are used. © 2014 IEEE.",Algorithms|Bioinformatics|DNA|Hamming distance|Melting point|Stochastic systems|Construction algorithms|DNA design|Linear codes|Post processing|Pre-processing|reverse-complement|Stochastic local searches|Thermodynamic calculations|Gene encoding,10.1109/TCBB.2014.2299815,21272283,,,,08003509-3572-42ca-8174-2df1254282e1,article,eng
Investigation of the scaling law on gelation of oppositely charged nanocrystalline cellulose and polyelectrolyte,"Lu, A.|Wang, Y.|Boluk, Y.",Carbohydrate Polymers,105,1,214,221,,2014,2014,,,0144-8617,,,,,,,,"The sol-gel transition in the mixture system of oppositely charged polyelectrolyte (quaternized hydroxyethylcellulose ethoxylate, QHEC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) induced by electrostatic adsorption interaction was investigated by rheological means. Winter and Chambon theory was validated to be applicable for the critical gel point determination, and critical gel point have been successfully determined. With QHEC concentration increasing, more NCC were needed to form a critical gel, and smaller loss tangent and relaxation exponent (n) values at the gel point were observed, indicating the elastic nature of mixture was enhanced with QHEC increase. Gel strength behaved as a function of both QHEC and NCC concentrations, suggesting the gel network at the critical point was composed of entanglements and association of QHEC macromolecular chains, as well as the electrostatic adsorption interaction between QHEC chains and NCC rods. The calculated number of NCC rods per junction decreased from 0.30 to 0.01 when the QHEC concentration increased from 1.0 wt% to 3.0 wt%, indicating the electrostatic adsorption interaction between the NCC rods and QHEC chains was less significant to gel formation at higher QHEC concentrations. Therefore, the exponents of scaling law ?0 ? ?-? and Ge ? ?z for the QHEC/NCC mixtures revealed that the scaling law n = z/(z + ?) between n, ?, and z was only feasible at highest QHEC concentration, since the intermolecular interaction (electrostatic adsorption interaction in this article) was so weak that can be neglected and the critical gel network was dominated by QHEC chain entanglements and association. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.",,10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.077,21272286,,,,a0518578-c73c-49e8-84d5-4310b56ef0ff,article,eng
Radiative heat transfer in the core of axisymmetric pool fires - I: Evaluation of approximate radiative property models,"Consalvi, J.L.|Liu, F.",International Journal of Thermal Sciences,84,,104,117,,2014,2014,,,1290-0729,,,,,,,,"Radiative heat transfer calculations are conducted in two laboratory-scale axisymmetric methane pool fires generated on a burner of 0.38 m diameter with heat release rates (HRR) of 34 and 176 kW by using the 'exact' Line-By-Line (LBL) method, the narrow band correlated-k (NBCK) model, the full-spectrum correlated-k (FSCK) model, the multi-scale full-spectrum k-distribution (MSFSK) model, and a grey wide-band model (WBM). For each radiative model the corresponding absorption coefficients for carbon dioxide, water vapor, carbon monoxide and methane are generated from the same high-resolution spectroscopic database. Model results show that the contribution of carbon monoxide can be neglected whereas that of methane increases with HRR. In addition, the grey approximation for soot holds for these weakly sooting flames. Comparisons with LBL solutions show that WBM fails to predict accurately the radiative heat transfer through the fuel rich core. The FSCK model presents the best compromise in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency for the 34 kW pool fire. However, significant discrepancies are observed for the 176 kW pool fire where the strong attenuation of radiation by methane invalidates the 'correlated' assumption of the absorption coefficient. MSFSK and NBCK models provide very accurate predictions, with the MSFSK model being more efficient when overlap parameters are tabulated as a function of temperature and composition. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.",Absorption spectroscopy|Carbon dioxide|Carbon monoxide|Heat radiation|Methane|Plasma diagnostics|Radiative transfer|Absorption co-efficient|Gas radiative properties|Heat Release Rate (HRR)|K distribution|Pool fires|Radiative heat transfer|Radiative property models|Spectroscopic database|Fire protection,10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2014.04.018,21272289,,,,71873bf4-f6bd-4e50-aa7f-5b6cd19f147b,article,eng
A 115In solid-state NMR study of low oxidation-state indium complexes,"Hamaed, H.|Johnston, K.E.|Cooper, B.F.T.|Terskikh, V.V.|Ye, E.|Macdonald, C.L.B.|Arnold, D.C.|Schurko, R.W.",Chemical Science,5,3,982,995,,2014,2014,,,2041-6520,,,,,,,,"115In solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy is applied to characterise a variety of low oxidation-state indium(i) compounds. 115In static wideline SSNMR spectra of several In(i) complexes were acquired with moderate and ultra-high field NMR spectrometers (9.4 and 21.1 T, respectively). 115In MAS NMR spectra were obtained with moderate and ultra-fast (>60 kHz) spinning speeds at 21.1 T. In certain cases, variable-temperature (VT) 115In SSNMR experiments were performed to study dynamic behaviour and phase transitions. The indium electric field gradient (EFG) and chemical shift (CS) tensor parameters were determined from the experimental spectra. With the aid of first principles calculations, the tensor parameters and orientations are correlated to the structure and symmetry of the local indium environments. In addition, calculations aid in proposing structural models for samples where single crystal X-ray structures could not be obtained. The rapidity with which high quality 115In SSNMR spectra can be acquired at 21.1 T and the sensitivity of the 115In NMR parameters to the indium environment suggest that 115In SSNMR is a powerful probe of the local chemical environments of indium sites. This work demonstrates that 115In NMR can be applied to a wide range of important materials for the purpose of increasing our understanding of structures and dynamics at the molecular/atomic level, especially for the characterisation of disordered, microcrystalline and/or multi-valence solids for which crystal structures are unavailable. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014.",Chemical environment|Dynamic behaviours|Electric field gradients|Experimental spectra|First-principles calculation|Single crystal x-ray structures|Structural models|Variable temperature|Electric fields|Indium|Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|Solid state physics|Spectrometers|Tensors|Indium compounds,10.1039/c3sc52809j,21272290,,,,17c8a023-0f9f-42e4-a140-704f7d655e28,article,eng
Surface modification of nonviral nanocarriers for enhanced gene delivery,"Fortier, Charles|Durocher, Yves|De Crescenzo, Gregory",Nanomedicine,9,1,135,151,,2014,01/01/2014,,,1748-6963,,,,,,,,"Biomedical nanotechnology has given a new lease of life to gene therapy with the ever-developing and ever-diversifying nonviral gene delivery nanocarriers. These are designed to pass a series of barriers in order to bring their nucleic acid cargo to the right subcellular location of particular cells. For a given application, each barrier has its dedicated strategy, which translates into a physicochemical, biological and temporal identity of the nanocarrier surface. Different strategies have thus been explored to implement adequate surface identities on nanocarriers over time for systemic delivery. In that context, this review will mainly focus on organic nanocarriers, for which these strategies will be described and discussed.",biofunctionalization; lateral stabilization; nonviral gene delivery; polymeric coating; responsive teethering; shielding; surface modification,10.2217/nnm.13.194,21272291,NRC-HHT-53218,,,b2090f29-f135-4bef-a18b-096bec9ad146,article,eng
The ACS LCID project. X.The star formation history of IC 1613: revisiting the over-cooling problem,"Skillman, E.D.|Hidalgo, S.L.|Weisz, D.R.|Monelli, M.|Gallart, C.|Aparicio, A.|Bernard, E.J.|Boylan-Kolchin, M.|Cassisi, S.|Cole, A.A.|Dolphin, A.E.|Ferguson, H.C.|Mayer, L.|Navarro, J.F.|Stetson, P.B.|Tolstoy, E.",The Astrophysical Journal,786,1,,,44,2014,2014,,,1538-4357,,,,,,,,"We present an analysis of the star formation history (SFH) of a field near the half-light radius in the Local Group dwarf irregular galaxy IC 1613 based on deep Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys imaging. Our observations reach the oldest main sequence turn-off, allowing a time resolution at the oldest ages of ?1 Gyr. Our analysis shows that the SFH of the observed field in IC 1613 is consistent with being constant over the entire lifetime of the galaxy. These observations rule out an early dominant episode of star formation in IC 1613. We compare the SFH of IC 1613 with expectations from cosmological models. Since most of the mass is in place at early times for low-mass halos, a naive expectation is that most of the star formation should have taken place at early times. Models in which star formation follows mass accretion result in too many stars formed early and gas mass fractions that are too low today (the ""over-cooling problem""). The depth of the present photometry of IC 1613 shows that, at a resolution of ?1 Gyr, the star formation rate is consistent with being constant, at even the earliest times, which is difficult to achieve in models where star formation follows mass assembly. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.",,10.1088/0004-637X/786/1/44,21272292,,,,001ac502-c8d1-4796-8edb-438476b473da,article,eng
Microfabrication of passive electronic components with printed graphene-oxide deposition,"Sinar, D.|Knopf, G.K.|Nikumb, S.",,8973,,,,89730H,2014,2014,,,1996-756X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Micromachining and Microfabrication Process Technology XIX, 4 February 2014 through 6 February 2014, San Francisco, CA",,,,9780819498861,,"Flexible electronic circuitry is an emerging technology that will significantly impact the future of healthcare and medicine, food safety inspection, environmental monitoring, and public security. Recent advances in drop-on-demand printing technology and electrically conductive inks have enabled simple electronic circuits to be fabricated on mechanically flexible polymers, paper, and bioresorbable silk. Research has shown that graphene, and its derivative formulations, can be used to create low-cost electrically conductive inks. Graphene is a one atom thick two-dimensional layer composed of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice forming a material with very high fracture strength, high Young's Modulus, and low electrical resistance. Non-conductive graphene-oxide (GO) inks can also be synthesized from inexpensive graphite powders. Once deposited on the flexible substrate the electrical conductivity of the printed GO microcircuit traces can be restored through thermal reduction. In this paper, a femtosecond laser with a wavelength of 775nm and pulse width of 120fs is used to transform the non-conductive printed GO film into electrically conductive oxygen reduced graphene-oxide (rGO) passive electronic components by the process of laser assisted thermal reduction. The heat affected zone produced during the process was minimized because of the femtosecond pulsed laser. The degree of conductivity exhibited by the microstructure is directly related to the laser power level and exposure time. Although rGO films have higher resistances than pristine graphene, the ability to inkjet print capacitive elements and modify local resistive properties provides for a new method of fabricating sensor microcircuits on a variety of substrate surfaces. © 2014 SPIE.",Capacitive sensors|Composite micromechanics|Elastic moduli|Flexible electronics|Fracture toughness|Ink|Microanalysis|Microelectrodes|Microfabrication|Micromachining|Printing|Technology|Drop-on-demand printing|Electrical conductivity|Electrically conductive|Electrically conductive inks|Environmental Monitoring|Femtosecond pulsed laser|Passive electronic components|Thermal reduction|Graphene,10.1117/12.2038411,21272284,,,,65fc6547-99df-4980-8b34-0ab14d180757,article,eng
Electricity production from synthesis gas in a multi-electrode microbial fuel cell,"Hussain, A.|Raghavan, V.|Guiot, S.R.|Tartakovsky, B.",Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,89,4,499,507,,2014,2014,,,1097-4660,,,,,,,,"BACKGROUND: Electricity production in single-anode/cathode MFCs fed with simulated synthesis gas (syngas) as the sole electron donor has recently been demonstrated. This study evaluated the ability of a multi-anode/cathode MFC fed with syngas to achieve improved volumetric efficiency at several operating temperatures and electrode arrangements. RESULTS: A maximum power density of 33 mW LR-1 (normalized to the anodic compartment volume) and a coulombic efficiency (CE) of 43% was achieved at an operating temperature of 37°C. MFC operation at 50°C resulted in a much lower power density of 10 mW LR-1 and a CE of 15%. The MFC power density was greatly impacted by the electrode arrangement and the highest power density was achieved in a three anode-two cathode (3A-2C) arrangement. CONCLUSION: The multi-electrode design enhanced the performance of a syngas-fed MFC, which could have major economic and operational implications for designing large-scale syngas-fed MFCs. The MFC performance at elevated temperatures was restricted by low microbial activity, implying that a thermophilic rather than a mesophilic inoculum might be required for successful operation under thermophilic conditions. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.",Carbon monoxide|Microbial fuel cells|Temperature|Electricity production|Electrode arrangement|Maximum power density|Multi-electrode|Operating temperature|Synthesis gasses (syngas)|Thermophilic conditions|Volumetric efficiency|Synthesis gas|article|economic aspect|electricity|electrode|electron|gas|inoculation|microbial activity|microbial fuel cell|temperature,10.1002/jctb.4131,21272273,,,,f8ca8c8f-5e92-4bb4-964b-613276c4a64b,article,eng
Reconstructing folding energy landscapes by single-molecule force spectroscopy,"Woodside, M.T.|Block, S.M.",Annual Review of Biophysics,43,1,19,39,,2014,2014,,,1936-1238,,,,,,,,"Folding may be described conceptually in terms of trajectories over a landscape of free energies corresponding to different molecular configurations. In practice, energy landscapes can be difficult to measure. Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS), whereby structural changes are monitored in molecules subjected to controlled forces, has emerged as a powerful tool for probing energy landscapes. We summarize methods for reconstructing landscapes from force spectroscopy measurements under both equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions. Other complementary, but technically less demanding, methods provide a model-dependent characterization of key features of the landscape. Once reconstructed, energy landscapes can be used to study critical folding parameters, such as the characteristic transition times required for structural changes and the effective diffusion coefficient setting the timescale for motions over the landscape. We also discuss issues that complicate measurement and interpretation, including the possibility of multiple states or pathways and the effects of projecting multiple dimensions onto a single coordinate. Copyright © 2014 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.",article|conformation|diffusion coefficient|DNA hairpin|energy|equilibrium constant|feedback system|force|measurement|optical tweezers|priority journal|protein folding|protein function|protein structure|signal transduction|single molecule force spectroscopy|spectroscopy|structure activity relation,10.1146/annurev-biophys-051013-022754,21272274,,,,ff9ceb6b-c6d3-4201-b3cd-a1466060de16,article,eng
Chondrus crispus - A present and historical model organism for red seaweeds,"Collén, J.|Cornish, M.L.|Craigie, J.|Ficko-Blean, E.|Hervé, C.|Krueger-Hadfield, S.A.|Leblanc, C.|Michel, G.|Potin, P.|Tonon, T.|Boyen, C.",Advances in Botanical Research,71,,53,89,,2014,2014,,,0065-2296,,,,,,,,"Chondrus crispus, or Irish moss, is a common edible red seaweed that can be found on rocky shores in the Northern Atlantic. The cell wall contains carrageenan and C. crispus is the original source of this commercially used thickener. Because of the ecological and economic importance of this red alga a relatively important research literature exists and one of the recent achievements in C. crispus research is the sequencing of its genome. In this chapter we review some of the literature with the aim to promote C. crispus as a model organism for florideophyte red seaweeds. We consider subjects like commercial and historical uses, ecology, genetics, population structure, mating systems, physiology, cell wall biology and genomics. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.",,10.1016/B978-0-12-408062-1.00003-2,21272276,,,,cd9a38c2-2f49-4c72-8253-ba9df83fe038,article,eng
The role of Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans in the conversion of calcium phosphate from amorphous to crystalline state,"Haddad, M.|Vali, H.|Paquette, J.|Guiot, S.R.",PLoS ONE,9,2,,,e89480,2014,2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,,,,"Two previously unknown modes of biomineralization observed in the presence of Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans are presented. Following the addition of NaHCO3 and the formation of an amorphous calcium phosphate precipitate in a DSMZ medium inoculated with C. hydrogenoformans , two distinct crystalline solids were recovered after 15 and 30 days of incubation. The first of these solids occurred as micrometric clusters of blocky, angular crystals, which were associated with bacterial biofilm. The second solid occurred as 30-50 nm nanorods that were found scattered among the organic products of bacterial lysis. The biphasic mixture of solids was clearly dominated by the first phase. The X-ray diffractometry (XRD) peaks and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of this biphasic material consistently showed features characteristic of Mg-whitlockite. No organic content or protein could be identified by dissolving the solids. In both cases, the mode of biomineralization appears to be biologically induced rather than biologically controlled. Since Mg is known to be a strong inhibitor of the nucleation and growth of CaP, C. hydrogenoformans may act by providing sites that chelate Mg or form complexes with it, thus decreasing its activity as nucleation and crystal growth inhibitor. The synthesis of whitlockite and nano-HAP-like material by C. hydrogenoformans demonstrates the versatility of this organism also known for its ability to perform the water-gas shift reaction, and may have applications in bacterially mediated synthesis of CaP materials, as an environmentally friendly alternative process. © 2014 Haddad et al.",bicarbonate|calcium phosphate|hydroxyapatite|magnesium|nanocrystal|nanorod|article|bacteriolysis|biofilm|biomineralization|Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans|complex formation|controlled study|crystallization|electron microscopy|hyperthermophilic bacterium|infrared spectroscopy|nonhuman|X ray diffraction,10.1371/journal.pone.0089480,21272277,,,,a93d885d-d6dd-4038-870f-c0a48c4a2daf,article,eng
Increasing phytoremediation efficiency and reliability using novel omics approaches,"Bell, T.H.|Joly, S.|Pitre, F.E.|Yergeau, E.",Trends in Biotechnology,32,5,271,280,,2014,2014,,,1879-3096,,,,,,,,"Phytoremediation is a cost-effective green alternative to traditional soil remediation technologies, but has experienced varied success in practice. The recent omics revolution has led to leaps in our understanding of soil microbial communities and plant metabolism, and some of the conditions that promote predictable activity in contaminated soils and heterogeneous environments. Combinations of omics tools and new bioinformatics approaches will allow us to understand integrated activity patterns between plants and microbes, and determine how this metaorganism can be modified to maximize growth, appropriate assembly of microbial communities, and, ultimately, phytoremediation activity. Here we provide an overview of how new omics-mediated discoveries can potentially be translated into an effective and reliable environmental technology. © 2014 Etienne Yergeau.",Bioinformatics|Microorganisms|Soil conservation|Soil pollution|Metagenomics|Metaorganism|Metatranscriptomics|Next-generation sequencing|Phytoremediation|Bioremediation,10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.02.008,21272279,,,,8a8ccf0e-647c-4f50-98a8-c9450d0044ff,article,eng
Understanding interactions of functionalized nanoparticles with proteins: A case study on lactate dehydrogenase,"Stueker, O.|Ortega, V.A.|Goss, G.G.|Stepanova, M.",Small,10,10,2006,2021,,2014,2014,,,1613-6829,,,,,,,,"Nanomaterials in biological solutions are known to interact with proteins and have been documented to affect protein function, such as enzyme activity. Understanding the interactions of nanoparticles with biological components at the molecular level will allow for rational designs of nanomaterials for use in medical technologies. Here we present the first detailed molecular mechanics model of functionalized gold nanoparticle (NP) interacting with an enzyme (l-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the response of LDH to the NP binding demonstrate that although atomic motions (dynamics) of the main chain exhibit only a minor response to the binding, the dynamics of side chains are significantly constrained in all four active sites that predict alteration in kinetic properties of the enzyme. It is also demonstrated that the 5 nm gold NPs cause a decrease in the maximal velocity of the enzyme reaction (Vmax) and a trend towards a reduced affinity (increased Km) for the ?-NAD binding site, while pyruvate enzyme kinetics (Km and Vmax) are not significantly altered in the presence of the gold NPs. These results demonstrate that modeling of NP:protein interactions can be used to understand alterations in protein function. Using molecular dynamic simulations for single, functionalized nanoparticles in solution and a newly developed method of analysis, Stueker and co-workers describe the effects of binding of a mercapto-undecanoic acid functionalized 4.2 nm gold nanoparticle on the structural and dynamic properties of the biological enzyme LDH. The predictions help to explain the experimentally determined alterations in measured LDH enzyme activity when exposed to these particles. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.",Biomedical engineering|Chains|Computer simulation|Enzyme activity|Enzyme kinetics|Gold|Medical nanotechnology|Metal nanoparticles|Molecular dynamics|Nanostructured materials|Reaction kinetics|Enzyme functions|Functionalized gold nanoparticles|Functionalized nanoparticles|Lactate dehydrogenase|Molecular dynamics simulations|Molecular simulations|Structural and dynamic properties|toxicology|Proteins,10.1002/smll.201303639,21272281,,,,17760257-7832-4c62-b448-36e7cd2d9522,article,eng
Crystallographic and glycan microarray analysis of human polyomavirus 9 VP1 identifies N-glycolyl neuraminic acid as a receptor candidate,"Khan, Z.M.|Liu, Y.|Neu, U.|Gilbert, M.|Ehlers, B.|Feizi, T.|Stehle, T.",Journal of Virology,88,11,6100,6111,,2014,2014,,,1098-5514,,,,,,,,"Human polyomavirus 9 (HPyV9) is a closely related homologue of simian B-lymphotropic polyomavirus (LPyV). In order to define the architecture and receptor binding properties of HPyV9, we solved high-resolution crystal structures of its major capsid protein, VP1, in complex with three putative oligosaccharide receptors identified by glycan microarray screening. Comparison of the properties of HPyV9 VP1 with the known structure and glycan-binding properties of LPyV VP1 revealed that both viruses engage short sialylated oligosaccharides, but small yet important differences in specificity were detected. Surprisingly, HPyV9 VP1 preferentially binds sialyllactosamine compounds terminating in 5-N-glycolyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) over those terminating in 5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), whereas LPyV does not exhibit such a preference. The structural analysis demonstrated that HPyV9 makes specific contacts, via hydrogen bonds, with the extra hydroxyl group present in Neu5Gc. An equivalent hydrogen bond cannot be formed by LPyV VP1. © 2014, American Society for Microbiology.","glycan|n glycoloylneuraminic acid|oligosaccharide|protein VP1|article|binding site|complex formation|controlled study|cross reaction|crystal structure|crystallography|hydrogen bond|microarray analysis|molecular cloning|nonhuman|nucleotide sequence|Polyoma virus|Polyomavirus 9 VP1|priority journal|protein expression|receptor binding|structure analysis|viral tropism|Capsid Proteins|Cloning, Molecular|Crystallography|Humans|Hydrogen Bonding|Microarray Analysis|Models, Molecular|Neuraminic Acids|Polyomavirus|Polysaccharides|Protein Conformation",10.1128/JVI.03455-13,21272287,,,,4286a9e8-83e1-404b-93d2-3b15daef621e,article,eng
"A fucose containing polymer-rich fraction from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum mediates lifespan increase and thermal-tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans, by differential effects on gene and protein expression","Kandasamy, S.|Khan, W.|Evans, F.D.|Critchley, A.T.|Zhang, J.|Fitton, J.H.|Stringer, D.N.|Gardiner, V.-A.|Prithiviraj, B.",Food and Function,5,2,275,284,,2014,2014,,,2042-6496,,,,,,,,"The extracts of the brown alga, Ascophyllum nodosum, which contains several bioactive compounds, have been shown to impart biotic and abiotic stress tolerance properties when consumed by animals. However, the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanism underlying such effects remain elusive. We investigated the effect of A. nodosum fucose-containing polymer (FCP) on tolerance to thermally induced stress using the invertebrate animal model, Caenorhabditis elegans. FCP at a concentration of 150 ?g mL-1 significantly improved the life span and tolerance against thermally induced stress in C. elegans. The treatment increased the C. elegans survival by approximately 24%, when the animals were under severe thermally induced stress (i.e. 35 °C) and 27% under mild stress (i.e. 30 °C) conditions. The FCP induced differential expression of genes and proteins is associated with stress response pathways. Under thermal stress, FCP treatment significantly altered the expression of 65 proteins (54 up-regulated & 11 down-regulated). Putative functional analysis of FCP-induced differential proteins signified an association of altered proteins in stress-related molecular and biochemical pathways of the model worm. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry.",Bioactive compounds|Biochemical pathway|Biotic and abiotic stress|Caenorhabditis elegans|Differential effect|Differential expressions|Invertebrate animals|Thermally induced stress|Animals|Gallium alloys|Proteins|Gene expression,10.1039/c3fo60050e,21272266,,,,775ea0e2-c6ce-4d42-b808-1e380ba24b70,article,eng
Molecular susceptibility weighted imaging of the glioma rim in a mouse model,"Blasiak, Barbara|Landry, James|Tyson, Randy|Sharp, Jonathan|Iqbal, Umar|Abulrob, Abedelnasser|Rushforth, David|Matyas, John|Ponjevic, Dragana|Sutherland, Garnette R.|Wolfsberger, Stefan|Tomanek, Boguslaw",Journal of Neuroscience Methods,226,,132,138,,2014,10/02/2014,,,0165-0270,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Background: Glioma is the most common and most difficult to treat brain cancer. Despite many efforts treatment, efficacy remains low. As neurosurgical removal is the standard procedure for glioma, a method, allowing for both early detection and exact determination of the location, size and extent of the tumor, could improve a patient's positive response to therapy. New method: We propose application of susceptibility weighted molecular magnetic resonance imaging using, targeted contrast agents, based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, for imaging of the, glioma rim, namely brain-tumor interface. Iron oxide attached to the targeted cells increases, susceptibility differences at the boundary between tumor and normal tissue, providing the opportunity, to utilize susceptibility weighted imaging for improved tumor delineation. We investigated potential, enhancement of the tumor-brain contrast, including tumor core and rim when using susceptibility, weighted MRI for molecular imaging of glioma. Results: There were significant differences in contrast-to-noise ratio before, 12 and 120. min after contrast, agent injection between standard gradient echo pulse sequence and susceptibility weighted molecular, magnetic resonance imaging for the core-brain, tumor rim-core and tumor rim-brain areas. Comparison with existing methods: Currently, the most common MRI contrast agent used for glioma diagnosis is a non-specific, gadolinium-based agent providing T1-weighted enhancement. Susceptibility-weighted magnetic, resonance imaging is much less efficient when no targeted superparamagnetic contrast agents are, used. Conclusion: The improved determination of glioma extent provided by SWI offers an important new tool for, diagnosis and surgical planning.",,10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.01.034,21272269,NRC-HHT-53274,,,8fed9c31-8912-4654-8508-b878e667055f,article,eng
Simultaneous formation of nitrogen and sulfur-doped transition metal catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction through pyrolyzing carbon-supported copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt,"Qing, X.|Shi, J.|Ma, C.|Fan, M.|Bai, Z.|Chen, Z.|Qiao, J.|Zhang, J.",Journal of Power Sources,266,,88,98,,2014,2014,,,0378-7753,,,,,,,,"In this work, we report a spontaneous formation of copper (Cu-N-S/C) catalysts containing both nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) elements using a one-step pyrolysis of carbon supported copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (CuTSPc/C). The obtained catalysts exhibit high catalytic activities for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. Through electrochemical measurements and physical characterizations, several observations are reached as follows: (1) different pyrolysis temperatures can result in different catalyst structures and performances, and the optimum pyrolysis temperature is found to be 700 °C; (2) the electron transfer number of the ORR process catalyzed by the unpyrolyzed catalyst is about 2.5, after the pyrolysis, this number is increased to 3.5, indicating that the pyrolysis process can change the ORR pathway from a 2-electron transfer dominated process to a 4-electron transfer dominated one; (3) increasing catalyst loading from 40 ?g cm-2 to 505 ?g cm-2 can effectively improve the catalytic ORR activity, under which the percentage of H2O2 produced decreases sharply from 39.5% to 7.8%; and (4) the Cu ion can bond on pyridinic-N, graphite-N and C-Sn-C to form Cu-N-S/C catalyst active sites, which play the key role in the ORR activity. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Carbon|Electrolytic reduction|Electron transitions|Loading|Nitrogen|Sulfur|Transition metal compounds|Active site|Copper phthalocyanine|Copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid|Doped carbons|Electrochemical measurements|Oxygen reduction reaction|Physical characterization|Transition metal catalysts|Catalyst activity,10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.04.136,21272270,,,,5b43be18-88b1-4c54-bf80-b74cbd3083de,article,eng
Quantum strain sensor with a topological insulator HgTe quantum dot,"Korkusinski, M.|Hawrylak, P.",Scientific Reports,4,,,,4903,2014,2014,,,2045-2322,,,,,,,,"We present a theory of electronic properties of HgTe quantum dot and propose a strain sensor based on a strain-driven transition from a HgTe quantum dot with inverted bandstructure and robust topologically protected quantum edge states to a normal state without edge states in the energy gap. The presence or absence of edge states leads to large on/off ratio of conductivity across the quantum dot, tunable by adjusting the number of conduction channels in the source-drain voltage window. The electronic properties of a HgTe quantum dot as a function of size and applied strain are described using eight-band k·p Luttinger and Bir-Pikus Hamiltonians, with surface states identified with chirality of Luttinger spinors and obtained through extensive numerical diagonalization of the Hamiltonian.",,10.1038/srep04903,21272288,,,,9cd8ccf3-02a0-407e-a53e-362bbe1227af,article,eng
Heat release rates of modern residential furnishings during combustion in a room calorimeter,"Bwalya, A.|Gibbs, E.|Lougheed, G.|Kashef, A.",Fire and Materials,39,8,685,716,,2014,01/07/2014,,,0308-0501,,,,,,,,"Results are presented from a number of fire experiments that were conducted in a room environment to study the fire characteristics of typical residential furnishings and assist in the design of a subsequent phase of a project involving fully furnished room fire experiments. The experiments were conducted in a 16-m2 test room (with dimensions 3.8m wide×4.2m long×2.4m high), which had a 1.5×1.5-m window opening. The furnishings tested included mattresses, bed clothes, bed assemblies, upholstered seating furniture, clothing arrangements, books, plastic audio/video media and storage cases, toys, shoes, and a computer workstation setup. The smoke (gaseous products of combustion) from the room was collected using a hood system in order to measure the heat release rate (HRR) and optical density of the smoke. The test room was instrumented with load cells, heat flux gauges, thermocouples and velocity probes in order to take the following measurements: mass loss, total heat flux on gauge-installed flush with the internal surfaces (floor, walls, and ceiling), temperatures at numerous locations, and gas velocities in the window opening. Twin-size mattresses produced peak HRRs of approximately 3800kW, and the maximum room temperature was approximately 980°C. The HRRs of bed assemblies of various sizes and configurations ranged from 1800kW for a twin-size bed to 6250kW for a bunk bed. The maximum temperature and heat flux recorded in the experiments were 1071°C and 221kW/m2, respectively. Upholstered chairs and sofas had HRRs ranging from 630kW for an ottoman to 3360kW for a two-seat sofa. In tests with clothing, toys, shoes, books, a computer workstation, and CD/DVD media, the peak HRRs ranged from 440kW for a bookcase to 2045kW for toys. Furnishings containing a large proportion of rigid thermoplastic plastics, such as shoes and media cases, produced very dense smoke even at low HRRs. The effect of parameters such as bed clothes, mattress type, foundation type, bed assembly and chair size, material composition, and fuel package arrangement was evident in the results. Because the room dimensions and wall lining materials remained constant, temperatures were linearly proportional to the peak HRR (and exposure time) until the ventilation limit (approximately 4100kW) was reached. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",,10.1002/fam.2259,21272280,,,,0b2c5503-4545-4460-b509-f954e62eb2a5,article,eng
Chromaticity-matched but spectrally different light source effects on simple and complex color judgments,"Veitch, Jennifer A.|Whitehead, Lorne A.|Mossman, Michele|Pilditch, Toby D.",Color Research and Application,39,3,263,274,,2014,01/06/2014,,,0361-2317,,,,,,,,"As light-emitting diode (LED) light sources mature, lighting designers will be able to deliver white light with a variety of spectral power distributions and a variety of color rendering properties. This experiment examined the effects of three spectral power distributions (SPDs) that were matched in illuminance and chromaticity on three measures of color perception: one objective (performance on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test) and two subjective (judgments of the attractiveness of one's own skin, and preferences for the saturation of printed images). The three SPDs were a quartz-halogen (QH) lamp and two LED sources that were matched to the QH lamp in terms of both illuminance and chromaticity; the three light sources were nominally CCT = 3500 K, x = 0.40, y = 0.39 and ? 400 lx. LED A used three channels (red, green, blue), and had very poor color rendering (Ra = 18). LED B used four channels (red, amber, cyan, white) and had very good color rendering (R a = 96, whereas the QH had Ra = 98). Secondary hypotheses addressed the effects of age and skin and eye color on the dependent measures. As expected, LED A delivered very different color perceptions on all measures when compared to QH; LED B did not differ from QH. The results show that it is possible for LED sources to match the familiar incandescent sources. However, although it is possible to deliver what appear to be millions of colors with a three-chip (RGB) device, there is the risk of creating a very poor luminous environment. © 2013 National Research Council Canada and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",Color rendering properties|Different lights|illuminants|Printed images|Source effects|Spectral power distribution|Color image processing|Color vision|Light sources|Quartz|Light emitting diodes,10.1002/col.21811,21272271,NRC-CONST-55266,,,e00d419b-a729-44f1-9b06-a28c3e43e332,article,eng
"N,N?-Bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine as a nitrogen-rich precursor to synthesize electrocatalysts with high methanol-tolerance for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction","Zhou, X.|Xu, P.|Xu, L.|Bai, Z.|Chen, Z.|Qiao, J.|Zhang, J.",Journal of Power Sources,260,,349,356,,2014,2014,,,0378-7753,,,,,,,,"A cost-effective chemical, N,N?-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine (salen), is used as a ligand to form a carbon-supported Co-salen complex (Co-salen/C) by a simple solid-sate reaction. The Co-salen/C is then pyrolyzed at 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 °C to form carbon-supported Co-N-S/C catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). XRD, EDX, TEM, and XPS are used to characterize the catalysts' composition, crystalline nature, morphology, and possible surface groups induced by heat-treatment. Investigation of the catalytic activity and the ORR mechanisms using rotating disk electrode and rotating ring-disk electrode techniques demonstrates that all of these Co-N-S/C catalysts are highly active for the ORR in an O2-saturated 0.1 M KOH solution, but the catalyst heat treated at 700°C gives the best ORR activity. The overall electron transfer number for the catalyzed ORR was determined to be 3.6-3.9, with 3.7-19.9% H2O2 production over the potential range of -0.05 to -0.60 V, suggesting that the ORR catalyzed by Co-N-S/C catalysts is dominated by a 4-electron transfer pathway from O 2 to H2O. In addition, these catalysts exhibit superior methanol tolerance to commercial 40% Pt/C catalyst, thus the Co-N-S/C catalysts are promising for use as electrocatalysts in alkaline polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Active site|Alkaline polymer electrolyte membrane|Methanol tolerance|Non-precious metal catalysts|Oxygen reduction reaction|Rotating disk electrodes|Rotating ring-disk electrode techniques|Solid-sate reactions|Alkaline fuel cells|Alkalinity|Carbon|Catalysis|Electrocatalysts|Electrolytes|Electrolytic reduction|Electron transitions|Methanol|Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)|Rotating disks|Cobalt compounds,10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.017,21272252,,,,8d2048e6-95f0-49f8-9d0a-43d8e0f826c7,article,eng
Radiative heat transfer through the fuel-rich core of laboratory-scale pool fires,"Consalvi, J.L.|Liu, F.",Combustion Science and Technology,186,04-May,475,489,,2014,2014,,,1563-521X,,,,,,,,"Radiative heat transfer calculations are conducted along the axis of six axisymmetric pool fires by using the ""exact"" line-by-line (LBL) method, the narrow band correlated k (NBCK) model, the full-spectrum correlated k (FSCK) model, the multi-scale full-spectrum k-distribution (MSFSK) model, and the wide-band model implemented in the fire dynamic simulator (FDS). The two baseline cases correspond to 34 kW and 176 kW methane pool fires generated on a burner of 0.38 m diameter. For each heat release rate, two other moderately and heavily sooting pool fires were generated by considering higher soot volume fractions while keeping temperature and gaseous species concentrations unaltered. For each radiative model, the corresponding absorption coefficients for carbon dioxide, water vapor, carbon monoxide, and methane were generated from the same high-resolution spectroscopic databases. Model results show that the contribution of carbon monoxide to the radiative intensity can be neglected, whereas that of methane increases with the heat release rate (HRR) and decreases as the soot loading increases. It is also found that the gray approximation for soot holds for the 34 kW pool fires and the weakly and moderately sooting 176 kW pool fires but ceases to be valid for the heavily sooting 176 kW pool fire. Concerning the accuracy of the different approximate radiative models, comparisons with the LBL solutions show that the NBCK model can be used as a reference if LBL solutions are not available. On the other hand, the FDS wide-band model fails in predicting accurately the radiative intensity through the fuel-rich core of pool fires. Finally, the FSCK provide predictions within 10% of LBL solutions with the exception of the heavily sooting 176 kW pool fire where the strong attenuation of radiation by methane invalidates the ""correlated"" assumption of the absorption coefficient. In this case, the MSFSK model must be considered, improving substantially the predictions of the FSCK. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",Absorption spectroscopy|Carbon dioxide|Carbon monoxide|Forecasting|Fuels|Loading|Methane|Plasma diagnostics|Radiative transfer|Soot|Absorption co-efficient|Fire dynamic simulators|Fuel-rich core|Gaseous species concentrations|Heat Release Rate (HRR)|Radiative heat transfer|Soot volume fraction|Spectroscopic database|Fire protection,10.1080/00102202.2014.883221,21272253,,,,538ec6c1-a91f-4f6b-97cf-0ebf84f497de,article,eng
Process window for friction stir lap welding of aluminum alloy 6061,"Larose, S.|Guérin, M.|Wanjara, P.",,783-786,,2839,2844,,2014,01/05/2014,,,1022-6680,Advanced Materials Research,"8th International Conference on Processing and Manufacturing of Advanced Materials, THERMEC 2013, Dec. 2-6, Las Vegas, NV",,,,9783038350736,,"Precipitation-hardenable 6xxx series aluminum alloys are incorporated in many structural components with due consideration of their good combination of properties including a relatively high strength, outstanding extrudability and excellent corrosion resistance. Accordingly, AA6061 has been identified as a very good candidate material for structural lightweighting of transportation vehicles. However, the weldability of aluminum alloy (AA) 6061 by means of conventional technologies such as GMAW and GTAW methods is limited by sensitivity to solidification cracking. In this respect, friction stir welding (FSW) presents a tremendous potential for assembly of aluminum structures for the transportation industry due to the low heat involved that can mitigate crack formation and, thus, translate into improved mechanical performance of the assembly. In this work, FSW of 3.18 mm thick AA6061-T6 sheets in the lap joint configuration was investigated. This configuration is considered to be more challenging for assembly by FSW than the butt joint type due to the orientation of the interface with respect to the welding tools and the necessity to break the oxide layer on two aluminium alloy planar surfaces. Weld trials were performed to examine the influence of the FSW tool geometry and process parameters on the welding defects, microstructure, hardness and bend performance. Unacceptable material expulsion and/or significant thinning in one of the two overlapped sheets were produced under most conditions. A set of FSW tool geometries leading to a viable process operational window under which the risk of defects could be mitigated and/or eliminated was identified in this study. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.",Aluminum alloys|Corrosion resistance|Cracks|Materials handling|Welding|AA6061-T6|Excellent corrosion resistances|Friction stir lap welding|Friction stir welding(FSW)|Lap welding|Process window|Solidification cracking|Transportation vehicles|Friction stir welding,10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.783-786.2839,21272254,,,,d8fc9032-2ae2-47c1-bddc-0bc7d1491b18,article,eng
Transgenic expression of neuronal dystonin isoform 2 partially rescues the disease phenotype of the Dystonia musculorum mouse model of hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy VI,"Ferrier, A.|Sato, T.|De Repentigny, Y.|Gibeault, S.|Bhanot, K.|O'Meara, R.W.|Lynch-Godrei, A.|Kornfeld, S.F.|Young, K.G.|Kothary, R.",Human Molecular Genetics,23,10,2694,2710,ddt663,2014,2014,,,1460-2083,,,,,,,,"A newly identified lethal form of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN), designated HSAN-VI, is caused by a homozygous mutation in the bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1)/dystonin gene (DST). The HSAN-VI mutation impacts all major neuronal BPAG1/dystonin protein isoforms: dystonin-a1, -a2 and -a3. Homozygous mutations in the murine Dst gene cause a severe sensory neuropathy termed dystonia musculorum (dt). Phenotypically, dt mice are similar to HSAN-VI patients, manifesting progressive limb contractures, dystonia, dysautonomia and early postnatal death. To obtain a better molecular understanding of disease pathogenesis in HSAN-VI patients and the dt disorder, we generated transgenic mice expressing a myc-tagged dystonin-a2 protein under the regulation of the neuronal prion protein promoter on the dtTg4/Tg4 background, which is devoid of endogenous dystonin-a1 and -a2, but does express dystonin-a3. Restoring dystonin-a2 expression in the nervous system, particularly within sensory neurons, prevented the disorganization of organelle membranes and microtubule networks, attenuated the degeneration of sensory neuron subtypes and ameliorated the phenotype and increased life span in these mice. Despite these improvements, complete rescue was not observed likely because of inadequate expression of the transgene. Taken together, this study provides needed insight into the molecular basis of the dt disorder and other peripheral neuropathies including HSAN-VI. © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.",,10.1093/hmg/ddt663,21272256,,,,386e8f34-d076-40a8-ad95-94ed8a3a4a7d,article,eng
Solvation models: Theory and validation,"Purisima, E.O.|Sulea, T.",Current Pharmaceutical Design,20,20,3266,3280,,2014,2014,,,1873-4286,,,,,,,,"Water plays an active role in many fundamental phenomena in cellular systems such as molecular recognition, folding and conformational equilibria, reaction kinetics and phase partitioning. Hence, our ability to account for the energetics of these processes is highly dependent on the models we use for calculating solvation effects. For example, theoretical prediction of protein-ligand binding modes (i.e., docking) and binding affinities (i.e., scoring) requires an accurate description of the change in hydration that accompanies solute binding. In this review, we discuss the challenges of constructing solvation models that capture these effects, with an emphasis on continuum models and on more recent developments in the field. In our discussion of methods, relatively greater attention will be given to boundary element solutions to the Poisson equation and to nonpolar solvation models, two areas that have become increasingly important but are likely to be less familiar to many readers. The other focus will be upon the trending efforts for evaluating solvation models in order to uncover limitations, biases, and potentially attractive directions for their improvement and applicability. The prospective and retrospective performance of a variety of solvation models in the SAMPL blind challenges will be discussed in detail. After just a few years, these benchmarking exercises have already had a tangible effect in guiding the improvement of solvation models. © 2014 Bentham Science Publishers.",,10.2174/13816128113199990599,21272257,,,,f1e642b4-b7f6-4b92-a79a-5f33bcf32f63,article,eng
Silicon atomic quantum dots enable beyond-CMOS electronics,"Wolkow, Robert A.|Livadaru, Lucian|Pitters, Jason|Taucer, Marco|Piva, Paul|Salomons, Mark|Cloutier, Martin|Martins, Bruno V. C.",,,,33,58,,2014,2014,Lecture Notes In Computer Science,8280,0302-9743,"Field-Coupled Nanocomputing : Paradigms, Progress, and Perspectives","2013 Workshop on Field-Coupled Nanocomputing (FCN 2013), February 7-8, 2013, Tampa, Florida, USA",,,Springer Berlin Heidelberg,978-3-662-43721-6|978-3-662-43722-3,,"We review our recent efforts in building atom-scale quantum-dot cellular automata circuits on a silicon surface. Our building block consists of silicon dangling bond on a H-Si(001) surface, which has been shown to act as a quantum dot. First the fabrication, experimental imaging, and charging character of the dangling bond are discussed. We then show how precise assemblies of such dots can be created to form artificial molecules. Such complex structures can be used as systems with custom optical properties, circuit elements for quantum-dot cellular automata, and quantum computing. Considerations on macro-to-atom connections are discussed.",Atoms|Dangling bonds|Quantum computers|Quantum optics|Semiconductor quantum dots|Silicon|Artificial molecule|Atomic quantum dots|Complex structure|Precise assembly|Quantum Computing|Quantum dot cellular automata|Silicon dangling bond|Silicon surfaces|Automata theory,10.1007/978-3-662-43722-3_3,21272259,,,,daa84b5a-cff3-444c-acd4-21781b4ea831,chapter,eng
Purification and characterization of hydrolytic and transgalactosyl ?-galactosidase from Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 10797,"Kandari, S.|Choi, Y.J.|Lee, B.H.",European Food Research and Technology,,,,,,2014,2014,,,1438-2377,,,,,,,,"?-Galactosidase purified from Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 10797 by fast performance liquid chromatography system using ion exchange and gel-filtration columns showed the Km of 3.83 mM and Vmax of 416.44 ?mol/min/mg protein calculated from the substrate p-nitrophenyl-?-d-galactopyranoside. The molecular mass was 188 kDa by gel-filtration, but 90 kDa by SDS-PAGE, indicating a homodimer. The optimum temperature was 37 °C, and the optimum pH was at 6 with an acceptable stability between pH 4 and 8. This enzyme was activated by 10 mM monovalent ions such as K+, NH4 +, Li+, and CS+, while the activity was inhibited by divalent ions such as Cu2+, Zn2+, and Fe2+. Melibiose was hydrolyzed to glucose and galactose, raffinose to galactose and sucrose, while stachyose to galactose and sucrose. A novel source of ?-galactosidase from L. helveticus possessing both hydrolytic activity to eliminate flatulence sugars and transgalactosylation activities to synthesize galacto-oligosaccharides is identified and characterized. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.",,10.1007/s00217-014-2284-y,21272262,,,,deb0cba9-3b39-4814-8729-fb47ebb63a13,article,eng
Molecular insights on the recognition of a Lactococcus lactis cell wall pellicle by the phage 1358 receptor binding protein,"Farenc, C.|Spinelli, S.|Vinogradov, E.|Tremblay, D.|Blangy, S.|Sadovskaya, I.|Moineau, S.|Cambillau, C.",Journal of Virology,88,12,7005,7015,,2014,2014,,,1098-5514,,,,,,,,"The Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus lactis is used for the production of cheeses and other fermented dairy products. Accidental infection of L. lactis cells by virulent lactococcal tailed phages is one of the major risks of fermentation failures in industrial dairy factories. Lactococcal phage 1358 possesses a host range limited to a few L. lactis strains and strong genomic similarities to Listeria phages. We report here the X-ray structures of phage 1358 receptor binding protein (RBP) in complex with monosaccharides. Each monomer of its trimeric RBP is formed of two domains: a ""shoulder"" domain linking the RBP to the rest of the phage and a jelly roll fold ""head/host recognition"" domain. This domain harbors a saccharide binding crevice located in the middle of a monomer. Crystal structures identified two sites at the RBP surface,?8 Å from each other, one accommodating a GlcNAc monosaccharide and the other accommodating a GlcNAc or a glucose 1-phosphate (Glc1P) monosaccharide. GlcNAc and GlcNAc1P are components of the polysaccharide pellicle that we identified at the cell surface of L. lactis SMQ-388, the host of phage 1358. We therefore modeled a galactofuranose (Galf) sugar bridging the two GlcNAc saccharides, suggesting that the trisaccharidic motif GlcNAc-Galf-GlcNAc (or Glc1P) might be common to receptors of genetically distinct lactococcal phages p2, TP091-1, and 1358. Strain specificity might therefore be elicited by steric clashes induced by the remaining components of the pellicle hexasaccharide. Taken together, these results provide a first insight into the molecular mechanism of host receptor recognition by lactococcal phages. © 2014, American Society for Microbiology.",binding protein|glucose 1 phosphate|monomer|monosaccharide|phage 1358 receptor binding protein|unclassified drug|article|bacterial cell wall|bacterial cell wall pellicle|bacteriophage|binding site|cell surface|controlled study|crystal structure|Lactococcus lactis|nonhuman|phage 1358|phage TP091 1|priority journal|protein carbohydrate interaction|protein domain|protein motif|protein structure,10.1128/JVI.00739-14,21272263,,,,fcf3eeaa-bf53-49d3-95d9-91ecedb26857,article,eng
Assessment of tissue oxygenation of periodontal inflammation in patients with coronary artery diseases using optical spectroscopy,"Zhang, C.|Xiang, X.|Xu, M.|Fan, C.|Sowa, M.G.|Liu, K.-Z.",BMC Oral Health,14,1,,,25,2014,2014,,,1472-6831,,,,,,,,"Background: We have recently developed a non-invasive periodontal diagnostic tool that was validated in periodontitis patients without systemic disorders like coronary artery disease (CAD). The purpose of present study is to verify whether this optical instrument can also be used in periodontitis patients with CAD.Methods: A total of 62 periodontitis patients with CAD were recruited along with a control group consisting of 59 age and gender matched periodontitis volunteers without systemic disorders. Using a portable optical near-infrared spectrometer, optical spectra were obtained, processed and evaluated from the two groups. A modified Beer-Lambert unmixing model that incorporates a nonparametric scattering loss function was used to determine the relative contribution of deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) and oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) to the overall spectrum. The balance between tissue oxygen delivery and utilization in periodontal tissues was then assessed.Results: Tissue oxygen saturation was significantly decreased in the periodontitis sites (p < 0.01), compared to the healthy sites in those individuals with CAD. There was a trend towards increased concentration of Hb and decreased concentration of HbO2 from healthy to diseased sites, without statistical significance (p > 0.05). No statistical differences were found in tissue oxygen saturation between the CAD and control groups either in periodontal healthy or inflammatory sites.Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis that optical spectroscopy can determine the periodontal inflammation in patients with certain systemic disorders like CAD. And the overall periodontal oxygenation profiles in CAD patients resemble those in non-CAD individuals either in healthy or inflammatory sites. © 2014 Zhang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",,10.1186/1472-6831-14-25,21272264,,,,f7b75ca7-04d4-4cd8-b3e9-31b052484181,article,eng
In vivo imaging of brain cancer using epidermal growth factor single domain antibody bioconjugated to near-infrared quantum dots,"Fatehi, D.|Baral, T.N.|Abulrob, A.",Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,14,7,5355,5362,,2014,2014,,,1533-4899,,,,,,,,"Diagnosis of glioblastoma multiform (GBM) with MRI lacks molecular information and requires a biopsy for pathologic confirmation. The EGFRvIII, is a constitutively active mutant of the EGF receptor, identified in a high percentage of brain cancers and associated with increased invasiveness and resistance, making it a good target to improve imaging and diagnosis. The present study shows that conjugation of near-infrared quantum dot (Qd800) to an anti-EGFRvIII single domain antibody, made of the variable region with an extra cysteine for site-specific conjugation (EG2-Cys), increased its internalization in U87MG-EGFRvIII cells in vitro compared to Qd800 conjugated with the Fc region of the antibody (EG2-hFc) or unconjugated. EG2-Cys also improved the contrast in Near-Infrared Imaging of mice bearing orthotopic glioblastoma. The increased accumulation was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy of brain sections. The specificity of EG2-Cys in brain tumor expressing the EGFRvIII mutant receptor may provide an accurate less invasive diagnosis and determine the level of tumor aggressiveness and resistance. Copyright © 2014 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.","EGFR protein, mouse|epidermal growth factor receptor|monoclonal antibody|quantum dot|animal|article|brain tumor|fluorescence microscopy|glioblastoma|human|infrared radiation|metabolism|methodology|molecular imaging|mouse|nude mouse|pathology|reproducibility|sensitivity and specificity|tumor cell line|Animals|Antibodies, Monoclonal|Brain Neoplasms|Cell Line, Tumor|Glioblastoma|Humans|Infrared Rays|Mice|Mice, Nude|Microscopy, Fluorescence|Molecular Imaging|Quantum Dots|Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor|Reproducibility of Results|Sensitivity and Specificity",10.1166/jnn.2014.9076,21272265,NRC-HHT-53273,,,a5e45cec-5d76-4f0a-b0d3-a5823f1821ff,article,eng
The disk around the brown dwarf KPNO TAU 3,"Broekhoven-Fiene, H.|Matthews, B.|Duchêne, G.|Di Francesco, J.|Scholz, A.|Chrysostomou, A.|Jayawardhana, R.",The Astrophysical Journal,789,2,,,155,2014,2014,,,1538-4357,,,,,,,,"We present submillimeter observations of the young brown dwarfs KPNO Tau 1, KPNO Tau 3, and KPNO Tau 6 at 450 ?m and 850 ?m taken with the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. KPNO Tau 3 and KPNO Tau 6 have been previously identified as Class II objects hosting accretion disks, whereas KPNO Tau 1 has been identified as a Class III object and shows no evidence of circumsubstellar material. Our 3? detection of cold dust around KPNO Tau 3 implies a total disk mass of (4.0 ± 1.1) × 10-4 M ? (assuming a gas to dust ratio of 100:1). We place tight constraints on any disks around KPNO Tau 1 or KPNO Tau 6 of <2.1 × 10-4 M ? and <2.7 × 10-4 M ?, respectively. Modeling the spectral energy distribution of KPNO Tau 3 and its disk suggests the disk properties (geometry, dust mass, and grain size distribution) are consistent with observations of other brown dwarf disks and low-mass T-Tauri stars. In particular, the disk-to-host mass ratio for KPNO Tau 3 is congruent with the scenario that at least some brown dwarfs form via the same mechanism as low-mass stars. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved..",,10.1088/0004-637X/789/2/155,21272267,,,,d653620c-27f0-4a07-ab9f-1b012cd4ebb2,article,eng
Intrasasal vaccination against acinetobacter baumannii-associated pneumonia in mice|Intranasal immunization protects against Acinetobacter baumannii-associated pneumonia in mice,"Kuo Lee, Rhonda|Harris, Gregg|Yan, Hongbin|Xu, H. Howard|Conlan, Wayne J.|Patel, Girishchandra B.|Chen, Wangxue",Vaccine,,,,,,2014,31/03/2014,,,0264-410X,,,,,Elsevier,,,"Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has become an important causative agent of healthcare associated infections. Hospital- and community-acquired pneumonia is the most common clinical manifestation of A. baumannii infection worldwide and is often associated with high mortality. Most experimental vaccine studies to date have evaluated vaccines against systemic A. baumannii infections following systemic immunization. We recently demonstrated that a mouse model of respiratory A. baumannii infection using the strain LAC-4 results in disease progression that is similar to that observed in humans. Here we used this model in conjunction with an inactivated whole cell vaccine to evaluate the feasibility of developing protective mucosal vaccines against respiratory A. baumannii infection and to investigate the potential mechanism of protection of such vaccines. Our results showed that intranasal immunization with formalin-killed whole cells of the LAC-4 strain elicited mucosal and systemic antigen-specific immune responses, and protected mice against lethal intranasal or intraperitoneal challenges. Compared to naïve mice, immunized mice had significantly fewer bacteria in their lungs, and the pathogen was barely detectable in blood and spleens at 24 h post challenge, indicating the ability of immunized mice to control extrapulmonary dissemination of the pathogen. Mechanistic studies using gene-deficient mice, neutropenic mice, or passive immunization showed that B cells and neutrophils, but not FcR?, played crucial roles in the protection against respiratory A. baumannii challenge of intranasally immunized mice whereas passive transfer of hyperimmune sera only prolonged the survival time of challenged mice by 48 h. These results provide immunological insights for the rational design of novel mucosal vaccines to protect against respiratory A. baumannii infection and demonstrate the feasibility to develop such vaccines.",Acinetobacter baumannii; Pneumonia; Mucosal immunization; B cells; Neutrophils,10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.083,21272268,NRC-HHT-53214,,,9c576581-fef6-40f7-9457-3d632b91cf45,article,eng
Stimulation of insulin signaling and inhibition of JNK-AP1 activation protect cells from amyloid-?-induced signaling dysregulation and inflammatory response,"Bamji-Mirza, M.|Callaghan, D.|Najem, D.|Shen, S.|Hasim, M.S.|Yang, Z.|Zhang, W.",Journal of Alzheimer's Disease,40,1,105,122,,2014,2014,,,1875-8908,,,,,,,,"One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation and deposition of amyloid-? (A?) peptides in the brain and cerebral vasculature. A? evokes neuroinflammation and has been implicated in insulin signaling disruption and JNK-AP1 activation, contributing to AD neuropathologies including oxidative injury and vascular insufficiencies. In this study we aim to better understand the protective mechanisms of insulin signaling and JNK-AP1 inhibition on the adverse effects of A?. Four-hour treatment of hCMEC/D3, the immortalized human brain endothelial cells (iHBEC), with A?1-42 resulted in significant c-Jun phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and cell toxicity. Concurrent treatment with A?1-42 and insulin or A?1-42 and JNK inhibitor SP600125 significantly improved cell viability. Cytokine array on conditioned media showed that insulin and SP600125 strongly reduced all A? 1-42-induced cytokines. ELISA confirmed the protective effect of insulin and SP600125 on A?-induced expression of interleukin (IL)-8 and Growth related oncogene-? (Gro-?). qRT-PCR revealed that insulin and SP600125 protected iHBEC from A?1-42-induced inflammatory gene expression. Transcription factor profiling showed that treatment of iHBEC with A?1-42, insulin, or SP600125 alone or in combination resulted in profound changes in modulating the activities of multiple transcription factors and relevant pathways, some of which were validated by western blot. Insulin treatment and JNK inhibition in vitro synergistically reduced c-Jun phosphorylation and thus JNK-AP1 signaling activation. The study suggests that activation of insulin and blocking of JNK-AP1 signaling inhibits A?-induced dysregulation of insulin signaling and inflammatory response.","actin|amyloid beta protein|amyloid beta protein[1-42]|anthra[1,9 cd]pyrazol 6(2h) one|early growth response factor 2|granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor|insulin|interleukin 2|interleukin 23|interleukin 23p19|interleukin 32|interleukin 6|interleukin 8|macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta|monocyte chemotactic protein 1|protein c jun|stress activated protein kinase|transcription factor AP 1|transcription factor E2F1|tumor necrosis factor alpha|tumor suppressor protein|article|cell growth|cell viability|controlled study|cytokine release|cytotoxicity|densitometry|gene expression|human|human cell|immunoblotting|in vitro study|inflammation|insulin treatment|lipid oxidation|negative feedback|oxidative stress|priority journal|protein expression|protein phosphorylation|signal transduction|transcription initiation|Western blotting",10.3233/JAD-131949,21272247,,,,57d5bd5a-b165-4aab-94e7-6b6c0dd83ed5,article,eng
Predicting the relative solubilities of racemic and enantiopure crystals by density-functional theory,"Otero-de-la-Roza, A.|Cao, B.H.|Price, I.K.|Hein, J.E.|Johnson, E.R.",Angewandte Chemie - International Edition,,,,,,2014,2014,,,1433-7851,,,,,,,,"Isolation of chiral molecules as pure enantiomers remains a fundamental challenge in chemical research. Enantioselective enrichment through preferential crystallization is an efficient method to achieve enantiopure compounds, but its applicability depends on the relative stability of the enantiopure and racemic crystal forms. Using a simple thermodynamic model and first-principles density-functional calculations, it is possible to predict the difference in solubility between the enantiopure and racemic solid phases. This approach uses dispersion-corrected density functionals and is capable of accurately predicting the solution-phase entantiomeric excess to within about 10% of experimental measurements on average. The accuracy of the exchange-hole dipole moment (XDM) model of dispersion enables the viability of the proposed method. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.",,10.1002/anie.201403541,21272248,,,,931d4d38-d037-4711-90e9-f1bd983e0315,article,eng
Four-probe measurements with a three-probe scanning tunneling microscope,"Salomons, M.|Martins, B.V.C.|Zikovsky, J.|Wolkow, R.A.",Review of Scientific Instruments,85,4,,,45126,2014,2014,,,1089-7623,,,,,,,,"We present an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) three-probe scanning tunneling microscope in which each probe is capable of atomic resolution. A UHV JEOL scanning electron microscope aids in the placement of the probes on the sample. The machine also has a field ion microscope to clean, atomically image, and shape the probe tips. The machine uses bare conductive samples and tips with a homebuilt set of pliers for heating and loading. Automated feedback controlled tip-surface contacts allow for electrical stability and reproducibility while also greatly reducing tip and surface damage due to contact formation. The ability to register inter-tip position by imaging of a single surface feature by multiple tips is demonstrated. Four-probe material characterization is achieved by deploying two tips as fixed current probes and the third tip as a movable voltage probe. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.",Loading|Microscopes|Scanning electron microscopy|Surfaces|Atomic resolution|Automated feedback|Contact formation|Electrical stability|Field ion microscope|Four-probe measurement|Material characterizations|Reproducibilities|Probes,10.1063/1.4872383,21272249,,,,aa3f04a5-1cb4-4436-b6d5-72d065d3051b,article,eng
"Canadian Adjuvant Initiative Workshop, March 26-27, 2013-Ottawa, Canada","Krishnan, L.|Twine, S.|Gerdts, V.|Barreto, L.|Richards, J.C.",Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics,10,2,519,526,,2014,2014,,,2164-554X,,,,,,,,"Novel adjuvants hold the promise for developing effective modern subunit vaccines capable of appropriately modulating the immune response against challenging diseases such as those caused by chronic and/or intracellular pathogens and cancer. Over the past decade there has been intensive research into discovering new adjuvants, however, their translation into routine clinical use is lagging. To stimulate discussion and identify opportunities for networking and collaboration among various stakeholders, a Canadian Adjuvant Initiative Workshop was held in Ottawa. Sponsored by the National Research Council Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Vaccine Industry Committee, a two day workshop was held that brought together key Canadian and international stakeholders in adjuvant research from industry, academia and government. To discover innovation gaps and unmet needs, the presentations covered a board range of topics in adjuvant development; criteria for selection of lead adjuvant candidates from an industry perspective, discovery research across Canada, bioprocessing needs and challenges, veterinary vaccines, Canadian vaccine trial capabilities, the Canadian regulatory framework and WHO formulation laboratory experience. The workshop concluded with a discussion on the opportunity to create a Canadian Adjuvant Development Network. This report details the key discussion points and steps forward identified for facilitating adjuvant development research in Canada. © 2014 Landes Bioscience.",Wart virus vaccine|bioprocess|Canada|CD8+ T lymphocyte|commercial phenomena|conference paper|drug approval|drug formulation|drug industry|drug legislation|experimental model|health care delivery|health care policy|human|immune response|immunogenicity|nonhuman|trend study|vaccination|vaccine production|veterinary medicine,10.4161/hv.26972,21272251,,,,fa885aa5-9207-45b1-8785-aca3b261fe65,article,eng
Quantitative nonlinear optical assessment of atherosclerosis progression in rabbits,"Mostaço-Guidolin, L.B.|Kohlenberg, E.K.|Smith, M.|Hewko, M.|Major, A.|Sowa, M.G.|Ko, A.C.-T.",Analytical Chemistry,86,13,6346,6354,,2014,2014,,,1520-6882,,,,,,,,"Quantification of atherosclerosis has been a challenging task owing to its complex pathology. In this study, we validated a quantitative approach for assessing atherosclerosis progression in a rabbit model using a numerical matrix, optical index for plaque burden, derived directly from the nonlinear optical microscopic images captured on the atherosclerosis-affected blood vessel. A positive correlation between this optical index and the severity of atherosclerotic lesions, represented by the age of the rabbits, was established based on data collected from 21 myocardial infarction-prone Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits with age ranging between new-born and 27 months old. The same optical index also accurately identified high-risk locations for atherosclerotic plaque formation along the entire aorta, which was validated by immunohistochemical fluorescence imaging. © 2014 American Chemical Society.",Blood vessels|Optical correlation|Atherosclerotic lesions|Atherosclerotic plaque|Fluorescence imaging|Microscopic image|Non-linear optical|Numerical matrices|Positive correlations|Quantitative approach|Diseases,10.1021/ac5005635,21272255,,,,1439c653-f05f-41c4-aa7a-83b776fb6e16,article,eng
Performance of laser polishing in finishing of metallic surfaces,"Bordatchev, E.V.|Hafiz, A.M.K.|Tutunea-Fatan, O.R.",International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,73,01-Apr,35,52,,2014,2014,,,1433-3015,,,,,,,,"Laser polishing is presently regarded as one of the enabling technologies hoped to eventually replace the need for time-consuming and error-prone manual polishing operations which are often required by metallic surfaces. During laser polishing, a thin layer of material is being melted as a result of laser irradiation. Since molten metal is characterized by increased relocation capabilities, laser polishing is generally accompanied by a more or less significant decrease in the surface roughness. The primary objective of this study is to present a comprehensive snapshot of the advancements made over more than one decade with respect to theoretical and experimental investigation of laser polishing technology. However, in addition to the usual review of the state-of-theart in the field, the study places an increased emphasis on the finishing performance of the process, defined through the perspective of pre- and postpolishing surface roughness. The implementation of this metric with strong practical implications has revealed that under appropriate process parameters, certain classes of metallic materials can reduce their average surface roughness by more than 80 %, possibly to Ra=5 nm. Nonetheless, a more rigorous and fundamental understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms underlying laser polishing remains one of the currently unfulfilled premises toward a wider industrial adoption of the process. © Springer-Verlag London 2014.",Liquid metals|Metallic compounds|Surface roughness|Laser polishing|Metallic material|Polishability|Process parameters|Surface finishes|Surface measurement,10.1007/s00170-014-5761-3,21272258,,,,0daa06a2-4f72-432b-b5b4-8db108ca5288,article,eng
Derivation and experimental validation of Lamb wave equations for an n-layered anisotropic composite laminate,"Pant, S.|Laliberte, J.|Martinez, M.|Rocha, B.",Composite Structures,111,1,566,579,,2014,2014,,,0263-8223,,,,,,,,"Lamb waves are ultrasonic guided waves that propagate between two parallel free surfaces and their use for damage detection has been widely explored and demonstrated. Damage in materials/structures can be detected by analyzing the difference between the phase/group velocity and the loss of amplitude of Lamb waves on damaged and un-damaged specimens. The propagation characteristics of Lamb waves are described in the form of dispersion curves, which are plots of phase/group velocities versus the product of frequency-thickness generated by solving the Lamb wave equations. Lamb waves' dispersion behaviors for isotropic materials are well established in the literature; however, such is not the case for the laminated composites. The most common methods for solving the Lamb wave equations in composites consist of using laminated plate theory or 3D linear elasticity by assuming an orthotropic and/or higher symmetry. This assumption may not be true, if the actuators and sensors in an orthotropic or transversely isotropic laminates are installed in a non-principle direction or the layup is symmetric but not balanced. This paper presents a full derivation of Lamb wave equations for n-layered monoclinic composite laminates based on linear 3D elasticity by considering the displacement fields in all three directions using the partial wave technique in combination with the Global Matrix (GM) approach. In the partial wave technique, the principle of superposition of three upward and three downward travelling plane waves are assumed in order to satisfy the associated boundary conditions. The bounded upper and lower surfaces reflect the waves and the combination of these reflections going towards the upper or lower interfaces results in the propagating guided waves. The GM approach is used to assemble all the equations from each layer to form a global, unified matrix that describes the displacement and stress fields along the entire laminate associated with the wave propagation. A robust method for numerically solving the Lamb wave equations is also presented. The presented method was verified experimentally by analyzing the propagation of Lamb waves in two different composite panels constructed out of unidirectional carbon-fiber epoxy prepreg and fiber-metal laminate (GLARE 3-3/4). The panels were instrumented with lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric sensors, which were excited at different frequencies ranging from 20. kHz to 500. kHz to generate and acquire the waves. The waves were excited and gathered at three different propagation angles of 0°, 45°, and 90° for the carbon-fiber epoxy laminate panel and at six different angles of 0°, 20°, 45°, 70° and 90° for the fiber-metal laminates (GLARE). The phase and group velocities of the fundamental symmetric ( So) and anti-symmetric ( Ao) Lamb waves were extracted by tracking the peaks of each individual wave phase and the wave envelope respectively using an in-house code developed in MATLAB. It was found that the presented 3D linear elasticity model followed the experimental data closely for both symmetric and anti-symmetric Lamb modes. The analytical method presented in this paper was able to predict the Lamb wave dispersion for both the carbon-fiber epoxy laminate and the hybrid fiber-metal laminate proving the robustness and versatility of the solution method. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.",Carbon|Composite materials|Crystallography|Damage detection|Dispersion (waves)|Dispersions|Elasticity|Fibers|Glare|Guided electromagnetic wave propagation|Matrix algebra|Semiconducting lead compounds|Surface waves|Three dimensional|Ultrasonic applications|Ultrasonic waves|Wave equations|Wave propagation|Acoustic-ultrasonic|Dispersion curves|Displacement and stress fields|Experimental validations|Fiber metal laminates|Phase and group velocities|Principle of superposition|Propagation characteristics|Laminated composites,10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.01.034,21272260,,,,59c3f943-3828-4203-b444-d41462cf2f39,article,eng
High removal rate grinding of titanium alloys with electroplated CBN wheels,"Shi, Z.|Attia, H.",International Journal of Abrasive Technology,6,3,243,255,,2014,2014,,,1752-265X,,,,,,,,"This paper is concerned with an experimental study on the grinding of a titanium alloy using electroplated CBN wheels with water-based grinding fluid and wheel surface cleaning fluid applied at high pressures. The objective is to explore the approaches and conditions to grind titanium alloys with enhanced material removal rates. Straight surface grinding experiments were conducted on titanium alloy blocks in both shallow depth of cut and creep-feed modes. Grinding power, forces, surface roughness, and radial wheel wear were measured. Specific material removal rates of 8 mm2/s in shallow cut mode and 3 mm2/s at a depth of cut as high as 3 mm in creep-feed mode were achieved without burning and smearing of ground surfaces. An average G-ratio of about 155 was obtained with a shallow depth of cut grinding condition. It was showed that it is feasible to grind titanium alloys with electroplated CBN wheels at enhanced removal rates by applying grinding and wheel cleaning fluid at high pressures. Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.",Creep|Surface roughness|Titanium alloys|Wheels|G ratio|Grinding conditions|Grinding power|High removal rates|Material removal rate|Removal rate|Specific materials|Wheel wears|Grinding (machining),10.1504/IJAT.2014.060695,21272261,,,,c31a5857-21d5-459a-bbac-432ac0500ed7,article,eng
The gluconeogenesis pathway is involved in maintenance of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine intestinal content,"Bertin, Y.|Deval, C.|De La Foye, A.|Masson, L.|Gannon, V.|Harel, J.|Martin, C.|Desvaux, M.|Forano, E.",PLoS ONE,9,6,,,e98367,2014,2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,,,,"Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are responsible for outbreaks of food- and water-borne illness. The bovine gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is thought to be the principle reservoir of EHEC. Knowledge of the nutrients essential for EHEC growth and survival in the bovine intestine may help in developing strategies to limit their shedding in bovine faeces thus reducing the risk of human illnesses. To identify specific metabolic pathways induced in the animal GIT, the transcriptome profiles of EHEC O157:H7 EDL933 during incubation in bovine small intestine contents (BSIC) and minimal medium supplemented with glucose were compared. The transcriptome analysis revealed that genes responsible for the assimilation of ethanolamine, urea, agmatine and amino acids (Asp, Thr, Gly, Ser and Trp) were strongly up-regulated suggesting that these compounds are the main nitrogen sources for EHEC in BSIC. A central role for the gluconeogenesis pathway and assimilation of gluconeogenic substrates was also pinpointed in EHEC incubated in BSIC. Our results suggested that three amino acids (Asp, Ser and Trp), glycerol, glycerol 3-phosphate, L-lactate and C4-dicarboxylates are important carbon sources for EHEC in BSIC. The ability to use gluconeogenic substrates as nitrogen sources (amino acids) and/or carbon sources (amino acids, glycerol and lactate) may provide a growth advantage to the bacteria in intestinal fluids. Accordingly, aspartate (2.4 mM), serine (1.9 mM), glycerol (5.8 mM) and lactate (3.6 mM) were present in BSIC and may represent the main gluconeogenic substrates potentially used by EHEC. A double mutant of E. coli EDL933 defective for phosphoenolpyruvate synthase (PpsA) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PckA), unable to utilize tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates was constructed. Growth competition experiments between EHEC EDL933 and the isogenic mutant strain in BSIC clearly showed a significant competitive growth advantage of the wild-type strain further illustrating the importance of the gluconeogenesis pathway in maintaining EHEC in the bovine GIT. © 2014 Bertin et al.",agmatine|amino acid|asparagine|aspartic acid|complementary DNA|dicarboxylic acid|ethanolamine|glycerol|glycerophosphate|glycine|lactic acid|nitrogen|phosphoenolpyruvate|phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP)|pyruvate water dikinase|serine|threonine|transcriptome|tricarboxylic acid|tryptophan|unclassified drug|urea|article|bacterial strain|carbon source|cattle|DNA microarray|enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli|gastrointestinal tract|gene expression|gluconeogenesis|nonhuman|nucleotide sequence|RNA extraction|small intestine|upregulation|wild type,10.1371/journal.pone.0098367,21272230,,,,a8896322-8fec-4106-aa9a-e87e4edfb9fa,article,eng
Human mesenchymal stem cells express a myofibroblastic phenotype in vitro: comparison to human cardiac myofibroblasts,"Ngo, M.A.|Müller, A.|Li, Y.|Neumann, S.|Tian, G.|Dixon, I.M.C.|Arora, R.C.|Freed, D.H.",Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0300-8177,,,,,,,,"Cardiac fibrosis accompanies a variety of myocardial disorders, and is induced by myofibroblasts. These cells may be composed of a heterogeneous population of parent cells, including interstitial fibroblasts and circulating progenitor cells. Direct comparison of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and cardiac myofibroblasts (CMyfbs) has not been previously reported. We hypothesized that BM-MSCs readily adopt a myofibroblastic phenotype in culture. Human primary BM-MSCs and human CMyfbs were isolated from patients undergoing open heart surgery and expanded under standard culture conditions. We assessed and compared their phenotypic and functional characteristics by examining their gene expression profile, their ability to contract collagen gels and synthesize collagen type I. In addition, we examined the role of non-muscle myosin II (NMMII) in modulating MSC myogenic function using NMMII siRNA knockdown and blebbistatin, a specific small molecule inhibitor of NMMII. We report that, while human BM-MSCs retain pluripotency, they adopt a myofibroblastic phenotype in culture and stain positive for the myofibroblast markers ?-SMA, vimentin, NMMIIB, ED-A fibronectin, and collagen type 1 at each passage. In addition, they contract collagen gels in response to TGF-?1 and synthesize collagen similar to human CMyfbs. Moreover, inhibition of NMMII activity with blebbistatin completely attenuates gel contractility without affecting cell viability. Thus, human BM-MSCs share and exhibit similar physiological and functional characteristics as human CMyfbs in vitro, and their propensity to adopt a myofibroblast phenotype in culture may contribute to cardiac fibrosis. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.",,10.1007/s11010-014-2030-6,21272232,,,,97385c79-9d69-4e49-bdc2-603cbd8a2f2a,article,eng
Estimating the contribution of impurities to the uncertainty of metal fixed-point temperatures,"Hill, K.D.",International Journal of Thermophysics,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0195-928X,,,,,,,,"The estimation of the uncertainty component attributable to impurities remains a central and important topic of fixed-point research. Various methods are available for this estimation, depending on the extent of the available information. The sum of individual estimates method has considerable appeal where there is adequate knowledge of the sensitivity coefficients for each of the impurity elements and sufficiently low uncertainty regarding their concentrations. The overall maximum estimate (OME) forsakes the behavior of the individual elements by assuming that the cryoscopic constant adequately represents (or is an upper bound for) the sensitivity coefficients of the individual impurities. Validation of these methods using melting and/or freezing curves is recommended to provide confidence. Recent investigations of indium, tin, and zinc fixed points are reported. Glow discharge mass spectrometry was used to determine the impurity concentrations of the metals used to fill the cells. Melting curves were analyzed to derive an experimental overall impurity concentration (assuming that all impurities have a sensitivity coefficient equivalent to that of the cryoscopic constant). The two values (chemical and experimental) for the overall impurity concentrations were then compared. Based on the data obtained, the pragmatic approach of choosing the larger of the chemical and experimentally derived quantities as the best estimate of the influence of impurities on the temperature of the freezing point is suggested rather than relying solely on the chemical analysis and the OME method to derive the uncertainty component attributable to impurities. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.",,10.1007/s10765-014-1638-9,21272235,,,,c1297584-1add-40ac-99e5-e9cad08e10c0,article,eng
The spiral arms of the milky way: The relative location of each different arm tracer within a typical spiral arm width,"Vallée, J.P.",Astronomical Journal,148,1,,,5,2014,2014,,,0004-6256,,,,,,,,"From the Sun's location in the Galactic disk, different arm tracers (CO, H I, hot dust, etc.) have been employed to locate a tangent to each spiral arm. Using all various and different observed spiral arm tracers (as published elsewhere), we embark on a new goal, namely the statistical analysis of these published data (data mining) to statistically compute the mean location of each spiral arm tracer. We show for a typical arm cross-cut, a separation of 400 pc between the mid-arm and the dust lane (at the inner edge of the arm, toward the Galactic center). Are some arms major and others minor? Separating arms into two sets, as suggested by some, we find the same arm widths between the two sets. Our interpretation is that we live in a multiple (four-arm) spiral (logarithmic) pattern (around a pitch angle of 12°) for the stars and gas in the Milky Way, with a sizable interarm separation (around 3 kpc) at the Sun's location and the same arm width for each arm (near 400 pc from mid-arm to dust lane). © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.",,10.1088/0004-6256/148/1/5,21272238,,,,d2f7f55f-52d7-4aab-8452-b8249e4ff0d7,article,eng
Hybrid device employing three-dimensional arrays of MnO in carbon nanosheets bridges battery-supercapacitor divide,"Wang, H.|Xu, Z.|Li, Z.|Cui, K.|Ding, J.|Kohandehghan, A.|Tan, X.|Zahiri, B.|Olsen, B.C.|Holt, C.M.B.|Mitlin, D.",Nano Letters,14,4,1987,1994,,2014,2014,,,1530-6992,,,,,,,,"It is a challenge to meld the energy of secondary batteries with the power of supercapacitors. Herein, we created electrodes finely tuned for this purpose, consisting of a monolayer of MnO nanocrystallites mechanically anchored by pore-surface terminations of 3D arrays of graphene-like carbon nanosheets (""3D-MnO/CNS""). The biomass-derived carbon nanosheets should offer a synthesis cost advantage over comparably performing designer nanocarbons, such as graphene or carbon nanotubes. High Li storage capacity is achieved by bulk conversion and intercalation reactions, while high rates are maintained through stable ?20 nm scale diffusion distances. For example, 1332 mAh g -1 is reached at 0.1 A g-1, 567 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1, and 285 mAh g-1 at 20 A g-1 with negligible degradation at 500 cycles. We employed 3D-MnO/CNS (anode) and carbon nanosheets (cathode) to create a hybrid capacitor displaying among the most promising performances reported: based on the active materials, it delivers 184 Wh kg-1 at 83 W kg-1 and 90 Wh kg-1 at 15-000 W kg-1 with 76% capacity retention after 5000 cycles. © 2014 American Chemical Society.",Anodes|Energy storage|Graphene|Lithium|Manganese oxide|Nanosheets|Secondary batteries|Three dimensional|3D arrays|Capacity retention|Carbon nanosheets|Diffusion distance|Hybrid devices|Intercalation reaction|Li-ion capacitors|MnO|Capacitors,10.1021/nl500011d,21272239,,,,bda37358-1b1a-4a7b-93b9-f0bec5d4fac6,article,eng
Phase-pure crystalline zinc phosphide nanoparticles: Synthetic approaches and characterization,"Mobarok, M.H.|Luber, E.J.|Bernard, G.M.|Peng, L.|Wasylishen, R.E.|Buriak, J.M.",Chemistry of Materials,26,5,1925,1935,,2014,2014,,,0897-4756,,,,,,,,"Zinc phosphide may have potential for photovoltaic applications due to its high absorptivity of visible light and the earth abundance of its constituent elements. Two different solution-phase synthetic strategies for phase-pure and crystalline Zn3P2 nanoparticles (?3-15 nm) are described here using dimethylzinc and vary with phosphorus source. Use of tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP) with ZnMe2 takes place at high temperatures (?350 C) and appears to proceed via rapid in situ reduction to Zn(0), followed by subsequent reaction with TOP over a period of several hours to produce Zn3P2 nanoparticles. Some degree of control over size was obtained through variance of the TOP concentration in solution; the average size of the particles decreases with increasing TOP concentration. With the more reactive phosphine, P(SiMe3)3, lower temperatures, ?150 C, and shorter reaction times (1 h) are required. When P(SiMe3)3 is used, the reaction mechanism most likely proceeds via phosphido-bridged dimeric Zn(II) intermediates, and not metallic zinc species, as is the case with TOP. In all cases, the nanoparticles were characterized by a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and solution and solid-state magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. Surface investigation through a combination of MAS 31P NMR and XPS analyses suggests that the particles synthesized with TOP at 350 C possess a core-shell structure consisting of a crystalline Zn3P 2 core and an amorphous P(0)-rich shell. Conversely, the ligand and phosphorus sources are decoupled in the P(SiMe3)3 synthesis, resulting in significantly reduced P(0) formation. © 2014 American Chemical Society.",Constituent elements|Core shell structure|Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)|Photovoltaic applications|Reaction mechanism|Synthetic approach|Synthetic strategies|Tri-n-octylphosphine|Chelation|Crystalline materials|Magic angle spinning|Nanoparticles|Phosphorus|Phosphorus compounds|Photoelectrons|Reaction intermediates|Synthesis (chemical)|Transmission electron microscopy|X ray diffraction|X ray photoelectron spectroscopy|Zinc compounds|Zinc,10.1021/cm500557f,21272240,,,,f3c815be-7732-4370-ab5d-a1de98ecfb88,article,eng
"Structural analysis of lipopolysaccharide produced by Heddleston serovars 10, 11, 12 and 15 and the identification of a new Pasteurella multocida lipopolysaccharide outer core biosynthesis locus, L6","Harper, M.|St. Michael, F.|John, M.|Steen, J.|Van Dorsten, L.|Parnas, H.|Vinogradov, E.|Adler, B.|Cox, A.D.|Boyce, J.D.",Glycobiology,24,7,649,659,,2014,2014,,,1460-2423,,,,,,,,"Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen classified into 16 serovars based on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens. Previously, we have characterized the LPS outer core biosynthesis loci L1, L2, L3, L5 and L7, and have elucidated the full range of LPS structures associated with each. In this study, we have determined the LPS structures produced by the type strains representing the serovars 10, 11, 12 and 15 and characterized a new LPS outer core biosynthesis locus, L6, common to all. The L6 outer core biosynthesis locus shares significant synteny with the L3 locus but due to nucleotide divergence, gene duplication and gene redundancy, the L6 and L3 LPS outer cores are structurally distinct. Using LPS structural and genetic differences identified in each L6 strain, we have predicted a role for most of the L6 glycosyltransferases in LPS assembly. Importantly, we have identified two glycosyltransferases, GctD and GatB, that differ by one amino acid, A162T, but use different donor sugars [uridine diphosphate (UDP)-Glc and UDP-Gal, respectively]. The longest outer core oligosaccharide, produced by the serovar 12 type strain, contained a terminal region consisting of ?-Gal-(1,4)- ?-GlcNAc-(1,3)-?-Gal-(1,4)-?-Glc that was identical in structure to the vertebrate glycosphingolipid, paragloboside. Mimicry of host glycosphingolipids has been observed previously in P. multocida strains belonging to L3 LPS genotype, which produce LPS similar in structure to the globo-series of glycosphingolipids. The expression of a paragloboside-like oligosaccharide on the LPS produced by the serovar 12 type strain indicates that strains belonging to the L6 LPS genotype may also engage in molecular mimicry. © The Author 2014.",bacterium lipopolysaccharide|glycosyltransferase|n acetylglucosamine|oligosaccharide|uridine diphosphate galactose|uridine diphosphate glucose|article|bacterial genetics|biosynthesis|capillary electrophoresis|carbohydrate analysis|electrospray mass spectrometry|gene duplication|gene mutation|genetic difference|genotype|heteronuclear single quantum coherence|methylation|nonhuman|nuclear Overhauser effect|Pasteurella multocida|priority journal|serotype|synteny,10.1093/glycob/cwu030,21272250,,,,2b7ae920-d544-4978-9f1d-9f0a232cfa60,article,eng
Synthesis and optical properties of thiol functionalized CdSe/ZnS (Core/Shell) quantum dots by ligand exchange,"Zhu, H.|Hu, M.Z.|Shao, L.|Yu, K.|Dabestani, R.|Zaman, M.B.|Liao, S.",Journal of Nanomaterials,2014,,,,324972,2014,2014,,,1687-4129,,,,,,,,"The colloidal photoluminescent quantum dots (QDs) of CdSe (core) and CdSe/ZnS (core/shell) were synthesized at different temperatures with different growth periods. Optical properties (i.e., UV/Vis spectra and photoluminescent emission spectra) of the resulting QDs were investigated. The shell-protected CdSe/ZnS QDs exhibited higher photoluminescent (PL) efficiency and stability than their corresponding CdSe core QDs. Ligand exchange with various thiol molecules was performed to replace the initial surface passivation ligands, that is, trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and trioctylphosphine (TOP), and the optical properties of the surface-modified QDs were studied. The thiol ligand molecules in this study included 1,4-benzenedimethanethiol, 1,16-hexadecanedithiol, 1,11-undecanedithiol, biphenyl-4,4?-dithiol, 11-mercapto-1-undecanol, and 1,8-octanedithiol. After the thiol functionalization, the CdSe/ZnS QDs exhibited significantly enhanced PL efficiency and storage stability. Besides surface passivation effect, such enhanced performance of thiol-functionalized QDs could be due to cross-linked assembly formation of dimer/trimer clusters, in which QDs are linked by dithiol molecules. Furthermore, effects of ligand concentration, type of ligand, and heating on the thiol stabilization of QDs were also discussed. © 2014 Huaping Zhu et al.","Emission spectroscopy|Ligands|Molecules|Semiconductor quantum dots|1 ,4-Benzenedimethanethiol|Ligand concentration|Photoluminescent efficiencies|Photoluminescent emission|Surface passivation|Surface passivation effects|Thiol-functionalization|Trioctylphosphine oxide|Optical properties",10.1155/2014/324972,21272231,,,,e643c4ad-f9a4-4f11-9806-410b559365cd,article,eng
Activation of innate immune responses by Haemophilus influenzae lipooligosaccharide,"Choi, J.|Cox, A.D.|Li, J.|McCready, W.|Ulanova, M.",Clinical and Vaccine Immunology,21,5,769,776,,2014,2014,,,1556-679X,,,,,,,,"A Gram-negative pathogen Haemophilus influenzae has a truncated endotoxin known as lipooligosaccharide (LOS). Recent studies on H. influenzae LOS highlighted its structural and compositional implications for bacterial virulence; however, the role of LOS in the activation of innate and adaptive immunity is poorly understood. THP-1 monocytes were stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli or LOS compounds derived from H. influenzae Eagan, Rd, and Rd lic1 lpsA strains. Cell surface expression of key antigen-presenting, costimulatory, and adhesion molecules, as well as gene expression of some cytokines and pattern recognition receptors, were studied. Eagan and Rd LOS had a lower capacity to induce the expression of ICAM-1, CD40, CD58, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?), and interleukin-1? (IL-1?) compared to LPS. In contrast, antigen-presenting (HLA-ABC or HLA-DR) and costimulatory (CD86) molecules and NOD2 were similarly upregulated in response to LOS and LPS. LOS from a mutant Rd strain (Rd lic1 lpsA) consistently induced higher expression of innate immune molecules than the wild-type LOS, suggesting the importance of phosphorylcholine and/or oligosaccharide extension in cellular responses to LOS. An LOS compound with a strong ability to upregulate antigen-presenting and costimulatory molecules combined with a low proinflammatory activity may be considered a vaccine candidate to immunize against H. influenzae. Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.",caspase recruitment domain protein 15|caspase recruitment domain protein 4|CD40 antigen|CD86 antigen|HLA A antigen|HLA B antigen|HLA C antigen|HLA DR antigen|intercellular adhesion molecule 1|interleukin 10|interleukin 1beta|lipid A|lipooligosaccharide|lymphocyte function associated antigen 3|pattern recognition receptor|toll like receptor 4|tumor necrosis factor alpha|adaptive immunity|antigen presentation|article|bacterial strain|controlled study|cytokine response|Escherichia coli|gene expression|Haemophilus influenzae|human|human cell|immunostimulation|innate immunity|matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry|monocyte|nonhuman|priority journal|protein expression|upregulation,10.1128/CVI.00063-14,21272233,,,,ed589c44-df9a-45be-81e0-9fec669540b0,article,eng
A review of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in the Indigenous populations of North America,"Tsang, R.S.W.|Bruce, M.G.|Lem, M.|Barreto, L.|Ulanova, M.",Epidemiology and Infection,142,7,1344,1354,,2014,2014,,,1469-4409,,,,,,,,"Historically, the highest incidence rates of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in the world were found in North American and Australian Indigenous children. Although immunization against H. influenzae type b (Hib) led to a marked decrease in invasive Hib disease in countries where it was implemented, this disease has not been eliminated and its rates in Indigenous communities remain higher than in the general North American population. In this literature review, we examined the epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae disease in the pre-Hib vaccine era, effect of carriage on disease epidemiology, immune response to H. influenzae infection and Hib vaccination in Indigenous and Caucasian children, and the changing epidemiology after Hib conjugate vaccine has been in use for more than two decades in North America. We also explored reasons behind the continued high rates of invasive H. influenzae disease in Indigenous populations in North America. H. influenzae type a (Hia) has emerged as a significant cause of severe disease in North American Indigenous communities. More research is needed to define the genotypic diversity of Hia and the disease burden that it causes in order to determine if a Hia vaccine is required to protect the vulnerable populations. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014.",ampicillin|antibody|cefotaxime|cephalosporin derivative|Haemophilus influenzae vaccine|immunoglobulin G|rifampicin|antibiotic therapy|antibody response|bacterial virulence|chemoprophylaxis|disease predisposition|disease transmission|Haemophilus infection|Haemophilus influenzae|health care need|human|immune response|immunization|incidence|indigenous people|infection rate|invasive species|North America|post exposure prophylaxis|review|risk factor|socioeconomics,10.1017/S0950268814000405,21272236,,,,2e361e25-98b8-401e-8295-4ad02e941e93,article,eng
"Nanomicellar formulation of coenzyme Q10 (Ubisol-Q10) effectively blocks ongoing neurodegeneration in the mouse 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model: Potential use as an adjuvant treatment in Parkinson's disease","Sikorska, M.|Lanthier, P.|Miller, H.|Beyers, M.|Sodja, C.|Zurakowski, B.|Gangaraju, S.|Pandey, S.|Sandhu, J.K.",Neurobiology of Aging,35,10,2329,2346,,2014,2014,,,1558-1497,,,,,,,,"Although the support for the use of antioxidants, such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) comes from the extensive scientific evidence, the results of conducted thus far clinical trials are inconclusive. It is assumed that the efficacy of CoQ10 is hindered by insolubility, poor bioavailability, and lack of brain penetration. We have developed a nanomicellar formulation of CoQ10 (Ubisol-Q10) with improved properties, including the brain penetration, and tested its effectiveness in mouse MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine) model with the objectives to assess its potential use as an adjuvant therapy for PD. We used a subchronic MPTP model (5-daily MPTP injections), characterized by 50% loss of dopamine neurons over a period of 28days. Ubisol-Q10 was delivered in drinking water. Prophylactic application of Ubisol-Q10, started 2weeks before the MPTP exposure, significantly offset the neurotoxicity (approximately 50% neurons died in MPTP group vs. 17% in MPTP+ Ubisol-Q10 group by day 28). Therapeutic application of Ubisol-Q10, given after the last MPTP injection, was equally effective. At the time of intervention on day 5 nearly 25% of dopamine neurons were already lost, but the treatment saved the remaining 25% of cells, which otherwise would have died by day 28. This was confirmed by cell counts, analyses of striatal dopamine levels, and improved animals' motor skill on a beam walk test. Similar levels of neuroprotection were obtained with 3 different Ubisol-Q10 concentrations tested, that is, 30mg, 6mg, or 3mg CoQ10/kg body weight/day, showing clearly that high doses of CoQ10 were not required to deliver these effects. Furthermore, the Ubisol-Q10 treatments brought about a robust astrocytic activation in the brain parenchyma, indicating that astroglia played an active role in this neuroprotection. Thus, we have shown for the first time that Ubisol-Q10 was capable of halting the neurodegeneration already in progress; however, to maintain it a continuous supplementation of Ubisol-Q10 was required. The pathologic processes initiated by MPTP resumed if supplementation was withdrawn. We suggest that in addition to brain delivery of powerful antioxidants, Ubisol-Q10 might have also supported subcellular oxidoreductase systems allowing them to maintain a favorable cellular redox status, especially in astroglia, facilitating their role in neuroprotection. Based on this data further clinical testing of this formulation in PD patients might be justifiable. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.",,10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.032,21272237,,,,a65884df-622a-4772-a2a8-10218c73c0f3,article,eng
Lipids isolated from the cultivated red alga Chondrus crispus inhibit nitric oxide production,"Banskota, A.H.|Stefanova, R.|Sperker, S.|Lall, S.|Craigie, J.S.|Hafting, J.T.",Journal of Applied Phycology,26,3,1565,1571,,2014,2014,,,0921-8971,,,,,,,,"A MeOH extract of cultivated Chondrus crispus showed dose-dependent nitric oxide (NO) inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in macrophage RAW264.7 cells. NO inhibition-guided fractionation of the extract led to identification of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 1), arachidonic acid (AA, 2), lutein (3), and eight galactolipids as active components. Based on spectral analysis, the isolated galactolipids were identified as (2S)-1,2-bis-O-eicosapentaenoyl-3-O-?-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (4), (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-arachidonoyl-3-O-?-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (5), (2S)-1-O-(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatetranoyl)-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-?-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (6), (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-?-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (7), (2S)-1,2-bis-O-arachidonoyl-3-O-?-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (8), (2S)-1-O-arachidonoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-?-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (9), (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(?-d-galactopyranosyl-6-1?-d-galactopyranosyl)-glycerol (10), and (2S)-1-O-arachidonoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(?-d-galactopyranosyl-6-1?-d-galactopyranosyl)-glycerol (11). All the isolated compounds showed significant NO inhibitory activity. This is the first report of the isolation and identification of individual galactolipids from C. crispus. Moreover, (2S)-1,2-bis-O-arachidonoyl -3-O-?-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (8) is a novel compound.",Cultivated Chondrus crispus|Nitric oxide|icosapentaenoic acid|Arachidonic acid|Lutein|Galactolipid|Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol|Digalactosyldiacylglycerol,10.1007/s10811-013-0174-5,21272241,NRC-ACRD-55477,,,d6cce568-39f3-47de-8ba4-9b29d61113a5,article,eng
Evidence that a synthetic amyloid-ß oligomer-binding peptide (ABP) targets amyloid-ß deposits in transgenic mouse brain and human Alzheimer's disease brain,"Chakravarthy, B.|Ito, S.|Atkinson, T.|Gaudet, C.|Ménard, M.|Brown, L.|Whitfield, J.",Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,445,3,656,660,,2014,2014,,,1090-2104,,,,,,,,"The synthetic ~5kDa ABP (amyloid-ß binding peptide) consists of a region of the 228kDa human pericentrioloar material-1 (PCM-1) protein that selectively and avidly binds in vitro A?1-42 oligomers, believed to be key co-drivers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but not monomers (Chakravarthy et al., (2013) [3]). ABP also prevents Aß1-42 from triggering the apoptotic death of cultured human SHSY5Y neuroblasts, likely by sequestering Aß oligomers, suggesting that it might be a potential AD therapeutic. Here we support this possibility by showing that ABP also recognizes and binds A?1-42 aggregates in sections of cortices and hippocampi from brains of AD transgenic mice and human AD patients. More importantly, ABP targets A?1-42 aggregates when microinjected into the hippocampi of the brains of live AD transgenic mice. © 2014.","amyloid beta protein|amyloid beta protein[1-42]|amyloid beta protein[25-35]|oligomer|synthetic peptide|Alzheimer disease|animal experiment|animal model|animal tissue|apoptosis|article|brain|brain cortex|brain tissue|controlled study|hippocampus|human|human tissue|immunohistology|microinjection|mouse|neuroblast|nonhuman|nucleotide sequence|priority journal|protein aggregation|protein targeting|transgenic mouse|Mus musculus|AD transgenic mice|Alzheimer's disease|Amyloid binding peptide|A?(1-42) oligomers|Human AD brains|PCM-1 protein|Aged|Aged, 80 and over|Alzheimer Disease|Amino Acid Sequence|Amyloid beta-Peptides|Animals|Autoantigens|Brain|Cell Cycle Proteins|Cell Line|Humans|Male|Mice|Mice, Transgenic|Middle Aged|Molecular Sequence Data|Peptide Fragments|Peptides|Protein Binding",10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.064,21272242,,,,99784d6c-3fd9-4e99-9772-3d13f62a4021,article,eng
Higher efficacy of dietary DHA provided as a phospholipid than as a triglyceride for brain DHA accretion in neonatal piglets,"Liu, L.|Bartke, N.|Van Daele, H.|Lawrence, P.|Qin, X.|Park, H.G.|Kothapalli, K.|Windust, A.|Bindels, J.|Wang, Z.|Brenna, J.T.",Journal of Lipid Research,55,3,531,539,,2014,2014,,,1539-7262,,,,,,,,"Long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs) occur in foods primarily in the natural lipid classes, triacylglycerols (TAGs) or phospholipids (PLs). We studied the relative efficacy of the neural omega-3 DHA provided in formula to growing piglets as a dose of 13C-DHA bound to either TAG or phosphatidylcholine (PC). Piglets were assigned to identical formula-based diets from early life and provided with TAG-13C-DHA or PC-13C-DHA orally at 16 days. Days later, piglet organs were analyzed for 13C-DHA and other FA metabolites. PC-13C-DHA was 1.9-fold more efficacious for brain gray matter DHA accretion than TAG-13C-DHA, and was similarly more efficacious in gray matter synaptosomes, retina, liver, and red blood cells (RBCs). Liver labeling was greatest, implying initial processing in that organ followed by export to other organs, and suggesting that transfer from gut to bloodstream to liver in part drove the difference in relative efficacy for tissue accretion. Apparent retroconversion to 22:5n-3 was more than double for PC-13C-DHA and was more prominent in neural tissue than in liver or RBCs. These data directly support greater efficacy for PC as a carrier for LCPUFAs compared with TAG, consistent with previous studies of arachidonic acid and DHA measured in other species. Copyright © 2014 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.",docosahexaenoic acid|phosphatidylcholine|phospholipid|triacylglycerol|animal experiment|animal tissue|article|body weight|brain cortex|controlled study|diet supplementation|erythrocyte|female|gray matter|liver|male|newborn|nonhuman|piglet|priority journal|retina|synaptosome|tissue distribution,10.1194/jlr.M045930,21272243,,,,a6ffc6cf-9fe4-49d9-89d5-c6f093c57448,article,eng
Highly regenerable mussel-inspired Fe3O 4@Polydopamine-Ag core-shell microspheres as catalyst and adsorbent for methylene blue removal,"Xie, Y.|Yan, B.|Xu, H.|Chen, J.|Liu, Q.|Deng, Y.|Zeng, H.",ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces,6,11,8845,8852,,2014,2014,,,1944-8252,,,,,,,,"We report a facile method to synthesize Fe3O 4@polydopamine (PDA)-Ag core-shell microspheres. Ag nanoparticles (NPs) are deposited on PDA surfaces via in situ reduction by mussel-inspired PDA layers. High catalytic activity and fast adsorption of a model dye methylene blue (MB) at different pH values are achieved mainly due to the presence of monodisperse Ag NPs and electrostatic interactions between PDA and MB. The as-prepared Fe3O4@PDA-Ag microspheres also show high cyclic stability (>27 cycles), good acid stability, and fast regeneration ability, which can be achieved efficiently within several minutes by using NaBH4 as the desorption agent, showing great potentials in a wide range of applications. © 2014 American Chemical Society.",Adsorption|Aromatic compounds|Microspheres|Molluscs|Water treatment|Cyclic stability|Dye removal|Polydopamine|regeneration ability|Situ reduction|Silver,10.1021/am501632f,21272244,,,,9fd7ef8b-3383-4fd9-a759-56740e7373db,article,eng
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) increases the solubility of cholesterol when incorporated in lipid membranes,"Alsop, R.J.|Barrett, M.A.|Zheng, S.|Dies, H.|Rheinstädter, M.C.",Soft Matter,10,24,4275,4286,,2014,2014,,,1744-6848,,,,,,,,"Cholesterol has been well established as a mediator of cell membrane fluidity. By interacting with lipid tails, cholesterol causes the membrane tails to be constrained thereby reducing membrane fluidity, well known as the condensation effect. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), the main ingredient in aspirin, has recently been shown to increase fluidity in lipid bilayers by primarily interacting with lipid head groups. We used high-resolution X-ray diffraction to study both ASA and cholesterol coexisting in model membranes of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). While a high cholesterol concentration of 40 mol% cholesterol leads to the formation of immiscible cholesterol bilayers, as was reported previously, increasing the amount of ASA in the membranes between 0 to 12.5 mol% was found to significantly increase the fluidity of the bilayers and dissolve the cholesterol plaques. We, therefore, present experimental evidence for an interaction between cholesterol and ASA on the level of the cell membrane at elevated levels of cholesterol and ASA. © 2014 the Partner Organisations.",Cell membranes|Cytology|Fluidity|Lipid bilayers|X ray diffraction|Acetylsalicylic acids|Condensation effects|Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine|Experimental evidence|High cholesterols|High resolution X ray diffraction|Lipid membranes|Membrane fluidity|Cholesterol,10.1039/c4sm00372a,21272245,,,,090e044c-f85d-45fe-8146-a9107f38ef8e,article,eng
Using electrospray laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry to rapidly examine the integrity of proteins stored in various solutions,"Cho, Y.-T.|Huang, M.-Z.|Wu, S.-Y.|Hou, M.-F.|Li, J.|Shiea, J.",Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,406,2,577,586,,2014,2014,,,1618-2650,,,,,,,,"Electrospray laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (ELDI/MS) allows the rapid desorption and ionization of proteins from solutions under ambient conditions. In this study, we have demonstrated the use of ELDI/MS to efficiently examine the integrity of the proteins stored in various solutions before they were further used for other biochemical tests. The protein standards were prepared in the solutions containing buffers, organic salts, inorganic salts, strong acid, strong base, and organic solvents, respectively, to simulate those collected from solvent extraction, filtration, dialysis, or chromatographic separation. Other than the deposit of a drop of the sample solution on the metallic sample plate in an ELDI source, no additional sample pretreatment is needed. The sample drop was then irradiated with a pulsed laser; this led to desorption of the analyte molecules, which subsequently entered the ESI plume to undergo postionization. Because adjustment of the composition of the sample solution is unnecessary, this technique appears to be useful for rapidly evaluating the integrity of proteins after storage or prior to further biochemical treatment. In addition, when using acid-free and low-organic-solvent ESI solutions for ELDI/MS analysis, the native conformations of the proteins in solution could be detected. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013.",Conformations|Desorption|Drops|Filtration|Ionization|Liquid chromatography|Mass spectrometry|Proteins|Solvent extraction|Additional samples|Ambient conditions|Biochemical treatments|Chromatographic separations|ELDI|Laser desorption|Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry|Native conformation|Electrospray ionization,10.1007/s00216-013-7491-z,21272246,,,,eeea4a6c-15df-4557-b3dc-293811386ed6,article,eng
Pitting corrosion characterization of wrought Stellite alloys in Green Death Solution with immersion test and extreme value analysis model,"Zhang, X.Z.|Liu, R.|Chen, K.Y.|Yao, M.X.",Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,23,5,1718,1725,,2014,2014,,,1544-1024,,,,,,,,"This article presents a study of the corrosion behavior of two wrought Stellite alloys, Stellite 6B, and Stellite 6K, in Green Death solution, utilizing the extreme value analysis (EVA) model, which is a statistics tool developed based on the Gumbel distribution. Green Death solution a typical oxidized testing solution used in industry for assessing the corrosion resistance of materials. The data of maximum pit depths are obtained from the immersion tests on these alloys for various exposure periods. The top ten maximum pit depths in each specimen surface after the immersion test are measured using a surface texture and contour measuring instrument. These data are the input parameters of the EVA model and the outcomes of the model are the extreme values (minimum thickness) required for the alloys under a given service condition. It is shown that Stellite 6K, which contains higher carbon content but smaller-size carbides, exhibits better corrosion resistance in regard to the extreme value. The results and mechanisms of Stellite 6B and Stellite 6K in Green Death solution corrosion are discussed. © 2014 ASM International.",Carbides|Corrosion resistance|Pitting|Solid solutions|Stellite|Value engineering|Corrosion behavior|Corrosion characterization|Extreme value analysis|Gumbel distribution|Measuring instruments|Pit depths|Service conditions|Stellite alloy|Alloys,10.1007/s11665-014-0952-5,21272228,,,,ff99ea32-485c-4ad8-8276-9532c7b81659,article,eng
Towards the development of a surface plasmon resonance assay to evaluate the glycosylation pattern of monoclonal antibodies using the extracellular domains of CD16a and CD64,"Dorion-Thibaudeau, J.|Raymond, C.|Lattová, E.|Perreault, H.|Durocher, Y.|De Crescenzo, G.",Journal of Immunological Methods,408,,24,34,,2014,2014,,,1872-7905,,,,,,,,"We here report the production and purification of the extracellular domains of two Fc? receptors, namely CD16a and CD64, by transient transfection in mammalian cells. The use of these two receptor ectodomains for the development of quantitative assays aiming at controlling the quality of monoclonal antibody production lots is then discussed. More specifically, the development of surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor assays for the evaluation of the glycosylation pattern and the aggregation state of monoclonal antibodies is presented. Our biosensor approach allows discriminating between antibodies harboring different galactosylation profiles as well as to detect low levels (i.e., less than 2%) of monoclonal antibody aggregates. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.",CD16a antigen|CD64 antigen|Fc receptor|glycan|immunoglobulin G|monoclonal antibody|unclassified drug|animal cell|antibody production|article|binding kinetics|biosensor|controlled study|gel permeation chromatography|glycosylation|human|human cell|in vitro study|mammal cell|matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry|nonhuman|priority journal|protein purification|quantitative assay|surface plasmon resonance|transient transfection|Mammalia,10.1016/j.jim.2014.04.010,21272229,,,,851280c3-aeab-4339-ab92-f0a545bc43bb,article,eng
Development of residual stresses during electron beam processing,"Demaria, C.|Pa?sdzior, P.|Johnston, A.|Djokic, D.|Hubert, P.",Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design,49,3,179,189,,2014,2014,,,2041-3130,,,,,,,,"In order to further advance the state of the art in the electron beam processing of polymers and composites, it is necessary to better understand the development of cure-induced residual stresses. In situ measurement of electron beam cure-induced stress development is challenging due to the bombardment of specimens with intense beams of very high-voltage electrons. In this study, a custom fixture was designed to measure the deformation of an electron beam-cured specimen during processing and thereby to assess specimen stress state during the curing process. The unbalanced composite specimen consisted of two cured unidirectional carbon-epoxy laminates separated by a thin woven fibreglass carrier, which was infused by a layer of electron beam curable epoxy resin systems (Tactix 123 and CAT B). The out-of-plane specimen deformations were monitored during various electron beam irradiation schedules and subsequent thermal post-cure. The preliminary results confirmed that the apparatus was not affected by the irradiation and was capable of accurately measuring the specimen warpage during the cure. It was also shown that the electron beam-cured specimens exhibit a reduced residual stress state compared to equivalent thermally cured specimens. It was observed that the irradiation dose rate applied to a specimen is the main factor in the difference in the way residual stresses develop during electron beam curing. Furthermore, the results suggest that there is a direct relation between the stress-free temperature (TSF) and the temperature of the specimen at gelation (TGEL). © IMechE 2014.",Composite materials|Deformation|Electron beams|Epoxy resins|Gelation|Irradiation|Residual stresses|Carbon-epoxy laminates|Composite specimens|Electron beam curing|Electron beam irradiation|Electron beam processing|In-situ measurement|Residual stress state|Stress-free temperature|Curing,10.1177/0309324713515467,21272225,,,,d1c21ea2-b42d-4be3-8491-4f0e1789483a,article,eng
Evolution of antiferromagnetic susceptibility under uniaxial pressure in Ba(Fe1 x Cox) 2 As2,"Dhital, C.|Hogan, T.|Yamani, Z.|Birgeneau, R.J.|Tian, W.|Matsuda, M.|Sefat, A.S.|Wang, Z.|Wilson, S.D.",Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics,89,21,,,214404,2014,2014,,,1550-235X,,,,,,,,"Neutron diffraction measurements are presented measuring the responses of both magnetic and structural order parameters of parent and lightly Co-doped Ba(Fe1 xCox)2As2 under the application of uniaxial pressure. We find that the uniaxial pressure induces a thermal shift in the onset of antiferromagnetic order that grows as a percentage of TN as Co doping is increased and the superconducting phase is approached. Additionally, as uniaxial pressure is increased within parent and lightly doped Ba(Fe1 xCox)2As2 on the first-order side of the tricritical point, we observe a decoupling between the onsets of the orthorhombic structural distortion and antiferromagnetism. Our findings place needed constraints on models exploring the nematic susceptibility of the bilayer pnictides in the tetragonal, paramagnetic regime. © 2014 American Physical Society.",,10.1103/PhysRevB.89.214404,21272208,,,,4cfb7355-9f82-4f0e-958c-5f684a13e627,article,eng
Biofuels and Bioproducts Produced through Microbial Conversion of Biomass,"Yang, T.C.|Kumaran, J.|Amartey, S.|Maki, M.|Li, X.|Lu, F.|Qin, W.",,,,71,93,,2014,2014,,,,,,Bioenergy Research: Advances and Applications,,,9780444595614,,"Lignocellulose is a complex polymer composed of intertwined cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin substances. Research on conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and other bioproducts is on the increase recently. Significant advances have been made toward the development of various technologies for pretreatment of the lignocellulosic biomass. The conversion of lignocellulose, therefore, could offer the advantage of cheaper fermentable sugars for the production of biofuels and chemicals. However, due to the complex structure of lignocellulose biomass, development of an efficient and cost-effective pretreatment process is necessary. Also, efficient enzyme hydrolysis of carbohydrates into simple sugars allows higher reaction rates and increased yields of accessible sugars (hexoses and pentoses). Furthermore, an efficient microorganism, capable of degrading biomass efficiently and in high yields, is necessary to facilitate a sustainable and economically viable manufacturing of biofuels and bioproducts from lignocellulosic raw materials. Currently, a number of pretreatment methods have been developed, with only a few being optimized on an industrial scale. This review provides practical examples and gives a broad overview of the current status of biofuels and bioproducts produced through microbial conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Both biological and nonbiological pretreatments of biomass, prior to hydrolysis, and different processes of microbial-mediated biomass conversion have been discussed. Furthermore, the development of novel microorganism strains, through genetic engineering, for biomass conversion and the pros and cons of commonly used microorganisms in biomass conversion have also been discussed. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",,10.1016/B978-0-444-59561-4.00005-X,21272209,,,,b1f8af67-452d-47d3-95d1-1a85725e905f,chapter,eng
High-mobility solution-processed zinc oxide thin films on silicon nitride,"Benlamri, M.|Bothe, K.M.|Ma, A.M.|Shoute, G.|Afshar, A.|Sharma, H.|Mohammadpour, A.|Gupta, M.|Cadien, K.C.|Tsui, Y.Y.|Shankar, K.|Barlage, D.W.",Physica Status Solidi - Rapid Research Letters,,,,,,2014,2014,,,1862-6254,,,,,,,,"A high effective electron mobility of 33 cm2 V-1 s-1 was achieved in solution-processed undoped zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films. The introduction of silicon nitride (Si3N4) as growth substrate resulted in a mobility improvement by a factor of 2.5 with respect to the commonly used silicon oxide (SiO2). The solution-processed ZnO thin films grown on Si3N4, prepared by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition, revealed bigger grain sizes, lower strain and better crystalline quality in comparison to the films grown on thermal SiO2. These results show that the nucleation and growth mechanisms of solution-processed films are substrate dependent and affect the final film structure accordingly. The substantial difference in electron mobilities suggests that, in addition to the grain morphology and crystalline structure effects, defect chemistry is a contributing factor that also depends on the particular substrate. In this respect, interface trap densities measured in high-? HfO2/ZnO MOSCAPs were about ten times lower in those fabricated on Si3N4 substrates. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.",,10.1002/pssr.201409155,21272213,,,,33dcc3fc-b371-4aa8-aa15-934bd0eb5556,article,eng
Electron-electron interaction mediated indirect coupling of electron and magnetic ion or nuclear spins in self-assembled quantum dots,"Mendes, U.C.|Korkusinski, M.|Hawrylak, P.",Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics,89,19,,,195308,2014,2014,,,1550-235X,,,,,,,,"We show here the existence of the indirect coupling of electron and magnetic or nuclear ion spins in self-assembled quantum dots mediated by electron-electron interactions. With a single localized spin placed in the center of the dot, only the spins of electrons occupying the zero angular momentum states couple directly to the localized spin. We show that when the electron-electron interactions are included, the electrons occupying finite angular momentum orbitals interact with the localized spin. This effective interaction is obtained using exact diagonalization of the microscopic Hamiltonian as a function of the number of electronic shells, shell spacing, and anisotropy of the electron-Mn exchange interaction. The effective interaction can be engineered to be either ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic by tuning the parameters of the quantum dot. © 2014 American Physical Society.",,10.1103/PhysRevB.89.195308,21272214,,,,b335f35e-7a25-4380-a36d-333f7260f1bd,article,eng
"Inhibition activity of antifreeze proteins with natural gas hydrates in saline and the light crude oil mimic, heptane","Sharifi, H.|Walker, V.K.|Ripmeester, J.|Englezos, P.",Energy and Fuels,28,6,3712,3717,,2014,2014,,,1520-5029,,,,,,,,"For practical purposes, kinetic hydrate inhibitors must perform predictably in the presence of oil as well as saline and high driving forces, but such deterministic behavior is rarely achieved. Here, we evaluated two biological inhibitors, type I and type III antifreeze proteins (AFPs I and III), under these exacting conditions using a double high-pressure crystallizer apparatus and additionally assayed using high-pressure micro-differential scanning calorimetry. The two AFP types behaved somewhat differently under these environmental conditions. The addition of AFP I reduced natural gas hydrate induction time, whereas AFP III had no impact on hydrate crystal nucleation. Nonetheless, for both AFPs, gas hydrate growth was significantly inhibited to ?50% of that found in control experiments. Once hydrate had formed, decomposition was slower and started later. Thus, gas hydrates formed in the presence of APF I and III appeared to remain stable outside the hydrate stable zone, an observation that has also been noted for other inhibitors. Our observations have potential implications for the use of biological inhibitors under subsea pipeline conditions. © 2014 American Chemical Society.",Differential scanning calorimetry|Hydration|Natural gas|Antifreeze protein|Crystal nucleation|Deterministic behavior|Environmental conditions|Inhibition activity|Kinetic hydrate inhibitors|Scanning calorimetry|Sub-sea pipelines|Gas hydrates,10.1021/ef500524m,21272215,,,,fa6c95cb-6c70-4bae-8204-d7c7eb016d38,article,eng
A review of graphene-based nanostructural materials for both catalyst supports and metal-free catalysts in PEM fuel cell oxygen reduction reactions,"Zhou, X.|Qiao, J.|Yang, L.|Zhang, J.",Advanced Energy Materials,4,8,,,1301523,2014,2014,,,1614-6840,,,,,,,,"A comprehensive overview and description of graphene-based nanomaterials explored in recent years for catalyst supports and metal-free catalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) is presented. The catalyst material structures/morphologies, material selection, and design for synthesis, catalytic performance, catalytic mechanisms, and theoretical approaches for catalyst down-selection and catalyzed ORR mechanisms are emphasized with respect to the performance of ORR catalysts in terms of both activity and stability. When graphene-based materials, including graphene and doped graphene, are used as the supporting materials for both Pt/Pt alloy catalysts and non-precious metal catalyst, the resulting ORR catalysts can give superior catalyst activity and stability compared to those of conventional carbon-supported catalysts; when they are used as metal-free ORR catalysts, significant catalytic activity and stability are observed. The nitrogen-doped graphene materials even show superior performance compared to supported metal catalysts. Challenges including the lack of material mass production, unoptimized catalyst structure/morphology, insufficient fundamental understanding, and testing tools/protocols for performance optimization and validation are identified, and approaches to address these challenges are suggested. A comprehensive overview and description of graphene-based nanomaterials for catalyst supports and metal-free catalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) is presented. The catalyst material selection, design, synthesis, and characterization, as well as a theoretical understanding of the catalysis process and mechanisms are discussed. The challenges and their corresponding approaches, in addition to directions for future perspectives and research are suggested. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.",Catalysis|Catalyst supports|Characterization|Electrocatalysts|Electrolytic reduction|Fuel cells|Graphene|Materials|Metals|Nanostructured materials|Polyelectrolytes|Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)|Carbon-supported catalysts|Nanostructural materials|Nitrogen-doped graphene|Non-precious metal catalysts|Oxygen reduction reaction|Performance optimizations|Polymer electrolyte membranes|Supported-metal catalysts|Catalyst activity,10.1002/aenm.201301523,21272216,,,,cc279753-f330-489b-984a-1af38db6beed,article,eng
An experimental investigation of the long-term stability of triple-point-of-water cells,"Hill, K.D.",International Journal of Thermophysics,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0195-928X,,,,,,,,"Contamination of triple-point-of-water (TPW) cells by the chemical components of the borosilicate glass that contains the water is now widely recognized as the principal contributor to long-term drift of the cell temperature. To add to the available experimental data, a comparison of 24 TPW cells of various ages (from 10 years to 59 years), manufacturers (NRC, Jarrett, Isotech), and materials (borosilicate glass and fused quartz) was undertaken in 2013. Twelve cells from this group were compared to one another in 1997. By comparing the current inter-cell temperature differences to those determined 16 years earlier, it was found that some cells have remained stable, others have become colder (as might be expected from ongoing dissolution of the glass), and one or two show an apparent increase in temperature that seems anomalous. Also included among the 24 cells are five cells of borosilicate glass and five of fused quartz that were purchased 10 years ago. By comparing the relative temperature differences among this group of borosilcate and fused-quartz-encapsulated cells to the values obtained when they were last compared 6 years ago, it was found that the average temperature of the borosilcate group of cells decreases by (Formula presented.), in reasonable agreement with an average drift of (Formula presented.) suggested 12 years ago. It was concluded that fused quartz is the superior container for TPW cells. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Rights of Canada.",,10.1007/s10765-014-1629-x,21272217,,,,c754f171-df51-44d8-aafe-490aa47af924,article,eng
Characterizing the rate and coherence of single-electron tunneling between two dangling bonds on the surface of silicon,"Shaterzadeh-Yazdi, Z.|Livadaru, L.|Taucer, M.|Mutus, J.|Pitters, J.|Wolkow, R.A.|Sanders, B.C.",Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics,89,3,,,35315,2014,2014,,,1098-0121,,,,,,,,"We devise a scheme to characterize tunneling of an excess electron shared by a pair of tunnel-coupled dangling bonds on a silicon surface - effectively a two-level system. Theoretical estimates show that the tunneling should be highly coherent but too fast to be measured by any conventional techniques. Our approach is instead to measure the time-averaged charge distribution of our dangling-bond pair by a capacitively coupled atomic-force-microscope tip in the presence of both a surface-parallel electrostatic potential bias between the two dangling bonds and a tunable midinfrared laser capable of inducing Rabi oscillations in the system. With a nonresonant laser, the time-averaged charge distribution in the dangling-bond pair is asymmetric as imposed by the bias. However, as the laser becomes resonant with the coherent electron tunneling in the biased pair the theory predicts that the time-averaged charge distribution becomes symmetric. This resonant symmetry effect should not only reveal the tunneling rate, but also the nature and rate of decoherence of single-electron dynamics in our system. © 2014 American Physical Society.",,10.1103/PhysRevB.89.035315,21272219,,,,09ea74c3-5efd-4f30-be97-996278b4d3ec,article,eng
Identification and characterisation of glycoproteins on the spore surface of Clostridium difficile,"Strong, Philippa C. R.|Fulton, Kelly M.|Aubry, Annie|Foote, Simon|Twine, Susan M.|Logan, Susan M.",Journal of Bacteriology,196,14,2627,2637,,2014,09/05/2014,,,1098-5530,,,,,American Society for Microbiology,,,"In this study, we identify a major spore surface protein, BclA, and provide evidence that this protein is glycosylated. Following extraction of the spore surface, solubilized proteins were separated by one-dimensional PAGE and stained with glycostain to reveal a reactive high-molecular-mass region of approximately 600 kDa. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis of in-gel digests showed this band to contain peptides corresponding to a putative exosporangial glycoprotein (BclA3) and identified a number of glycopeptides modified with multiple N-acetyl hexosamine moieties and, in some cases, capped with novel glycans. In addition, we demonstrate that the glycosyltransferase gene sgtA (gene CD3350 in strain 630 and CDR3194 in strain R20291), which is located immediately upstream of the bclA3 homolog, is involved in the glycosylation of the spore surface, and is cotranscribed with bclA3. The presence of anti-?-O-GlcNAc-reactive material was demonstrated on the surface of spores by immunofluorescence and in surface extracts by Western blotting, although each strain produced a distinct pattern of reactivity. Reactivity of the spore surface with the anti-?-O-GlcNAc antibody was abolished in the 630 and R20291 glycosyltransferase mutant strains, while complementation with a wild-type copy of the gene restored the ?-O-GlcNAc reactivity. Phenotypic testing of R20291 glycosyltransferase mutant spores revealed no significant change in sensitivity to ethanol or lysozyme. However, a change in the resistance to heat of R20291 glycosyltransferase mutant spores compared to R20291 spores was observed, as was the ability to adhere to and be internalized by macrophages.",Clostridium difficile; spores; glycoprotein; glycosyltransferase,10.1128/JB.01469-14,21272223,NRC-HHT-53223,,,c3f0e32c-fa33-4703-bcd8-93d1cf8c7bff,article,eng
Anti-frameshifting ligand reduces the conformational plasticity of the SARS virus pseudoknot,"Ritchie, D.B.|Soong, J.|Sikkema, W.K.A.|Woodside, M.T.",Journal of the American Chemical Society,136,6,2196,2199,,2014,2014,,,0002-7863,,,,,,,,"Programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting (-1 PRF) stimulated by mRNA pseudoknots regulates gene expression in many viruses, making pseudoknots potential targets for anti-viral drugs. The mechanism by which pseudoknots trigger -1 PRF, however, remains controversial, with several competing models. Recent work showed that high -1 PRF efficiency was linked to high pseudoknot conformational plasticity via the formation of alternate conformers. We tested whether pseudoknots bound with an anti-frameshifting ligand exhibited a similar correlation between conformational plasticity and -1 PRF efficiency by measuring the effects of a ligand that was found to inhibit -1 PRF in the SARS coronavirus on the conformational dynamics of the SARS pseudoknot. Using single-molecule force spectroscopy to unfold pseudoknots mechanically, we found that the ligand binding effectively abolished the formation of alternate conformers. This result extends the connection between -1 PRF and conformational dynamics and, moreover, suggests that targeting the conformational dynamics of pseudoknots may be an effective strategy for anti-viral drug design. © 2014 American Chemical Society.",,10.1021/ja410344b,21272224,,,,a92c3708-2240-4b0f-89e9-573ecb2a0b6c,article,eng
High-accuracy measurement of the differential scalar polarizability of a Sr+ 88 clock using the time-dilation effect,"Dubé, P.|Madej, A.A.|Tibbo, M.|Bernard, J.E.",Physical Review Letters,112,17,,,173002,2014,2014,,,1079-7114,,,,,,,,"We report a high-accuracy measurement of the differential static scalar polarizability ??0 of the 5sS1/22-4dD5/22 transition of the Sr+88 ion. The high accuracy is obtained by comparing the micromotion-induced positive scalar Stark shift to the negative time-dilation shift. Measurement of the trap drive frequency where these shifts cancel is used to determine ??0 without the need to determine the electric field. ??0 is a critical parameter for the operation of frequency standards as it determines the blackbody radiation frequency shift coefficient, the largest source of uncertainty in the Sr+88 ion clock. The measured value of ??0 is -4.7938(71)×10-40Jm2/V2. Taking into account the dynamic correction, the blackbody shift at 300 K is 0.24799(37) Hz. The contribution of the blackbody shift coefficient to the uncertainty of the ion standard has been reduced by a factor of 24, from 2×10-17 to 8.3×10-19. The revised total uncertainty of our reference standard is 1.2×10-17, limited by the blackbody field evaluation. An additional benefit of the low uncertainty of ??0 is the ability to suppress, by a factor of about 200, the net micromotion frequency shifts. © 2014 Published by the American Physical Society.",Antenna radiation|Electric fields|Frequency shift keying|Frequency standards|Polarization|Black body radiation|Dynamic correction|Field evaluation|High-accuracy measurements|Reference standard|Scalar polarizability|Shift coefficients|Total uncertainties|Ions,10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.173002,21272226,,,,2bc131ab-7cb8-4b94-85df-9cec7333bd8b,article,eng
Observing Dirac's classical phase space analog to the quantum state,"Bamber, C.|Lundeen, J.S.",Physical Review Letters,112,7,,,70405,2014,2014,,,0031-9007,,,,,,,,"In 1945, Dirac attempted to develop a ""formal probability"" distribution to describe quantum operators in terms of two noncommuting variables, such as position x and momentum p [Rev. Mod. Phys. 17, 195 (1945)]. The resulting quasiprobability distribution is a complete representation of the quantum state and can be observed directly in experiments. We measure Dirac's distribution for the quantum state of the transverse degree of freedom of a photon by weakly measuring transverse x so as to not randomize the subsequent p measurement. Furthermore, we show that the distribution has the classical-like feature that it transforms (e.g., propagates) according to Bayes' law. © 2014 American Physical Society.",,10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.070405,21272227,,,,a3630459-5f21-42e7-9202-c164bdd11e49,article,eng
Protease-resistant single-domain antibodies inhibit Campylobacter jejuni motility,"Hussack, Greg|Riazi, Ali|Ryan, Shannon|van Faassen, Henk|Mackenzie, Roger|Tanha, Jamshid|Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdri","Protein Engineering, Design and Selection",27,6,191,198,,2014,16/04/2014,,,1741-0134,,,,,Oxford University Press,,,"Camelid heavy-chain antibody variable domains (VHHs) are emerging as potential antimicrobial reagents. We have engineered a previously isolated VHH (FlagV1M), which binds Campylobacter jejuni flagella, for greater thermal and proteolytic stability. Mutants of FlagV1M were obtained from an error-prone polymerase chain reaction library that was panned in the presence of gastrointestinal (GI) proteases. Additional FlagV1M mutants were obtained through disulfide-bond engineering. Each approach produced V HHs with enhanced thermal stability and protease resistance. When the beneficial mutations from both approaches were combined, a hyperstabilized VHH was created with superior stability. The hyperstabilized V HH bound C. jejuni flagella with wild-type affinity and was capable of potently inhibiting C. jejuni motility in assays performed after sequential digestion with three major GI proteases, demonstrating the remarkable stability imparted to the VHH by combining our engineering approaches.",C. jejuni; motility; protease resistance; protein stability; VHH,10.1093/protein/gzu011,21272210,NRC-HHT-53217,,,8c8f81ab-1aab-424c-8d30-13add7ed0b72,article,eng
Introduction,"Germer, T.A.|Zwinkels, J.C.|Tsai, B.K.",Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences,46,,1,9,,2014,2014,,,1079-4042,,,,,,,,"This chapter is an introduction to Spectrophotometry: Accurate Measurements of the Optical Properties of Materials. It presents a short history of spectrophotometry. A very brief description of the principles of uncertainty analysis is given. Finally, an overview of the rest of the book is given. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.",,10.1016/B978-0-12-386022-4.00001-7,21272211,,,,f67c0083-7efc-4c08-bee2-52450ef052c4,article,eng
"Development of a cell permeable competitive antagonist of RhoA and CRMP4 binding, TAT-C4RIP, to promote neurite outgrowth","Khazaei, M.R.|Montcalm, S.|Di Polo, A.|Fournier, A.E.|Durocher, Y.|Tone, S.O.",Journal of Molecular Neuroscience,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0895-8696,,,,,,,,"Neurons fail to re-extend their processes within the central nervous system environment in vivo, and this is partly because of inhibitory proteins expressed within myelin debris and reactive astrocytes that actively signal to the injured nerve cells to limit their growth. The ability of the trans-acting activator of transcription (TAT) protein transduction domain (PTD) to transport macromolecules across biological membranes raises the possibility of developing it as a therapeutic delivery tool for nerve regeneration. Most studies have produced TAT PTD fusion protein in bacteria, which can result in problems such as protein solubility, the formation of inclusion bodies and the lack of eukaryotic posttranslational modifications. While some groups have investigated the production of TAT PTD fusion protein in mammalian cells, these strategies are focused on generating TAT PTD fusions that are targeted to the secretory pathway, where furin protease as well as other proteases can cleave the TAT PTD. As an alternative to mutating the furin cleavage site in the TAT PTD, we describe a novel method to generate cytosolic TAT PTD fusion proteins and purify them from cell lysates. Here, we use this method to generate TAT-C4RIP, a cell permeable competitive antagonist of binding between the small GTPase RhoA and the cytosolic phosphoprotein Collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4). We demonstrate that TAT-C4RIP transduces cells in vitro and in vivo and retains its biological activity to attenuate myelin inhibition in an in vitro neurite outgrowth assay. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.",,10.1007/s12031-014-0350-3,21272220,,,,2981162e-5b98-4286-8907-addaa9b9f5bf,article,eng
Conjugate heat transfer of an internally air-cooled nozzle guide vane and shrouds,"Jiang, L.|Wu, X.|Zhang, Z.",Advances in Mechanical Engineering,2014,,,,146523,2014,2014,,,1687-8140,,,,,,,,"In order to assess the life of gas turbine critical components, it is essential to adequately specify their aerothermodynamic working environments. Steady-state analyses of the flow field and conjugate heat transfer of an internally air-cooled nozzle guide vane (NGV) and shrouds of a gas turbine engine at baseline operating conditions are numerically investigated. A high-fidelity CFD model is generated and the simulations are carried out with properly defined boundary conditions. The features of the complicated flow and temperature fields are revealed. In general, the Mach number is lower and the temperature is higher on the NGV pressure side than those on the suction side. There are two high temperature regions on the pressure side, and the temperature across the middle section is relatively low. These findings are closely related to the locations of the holes and outlets of the cooling flow passage, and consistent with the field observations of damaged NGVs. As a technology demonstration, the results provide required information for the life analysis of the NGV/shrouds assembly and improvement of the cooling flow arrangement. © 2014 Leiyong Jiang et al.",,10.1155/2014/146523,21272222,,,,ab4a5fd5-d6ce-4c48-8e11-016c00e1c2d5,article,eng
Analysis of acquired resistance to metronomic oral topotecan chemotherapy plus pazopanib after prolonged preclinical potent responsiveness in advanced ovarian cancer|Preclinical analysis of acquired resistance after prolonged efficacious metronomic oral topotecan chemotherapy plus pazopanib therapy in advanced ovarian carcinoma,"Cruz-Muñoz, William|Di Desidero, Teresa|Man, Shan|Xu, Ping|Jaramillo, Maria Luz|Hashimoto, Kae|Collins, Catherine|Banville, Myriam|O'Connor-Mccourt, Maureen D.|Kerbel, Robert S.",Angiogenesis,17,3,661,673,,2014,26/02/2014,,,1573-7209,,,,,Springer,,,"An alternative or follow-up adjunct to conventional maximum tolerated dose (MTD) chemotherapy now in advanced phase III clinical trial assessment is metronomic chemotherapy - the close regular administration of low doses of drug with no prolonged breaks. A number of preclinical studies have shown metronomic chemotherapy can cause long term survival of mice with advanced cancer, including metastatic disease, in the absence of overt toxicity, especially when combined with targeted antiangiogenic drugs. However, similar to MTD chemotherapy acquired resistance eventually develops, the basis of which is unknown. Using a preclinical model of advanced human ovarian (SKOV-3-13) cancer in SCID mice, we show that acquired resistance can develop after terminating prolonged (over 3 months) successful therapy utilizing daily oral metronomic topotecan plus pazopanib, an oral antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Two resistant sublines were isolated from a single mouse, one from a solid tumor (called KH092-7SD, referred to as 7SD) and another from ascites tumor cells (called KH092-7AS, referred to as 7AS). Using these sublines we show acquired resistance to the combination treatment is due to tumor cell alterations that confer relative refractoriness to topotecan. The resistant phenotype is heritable, associated with reduced cellular uptake of topotecan and could not be reversed by switching to MTD topotecan or to another topoisomerase-1 inhibitor, CPT-11, given either in a metronomic or MTD manner nor switching to another antiangiogenic drug, e.g. The anti-VEGFR-2 antibody, DC101, or another TKI, sunitinib. Thus, in this case cross resistance seems to exist between MTD and metronomic topotecan, the basis of which is unknown. However, gene expression profiling revealed several potential genes that are stably upregulated in the resistant lines, that previously have been implicated in resistance to various chemotherapy drugs, and which, therefore, may contribute to the drug resistant phenotype.",Metastasis; Ovarian cancer; Chemotherapy; Topotecan; Pazopanib; Resistance,10.1007/s10456-014-9422-9,21272221,NRC-HHT-53224,,,e9c33470-e6a7-45fc-a21f-9ef68583114f,article,eng
Carrier localization and electronic phase separation in a doped spin-orbit-driven Mott phase in Sr3 (Ir1-x Ru x)2O7,"Dhital, C.|Hogan, T.|Zhou, W.|Chen, X.|Ren, Z.|Pokharel, M.|Okada, Y.|Heine, M.|Tian, W.|Yamani, Z.|Opeil, C.|Helton, J.S.|Lynn, J.W.|Wang, Z.|Madhavan, V.|Wilson, S.D.",Nature Communications,5,,,,3377,2014,2014,,,2041-1723,,,,,,,,"Interest in many strongly spin-orbit-coupled 5d-transition metal oxide insulators stems from mapping their electronic structures to a J eff=1/2 Mott phase. One of the hopes is to establish their Mott parent states and explore these systems' potential of realizing novel electronic states upon carrier doping. However, once doped, little is understood regarding the role of their reduced Coulomb interaction U relative to their strongly correlated 3d-electron cousins. Here we show that, upon hole-doping a candidate Jeff=1/2 Mott insulator, carriers remain localized within a nanoscale phase-separated ground state. A percolative metal-insulator transition occurs with interplay between localized and itinerant regions, stabilizing an antiferromagnetic metallic phase beyond the critical region. Our results demonstrate a surprising parallel between doped 5d- and 3d-electron Mott systems and suggest either through the near-degeneracy of nearby electronic phases or direct carrier localization that U is essential to the carrier response of this doped spin-orbit Mott insulator. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.",iridium|ruthenium|strontium|correlation|Coulomb criterion|nanotechnology|phase transition|article|controlled study|crystal structure|electronics|high temperature|low temperature|mott phase|neutron diffraction|neutron scattering|phase separation|phase transition|roentgen spectroscopy|transition temperature|X ray powder diffraction,10.1038/ncomms4377,21272212,,,,274ca0ce-8251-4235-a4d0-5aa4157e56bb,article,eng
Wide-field hubble space telescope observations of the globular cluster system in NGC 1399,"Puzia, T.H.|Paolillo, M.|Goudfrooij, P.|Maccarone, T.J.|Fabbiano, G.|Angelini, L.",The Astrophysical Journal,786,2,,,78,2014,2014,,,1538-4357,,,,,,,,"We present a comprehensive high spatial resolution imaging study of globular clusters (GCs) in NGC 1399, the central giant elliptical cD galaxy in the Fornax galaxy cluster, conducted with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Using a novel technique to construct drizzled point-spread function libraries for HST/ACS data, we accurately determine the fidelity of GC structural parameter measurements from detailed artificial star cluster experiments and show the superior robustness of the GC half-light radius, rh, compared with other GC structural parameters, such as King core and tidal radius. The measurement of rh for the major fraction of the NGC 1399 GC system reveals a trend of increasing r h versus galactocentric distance, R gal, out to about 10 kpc and a flat relation beyond. This trend is very similar for blue and red GCs, which are found to have a mean size ratio of r h, red/r h, blue = 0.82 ± 0.11 at all galactocentric radii from the core regions of the galaxy out to ?40 kpc. This suggests that the size difference between blue and red GCs is due to internal mechanisms related to the evolution of their constituent stellar populations. Modeling the mass density profile of NGC 1399 shows that additional external dynamical mechanisms are required to limit the GC size in the galaxy halo regions to rh ? 2 pc. We suggest that this may be realized by an exotic GC orbit distribution function, an extended dark matter halo, and/or tidal stress induced by the increased stochasticity in the dwarf halo substructure at larger galactocentric distances. We compare our results with the GC rh distribution functions in various galaxies and find that the fraction of extended GCs with rh ? 5 pc is systematically larger in late-type galaxies compared with GC systems in early-type galaxies. This is likely due to the dynamically more violent evolution of early-type galaxies. We match our GC rh measurements with radial velocity data from the literature and split the resulting sample at the median rh value into compact and extended GCs. We find that compact GCs show a significantly smaller line-of-sight velocity dispersion, ??cmp? = 225 ± 25 km s-1, than their extended counterparts, ?? ext? = 317 ± 21 km s-1. Considering the weaker statistical correlation in the GC rh color and the GC r h-R gal relations, the more significant GC size-dynamics relation appears to be astrophysically more relevant and hints at the dominant influence of the GC orbit distribution function on the evolution of GC structural parameters. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.",,10.1088/0004-637X/786/2/78,21272218,,,,8b77475e-5329-4f20-8314-1d13f0c2fc1b,article,eng
Charging mechanism and moving reaction fronts in a supercapacitor with pseudocapacitance,"Kadyka, T.|Eikerling, M.",Journal of the Electrochemical Society,161,3,A239,A246,,2014,2014,,,0013-4651,,,,,,,,"A model of a supercapacitor with pseudocapacitance focusing on effects along the thickness of the electrode was developed. Fast charging, i.e. high power density operation, was analyzed. The occurrence of moving reaction fronts under these conditions is found and discussed. Indicators of the occurrence of moving reaction fronts were defined by analyzing the reaction front velocity and deriving the reaction penetration depth. Effects of the moving reaction fronts on cyclic voltammograms were simulated and an asymmetric broadening of the oxidation peak was found. The influence of the moving reaction fronts on the performance of the supercapacitor was investigated by means of charging energy analysis. Losses were found mainly at the end of the oxidation phase. Partial charging under fast charging conditions reduces the losses. The scale-up of the electrode mass loading and thus the influence of the thickness was analyzed. Simulation results could be used as an ""operation map"" to avoid conditions with significant losses. © 2013 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.",Asymmetric broadening|Charging energies|Charging mechanism|Cyclic voltammograms|High power density|Moving reaction fronts|Pseudocapacitance|Super capacitor|Charging (batteries)|Electric charge|Electrolytic capacitors|Loading,10.1149/2.018403jes,21272203,,,,eab2dc2a-8d9f-4dc2-ae21-cc96e87d66e0,article,eng
Global small-angle X-ray scattering data analysis for multilamellar vesicles: the evolution of the scattering density profile model,"Heftberger, P.|Kollmitzer, B.|Heberle, F.A.|Pan, J.|Rappolt, M.|Amenitsch, H.|Ku?erka, N.|Katsaras, J.|Pabst, G.",Journal of Applied Crystallography,47,1,173,180,,2014,2014,,,0021-8898,,,,,,,,"The highly successful scattering density profile (SDP) model, used to jointly analyze small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering data from unilamellar vesicles, has been adapted for use with data from fully hydrated, liquid crystalline multilamellar vesicles (MLVs). Using a genetic algorithm, this new method is capable of providing high-resolution structural information, as well as determining bilayer elastic bending fluctuations from standalone X-ray data. Structural parameters such as bilayer thickness and area per lipid were determined for a series of saturated and unsaturated lipids, as well as binary mixtures with cholesterol. The results are in good agreement with previously reported SDP data, which used both neutron and X-ray data. The inclusion of deuterated and non-deuterated MLV neutron data in the analysis improved the lipid backbone information but did not improve, within experimental error, the structural data regarding bilayer thickness and area per lipid. © 2014 International Union of Crystallography.",Experimental errors|Multi-lamellar vesicles|Scattering density|Small angle X-ray scattering|Small-angle x-rays|Structural information|Structural parameter|Unilamellar vesicle|Binary mixtures|Crystalline materials|Deuterium|Genetic algorithms|Scattering|X ray scattering|X rays,10.1107/S1600576713029798,21272205,,,,353cf9f6-14f1-42c5-a8c6-8d8186d79347,article,eng
Aquatic toxicity of manufactured nanomaterials: Challenges and recommendations for future toxicity testing,"Schultz, A.G.|Boyle, D.|Chamot, D.|Ong, K.J.|Wilkinson, K.J.|McGeer, J.C.|Sunahara, G.|Goss, G.G.",Environmental Chemistry,11,3,207,226,,2014,2014,,,1448-2517,,,,,,,,"Environmental context The increased use of nanomaterials in industrial and consumer products requires robust strategies to identify risks when they are released into the environment. Aquatic toxicologists are beginning to possess a clearer understanding of the chemical and physical properties of nanomaterials in solution, and which of the properties potentially affect the health of aquatic organisms. This review highlights the main challenges encountered in aquatic nanotoxicity testing, provides recommendations for overcoming these challenges, and discusses recent studies that have advanced our understanding of the toxicity of three important OECD nanomaterials, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and silver nanomaterials. Abstract Aquatic nanotoxicologists and ecotoxicologists have begun to identify the unique properties of the nanomaterials (NMs) that potentially affect the health of wildlife. In this review the scientific aims are to discuss the main challenges nanotoxicologists currently face in aquatic toxicity testing, including the transformations of NMs in aquatic test media (dissolution, aggregation and small molecule interactions), and modes of NM interference (optical interference, adsorption to assay components and generation of reactive oxygen species) on common toxicity assays. Three of the major OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) priority materials, titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver (Ag) NMs, studied recently by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and the Business Development Bank of Canada (BDC) Nanotechnology Initiative (NNBNI), a Canadian consortium, have been identified to cause both bulk effect, dissolution-based (i.e. free metal), or NM-specific toxicity in aquatic organisms. TiO2 NMs are most toxic to algae, with toxicity being NM size-dependent and principally associated with binding of the materials to the organism. Conversely, dissolution of Zn and Ag NMs and the subsequent release of their ionic metal counterparts appear to represent the primary mode of toxicity to aquatic organisms for these NMs. In recent years, our understanding of the toxicological properties of these specific OECD relevant materials has increased significantly. Specifically, researchers have begun to alter their experimental design to identify the different behaviour of these materials as colloids and, by introducing appropriate controls and NM characterisation, aquatic nanotoxicologists are now beginning to possess a clearer understanding of the chemical and physical properties of these materials in solution, and how these materials may interact with organisms. Arming nanotoxicologists with this understanding, combined with knowledge of the physics, chemistry and biology of these materials is essential for maintaining the accuracy of all future toxicological assessments. © CSIRO 2014.",,10.1071/EN13221,21272206,,,,da611c0c-7f61-4478-9c78-b2f4b1c2a5fb,article,eng
Ionization compression impact on dense gas distribution and star formation: Probability density functions around H II regions as seen by Herschel,"Tremblin, P.|Schneider, N.|Minier, V.|Didelon, P.|Hill, T.|Anderson, L.D.|Motte, F.|Zavagno, A.|Andre, P.|Arzoumanian, D.|Audit, E.|Benedettini, M.|Bontemps, S.|Csengeri, T.|Di Francesco, J.|Giannini, T.|Hennemann, M.|Nguyen Luong, Q.|Marston, A.P.|Peretto, N.|Rivera-Ingraham, A.|Russeil, D.|Rygl, K.L.J.|Spinoglio, L.|White, G.J.",Astronomy and Astrophysics,564,,,,A106,2014,2014,,,1432-0746,,,,,,,,"Aims. Ionization feedback should impact the probability distribution function (PDF) of the column density of cold dust around the ionized gas. We aim to quantify this effect and discuss its potential link to the core and initial mass function (CMF/IMF). Methods. We used Herschel column density maps of several regions observed within the HOBYS key program in a systematic way: M 16, the Rosette and Vela C molecular clouds, and the RCW 120 Hâ ‰ ii region. We computed the PDFs in concentric disks around the main ionizing sources, determined their properties, and discuss the effect of ionization pressure on the distribution of the column density. Results. We fitted the column density PDFs of all clouds with two lognormal distributions, since they present a ""double-peak"" or an enlarged shape in the PDF. Our interpretation is that the lowest part of the column density distribution describes the turbulent molecular gas, while the second peak corresponds to a compression zone induced by the expansion of the ionized gas into the turbulent molecular cloud. Such a double peak is not visible for all clouds associated with ionization fronts, but it depends on the relative importance of ionization pressure and turbulent ram pressure. A power-law tail is present for higher column densities, which are generally ascribed to the effect of gravity. The condensations at the edge of the ionized gas have a steep compressed radial profile, sometimes recognizable in the flattening of the power-law tail. This could lead to an unambiguous criterion that is able to disentangle triggered star formation from pre-existing star formation. Conclusions. In the context of the gravo-turbulent scenario for the origin of the CMF/IMF, the double-peaked or enlarged shape of the PDF may affect the formation of objects at both the low-mass and the high-mass ends of the CMF/IMF. In particular, a broader PDF is required by the gravo-turbulent scenario to fit the IMF properly with a reasonable initial Mach number for the molecular cloud. Since other physical processes (e.g., the equation of state and the variations among the core properties) have already been said to broaden the PDF, the relative importance of the different effects remains an open question. © 2014 ESO.",C (programming language)|Clouds|Distribution functions|Equations of state|Gases|Impact ionization|Ionization of gases|Probability distributions|Stars|Compression zones|Different effects|Equation of state|H II regions|ISM: structure|Log-normal distribution|Methods:observational|Stars: formation|Probability density function,10.1051/0004-6361/201322700,21272187,,,,51efedfe-091c-49ed-86c2-174fb1bc96b5,article,eng
Oxidation behaviour of gamma titanium aluminides with or without protective coatings,"Kim, D.|Seo, D.|Huang, X.|Sawatzky, T.|Saari, H.|Hong, J.|Kim, Y.-W.",International Materials Reviews,59,6,297,325,,2014,2014,,,1743-2804,,,,,,,,"The ?-TiAl alloys are promising high temperature materials for aeroengines due to their low density, high specific strength and low material cost compared with Nickel based superalloys. However, the insufficient ductility at room temperature and the limited oxidation resistance at temperatures above approximately 750°C have limited their applications. Oxidation resistance in the application temperature range of 800 and 1000°C is of particular importance. Remarkable improvement to the environmental resistance by adding ternary and quaternary elements to the ?-TiAl alloys has been reported; however, alloying additions frequently deteriorate their mechanical properties. Surface modifications or coatings, which promote the formation of highly protective alumina scales, are also viable ways to improve the environmental resistance of TiAl alloys. In this article, the research work from the last 30 years on the oxidation behaviour of bare and coated TiAl alloys will be reviewed, with special focus on the ?-TiAl alloys. The review will begin with the oxidation behaviour of TiAl substrate alloys and the oxidation behaviour of ?-TiAl alloys with high temperature coatings such as aluminide, MCrAlY, Ti-Al-X and thermal barrier coating (TBC) system will be followed. © 2014 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining and ASM International Published by Maney for the Institute and ASM International.",,10.1179/1743280414Y.0000000034,21272188,,,,aab1c02d-b009-4bc2-a01d-786ea112a226,article,eng
Importance of ?-stacking interactions in the hydrogen atom transfer reactions from activated phenols to short-lived N-oxyl radicals,"Mazzonna, M.|Bietti, M.|Dilabio, G.A.|Lanzalunga, O.|Salamone, M.",Journal of Organic Chemistry,79,11,5209,5218,,2014,2014,,,1520-6904,,,,,,,,"A kinetic study of the hydrogen atom transfer from activated phenols (2,6-dimethyl- and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-substituted phenols, 2,2,5,7,8- pentamethylchroman-6-ol, caffeic acid, and (+)-cathechin) to a series of N-oxyl radical (4-substituted phthalimide-N-oxyl radicals (4-X-PINO), 6-substituted benzotriazole-N-oxyl radicals (6-Y-BTNO), 3-quinazolin-4-one-N-oxyl radical (QONO), and 3-benzotriazin-4-one-N-oxyl radical (BONO)), was carried out by laser flash photolysis in CH3CN. A significant effect of the N-oxyl radical structure on the hydrogen transfer rate constants (kH) was observed with kH values that monotonically increase with increasing NO-H bond dissociation energy (BDENO-H) of the N-hydroxylamines. The analysis of the kinetic data coupled to the results of theoretical calculations indicates that these reactions proceed by a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism where the N-oxyl radical and the phenolic aromatic rings adopt a ?-stacked arrangement. Theoretical calculations also showed pronounced structural effects of the N-oxyl radicals on the charge transfer occurring in the ?-stacked conformation. Comparison of the kH values measured in this study with those previously reported for hydrogen atom transfer to the cumylperoxyl radical indicates that 6-CH3-BTNO is the best N-oxyl radical to be used as a model for evaluating the radical scavenging ability of phenolic antioxidants. © 2014 American Chemical Society.","Atoms|Bond strength (chemical)|Hydrogen|Isomers|Phenols|Rate constants|Bond dissociation energies|Hydrogen atom transfers (HAT)|Hydrogen-atom transfer|Laser flash photolysis|Phenolic antioxidant|Phenolic aromatic rings|Stacking interaction|Theoretical calculations|Free radical reactions|6 hydroxy 2,2,5,7,8 pentamethylchroman|acetonitrile|antioxidant|caffeic acid|catechin|hydrogen|hydroxylamine|n oxyl radical|phenol derivative|phthalimide|quinazoline derivative|radical|triazine derivative|unclassified drug|article|chemical binding|density functional theory|dissociation|energy|enthalpy|gas|hydrogen bond|proton transport|solvent effect|time",10.1021/jo500789v,21272189,,,,fd4989d0-0d76-4db8-8a09-943addb918f7,article,eng
The oxygen index on soot production in propane diffusion flames,"Henríquez, R.|Demarco, R.|Consalvi, J.L.|Liu, F.|Fuentes, A.",Combustion Science and Technology,186,04-May,504,517,,2014,2014,,,1563-521X,,,,,,,,"An experimental study of the effect of oxygen index (OI) on soot formation in laminar coflow propane diffusion flames is presented. The OI was defined as the oxygen volumetric concentration in the oxidizer flow, O2/(O 2+N2), which was varied from 21% to 37%. The influence of the OI was quantified by means of three variables: the flame height, the soot volume fraction, and the vertical distribution of radiative heat flux. The flame height was based on CH* spontaneous emission and found to vary inversely with the OI, following the classical theory of Roper. As the OI increases, the rates of soot growth and soot oxidation are enhanced, and the maximum soot volume fraction and the peak of integrated soot volume fraction also increase. Moreover, the evolution of the peak of radiative heat flux and the maximum soot volume fraction are found to follow the same evolution with the OI. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",Diffusion|Heat flux|Oxygen|Propane|Soot|Volume fraction|Classical theory|Diffusion Flame|Effect of oxygen|Radiative heat fluxes|Soot formations|Soot volume fraction|Vertical distributions|Volumetric concentrations|Dust,10.1080/00102202.2014.883226,21272192,,,,2ed648f5-1336-49c6-bb75-c9eaf3b721f2,article,eng
Insights into the behavior of biological clathrate hydrate inhibitors in aqueous saline solutions,"Sharifi, H.|Walker, V.K.|Ripmeester, J.|Englezos, P.",Crystal Growth and Design,14,6,2923,2930,,2014,2014,,,1528-7505,,,,,,,,"The performance of two antifreeze proteins (AFPs), type I and III (AFP I and III), as kinetic natural gas hydrate inhibitors in saline solutions was evaluated using a high pressure micro differential scanning calorimeter and a high pressure apparatus consisting of two crystallizers. Although AFP I and III were found to prolong crystallization time and reduce initial gas hydrate growth in saline solutions, the growth rate increased when hydrate started to form in the gas phase. Circular dichroism experiments suggested that the saline solution did not perturb AFP I and III structures. However, in the presence of saline, the inhibitory activity of AFP I to prolong induction time decreased while AFP III was more active. As a consequence, we propose that a decrease in hydrophobic forces and the neutralization of ion charges could explain AFP adsorption to the surface of hydrate crystals. Once the hydrate formed, melting was delayed, and consequently hydrate decomposition took longer in the presence of AFPs. We suggest conditions whereby the properties of AFPs could be harnessed for petrochemical recovery and transport. © 2014 American Chemical Society.",Differential scanning calorimetry|Hydration|Antifreeze protein|Clathrate hydrate|Crystallization time|Differential scanning calorimeters|High pressure apparatus|Hydrate decomposition|Hydrophobic forces|Inhibitory activity|Gas hydrates,10.1021/cg500218q,21272198,,,,14ae2eac-92cc-40d8-8d61-8c5d263d210b,article,eng
Applications of in situ Raman spectroscopy for identifying nickel hydroxide materials and surface layers during chemical aging,"Hall, David S.|Lockwood, David J.|Poirier, Shawn|Bock, Christina|MacDougall, Barry R.",ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces,6,5,3141,3149,,2014,2014,,,1944-8252,,,,,,,,"The applications of in situ vibrational spectroscopy for identifying bulk and surface Ni(OH)2 are discussed. Raman spectra from ?- and ?-Ni(OH)2 samples immersed in water are generally similar to those collected from comparable dry samples. However, the Raman scattering intensities vary, and dry ?-Ni(OH)2 additionally exhibits a surface O-H stretching mode at 3690 cm-1. Using in situ Raman spectroscopy, the spontaneous transformation of ?-Ni(OH)2 to ?-Ni(OH)2 in room-temperature water was monitored. Such transformations are conventionally performed in high-temperature alkaline media. An intralayer OH-diffusion model is proposed. Internal stresses at the ?/?-phase boundary caused shifted peaks, higher order vibrational modes, and a new water peak at 3520 cm-1. We conclude that Raman spectroscopy may be applied to observe Ni(OH)2 materials in situ during chemical and electrochemical treatments. Such measurements provide information on the proportions of ?- and ?-Ni(OH)2 and their fine structural details with high sensitivity. © Published 2014 by the American Chemical Society.",Alkalinity|Raman scattering|Raman spectroscopy|Surfaces|Vibrational spectroscopy|Electrochemical treatments|In-situ Raman spectroscopy|Nickel hydroxides|Raman scattering intensity|Spontaneous transformation|Stretching modes|Structural details|Vibrational modes|Nickel,10.1021/am405419k,21272202,,,,dec76743-71cd-4b8c-a7ed-7405278e3854,article,eng
A preliminary ventilation rate determination methods study for residential buildings and offices based on VOC emission database,"Ye, W.|Won, D.|Zhang, X.",Building and Environment,79,,168,180,,2014,2014,,,0360-1323,,,,,,,,"Ventilation is commonly used as a basic means to supply outdoor air to indoor environment to achieve better indoor air quality. To reduce harmful effect due to indoor pollutants such as formaldehyde and VOCs emitted from building materials, proper ventilation should be maintained to meet a minimum ventilation rate at least. Two new methods, i.e., characteristic and two-stage ventilation rate method, were proposed to predict ventilation rate based on building material emissions. Scenarios involving four standard rooms and different material loadings were analyzed to study adequate ventilation rates for residential buildings and offices. The study followed the IAQ procedure recommended by ASHRAE. The emission source data were from the National Research Council Canada (NRC) database. The building material emissions and consequent VOC concentrations were predicted by using two approaches called the characteristic emission rate method and the two-stage emission rate method. The ventilation rates were calculated for ten scenarios to meet the thresholds given by seven indoor air quality references. The results showed that the ventilation rate depended on the selection of reference standard, material and emission area. The dominating chemical substance in determining ventilation rate in various cases was not unique. The time to take for the emission to complete was 2.5-5 years for all cases. Due to the inherent nature of the characteristic emission rate method for over-estimating long-term emissions, replacing the characteristic ventilation rate with steady-state ventilation rate could lead to the ventilation rate requirement reduced by approximately half. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.",Building codes|Building materials|Buildings|Indoor air pollution|ACH|Characteristic emission|Determination methods|Indoor environment|LCI|Material emissions|National Research Council|Residential building|Ventilation|air quality|building|construction material|emission|indoor air|ventilation|volatile organic compound,10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.05.009,21272193,,,,6bfedaf5-5560-4c06-86ad-4c1f48402b07,article,eng
"Inter-cage dynamics in structure I, II, and H fluoromethane hydrates as studied by NMR and molecular dynamics simulations","Trueba, A.T.|Kroon, M.C.|Peters, C.J.|Moudrakovski, I.L.|Ratcliffe, C.I.|Alavi, S.|Ripmeester, J.A.",Journal of Chemical Physics,140,21,,,214703,2014,2014,,,0021-9606,,,,,,,,"Prospective industrial applications of clathrate hydrates as materials for gas separation require further knowledge of cavity distortion, cavity selectivity, and defects induction by guest-host interactions. The results presented in this contribution show that under certain temperature conditions the guest combination of CH3F and a large polar molecule induces defects on the clathrate hydrate framework that allow intercage guest dynamics. 13C NMR chemical shifts of a CH3F/CH4/TBME sH hydrate and a temperature analysis of the 2H NMR powder lineshapes of a CD3F/THF sII and CD3F/TBME sH hydrate, displayed evidence that the populations of CH4 and CH3F in the D and D? cages were in a state of rapid exchange. A hydrogen bonding analysis using molecular dynamics simulations on the TBME/CH3F and TBME/CH4 sH hydrates showed that the presence of CH3F enhances the hydrogen bonding probability of the TBME molecule with the water molecules of the cavity. Similar results were obtained for THF/CH3F and THF/CH4 sII hydrates. The enhanced hydrogen bond formation leads to the formation of defects in the water hydrogen bonding lattice and this can enhance the migration of CH3F molecules between adjacent small cages. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.",Defects|Hydration|Hydrogen bonds|Industrial applications|Molecular dynamics|Molecules|Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|Clathrate hydrate|Gas separations|Guest-host interactions|Hydrogen-bond formation|Molecular dynamics simulations|NMR chemical shifts|Temperature analysis|Temperature conditions|Gas hydrates,10.1063/1.4874636,21272190,,,,a690e2b4-888e-40c2-a04f-ac9b024d4473,article,eng
Computational study of the effect of dispersion interactions on the thermochemistry of aggregation of fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as model asphaltene compounds in solution,"Moreira Da Costa, L.|Stoyanov, S.R.|Gusarov, S.|Seidl, P.R.|Walkimar De M. Carneiro, J.|Kovalenko, A.",The Journal of Physical Chemistry A,118,5,896,908,,2014,2014,,,1089-5639,,,,,,,,"Density functional theory (DFT), Møller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory (MP2), and semiempirical methods are employed for the geometry optimization and thermochemistry analysis of ?-? stacked di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentamer aggregates of the fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, tetracene, pyrene, and coronene as well as benzene. These aggregates (stabilized by dispersion interactions) are highly relevant to the intermolecular aggregation of asphaltenes, major components of heavy petroleum. The strength of ?-? stacking interaction is evaluated with respect to the ?-stacking distance and thermochemistry results, such as aggregation enthalpies, entropies, and Gibbs free energies (?G298). For both ?-stacking interplanar distances and thermochemistry, the ?B97X-D functional with an augmented damped R-6 dispersion correction term and MP2 are in the closest agreement with the highly accurate spin-component scaled MP2 (SCS-MP2) method that we selected as a reference. The ?G298 values indicate that the aggregation of coronene is spontaneous at 298 K and the formation of pyrene dimers occurs spontaneously at temperature lower than 250 K. Aggregates of smaller PAHs would be stable at even lower temperature. These findings are supported by X-ray crystallographic determination results showing that among the PAHs studied only coronene forms continuous stacked aggregates in single crystals, pyrene forms dimers, and smaller PAHs do not form ?-? stacked aggregates. Thermochemistry analysis results show that PAHs containing more than four fused benzene rings would spontaneously form aggregates at 298 K. Also, round-shaped PAHs, such as phenanthrene and pyrene, form more stable aggregates than linear PAHs, such as anthracene and tetracene, due to decreased entropic penalty. These results are intended to help guide the synthesis of model asphaltene compounds for spectroscopic studies so as to help understand the aggregation behavior of heavy petroleum. © 2014 American Chemical Society.",Computational studies|Dispersion interaction|Intermolecular aggregation|Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS)|Second order perturbation theory|Semi-empirical methods|Spectroscopic studies|Thermochemistry analysis|Anthracene|Asphaltenes|Benzene|Electromagnetic dispersion|Naphthalene|Pyrene|Spectroscopic analysis|Thermochemistry|X ray crystallography|Aggregates,10.1021/jp408005h,21272199,,,,37848c7e-7993-4edc-978a-5c83cf24ee4f,article,eng
Zircon mineral solids concentrated from Athabasca oil sands froth treatment tailings: Surface chemistry and flotation properties,"Marshall, G.M.|Patarachao, B.|Moran, K.|Mercier, P.H.J.",Minerals Engineering,65,,79,87,,2014,2014,,,0892-6875,,,,,,,,"Zircon mineral solids concentrated from Athabasca oil sands froth treatment tailings were compared by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and collector-assisted froth flotation before and after surface cleaning in a low temperature, radio-frequency oxygen plasma. Plasma cleaning was effective at removing a surface bound layer of organic matter having chemical markers consistent with bituminous fractions. Specifically, the observation of long-chain aliphatics, ester and ether linkages, aromatic indicators, and hydroxyls in the absence of carboxylic acid groups, suggested the surface organic layer was representative of asphaltene or resin. Supporting this interpretation was the identification of pyrrolic and thiophenic chemical states. Plasma degradation of the hydrocarbon component transformed the zircon particles from hydrophobic to hydrophilic as evidenced by their recovery in water/ethanol froth flotation tests. The cleaned zircon particles were subsequently collected in the froth using dodecylamine. This work explains the surface conditions responsible for the reporting of zircon to the froth treatment tailings and demonstrates the efficacy of plasma cleaning as a means to condition zircon for coupling with collector agents. A physical model of surface adsorption is discussed and process implications are considered. © 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.",Chemical cleaning|Infrared spectroscopy|Oil sands|Plasma applications|Plasmas|Surface chemistry|X ray photoelectron spectroscopy|Zircon|Athabasca oil sands|Carboxylic acid groups|Hydrocarbon components|Plasma degradation|Plasma treatment|Surface adsorption|Surface conditions|Surface organic layers|Froth flotation,10.1016/j.mineng.2014.05.016,21272191,,,,06026fc1-01b5-41ea-b35f-0ece7f15fe05,article,eng
A regenerating self-assembled gold nanoparticle-containing electrochemical impedance sensor,"Mahmoud, A.M.|Tang, T.|Jed Harrison, D.|Lee, W.E.|Jemere, A.B.",Biosensors and Bioelectronics,56,,328,333,,2014,2014,,,0956-5663,,,,,,,,"We report on the development of an electrochemical reductive desorption protocol for repeated regeneration of gold electrodes modified with multi-layers of self-assembled surfaces for use in electrochemical sensing. The gold electrodes were first modified with 1,6-hexanedithiol to which gold nanoparticles were attached in a subsequent modification step. Attachment of thiolated single-stranded nucleic acid oligomers to the gold nanoparticles completed the electrochemical sensor. The changes of electrode behavior after each assembly and desorption processes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. The self-assembled sensor showed a wide dynamic range (0.1-100. nM), a low detection limit (20. pM) and high reproducibility (4.4% RSD) for complementary nucleic acid target molecules, along with reusability. On a single gold electrode, the complete sensor-target structure could be assembled and disassembled at least four times with 90% of its original signal intact. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.",,10.1016/j.bios.2014.01.019,21272194,,,,91a7b659-19f1-406b-86f5-d19bcf93667e,article,eng
Enrichment of large-diameter semiconducting SWCNTs by polyfluorene extraction for high network density thin film transistors,"Ding, J.|Li, Z.|Lefebvre, J.|Cheng, F.|Dubey, G.|Zou, S.|Finnie, P.|Hrdina, A.|Scoles, L.|Lopinski, G.P.|Kingston, C.T.|Simard, B.|Malenfant, P.R.L.",Nanoscale,6,4,2328,2339,,2014,2014,,,2040-3364,,,,,,,,"A systematic study on the use of 9,9-dialkylfluorene homopolymers (PFs) for large-diameter semiconducting (sc-) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) enrichment is the focus of this report. The enrichment is based on a simple three-step extraction process: (1) dispersion of as-produced SWCNTs in a PF solution; (2) centrifugation at a low speed to separate the enriched sc-tubes; (3) filtration to collect the enriched sc-SWCNTs and remove excess polymer. The effect of the extraction conditions on the purity and yield including molecular weight and alkyl side-chain length of the polymers, SWCNT concentration, and polymer/SWCNT ratio have been examined. It was observed that PFs with alkyl chain lengths of C10, C12, C14, and C18, all have an excellent capability to enrich laser-ablation sc-SWCNTs when their molecular weight is larger than ?10 000 Da. More detailed studies were therefore carried out with the C12 polymer, poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorene), PFDD. It was found that a high polymer/SWCNT ratio leads to an enhanced yield but a reduced sc-purity. A ratio of 0.5-1.0 gives an excellent sc-purity and a yield of 5-10% in a single extraction as assessed by UV-vis-NIR absorption spectra. The yield can also be promoted by multiple extractions while maintaining high sc-purity. Mechanistic experiments involving time-lapse dispersion studies reveal that m-SWCNTs have a lower propensity to be dispersed, yielding a sc-SWCNT enriched material in the supernatant. Dispersion stability studies with partially enriched sc-SWCNT material further reveal that m-SWCNTs : PFDD complexes will re-aggregate faster than sc-SWCNTs : PFDD complexes, providing further sc-SWCNT enrichment. This result confirms that the enrichment was due to the much tighter bundles in raw materials and the more rapid bundling in dispersion of the m-SWCNTs. The sc-purity is also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) mapping. The latter shows that the enriched sc-SWCNT sample has a narrow chirality and diameter distribution dominated by the (10,9) species with d = 1.29 nm. The enriched sc-SWCNTs allow a simple drop-casting method to form a dense nanotube network on SiO2/Si substrates, leading to thin film transistors (TFTs) with an average mobility of 27 cm2 V -1 s-1 and an average on/off current ratio of 1.8 × 106 when considering all 25 devices having 25 ?m channel length prepared on a single chip. The results presented herein demonstrate how an easily scalable technique provides large-diameter sc-SWCNTs with high purity, further enabling the best TFT performance reported to date for conjugated polymer enriched sc-SWCNTs. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry.",Alkyl side-chain lengths|Diameter distributions|Extraction conditions|Photoluminescence excitation|Semiconducting-SWCNTs|Singlewalled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)|Thin-film transistor (TFTs)|UV-Vis-NIR absorption|Chain length|Complex networks|Extraction|Molecular weight|Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCN)|Thin film transistors|Thin films|Dispersions,10.1039/c3nr05511f,21272195,,,,da7d2ec5-ace9-4e88-9e58-cb1b9c24675e,article,eng
Gafchromic® film dosimetry for low energy X radiation,"Mehta, K.|Parker, A.|Tessier, F.",Radiation Measurements,67,,48,54,,2014,2014,,,1350-4487,,,,,,,,"Recent developments have produced low energy X ray systems capable of providing a radiation dose to adequate volumes suitable for sterile inset programmes. To support the adoption of these new systems, the performance of the Gafchromic® HD-810 dosimetry system previously used for gamma irradiation needed to be better understood at the lower photon energies. For low energy photons, the optical density of the irradiated Gafchromic HD-810 film dosimeters significantly depends on the material surrounding them. For example, if paper, Mylar® or PVC is used to house the dosimeter during irradiation, the optical density can vary by as much as a factor of three or more for the same dose. This paper is an attempt to elucidate the performance of the Gafchromic HD-810 film dosimeters for such low energy X radiation (?150 keV). Our data show that this behaviour can be explained by the fact that these materials have significantly different photon mass attenuation coefficient. This conclusion was reinforced with mathematical simulation using Monte Carlo modelling. We also show that with the different structure of another Gafchromic film dosimeter (MD-V2-55) this effect is virtually non-existent. An understanding of the behaviour of thin film dosimeters like Gafchromic HD-810 under radiation is crucial for reliable dosimetry. We hope that this work can also provide guidance in the use of other thin film dosimeters at similar low photon energies. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",Density (optical)|Density measurement (optical)|Dosimetry|Photons|Polyvinyl chlorides|Thin films|Different structure|Electron equilibrium|Low energy photons|Mass attenuation coefficients|Mathematical simulations|Monte Carlo modelling|RS-2400|Thin film dosimeters|Dosimeters,10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.05.018,21272196,,,,7051d8b4-e8aa-45d2-88f2-273b695c0978,article,eng
Flow visualization and characterization for optimized MQL machining of composites,"Iskandar, Y.|Tendolkar, A.|Attia, M.H.|Hendrick, P.|Damir, A.|Diakodimitris, C.",CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology,63,1,77,80,,2014,2014,,,1726-0604,,,,,,,,"Limited information is available on the effect of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) parameters (oil flow rate OFR, air flow rate AFR, nozzle orientation and distance from the cutting zone) on flow characteristics. 'Particle Image Velocimetry' and 'Phase Doppler Anemometry' flow visualization methods were used to define the optimal MQL jet for better penetration and cooling/lubrication; coherent, small magnitude/number of vorticities, and small droplets of high velocity. Effect of flow characteristics on cutting forces, temperature, tool wear and geometric errors was examined in CFRP milling. Optimum AFR, OFR and nozzle distance from the cutting zone were established and compared to flood, pressurized air, and dry machining. © 2014 CIRP.",Composite materials|Cutting|Drop formation|Flow rate|Nozzles|Flow charac-teristics|Geometric errors|Limited information|Minimum quantity lubrication|Nozzle orientations|Particle image velocimetries|Phase Doppler anemometry|Visualization method|Flow visualization,10.1016/j.cirp.2014.03.078,21272197,,,,0861ee26-5857-4214-b36d-841a97d213ad,article,eng
Structural basis for selective cross-reactivity in a bactericidal antibody against inner core lipooligosaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis,"Parker, M.J.|Gomery, K.|Richard, G.|Mackenzie, C.R.|Cox, A.D.|Richards, J.C.|Evans, S.V.",Glycobiology,24,5,442,449,,2014,2014,,,1460-2423,,,,,,,,"The structure of a antigen-binding fragment (Fab) from the bactericidal monoclonal antibody LPT3-1 specific to lipooligosaccharide (LOS) inner cores from Neisseria meningitidis has been solved in complex with an eight-sugar inner core fragment NmL3 galE lpt3 KOH to 2.69 Å resolution. The epitope is centered about an inner core N-acetylglucosamine residue unique to N. meningitidis and does not include the lipid A moiety, which is disordered in the structure, but is positioned to allow the binding of free and membrane-anchored full-length LOS. All the amino acid residues that contact antigen are of germline origin but, remarkably, two consecutive somatic mutations of serine to glycine in the heavy chain at residues 52 and 52a are positioned to deprive the antibody of advantageous interactions and so weaken binding. However, these mutations are key to allowing selective cross-reactivity with the HepII-3-PEtn inner core variant expressed by 70% of strains. Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of disease in the developed world and is especially dangerous to children, who lack the necessary protective antibodies. The structure of Fab LPT3-1 in complex with LOS provides insight into the antibody's selective ability to recognize multiple clinically relevant variations of the LOS inner core from N. meningitidis. © The Author 2014.",amino acid|bacterium antibody|glycine|lipid A|lipooligosaccharide|monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibody LPT3 1|n acetylglucosamine|serine|unclassified drug|antigen recognition|article|bacterial strain|controlled study|cross reaction|drug structure|heavy chain|Neisseria meningitidis|nonhuman|priority journal|somatic mutation|structure analysis|X ray crystallography,10.1093/glycob/cwu009,21272200,,,,7d9c07a5-0b5a-43e3-91b8-0169f9b70608,article,eng
Development of robust control law for active buffeting load alleviation of smart fin structures,"Chen, Y.|Ulker, F.D.|Wickramasinghe, V.|Zimcik, D.G.",Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures,25,7,818,831,,2014,2014,,,1530-8138,,,,,,,,"Aerodynamic buffeting load can lead to premature fatigue damage of aircraft vertical fin structures. This article presents a robust control law development strategy for active buffeting load alleviation of a smart fin structure. The impact of aerodynamic loads on the modeling uncertainties of the smart fin was investigated through extensive wind tunnel tests. Test results revealed that the airflow introduced higher damping ratio and caused frequency shift to the vibration modes. These aerodynamic effects may adversely affect the performance and robustness of active control laws. Based on the observations, the structured singular value synthesis technique was used to develop a robust control law for the smart fin using a truncated baseline dynamic model. A parametric uncertainty block was introduced to account for the changes in the modal parameters of the baseline dynamic model due to the aerodynamic effects. An additive uncertainty block was included to account for the unmodeled higher-order vibration modes as well as the modeling errors in the low frequency range. The robust performance of the control law was demonstrated through simulations as well as extensive closed-loop control experiments in the wind tunnel using various free airstreams and vortical airflows. This provided a verified control law design strategy for active buffeting alleviation applications. © The Author(s) 2013.",,10.1177/1045389X13491639,21272201,,,,c7690cf0-2e75-4df2-b8f5-be9c2d0b0386,article,eng
Synthesis of high quality single-walled carbon nanotubes with purity enhancement and diameter control by liquid precursor Ar-H2 plasma spraying,"Kim, K.S.|Kingston, C.T.|Ruth, D.|Barnes, M.|Simard, B.",Chemical Engineering Journal,250,,331,341,,2014,2014,,,1385-8947,,,,,,,,"As usage of carbon nanotubes continues to increase in both scientific research and practical applications, there has been a growing interest in the large-scale synthesis of those materials with high quality and high purity. Here we report a new plasma process developed for the large-scale synthesis of high quality single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). An induction thermal plasma with a liquid precursor spraying technique was employed for an effective synthesis of SWCNTs from a mixture of toluene and ferrocene. It has been successfully demonstrated in this new process that high quality SWCNTs can be synthesized continuously with a reasonably high-purity, the structural quality of the materials produced being comparable to those of SWCNTs produced from the laser vaporization process. The high temperature of the plasma, over 4000. K, seems to be responsible for the production of high quality SWCNTs and the rapid treatment of a large amount of feedstock, whereas the hydrogen plasma contributes to the purity enhancement by selective etching of amorphous carbon. It is also found that the diameter distribution of SWCNTs can be controlled effectively by varying the sulfur content in the feedstock mixture, which is very promising for many advanced applications of SWCNTs such as SWCNT-based electronics. © 2014.",Amorphous carbon|Feedstocks|Liquids|Mixtures|Organometallics|Plasma spraying|Plasmas|Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCN)|Thermal spraying|Diameter control|Diameter distributions|Induction plasma|Induction thermal plasma|Large scale synthesis|Liquid precursors|Scientific researches|Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNTs)|Process control,10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.117,21272204,,,,ae3d88c9-9186-4284-8baa-c4118689e7d0,article,eng
Mineralization of the connective tissue: A complex molecular process leading to age-related loss of function,"Shindyapina, A.V.|Mkrtchyan, G.V.|Gneteeva, T.|Buiucli, S.|Tancowny, B.|Kulka, M.|Aliper, A.|Zhavoronkov, A.",Rejuvenation Research,17,2,116,133,,2014,2014,,,1557-8577,,,,,,,,"Age-related metastatic mineralization of soft tissues has been considered a passive and spontaneous process. Recent data have demonstrated that calcium salt deposition in soft tissues could be a highly regulated process. Although calcification occurs in any tissue type, vascular calcification has been of particular interest due to association with atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and osteoporosis. Different mechanisms underlying calcium apatite accumulation are explored with these age-related disorders. In the case of atherosclerotic plaques, oxy-lipids trigger release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation that activate calcification processes in aorta intimae. In CKD patients, renal failure alters the balance between calcium and phosphate levels usually regulated by fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), Klotho, and vitamin D, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) begin to explore an osteoblastosteoblast-like phenotype. Calcification could affect extracellular matrix along with VSMCs. Collagen is a major component of extracellular matrix and its modifications accumulate with age. The formation of cross-links between collagen fibers is regulated by the action of lysine hydroxylases and lysyl oxidase and could occur spontaneously. Oxidation-induced advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a major type of spontaneous cross-links that accelerate with age and may result in tissue stiffness, problems with recycling, and potential accumulation of calcium apatite. Applying strategies for clearing the AGEs proposed by de Grey may be more difficult in the highly mineralized extracellular matrix. We performed bioinformatic analysis of the molecular pathways underlying calcification in atherosclerotic and CKD patients, signaling pathways of collagen cross-links formation, and bone mineralization, and we propose new potential targets and review drugs for calcification treatment. © Copyright 2014, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2014.",advanced glycation end product|bone morphogenetic protein|collagen|fibroblast growth factor|fresolimumab|hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor|matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor|metelimumab|pioglitazone|procollagen lysine 2 oxoglutarate 5 dioxygenase|protein lysine 6 oxidase|age|aging|article|atherosclerosis|bioinformatics|blood vessel calcification|bone disease|bone mineralization|chronic kidney disease|connective tissue|craniofacial synostosis|cross linking|hormone substitution|human|kidney polycystic disease|nonhuman|nuclear magnetic resonance imaging|optical coherence tomography|ossification|priority journal|protein cross linking|pseudoxanthoma elasticum|rigidity|soft tissue calcification|tissue degeneration|tissue mineralization,10.1089/rej.2013.1475,21272148,,,,54d36233-210a-4ac6-898c-301359f9de82,article,eng
"Epimers of azaspiracids: Isolation, structural elucidation, relative LC-MS response, and in vitro toxicity of 37-epi-azaspiracid-1","Kilcoyne, J.|McCarron, P.|Twiner, M.J.|Nulty, C.|Crain, S.|Quilliam, M.A.|Rise, F.|Wilkins, A.L.|Miles, C.O.",Chemical Research in Toxicology,27,4,587,600,,2014,2014,,,1520-5010,,,,,,,,"Since azaspiracid-1 (AZA1) was identified in 1998, the number of AZA analogues has increased to over 30. The development of an LC-MS method using a neutral mobile phase led to the discovery of isomers of AZA1, AZA2, and AZA3, present at ?2-16% of the parent analogues in phytoplankton and shellfish samples. Under acidic mobile phase conditions, isomers and their parents are not separated. Stability studies showed that these isomers were spontaneous epimerization products whose formation is accelerated with the application of heat. The AZA1 isomer was isolated from contaminated shellfish and identified as 37-epi-AZA1 by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and chemical analyses. Similar analysis indicated that the isomers of AZA2 and AZA3 corresponded to 37-epi-AZA2 and 37-epi-AZA3, respectively. The 37-epimers were found to exist in equilibrium with the parent compounds in solution. 37-epi-AZA1 was quantitated by NMR, and relative molar response studies were performed to determine the potential differences in LC-MS response of AZA1 and 37-epi-AZA1. Toxicological effects were determined using Jurkat T lymphocyte cells as an in vitro cell model. Cytotoxicity experiments employing a metabolically based dye (i.e., MTS) indicated that 37-epi-AZA1 elicited a lethal response that was both concentration- and time-dependent, with EC50 values in the subnanomolar range. On the basis of EC50 comparisons, 37-epi-AZA1 was 5.1-fold more potent than AZA1. This data suggests that the presence of these epimers in seafood products should be considered in the analysis of AZAs for regulatory purposes. © 2014 American Chemical Society.",37 epiazaspiracid 1|acetonitrile|azaspiracid|dye|unclassified drug|aqueous solution|article|carbon nuclear magnetic resonance|concentration response|consumer|controlled study|cytotoxicity|cytotoxicity assay|decarboxylation|epimer|epimerization|experimental model|food contamination|half life time|in vitro study|leukemia cell line|liquid chromatography|mass spectrometry|mussel|phytoplankton|proton nuclear magnetic resonance|reaction analysis|sea food|shellfish|structure analysis|tandem mass spectrometry|time|toxicity testing|toxin analysis,10.1021/tx400434b,21272151,,,,d6bab772-25d4-4827-829e-95349dde21c8,article,eng
An immunogenic peptide in the A-box of HMGB1 protein reverses apoptosis-induced tolerance through RAGE receptor,"LeBlanc, P.M.|Doggett, T.A.|Choi, J.|Hancock, M.A.|Durocher, Y.|Frank, F.|Nagar, B.|Ferguson, T.A.|Saleh, M.",Journal of Biological Chemistry,289,11,7777,7786,,2014,2014,,,1083-351X,,,,,,,,"Apoptotic cells trigger immune tolerance in engulfing phagocytes. This poorly understood process is believed to contribute to the severe immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to nosocomial infections observed in critically ill sepsis patients. Extracellular high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is an important mediator of both sepsis lethality and the induction of immune tolerance by apoptotic cells. We have found that HMGB1 is sensitive to processing by caspase-1, resulting in the production of a fragment within its N-terminal DNA-binding domain (the A-box) that signals through the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) to reverse apoptosis-induced tolerance. In a two-hit mouse model of sepsis, we show that tolerance to a secondary infection and its associated mortality were effectively reversed by active immunization with dendritic cells treated with HMGB1 or the Abox fragment, but not a noncleavable form of HMGB1. These findings represent a novel link between caspase-1 and HMGB1, with potential therapeutic implications in infectious and inflammatory diseases. © 2014 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.","Biochemistry|Biology|Advanced glycation end products|Apoptotic cells|Critically ills|DNA-binding domain|High-mobility groups|Immune tolerances|Inflammatory disease|Nosocomial infection|Cell death|advanced glycation end product|advanced glycation end product receptor|aspartic acid|cryopyrin|dendritic cell vaccine|high mobility group B1 protein|inflammasome|interleukin 1beta converting enzyme|recombinant enzyme|A box|active immunization|amino terminal sequence|animal cell|animal experiment|animal model|animal tissue|apoptosis|article|candidemia|cell therapy|delayed hypersensitivity|dendritic cell|DNA binding motif|embryo|immunogenicity|immunological tolerance|immunomodulation|in vitro study|mortality|mouse|nonhuman|priority journal|protein domain|protein protein interaction|secondary infection|sepsis|Apoptosis|Caspase|Inflammation|Innate Immunity|Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE)|Sepsis|Tolerance|Animals|Apoptosis|Candida|Candidiasis|Caspase 1|Dendritic Cells|Fibroblasts|HMGB1 Protein|Immune Tolerance|Immunity, Innate|Inflammation|Mice|Mice, Inbred C57BL|Mice, Knockout|Peptides|Receptors, Immunologic|Recombinant Proteins|Sepsis|Surface Plasmon Resonance",10.1074/jbc.M113.541474,21272159,,,,415c280e-d4c6-455f-9b20-e33489d951f2,article,eng
Superhydrophobic stability of nanotube array surfaces under impact and static forces,"Zhu, L.|Shi, P.|Xue, J.|Wang, Y.|Chen, Q.|Ding, J.|Wang, Q.",ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces,6,11,8073,8079,,2014,2014,,,1944-8252,,,,,,,,"The surfaces of nanotube arrays were coated with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) using an imprinting method with an anodized alumina membrane as the template. The prepared nanotube array surfaces then either remained untreated or were coated with NH2(CH2)3Si(OCH 3)3(PDNS) or CF3(CF2) 7CH2CH2Si(OC2H5) 3 (PFO). Thus, nanotube arrays with three different surfaces, PDNS, PMMA (without coating), and PFO, were obtained. All three surfaces (PDNS, PMMA, and PFO) exhibited superhydrophobic properties with contact angles (CA) of 155, 166, and 168°, respectively, and their intrinsic water contact angles were 30, 79, and 118°, respectively. The superhydrophobic stabilities of these three surfaces were examined under dynamic impact and static pressures in terms of the transition from the Cassie-Baxter mode to the Wenzel mode. This transition was determined by the maximum pressure (pmax), which is dependent on the intrinsic contact angle and the nanotube density of the surface. A pmax greater than 10 kPa, which is sufficiently large to maintain stable superhydrophobicity under extreme weather conditions, such as in heavy rain, was expected from the PFO surface. Interestingly, the PDNS surface, with an intrinsic CA of only 30°, also displayed superhydrophobicity, with a CA of 155°. This property was partially maintained under the dynamic impact and static pressure tests. However, under an extremely high pressure (0.5 MPa), all three surfaces transitioned from the Cassie-Baxter mode to the Wenzel mode. Furthermore, the lost superhydrophobicity could not be recovered by simply relieving the pressure. This result indicates that the best way to maintain superhydrophobicity is to increase the pmax of the surface to a value higher than the applied external pressure by using low surface energy materials and having high-density binary nano-/microstructures on the surface. © 2014 American Chemical Society.",Alumina|Contact angle|Energy barriers|Esters|Nanotubes|Silicon|Anodized alumina membranes|External pressures|Extreme weather conditions|Low surface energy materials|Nanotube arrays|Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)|State transitions|Superhydrophobic|Hydrophobicity,10.1021/am500261c,21272171,,,,b7512250-192f-45f2-a3ec-1bc4ec35794b,article,eng
Erythorbic acid promoted synthesis of CdS quantum dots in aqueous solution and study on optical properties,"Liang, Y.|Yu, K.|Wang, J.|Chen, J.|Sun, B.|Shao, L.",Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,455,1,129,135,,2014,2014,,,1873-4359,,,,,,,,"The effect of erythorbic acid (EA) on the aqueous formation of CdS quantum dots (QDs) at room temperature was explored in this work. Without N2 protection, CdS QDs were synthesized in water by a one-pot non-hot-injection approach at room temperature. The Cd and S sources were CdCl2 and Na2S, respectively, together with 3-mercapto-propionic acid (MPA) as the passivating ligand. The experimental results indicate that the use of the oxygen scavenger, i.e., EA, was critical for the formation of the CdS QDs with reasonably good optical properties, and it is also important to tune experimental parameters such as MPA-to-Cd molar ratios, pH, and reactant concentrations. The mechanism about the EA promoted formation of CdS QDs was discussed in terms of NMR, IR, in situ absorption, and photoemission studies. The very reason for the EA promoted formation of CdS QDs is due to its reducibility and passivation on the QD surface (particularly in alkaline environment). The present study suggests that the use of EA could be a practical means to enable the room-temperature formation of QDs in water. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.",Alkalinity|Cadmium chloride|Optical properties|Passivation|Scavenging|Semiconductor quantum dots|Water injection|Acid-promoted synthesis|Cds quantum dots(QDs)|Environment friendly|Experimental parameters|Oxygen scavengers|QDs|Reactant concentrations|Water-soluble|Cadmium sulfide|3 mercaptopropionic acid|cadmium sulfate|isoascorbic acid|quantum dot|absorption|aqueous solution|article|chemical structure|infrared spectrometry|nuclear magnetic resonance|priority journal|room temperature|synthesis,10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.04.049,21272172,,,,22ce0d5d-28b0-4206-98ac-310c8d6cc4da,article,eng
Electrochemical performance of gadolinia-doped ceria (CGO) electrolyte thin films for ITSOFC deposited by spray pyrolysis,"Reolon, R.P.|Halmenschlager, C.M.|Neagu, R.|De Fraga Malfatti, C.|Bergmann, C.P.",Journal of Power Sources,261,,348,355,,2014,2014,,,0378-7753,,,,,,,,"Solid Oxide Fuel Cell is an attractive, efficient, alternative source of power generation. However several challenges remained for this technology to be viable. These challenges include high power density, degradation rate, and cost. One way to decrease the SOFC cost is to use stainless steel interconnector. To be able to use a stainless steel interconnector one of the challenges is to find a way to produce an electrolyte, which does not need sintering at high temperature. This work presents the results of the process applied to gadolinia-doped ceria thin films deposited in cycles by spray pyrolysis. The aim of this work was to obtain thin, dense, and continuous CGO coatings, which has electrochemical performance suitable to be used as electrolyte for SOFC. The results obtained show that the air flow rate influenced the droplets size and hence the film quality. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the films were crystalline after the deposition. Electrochemical tests showed maximum power density of 510 mW cm-2 at 650 °C with a thickness average of 3.30 ?m when the film was deposited in 12 cycles showing that the film has a potential to be used as an electrolyte for ITSOFC on metal support. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Degradation|Sintering|Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)|Spray pyrolysis|Thin films|X ray diffraction analysis|Alternative source|Electrochemical performance|Electrochemical test|Electrolyte thin film|Gadolinia doped ceria|Gadolinium doped ceria|High power density|Maximum power density|Electrolytes,10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.106,21272175,,,,0fa530ac-d2e7-4146-9025-41f286376134,article,eng
The structure of the polysaccharide isolated from Acinetobacter baumannii strain LAC-4,"Vinogradov, E.|Maclean, L.|Xu, H.H.|Chen, W.",Carbohydrate Research,390,1,42,45,,2014,2014,,,1873-426X,,,,,,,,"The structure of the surface polysaccharide from a hypervirulent for mice Acinetobacter baumannii strain LAC-4 was studied. The polysaccharide was built of trisaccharide repeating units containing ?-l-fucosamine, ?-d-glucosamine, and ?-8-epi-legionaminic acid. The structure interpretation was based mostly on NMR data. Polysaccharide was obtained using a procedure of LPS O-chain preparation, although whether it is an LPS O-chain or capsular polysaccharide remained unclear. © 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",Nuclear magnetic resonance|Organic compounds|Structure (composition)|Synthesis (chemical)|Acinetobacters|Baumannii|Capsular polysaccharides|D-glucosamine|LPS|NMR data|O-polysaccharide|Repeating unit|Chains|lipopolysaccharide|polysaccharide|trisaccharide|Acinetobacter baumannii|anion exchange chromatography|article|bacterial strain|carbohydrate analysis|gel chromatography|nonhuman|nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|priority journal,10.1016/j.carres.2014.03.001,21272176,,,,599c2468-d1ff-4575-b45f-4187d46ea826,article,eng
Conductivity of Si(111)-(7×7): The role of a single atomic step,"Martins, B.V.C.|Smeu, M.|Livadaru, L.|Guo, H.|Wolkow, R.A.",Physical Review Letters,112,24,,,246802,2014,2014,,,1079-7114,,,,,,,,"While it is known that the Si-(7×7) is a conducting surface, measured conductivity values differ by 7 orders of magnitude. Here we report a combined STM and transport method capable of surface conductivity measurement of step-free or single-step containing surface regions and having minimal interaction with the sample, and by which we quantitatively determine the intrinsic conductivity of the Si-(7×7) surface. We found that a single step has a conductivity per unit length about 50 times smaller than the flat surface. Our first principles quantum transport calculations confirm and lend insight into the experimental observation. © 2014 American Physical Society.",Quantum electronics|Conducting surfaces|First-principles quantum transports|Intrinsic conductivity|Minimal interactions|Orders of magnitude|Per unit length|Surface conductivity|Transport method|Silicon,10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.246802,21272177,,,,a3f76804-3dbc-409f-8f76-1273efacdbb0,article,eng
Orally delivered water soluble Coenzyme Q10 (Ubisol-Q10) blocks on-going neurodegeneration in rats exposed to paraquat: Potential for therapeutic application in Parkinson's disease,"Muthukumaran, K.|Leahy, S.|Harrison, K.|Sikorska, M.|Sandhu, J.K.|Cohen, J.|Keshan, C.|Lopatin, D.|Miller, H.|Borowy-Borowski, H.|Lanthier, P.|Weinstock, S.|Pandey, S.",BMC Neuroscience,15,,,,21,2014,2014,,,1471-2202,,,,,,,,"Background: Paraquat, still used as an herbicide in some parts of the world, is now regarded as a dangerous environmental neurotoxin and is linked to the development Parkinson's disease (PD). Paraquat interacts with cellular redox systems and causes mitochondrial dysfunction and the formation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn, plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of PD. Various antioxidant therapies have been explored with the expectations that they deliver health benefits to the PD patients, however, no such therapies were effective. Here we have tested the neuroprotective efficacy of a novel water-soluble CoQ10 (Ubisol-Q10), in a rat model of paraquat-induced neurodegeneration in order to evaluate its potential application in the management of PD.Results: We have developed a rat model of progressive nigrostriatal degeneration by giving rats five intraperitoneal injections of paraquat (10 mg/kg/injection), once every five days. Neuronal death occurred over a period of 8 weeks with close to 50% reduction in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells. Ubisol-Q10, at 6 mg CoQ10/kg body weight/day, was delivered as a supplement in drinking water. The intervention begun after the completion of paraquat injections when the neurodegenerative process had already began and about 20% of TH-positive neurons were lost. Ubisol-Q10 treatment halted the progression of neurodegeneration and remaining neurons were protected. The outcomes were evaluated based on the number of surviving tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra region and improved motor skills in response to the Ubisol-Q10 intervention. To maintain this neuroprotection, however, continuous Ubisol- Q10 supplementation was required, if withdrawn, the neuronal death pathway resumed, suggesting that the presence of CoQ10 was essential for blocking the pathway.Conclusion: The CoQ10, given orally as Ubisol-Q10 in drinking solution, was effective in blocking the progression of neurodegeneration when administered therapeutically (post-toxin injection), at a much lower concentration than other previously tested oil soluble formulations and well within the acceptable daily intake of 12 mg/kg/day. Such unprecedented neuroprotection has never been reported before. These results are very encouraging and suggest that Ubisol-Q10 should be further tested and developed as a therapy for halting the progression of PD. © 2014 Muthukumaran et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",paraquat|tyrosine 3 monooxygenase|ubiquinone|animal cell|animal experiment|animal model|animal tissue|article|brain death|cell survival|controlled study|disease course|motor performance|nerve cell|neuroprotection|neurotoxicity|nonhuman|Parkinson disease|rat|striatonigral degeneration|substantia nigra|treatment outcome,10.1186/1471-2202-15-21,21272178,,,,32142678-06e6-45cc-8077-5f2c59c58690,article,eng
2D NMR barcoding and differential analysis of complex mixtures for chemical identification: The Actaea triterpenes,"Qiu, F.|McAlpine, J.B.|Lankin, D.C.|Burton, I.|Karakach, T.|Chen, S.-N.|Pauli, G.F.",Analytical Chemistry,86,8,3964,3972,,2014,2014,,,1520-6882,,,,,,,,"The interpretation of NMR spectroscopic information for structure elucidation involves decoding of complex resonance patterns that contain valuable molecular information (? and J), which is not readily accessible otherwise. We introduce a new concept of 2D-NMR barcoding that uses clusters of fingerprint signals and their spatial relationships in the ?-? coordinate space to facilitate the chemical identification of complex mixtures. Similar to widely used general barcoding technology, the structural information of individual compounds is encoded as a specifics pattern of their C,H correlation signals. Software-based recognition of these patterns enables the structural identification of the compounds and their discrimination in mixtures. Using the triterpenes from various Actaea (syn. Cimicifuga) species as a test case, heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) barcodes were generated on the basis of their structural subtypes from a statistical investigation of their ?H and ?C data in the literature. These reference barcodes allowed in silico identification of known triterpenes in enriched fractions obtained from an extract of A. racemosa (black cohosh). After dereplication, a differential analysis of heteronuclear single-quantum correlation (HSQC) spectra even allowed for the discovery of a new triterpene. The 2D barcoding concept has potential application in a natural product discovery project, allowing for the rapid dereplication of known compounds and as a tool in the search for structural novelty within compound classes with established barcodes. © 2014 American Chemical Society.",Bar codes|Mixtures|Nuclear magnetic resonance|Chemical identification|Differential analysis|Molecular information|Software-based recognition|Spatial relationships|Spectroscopic information|Structural identification|Structural information|Chemical analysis,10.1021/ac500188j,21272179,,,,b2d08a00-11d8-4f94-b686-a36c700c985a,article,eng
Static and predictive tomographic reconstruction for wide-field multi-object adaptive optics systems,"Correia, C.|Jackson, K.|Véran, J.-P.|Andersen, D.|Lardière, O.|Bradley, C.","Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics and Image Science, and Vision",31,1,101,113,,2014,2014,,,1084-7529,,,,,,,,"Multi-object adaptive optics (MOAO) systems are still in their infancy: their complex optical designs for tomographic, wide-field wavefront sensing, coupled with open-loop (OL) correction, make their calibration a challenge. The correction of a discrete number of specific directions in the field allows for streamlined application of a general class of spatio-angular algorithms, initially proposed in Whiteley et al. [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 2097 (1998)], which is compatible with partial on-line calibration. The recent Learn and Apply algorithm from Vidal et al. [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 27, A253 (2010)] can then be reinterpreted in a broader framework of tomographic algorithms and is shown to be a special case that exploits the particulars of OL and aperture-plane phase conjugation. An extension to embed a temporal prediction step to tackle sky-coverage limitations is discussed. The trade-off between lengthening the camera integration period, therefore increasing system lag error, and the resulting improvement in SNR can be shifted to higher guide-star magnitudes by introducing temporal prediction. The derivation of the optimal predictor and a comparison to suboptimal autoregressive models is provided using temporal structure functions. It is shown using end-to-end simulations of Raven, the MOAO science, and technology demonstrator for the 8 m Subaru telescope that prediction allows by itself the use of 1-magnitude-fainter guide stars. © 2013 Optical Society of America.",Adaptive optics systems|Auto regressive models|End-to-end simulation|On-line calibration|Temporal prediction|Temporal structures|Tomographic reconstruction|Wave-front sensing|Algorithms|Calibration|Optical phase conjugation|Signal to noise ratio|Stars|Tomography,10.1364/JOSAA.31.000101,21272180,,,,267800ca-3756-4946-afbf-73f8b6a55d50,article,eng
Central-transition double-quantum sideband NMR spectroscopy of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei: Estimating internuclear distances and probing clusters within multi-spin networks,"Brinkmann, A.|Edén, M.",Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics,16,15,7037,7050,,2014,2014,,,1463-9076,,,,,,,,"We introduce a strategy to estimate the size of clusters of recoupled homonuclear half-integer quadrupolar nuclei under magic-angle spinning (MAS) conditions, by combining double-quantum (2Q) sideband NMR experiments with an approximate numerical analysis based on the summation of all spin-pairs present over a given radius of the structure. The experiment relies solely on the evolution of homonuclear 2Q coherences (2QC) among the central-transitions (CT) of half-integer spins and is suitable for probing clusters in network structures, such as those encountered in large groups of oxide-based materials. Experimental 11B, 23Na and 27Al NMR results are presented on bis(catecholato)diboron, Na2SO4 and Al 2O3, respectively; in each case, the growth of the spin-cluster size was monitored from a series of experiments that employed progressively lengthened 2QC excitation intervals. Our new approach is the first option for probing larger constellations of half-integer spins; it provides similar information as the ""multiple-quantum spin counting"" experiment, which is well-established for spin-1/2 applications but has hitherto not been demonstrated for half-integer spins undergoing MAS. We also discuss various options for determining the internuclear distance within a (nearly) isolated pair of half-integer spins by comparing the experimental 2Q sideband NMR spectra with results from numerical simulations involving various degrees of approximation. © 2014 the Partner Organisations.",,10.1039/c4cp00029c,21272181,,,,b8201b08-2b23-4b58-b210-b5c9c3698f94,article,eng
Silicon photonic integration platform-Have we found the sweet spot?,"Xu, D.-X.|Schmid, J.H.|Reed, G.T.|Mashanovich, G.Z.|Thomson, D.J.|Nedeljkovic, M.|Chen, X.|Van Thourhout, D.|Keyvaninia, S.|Selvaraja, S.K.",IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics,20,4,,,6709757,2014,2014,,,1077-260X,,,,,,,,"The current trend in silicon photonics towards higher levels of integration as well as the model of using CMOS foundries for fabrication are leading to a need for standardization of substrate parameters and fabrication processes. In particular, for several established research and development foundries that grant general access, silicon-on-insulator wafers with a silicon thickness of 220 nm have become the standard substrate for which devices and circuits have to be designed. In this study we investigate the role of silicon device layer thickness in design optimization of various components that need to be integrated in a typical optical transceiver, including both passive ones for routing, wavelength selection, and light coupling as well as active ones such as monolithic modulators and on-chip lasers produced by hybrid integration. We find that in all devices considered there is an advantage in using a silicon thickness larger than 220 nm, either for improved performance or for simplified fabrication processes and relaxed tolerances. © 2014 IEEE.",,10.1109/JSTQE.2014.2299634,21272184,,,,363762ca-f495-40d1-8a99-aaa6f3b1848b,article,eng
Enhancing optical field intensities in Gaussian-profile fiber Bragg gratings,"Upham, J.|De Leon, I.|Grobnic, D.|Ma, E.|Dicaire, M.-C.N.|Schulz, S.A.|Murugkar, S.|Boyd, R.W.",Optics Letters,39,4,849,852,,2014,2014,,,1539-4794,,,,,,,,"Gaussian profile fiber Bragg gratings exhibit narrow-bandwidth transmission peaks with significant group delay at the edge of their photonic bandgap. We demonstrate group delays ranging from 0.2 to 5.6 ns from a 1.2 cm structure. Simulations suggest such a device would be capable of enhancing the field intensity of incoming light by a factor of 800. Enhancement is confirmed by photothermally induced bistability of these peaks even at sub-milliwatt input powers with as much as a four-fold difference in the magnitude of their responses. The strong field intensities of these modes could significantly enhance desired nonlinear optical responses in fiber, provided the impact of absorption is addressed. © 2014 Optical Society of America.",Group delay|Field intensity|Gaussian profiles|Incoming light|Nonlinear optical response|Optical field intensity|Photothermally|Strong field|Transmission peaks|Fiber Bragg gratings,10.1364/OL.39.000849,21272185,,,,79a1dc2a-37e8-4166-90a6-93b90e412eba,article,eng
Magnetic resonance microscopy for assessment of morphological changes in hydrating hydroxypropylmethylcellulose matrix tablets in situ - is it possible to detect phenomena related to drug dissolution within the hydrated matrices?,"Kulinowski, P.|M?ynarczyk, A.|Jasi?ski, K.|Talik, P.|Gruwel, M.L.H.|Tomanek, B.|Weglarz, W.P.|Dorozy?ski, P.",Pharmaceutical Research,31,9,2383,2392,,2014,2014,,,0724-8741,,,,,,,,"Purpose: So far, the hydrated part of the HPMC matrix has commonly been denoted as a ""gel"" or ""pseudogel"" layer. No MRI-based results have been published regarding observation of internal phenomena related to drug dissolution inside swelling polymeric matrices during hydration. The purpose of the study was to detect such phenomena. Methods: Multiparametric, spatially and temporally resolved T2 MR relaxometry, in situ, was applied to study formation of the hydration progress in HPMC matrix tablets loaded with L-dopa and ketoprofen using a 11.7 T MRI system. Two spin-echo based pulse sequences were used, one of them specifically designed to study short T2 signals. Results: Two components in the T2 decay envelope were estimated and spatial distributions of their parameters, i.e. amplitudes and T2 values, were obtained. Based on the data, different region formation patterns (i.e. multilayer structure) were registered depending on drug presence and solubility. Inside the matrix with incorporated sparingly soluble drug a specific layer formation due to drug dissolution was detected, whereas a matrix with very slightly soluble drug does not form distinct external ""gel-like"" layer. Conclusions: We have introduced a new paradigm in the characterization of hydrating matrices using 1H MRI methods. It reflects molecular mobility and concentration of water inside the hydrated matrix. For the first time, drug dissolution related phenomena, i.e. particular front and region formation, were observed by MRI methods. © 2014 The Author(s).",,10.1007/s11095-014-1334-2,21272186,56024,,,6e68134c-0c23-48e9-9ed4-0e36211b3765,article,eng
Screening-level estimates of indoor exposure to volatile organic compounds emitted from building materials,"Ye, Wei|Little, John C.|Won, Doyun|Zhang, Xu",Building and Environment,75,,58,66,,2014,2014-05,,,0360-1323,,,,,,,,"Knowing the value of the key mass-transfer model parameters is a critical requirement for evaluating volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from indoor materials. The key parameters are diffusion coefficient (D), partition coefficient (K), and initial material-phase emittable concentration (C0). Although these parameters can be individually measured in the laboratory, the required time and expense are substantial. A simple method of determining D and C0 using data from ventilated chamber tests and dimensionless analysis is proposed and then validated using VOC emission data from the material emissions database developed by National Research Council Canada (NRC). The primary application of this method is to provide a rapid screening-level estimate of inhalation exposure to VOCs in building materials. Two standard scenarios using the NRC database are employed to demonstrate the value of the approach to indoor air quality assessment. The method could be a useful screening tool for assessing material emissions or environmental exposures. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.",VOC; diffusion coefficient; chamber test; characteristic emission rate,10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.01.018,21272169,NRC-CONST-56160,,,52117aab-30f7-4d95-a844-7a1de82e007e,article,eng
Apple flavonols and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich fish oil lowers blood C-reactive protein in rats with hypercholesterolemia and acute inflammation,"Sekhon-Loodu, S.|Catalli, A.|Kulka, M.|Wang, Y.|Shahidi, F.|Rupasinghe, H.P.V.",Nutrition Research,34,6,535,543,,2014,2014,,,0271-5317,,,,,,,,"Both quercetin glycosides and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are well established for their individual health benefits in ameliorating metabolic disease. However, their combined effects are not well documented. It was hypothesized that the beneficial properties of quercetin glycosides can be enhanced when provided in combination with n-3 PUFA. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of apple flavonols (AF) and fish oil (FO), alone and in combination, on proinflammatory biomarkers and lipid profiles in rats fed a high-fat diet. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 12) and fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. One of the 5 groups of rats was used as the high-fat control. The other 4 groups of rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally, 5 hours before euthanization. One of these 4 groups was used as the hypercholerolemic and inflammatory control (high-fat with lipopolysaccharide [HFL]), and the other 3 received AF (HFL + 25 mg/kg per day AF), FO (HFL + 1 g/kg per day FO), or the combination (HFL + AF + FO). Compared to the HFL group, the AF, FO, and AF + FO groups showed lower serum concentrations of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The AF, FO, and AF + FO also had lowered serum triacylglycerol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations, but higher HDL-C levels relative to the HFL group. An additive effect was observed on serum CRP in the AF + FO group as compared with the AF or FO groups. The results demonstrated that AF and FO inhibited the production of proinflammatory mediators and showed an improved efficacy to lower serum CRP when administered in combination, and they significantly improved blood lipid profiles in rats with diet-induced hyperlipidemia and LPS-induced acute inflammation. © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",,10.1016/j.nutres.2014.05.002,21272174,,,,22894323-39cd-4c57-ad98-280d8c59545e,article,eng
Characterization of optical coherence tomography images acquired at large distances with large-diameter beams,"Popescu, D.P.|Smith, M.S.D.|Sowa, M.G.",IEEE Photonics Journal,6,3,,,6900111,2014,2014,,,1943-0655,,,,,,,,"We tested the imaging capabilities for variants of a 1550-nm swept-source fiber-based optical coherence tomography system with a telecentric system incorporated at the end of its sample arm. The system was designed for in vivo imaging of burns; therefore, we acquired images from samples located at distances greater than 24 cm from the exit of the telecentric system. Each system variation had a specific combination of diameters for the reference and sample beams. In the reference arm, we used, alternately, two collimated beams with diameters of 1.5 and 14 mm, respectively. In the sample arm, we tested collimated beams with the following diameters: 1.5, 3.5, 5.7, 8.4, and 14 mm. A galvanometric mirror system scanned the collimated sample beam across the entrance pupil of the telecentric system. The sample beam exited the telecentric system parallel with its optical axis and convergent onto the sample. Depending on the collimator used in the sample arm, images were acquired with beams focused to waist diameters ranging from 40 to 240 ?m. We acquired images with the sample at different locations within a ±30 mm range centered about the sample beam waist. Furthermore, we used the signal-to-noise ratio, the detected signal intensity, and the visual appearance to compare images acquired with different sample/reference beam configurations. © 2014 IEEE.",Image analysis|Molecular physics|Photonics|Speckle|Beam configuration|Collimated beams|Imaging capabilities|Medical optics instrumentation|Signal intensities|System variations|Telecentric system|Visual appearance|Optical tomography,10.1109/JPHOT.2014.2321754,21272118,,,,153ece27-9c33-4976-95da-fd3cfbfe2fed,article,eng
The Smn-independent beneficial effects of trichostatin a on an intermediate mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy,"Liu, H.|Yazdani, A.|Murray, L.M.|Beauvais, A.|Kothary, R.",PLoS ONE,9,7,,,e101225,2014,2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,,,,"Spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease characterized by the progressive loss of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord. Trichostatin A (TSA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor with beneficial effects in spinal muscular atrophy mouse models that carry the human SMN2 transgene. It is currently unclear whether TSA specifically targets the SMN2 gene or whether other genes respond to TSA and in turn provide neuroprotection in SMA mice. We have taken advantage of the Smn2B/- mouse model that does not harbor the human SMN2 transgene, to test the hypothesis that TSA has its beneficial effects through a non-SMN mediated pathway. TSA increased the median lifespan of Smn2B/- mice from twenty days to eight weeks. As well, there was a significant attenuation of weight loss and improved motor behavior. Pen test and righting reflex both showed significant improvement, and motor neurons in the spinal cord of Smn2B/- mice were protected from degeneration. Both the size and maturity of neuromuscular junctions were significantly improved in TSA treated Smn2B/- mice. Of interest, TSA treatment did not increase the levels of Smn protein in mouse embryonic fibroblasts or myoblasts obtained from the Smn2B/- mice. In addition, no change in the level of Smn transcripts or protein in the brain or spinal cord of TSA-treated SMA model mice was observed. Furthermore, TSA did not increase Smn protein levels in the hind limb muscle, heart, or liver of Smn2B/- mice. We therefore conclude that TSA likely exerts its effects independent of the endogenous mouse Smn gene. As such, identification of the pathways regulated by TSA in the Smn 2B/- mice could lead to the development of novel therapeutics for treating SMA. © 2014 Liu et al.",,10.1371/journal.pone.0101225,21272120,,,,f4041970-1839-4e42-9df0-7bbd30fdf0e8,article,eng
Developing trends in aptamer-based biosensor devices and their applications,"Mackay, S.|Wishart, D.|Xing, J.Z.|Chen, J.",IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems,8,1,4,14,6744673,2014,2014,,,1932-4545,,,,,,,,"Aptamers are, in general, easier to produce, easier to store and are able to bind to a wider variety of targets than antibodies. For these reasons, aptamers are gaining increasing popularity in environmental monitoring as well as disease detection and disease management applications. This review article examines the research and design of RNA and DNA aptamer based biosensor systems and applications as well as their potential for integration in effective biosensor devices. As single stranded DNA or RNA molecules that can bind to specific targets, aptamers are well suited for biomolecular recognition and sensing applications. Beyond being able to be designed for a near endless number of specific targets, aptamers can also be made which change their conformation in a predictable and consistent way upon binding. This can lead to many unique and effective detection methods using a variety of optical and electrochemical means. © 2007-2012 IEEE.",Antibodies|Carbon nanotubes|Chemical detection|RNA|Aptamers|Biomolecular recognition|ELectrochemical detection|Environmental Monitoring|Optical detection|SELEX|Sensing applications|Single-stranded DNA|Biosensors,10.1109/TBCAS.2014.2304718,21272124,,,,ec08a1c0-bf09-4a33-98a4-8a0826acc3f8,article,eng
Diverse metastable structures formed by small oligomers of ?-synuclein probed by force spectroscopy,"Neupane, K.|Solanki, A.|Sosova, I.|Belov, M.|Woodside, M.T.",PLoS ONE,9,1,,,e86495,2014,2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,,,,"Oligomeric aggregates are widely suspected as toxic agents in diseases caused by protein aggregation, yet they remain poorly characterized, partly because they are challenging to isolate from a heterogeneous mixture of species. We developed an assay for characterizing structure, stability, and kinetics of individual oligomers at high resolution and sensitivity using single-molecule force spectroscopy, and applied it to observe the formation of transient structured aggregates within single oligomers of ?-synuclein, an intrinsically-disordered protein linked to Parkinson's disease. Measurements of the molecular extension as the proteins unfolded under tension in optical tweezers revealed that even small oligomers could form numerous metastable structures, with a surprisingly broad range of sizes. Comparing the structures formed in monomers, dimers and tetramers, we found that the average mechanical stability increased with oligomer size. Most structures formed within a minute, with size-dependent rates. These results provide a new window onto the complex ?-synuclein aggregation landscape, characterizing the microscopic structural heterogeneity and kinetics of different pathways. © 2014 Neupane et al.",alpha synuclein|dimer|monomer|oligomer|tetramer|animal cell|article|controlled study|enzyme kinetics|mathematical computing|molecular probe|molecular stability|nonhuman|oligomerization|optical tweezers|Parkinson disease|particle size|protein aggregation|protein stability|protein structure|single molecule force spectroscopy|spectroscopy,10.1371/journal.pone.0086495,21272128,,,,e10fd22b-612e-4048-861b-dba88e3a7f9d,article,eng
Optimization of enzyme assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus,"Chen, H.|Zhou, X.|Zhang, J.",Carbohydrate Polymers,111,,567,575,,2014,2014,,,0144-8617,,,,,,,,"Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is known to have a variety of pharmacological activities. In the present study, enzyme assisted extraction of APS from Astragalus mongholicus using various enzymes were examined. Research found that glucose oxidase offered a better performance in enhancement of extraction yields of APS than other ones. Glucose oxidase assisted extraction process was further optimized by using response surface method (RSM) to obtain maximum yield of crude APS. The optimized extraction conditions were as follows: enzyme amount of 3.0%, enzyme treated time of 3.44 d, enzyme treated temperature of 56.9 °C and extraction solvent pH of 7.8. Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 29.96 ± 0.14%, which was well in close agreement with the value (30.19%) predicted by RSM model and increased more than 250% compared with none enzyme treated ones. Pharmacological test showed that enzyme assisted APS had a better antioxidant activity (about 2 times higher) than none enzyme treated ones. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.",Extraction|Glucose oxidase|Glucose sensors|Polysaccharides|Surface properties|Anti-oxidant activities|Astragalus membranaceus|Astragalus mongholicus|Astragalus polysaccharides|Enzyme-assisted extractions|Extraction conditions|Pharmacological activity|Response surface method|Enzymes,10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.033,21272130,,,,92015c29-beb4-4a3f-a355-42be43f489eb,article,eng
"Stimulus-selective regulation of human mast cell gene expression, degranulation and leukotriene production by fluticasone and salmeterol","Catalli, A.|Karpov, V.|Erdos, L.E.|Tancowny, B.P.|Schleimer, R.P.|Kulka, M.",PLoS ONE,9,5,,,e96891,2014,2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,,,,"Despite the fact that glucocorticoids and long acting beta agonists are effective treatments for asthma, their effects on human mast cells (MC) appear to be modest. Although MC are one of the major effector cells in the underlying inflammatory reactions associated with asthma, their regulation by these drugs is not yet fully understood and, in some cases, controversial. Using a human immortalized MC line (LAD2), we studied the effects of fluticasone propionate (FP) and salmeterol (SM), on the release of early and late phase mediators. LAD2 cells were pretreated with FP (100 nM), SM (1 ?M), alone and in combination, at various incubation times and subsequently stimulated with agonists substance P, C3a and IgE/anti-IgE. Degranulation was measured by the release of ?-hexosaminidase. Cytokine and chemokine expression were measured using quantitative PCR, ELISA and cytometric bead array (CBA) assays. The combination of FP and SM synergistically inhibited degranulation of MC stimulated with substance P (33% inhibition compared to control, n = 3, P< .05). Degranulation was inhibited by FP alone, but not SM, when MC were stimulated with C3a (48% inhibition, n = 3, P<.05). As previously reported, FP and SM did not inhibit degranulation when MC were stimulated with IgE/anti-IgE. FP and SM in combination inhibited substance P-induced release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), CCL2, and CXCL8 (98%, 99% and 92% inhibition, respectively, n = 4, P<.05). Fluticasone and salmeterol synergistically inhibited mediator production by human MC stimulated with the neuropeptide substance P. This synergistic effect on mast cell signaling may be relevant to the therapeutic benefit of combination therapy in asthma. © 2014 Catalli et al.",beta n acetylhexosaminidase|complement component C3a|fluticasone propionate|immunoglobulin E|immunoglobulin E antibody|interleukin 8|leukotriene|monocyte chemotactic protein 1|salmeterol|substance P|tumor necrosis factor|article|cell stimulation|combination chemotherapy|concentration response|controlled study|cytokine production|drug mechanism|drug potentiation|enzyme release|gene expression regulation|human|human cell|incubation time|intracellular signaling|mast cell degranulation|monotherapy,10.1371/journal.pone.0096891,21272132,,,,22ee7099-98e1-4426-afd7-5ce9910d94c6,article,eng
"Hydrogen-catalyzed, pilot-scale production of small-diameter boron nitride nanotubes and their macroscopic assemblies","Kim, Keun Su|Kingston, Christopher T.|Hrdina, Amy|Jakubinek, Michael B.|Guan, Jingwen|Plunkett, Mark|Simard, Benoit",ACS Nano,8,6,6211,6220,,2014,2014,,,1936-086X,,,,,,,,"Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) exhibit a range of properties that are as compelling as those of carbon nanotubes (CNTs); however, very low production volumes have prevented the science and technology of BNNTs from evolving at even a fraction of the pace of CNTs. Here we report the high-yield production of small-diameter BNNTs from pure hexagonal boron nitride powder in an induction thermal plasma process. Few-walled, highly crystalline small-diameter BNNTs (?5 nm) are produced exclusively and at an unprecedentedly high rate approaching 20 g/h, without the need for metal catalysts. An exceptionally high cooling rate (?105 K/s) in the induction plasma provides a strong driving force for the abundant nucleation of small-sized B droplets, which are known as effective precursors for small-diameter BNNTs. It is also found that the addition of hydrogen to the reactant gases is crucial for achieving such high-quality, high-yield growth of BNNTs. In the plasma process, hydrogen inhibits the formation of N2 from N radicals and promotes the creation of B-N-H intermediate species, which provide faster chemical pathways to the re-formation of a h-BN-like phase in comparison to nitridation from N2. We also demonstrate the fabrication of macroscopic BNNT assemblies such as yarns, sheets, buckypapers, and transparent thin films at large scales. These findings represent a seminal milestone toward the exploitation of BNNTs in real-world applications. © Published 2014 by the American Chemical Society.",Boron nitride|Carbon nanotubes|Plasmas|Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)|Hexagonal boron nitride|High quality|Induction thermal plasma|large scale|Pilot-scale production|Assembly,10.1021/nn501661p,21272133,,,,24beb41b-c1d6-4b37-ab18-04a0c611f71f,article,eng
Polar lipids from the marine macroalga Palmaria palmata inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophage cells,"Banskota, A.H.|Stefanova, R.|Sperker, S.|Lall, S.P.|Craigie, J.S.|Hafting, J.T.|Critchley, A.T.",Phytochemistry,101,,101,108,,2014,2014,,,0031-9422,,,,,,,,"The EtOAc soluble fraction of a MeOH/CHCl3 extract of Palmaria palmata showed strong nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production in murine RAW264.7 cells. NO inhibition-guided isolation led to identification of three new polar lipids including a sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG) (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O- myristoyl-3-O-(6-sulfo-?-d-quinovopyranosyl)-glycerol (1) and two phosphatidylglycerols, 1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-trans-3-hexadecenoyl-3-phospho- (1?-glycerol)-glycerol (3) and 1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3- phospho-(1?-glycerol)-glycerol (4) from the EtOAc fraction. Seven known lipids were also isolated including a SQDG (2), a phospholipid (5) and five galactolipids (6-10). Structures of the isolated lipids were elucidated by spectral analyses. The isolated SQDGs, phosphatidylglycerols and phospholipid possessed strong and dose-dependent NO inhibitory activity compared to N G-methyl-l-arginine acetate salt (l-NMMA), a well-known NO inhibitor used as a positive control. Further study suggested that these polar lipids suppressed NO production through down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).",Murinae|Palmaria palmata|Palmariaceae|Rhodymenia palmata,10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.02.004,21272134,NRC-ACRD-55484,,,781eae11-4712-4f65-a2b5-455ddb66577e,article,eng
Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of domoic acid and lipophilic shellfish toxins with selected reaction monitoring and optional confirmation by library searching of product ion spectra,"McCarron, P.|Wright, E.|Quilliam, M.A.",Journal of AOAC International,97,2,316,324,,2014,2014,,,1060-3271,,,,,,,,"LC/MS methodology for the analysis of domoic acid and lipophilic toxins in shellfish was developed using a hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer. For routine quantitation a scheduled selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method for the analysis of domoic acid, okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins, azaspiracids, pectenotoxins, yessotoxins, gymnodimines, spirolides, and pinnatoxins was developed and validated. The method performed well in terms of LOD, linearity, precision, and trueness. Taking advantage of the high instrument sensitivity, matrix effects were mitigated by reducing the amount of sample introduced to the mass spectrometer. Optionally, samples can be analyzed using information dependent acquisition (IDA) methods, either in positive or negative mode, which can provide an extra level of confirmation by matching the full product ion spectra acquired for a sample with those from a specially constructed spectral library. Methods were applied to the analysis of a new certified reference material and Canadian mussels (Mytilus edulis) implicated in a 2011 diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) incident. The scheduled SRM method enabled the screening and quantitation of multiple phycotoxins. As DSP had not previously been observed in this area of Canada, positive identification of putative toxins was accomplished using the IDA and spectral search method. Analysis of the 2011 toxic mussel samples revealed the presence of high levels of dinophysistoxin-1, which explained the DSP symptoms, as well as pectenotoxins, yessotoxins, and variety of cyclic imines. © 2014 Publishing Technology.","Mass spectrometers|Mass spectrometry|Metabolites|Molluscs|Shellfish|Certified reference materials|Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning|Hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer|Information-dependent acquisitions|Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry|Product ion spectra|Selected reaction monitoring|Spectral libraries|Toxic materials|domoic acid|drug derivative|kainic acid|lipid|marine toxin|animal|article|chemistry|food analysis|liquid chromatography|mass spectrometry|methodology|molecular library|reproducibility|shellfish|Animals|Chromatography, Liquid|Food Analysis|Kainic Acid|Lipids|Marine Toxins|Mass Spectrometry|Reproducibility of Results|Shellfish|Small Molecule Libraries",10.5740/jaoacint.SGEMcCarron,21272136,,,,6312ac31-c2d7-4ce3-99f3-7e376f242881,article,eng
Discovering biological patterns from short time-series gene expression profiles with integrating PPI data,"Fan, Wei-Wei|Chen, Bolin|Selvaraj, Gopalan|Wu, Fang-Xiang",,145,,3,13,,2014,26/06/2014,,,0925-2312,Neurocomputing,"Eighth IAPR International Conference on Pattern Recognition in Bioinformatics (PRIB 2013), June 17–20, 2013, Nice, France",,,,,,"As genes with similar functions are closely related, cluster analysis becomes an important tool to understand and predicts gene functions (patterns) from gene expression profiles. In many situations, each gene expression profile only contains a few data points. Directly applying traditional clustering algorithms to such short gene expression profiles cannot obtain biological meaningful patterns. In this paper, we propose a novel method to discover biologically meaningful patterns by clustering short time-series gene expression profiles with integrating protein-protein interaction (PPI) data. Numerical experiments are conducted on two sets of Arabidopsis thaliana short time-series gene expression profiles, with treatments of cold stress and drought stress, respectively. The proposed method can effectively assign genes belonging to target functional clusters (patterns), in terms of having small p-value of GO term 'response to cold' (GO:0009409) in dataset one, and small p-value of GO term 'response to water deprivation' (GO:0009414) in dataset two than those from an existing clustering algorithm (namely STEM) for short time-series gene expression profiles. Additionally, our proposed method is able to identify higher percentage of stress-related genes and un-annotated genes in resultant cluster than STEM for both datasets; which does not only improve gene clustering effectiveness, but also contribute to functional prediction of un-annotated genes.",Pattern discovery; Cluster analysis; Short time-series gene expression profile; Protein–protein interaction; GO term,10.1016/j.neucom.2014.02.068,21272138,NRC-ACRD-56069,,,d59e7433-02f0-4b1e-96e3-54237853aa2d,article,eng
"Microstructure, bioactivity and wear resistance of sintered composite Co-Cr-Mo/Bioglass® for medical implant applications","Cai, F.|Miyata, C.|Huang, X.|Yang, Q.",International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering,8,02-Mar,264,281,,2014,2014,,,1749-7868,,,,,,,,"A sintered Co-Cr-Mo/Bioglass® composite coating, developed for medical implant application, is examined and compared to plasma-sprayed and sintered monolithic Co-Cr-Mo coatings. In addition to microstructure and wear resistance analysis, the bioactivities and corrosion behaviours of various coatings are assessed using simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion. The sintered Co-Cr-Mo/Bioglass® composite and monolithic Co-Cr-Mo coatings have more porous structure than the plasma sprayed Co-Cr-Mo coating. Although the Co-Cr-Mo/Bioglass® composite coating has adequate bonding between Co-Cr-Mo powder and glass particles, the wear resistance is lower than the plasma sprayed Co-Cr-Mo and Stellite 21 substrate. After SBF immersion, calcium is present on the Co-Cr-Mo/Bioglass composite coating, but not on the Co-Cr-Mo coating. It indicates the formation of an apatite layer on the Co-Cr- Mo/Bioglass composite coating and potentially better bioactivity than the monolithic coatings. Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.",Bioactivity|Composite coatings|Composite materials|Glass bonding|Microhardness|Microstructure|Phosphate minerals|Plasma jets|Plasma spraying|Sintering|Wear of materials|Wear resistance|Apatite layers|Corrosion behaviour|Glass particles|Medical implants|Monolithic coatings|Porous structures|Resistance analysis|Simulated body fluids|Chromate coatings,10.1504/IJSURFSE.2014.060500,21272139,,,,aab52aae-09cd-4cf5-a79a-42725813943d,article,eng
Allosteric noncompetitive small molecule selective inhibitors of CD45 tyrosine phosphatase suppress T-cell receptor signals and inflammation in vivo,"Perron, M.D.|Chowdhury, S.|Aubry, I.|Purisima, E.|Tremblay, M.L.|Uri Saragovi, H.",Molecular Pharmacology,85,4,553,563,,2014,2014,,,0026-895X,,,,,,,,"CD45 is a receptor-like member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. We screened in silico for small molecules binding at a predicted allosteric pocket unique to the CD45 intracellular domain, and validated inhibitors by in vitro phosphatase assays. Compound 211 exhibited a CD45 IC 50 value of 200 nM and had >.100-fold selectivity over six related PTPs. The relevance of the allosteric pocket was verified through site-directed mutagenesis. Compound 211 has a noncompetitive mechanism of action, and it is extremely effective at preventing dephosphorylation of substrate Lck phosphotyrosine (pY)-505 versus preventing dephosphorylation of Lck pY-393. In cultured primary T cells, compound 211 prevents T-cell receptor-mediated activation of Lck, Zap-70, and mitogen-activated protein kinase, and interleukin-2 production. In a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in vivo, compound 211 abolished inflammation. This work demonstrates a novel approach to develop effective allosteric inhibitors that can be expanded to target the corresponding allosteric domains of other receptor PTPs.","CD45 antigen|compound 211|interleukin 2|mitogen activated protein kinase|protein kinase Lck|protein kinase ZAP 70|protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor|T lymphocyte receptor|unclassified drug|animal cell|animal experiment|animal model|article|assay|binding site|cell activity|computer model|controlled study|cytokine production|delayed hypersensitivity|drug dose escalation|drug potency|drug selectivity|female|IC 50|immunosuppressive treatment|in vivo study|inflammation|lymphocytic infiltration|molecular docking|mouse|neutropenia|nonhuman|priority journal|protein dephosphorylation|signal transduction|single drug dose|site directed mutagenesis|spleen cell|T lymphocyte|Allosteric Regulation|Allosteric Site|Animals|Antigens, CD45|Cells, Cultured|Enzyme Activation|Female|Hypersensitivity, Delayed|Immunologic Factors|Immunosuppressive Agents|Inflammation|Interleukin-2|Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)|Mice|Mice, Inbred C57BL|Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases|Molecular Docking Simulation|Mutagenesis, Site-Directed|Naphthoquinones|Phosphorylation|Phosphotyrosine|Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell|Signal Transduction|Structure-Activity Relationship|ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase",10.1124/mol.113.089847,21272140,,,,2cd1e146-72dc-458b-ade6-562045109eda,article,eng
Robustness of tungsten single atom tips to thermal treatment and air exposure,"Vesa, C.|Urban, R.|Pitters, J.L.|Wolkow, R.A.",Applied Surface Science,300,,16,21,,2014,2014,,,0169-4332,,,,,,,,"Experiments aimed at assessing the robustness of nitrogen-etched, single-atom tips (SATs) prepared using W(1 1 1) single crystal wire were performed. Our experiments showed that single-atoms tips sustain minimal damage when exposed to atmospheric conditions and can be readily and quickly nitrogen-etched to single-atom tips thereafter. The SATs can be annealed at temperatures up to 1100 C with minimal shape changes. Moreover, annealing temperatures in excess of 1200 C resulted in an apex faceting which may prove important in further single-atom tip creation. Procedures for warming of the SATs from operating temperatures of 80 K were also evaluated to determine conditions that limit tip contamination. These results show that SATS could be fabricated in a dedicated vacuum system and subsequently transferred to other instruments where they would undergo a brief conditioning procedure to recover the single-atom apex configuration prior to being subjected to operating conditions.. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.",Experiments|Gas industry|Ion sources|Nitrogen|Single crystals|Faceting|Field ion microscopy|Gas assisted etchings|Gas field ion sources|Single atoms|Atoms,10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.01.173,21272142,,,,bf85b05e-65a5-49d4-9f02-ed0535b49a32,article,eng
"Identification of susceptibility variants in ADIPOR1 gene associated with type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease and the comorbidity of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease","Jin, Z.|Pu, L.|Sun, L.|Chen, W.|Nan, N.|Li, H.|Zhu, H.|Yang, X.|Wang, N.|Hui, J.|Zhang, Y.|Zhou, Q.|Zhao, F.|Yang, F.|Shi, X.|Zhu, X.|Yang, Y.|Zhang, W.|Zheng, C.|Li, X.|Yang, D.|Jia, R.|Meng, S.|Yang, Z.",PLoS ONE,9,6,,,e100339,2014,2014,,,1932-6203,,,,,,,,"Objective: Adiponectin receptor 1 (encoded by ADIPOR1) is one of the major adiponectin receptors, and plays an important role in glucose and lipid metabolism. However, few studies have reported simultaneous associations between ADIPOR1 variants and type 2 diabetes (T2D), coronary artery disease (CAD) and T2D with CAD. Based on the ""common soil"" hypothesis, we investigated whether ADIPOR1 polymorphisms contributed to the etiology of T2D, CAD, or T2D with CAD in a Northern Han Chinese population. Methods: Our multi-disease comparison study enrolled 657 subjects, including 165 with T2D, 173 with CAD, 174 with both T2D and CAD (T2D+CAD), and 145 local healthy controls. Six ADIPOR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped and their association with disease risk was analyzed. Results: Multi-case-control comparison identified two ADIPOR1 variants: rs3737884-G, which was simultaneously associated with an increased risk of T2D, CAD, and T2D+CAD (P-value range, 9.80×10-5-6.30×10-4; odds ratio (OR) range: 1.96-2.42) and 16850797-C, which was separately associated with T2D and T2D+CAD (P-value range: 0.007-0.014; OR range: 1.71-1.77). The risk genotypes of both rs3737884 and 16850797 were consistently associated with common metabolic phenotypes in all three diseases (P-value range: 4.81×10 -42-0.001). We observed an increase in the genetic dose-dependent cumulative risk with increasing risk allele numbers in T2D, CAD and T2D+CAD (Ptrend from 1.35×10-5-0.002). Conclusions: Our results suggest that ADIPOR1 risk polymorphisms are a strong candidate for the ""common soil"" hypothesis and could partially contribute to disease susceptibility to T2D, CAD, and T2D with CAD in the Northern Han Chinese population. © 2014 Jin et al.",adiponectin receptor 1|AdipoR1 gene|adult|aged|article|case control study|comorbidity|controlled study|coronary artery disease|female|genetic association|genetic risk|genetic susceptibility|genotype|Han Chinese|human|major clinical study|male|non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus|single nucleotide polymorphism,10.1371/journal.pone.0100339,21272143,,,,82119cd2-fde1-46dc-9a72-f24d4e2596e3,article,eng
Irradiation behaviour of ?2 and ? phases in He ion implanted titanium aluminide alloy,"Zhu, H.|Wei, T.|Blackford, M.|Short, K.|Carr, D.|Harrison, R.|Edwards, L.|Seo, D.|Maruyama, K.",Intermetallics,50,,28,33,,2014,2014,,,0966-9795,,,,,,,,"A Ti-45Al-2Nb-2Mn + 0.8 vol.% TiB2 (at.%) alloy with fully lamellar microstructure consisting of hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) ?2 and face-centred-tetragonal (fct) ? phases was irradiated by implanting helium ions to different fluences. Microstructural examination showed that helium cavities are formed in both the ?2 and ? phases after He-ion irradiation. However, the helium cavities and their size change with fluence are much larger in the ?2 phase than those in the ? phase, indicating that the ? phase exhibits better tolerance to the He-ion irradiation than the ?2 phase. Since ?2 and ? phases have different crystal structures, they possess differences in helium solubility and interstitial migration. These differences are responsible for the variation in radiation damage behaviour between the two phases. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Defects: constitutional vacancies|F. Electron microscopy , transmission|Hexagonal close packed|Interstitial migration|Irradiation effect|Microstructural examination|Titanium aluminide alloy|Titanium aluminides , based on TiAl|Helium|Ions|Irradiation|Niobium|Radiation damage|Titanium|Titanium alloys",10.1016/j.intermet.2014.02.005,21272145,,,,f379eba5-70f7-429b-becc-21372b1bc43b,article,eng
Structure of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brushes and steric stability of their grafted cellulose nanocrystal dispersions,"Hemraz, U.D.|Lu, A.|Sunasee, R.|Boluk, Y.",Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,430,,157,165,,2014,2014,,,1095-7103,,,,,,,,"Thermo-responsive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (poly(NIPAAm)) brushes were grafted from the surface of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) via living radical polymerization (LRP) using different initiator and monomer concentrations. The dry film thickness of the poly(NIPAAm) layer around CNC was calculated based on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. The wet film thicknesses of grafted poly(NIPAAm) brushes in water were calculated to be 15 and 9. nm for NIPAAm-CNC-1 and NIPAAm-CNC-2, respectively. Grafted chain densities and wet film thicknesses at below and above the critical temperature (T= 34. °C) of polyNIPAAm were calculated by applying mean-field analytical theory. The non-ionic poly(NIPAAm) brushes screened the surface charges of CNC particles, leading to a significant decrease in the absolute zeta potential values for the poly(NIPAAm) grafted CNCs compared to the unmodified and initiator modified CNC samples. Nevertheless, the colloidal stability of poly(NIPAAm) grafted CNC particles were still maintained by steric stabilization below the critical temperature On the other side, hydrophobic attractions among poly(NIPAAm) grafted CNC rods above 34. °C lead to coagulation and phase separation. While both poly(NIPAAm) grafted CNC samples showed thermo-responsive behavior, the reversibility of this temperature triggered property was dependent on grafting density. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.",Acrylic monomers|Brushes|Cellulose derivatives|Colloids|Convergence of numerical methods|Dynamic light scattering|Film thickness|Living polymerization|Phase separation|Scanning electron microscopy|Stabilization|Temperature|Cellulose nano-crystals|Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)|Hydrophobic attraction|Living radical polymerization|Poly (n isopropylacrylamide)|Rod-like particles|Steric|Thermo-responsive behaviors|Grafting (chemical)|amide|bromine|carbon|carbonyl derivative|cellulose|hydroxyl group|monomer|nanocrystal|nitrogen|oxygen|poly(n isopropylacrylamide)|sulfate|article|chemical modification|chemical structure|diffusion coefficient|dispersion|film|gel permeation chromatography|hydrolysis|infrared spectroscopy|light scattering|macromolecule|molecular weight|phase separation|polymerization|priority journal|scanning electron microscopy|scanning transmission electron microscopy|surface charge|surface property|temperature|thickness|transition temperature|X ray photoelectron spectroscopy|zeta potential|Acrylic Compounds|Cellulose Derivatives|Colloids|Monomers|Optical Scattering|Polymerization|Scanning Electron Microscopy|Stabilization|Temperature,10.1016/j.jcis.2014.05.011,21272146,,,,d8d4f59f-ef94-4006-b778-c8ff7309b23f,article,eng
Temperature coefficients of the refractive index for complex hydrocarbon mixtures,"Wen, Q.|Shen, J.|Gieleciak, R.|Michaelian, K.H.|Rohling, J.H.|Astrath, N.G.C.|Baesso, M.L.",International Journal of Thermophysics,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0195-928X,,,,,,,,Temperature coefficients of the refractive index ((Formula presented.)) in the (Formula presented.) to (Formula presented.) temperature interval for hydrocarbon mixtures containing as many as 14 compounds were investigated in this work. The measured (Formula presented.) of the mixtures were compared with calculations based on the values for each compound and their concentrations. Differences of about 1 % between measured and calculated values were observed for all mixtures. The additivity of (Formula presented.) for these hydrocarbons enables preparation of surrogate fuels that are formulated to have properties like those of specific diesel fuels. © 2014 Crown Copyright.,,10.1007/s10765-014-1604-6,21272147,,,,11d8318a-fd22-4485-8959-a3ed1c4b86d0,article,eng
Development of a vectored vaccine against Hepatitis E virus,"Trabelsi, K.|Kamen, A.|Kallel, H.",Vaccine,32,24,2808,2811,,2014,2014,,,1873-2518,,,,,,,,"Hepatitis E virus is a non-enveloped ssRNA virus [1] that causes human acute hepatitis through primarily fecal and oral transmission [2]. Currently, no commercial hepatitis E (HEV) vaccine is available. In the absence of an appropriate cell culture system for HEV propagation, HEV pseudocapsids (ORF2 protein) have been produced either in Escherichia coli or in insect cells and they have been shown to protect monkeys against virus challenge and to be effective in the prevention of natural HEV infection of humans.In this work, we propose to develop a novel candidate vaccine against hepatitis E infection using adeno-associated virus (AAV) as a vector expressing the gene of the truncated capsid protein of HEV (aa 112-aa 660). rAAV will be produced in Sf9 cells using the baculovirus expression vector system.For this purpose, construction of recombinant baculoviruses was performed and viral stocks of BacRep, BacCap for serotypes 2, 5 and 6 were prepared in Sf9 cells. The recombinant baculovirus coding for the truncated capsid protein of HEV (BacITRHEVORF2) was also constructed, the virus titer was equal to 5.41×109PFU/mL, at the third passage. Transduction of HEK 293 EBNA cells with rAAV was carried out; the production of HEVORF2 was confirmed by Western blot. Optimization of rAAV production in Sf9 cells is currently ongoing. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.",baculovirus vector|capsid protein|hepatitis E vaccine|parvovirus vector|article|baculovirus expression system|cell density|cell viability|controlled study|expression vector|HEK293 cell line|hepatitis E|Hepatitis E virus|human|human cell|MTT assay|nonhuman|priority journal|protein expression|SF9 cell line|virus recombinant|Western blotting,10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.041,21272149,,,,fb073230-323b-42ae-95ee-0eb8caa4ce12,article,eng
Tractography of meyer's loop asymmetries,"Dreessen de Gervai, P.|Sboto-Frankenstein, U.N.|Bolster, R.B.|Thind, S.|Gruwel, M.L.H.|Smith, S.D.|Tomanek, B.",Epilepsy Research,108,5,872,882,,2014,2014,,,1872-6844,,,,,,,,"Purpose: The purpose of the current study was to use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to conduct tractography of the optic radiations (OR) and its component bundles and to assess both the degree of hemispheric asymmetry and the inter-subject variability of Meyer's Loop (ML). We hypothesized that there are significant left versus right differences in the anterior extent of ML to the temporal pole (TP) in healthy subjects. Materials and methods: DTI data were acquired on a 3. T Siemens MRI system using a single-shot Spin Echo EPI sequence. The dorsal, central and ML bundles of the OR were tracked and visualized in forty hemispheres of twenty healthy volunteers. The uncinate fasciculus (UF) was also tracked in these subjects so that it could be used as a distinct anatomical reference. Measurements were derived for the distance between ML-TP, ML and the temporal horn (ML-TH) and ML and the uncinate fasciculus (ML-UF). Paired difference t-tests were carried out with SPSS 14.0. Results: ML and the UF were successfully tracked and visualized in all 20 volunteers. Significant hemispheric asymmetries were found for all measurements with left distances shorter than the right (P < 0.005). In 50% of the subjects the left ML-UF distance was ?1.9. mm. Conclusion: The results support our hypothesis and demonstrate that left ML-TP distances are significantly shorter than right ML-TP distances. These asymmetries are also reflected in shorter left distances between ML-TH and ML-UF. Moreover, these results are of interest to left-sided temporal lobe epilepsy surgery because it is not only more likely to disturb the anterior extent of ML but also renders the often closely located posterior aspect of the left UF more vulnerable to potential surgical impact.",Meyer's Loop|Asymmetry|Optic radiations|Diffusion tensor imaging,10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.03.006,21272153,NRC-ACRD-56053,,,35f40862-66f3-43b7-8322-b9e3630fcd70,article,eng
Numerical study of confined laminar CH4/air diffusion flames established in an inverted burner,"Liu, F.|Smallwood, G.J.",Combustion Science and Technology,186,04-May,657,671,,2014,2014,,,1563-521X,,,,,,,,"Several experimental studies have demonstrated that confined laminar diffusion flames established in an inverted burner are very stable and emit soot when the global equivalence ratio exceeds a critical value. An inverted diffusion flame can be used as a stable source of soot particles for development and intercomparison of various particle sizing techniques. Unlike normal coflow diffusion flames fired upward, inverted diffusion flames fired downward experience a negative gravity, the resultant flow fields are very different, and the residence time is significantly prolonged. The different flow fields in normal and inverted diffusion flames mean that the flame structure and soot formation characteristics are significantly different. This study makes a first attempt to numerically investigate the flame properties and soot formation in confined laminar coflow CH4/air diffusion flames established in an inverted axisymmetric burner at atmospheric pressure. A fairly detailed reaction mechanism, GRI Mech 3.0, was used to model combustion chemistry. Soot formation was modeled using a semi-empirical, acetylene-based, two-equation soot model. Radiation heat transfer was calculated using the discrete-ordinates method and a wide-band non-gray gas model. Numerical calculations were conducted over a relatively narrow range of global equivalence ratio of 0.54-0.67 based on a recent experimental study. The heat transfer boundary condition was found to be important to the prediction of soot emission and the velocity distribution. Using measured temperature distribution along the quartz tube, the numerical model successfully predicted the emission of soot under the conditions investigated and revealed the flow, temperature, and species concentration distributions in the inverted coflow diffusion flames for the first time. However, the predicted primary soot particle diameters are significantly smaller than those reported in the literature based on TEM images analysis of sampled soot. The discrepancies between the numerical results and experimental data can be attributed to the deficiency of the simple soot model and the approximate treatment of the heat transfer boundary conditions at the quartz tube. Copyright © Crown.",Air|Atmospheric pressure|Boundary conditions|Combustion|Computer simulation|Diffusion|Dust|Flow fields|Heat transfer|Residence time distribution|Coflow diffusion flames|Detailed reaction mechanisms|Diffusion Flame|Discrete-ordinates method|Global equivalence ratio|Laminar diffusion flames|Particle sizing techniques|Species concentration|Soot,10.1080/00102202.2014.883805,21272154,,,,63e350be-8e7e-4499-87b9-36a4f2ea8eb5,article,eng
Milk sphingomyelin domains in biomimetic membranes and the role of cholesterol: Morphology and nanomechanical properties investigated using AFM and force spectroscopy,"Guyomarc'H, F.|Zou, S.|Chen, M.|Milhiet, P.-E.|Godefroy, C.|Vié, V.|Lopez, C.",Langmuir,30,22,6516,6524,,2014,2014,,,1520-5827,,,,,,,,"Milk sphingomyelin (MSM) and cholesterol segregate into domains in the outer bilayer membrane surrounding milk fat globules. To elucidate the morphology and mechanical properties of theses domains, supported lipid bilayers with controlled molar proportions of MSM, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and cholesterol were produced in buffer mimicking conditions of the milk aqueous phase. Atomic force microscopy imaging showed that (i) for T < 35 °C MSM segregated in gel phase domains protruding above the fluid phase, (ii) the addition of 20 mol % cholesterol resulted in smaller and more elongated l o phase domains than in equimolar MSM/DOPC membranes, (iii) the MSM/cholesterol-enriched lo phase domains were less salient than the MSM gel phase domains. Force spectroscopy measurements furthermore showed that cholesterol reduced the resistance of MSM/DOPC membrane to perforation. The results are discussed with respect to the effect of cholesterol on the biophysical properties of lipid membranes. The combination of AFM imaging and force mapping provides unprecedented insight into the structural and mechanical properties of milk lipid membranes, and opens perspectives for investigation of the functional properties of MSM domains during milk fat processing or digestion. © 2014 American Chemical Society.",Atomic force microscopy|Biomimetics|Lipid bilayers|Mechanical properties|Morphology|Oils and fats|Phospholipids|Biomimetic membrane|Biophysical properties|Dioleoylphosphatidylcholine|Functional properties|Morphology and mechanical properties|Nanomechanical property|Structural and mechanical properties|Supported lipid bilayers|Cholesterol,10.1021/la501640y,21272155,,,,aad5e34d-77a3-469d-a3d9-fd7a9502613f,article,eng
Formulation-properties versatility of wood fiber biocomposites based on polylactide and polylactide/thermoplastic starch blends,"Mihai, M.|Legros, N.|Alemdar, A.",Polymer Engineering and Science,54,6,1325,1340,,2014,2014,,,1548-2634,,,,,,,,"This article discusses the interrelation between formulation, processing, and properties of biocomposites composed of a bioplastic reinforced with wood fibers. Polylactide (PLA) and polylactide/thermoplastic starch blends (PLA/TPS) were used as polymeric matrices. Two grades of PLA, an amorphous and a semicrystalline one, were studied. TPS content in the PLA/TPS blends was set at 30, 50, and 70 wt%. Two types of wood fiber were selected, a hardwood (HW) and a softwood (SW), to investigate the effect of the fiber type on the biocomposite properties. Finally, the impact of different additives on biocomposite properties was studied with the purpose to enhance the bioplastic/wood fiber adhesion and, therefore, the final mechanical performance. The biocomposites containing 30 wt% of wood fibers were obtained by twin-screw extrusion. The properties of the biocomposites are described in terms of morphology, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties. Furthermore, the biocomposites were tested for humidity and water absorption and biodegradability. An almost 100% increase in elastic modulus and 25% in tensile strength were observed for PLA/wood fiber biocomposite with the best compatibilization strategy used. The presence of the TPS in the biocomposites at 30 and 50 wt% maintained the tensile strength higher or at least equal as for the virgin PLA. These superior tensile results were due to the inherent affinity between the matrices and wood fibers improved by the addition of a combination of coupling and a branching agent. In addition to their outstanding mechanical performance, the biocomposites showed high biodegradation within 60 days. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1325-1340, 2014. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2013 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2013.",Biodegradation|Fibers|Mechanical properties|Polyesters|Starch|Tensile strength|Wood products|Bio-composites|Branching Agent|Mechanical performance|Poly lactide|Polymeric matrices|Semicrystallines|Starch blends|Twin screw extrusion|Composite materials|Biodegradation|Composites|Fibers|Mechanical Properties|Polyesters|Starch|Tensile Strength|Wood Products,10.1002/pen.23681,21272157,,,,fbdb790d-6609-49d2-a2c5-97c0ebddffe2,article,eng
Cloning and characterization of the first GH10 and GH11 xylanases from Rhizopus oryzae,"Xiao, Zhizhuang|Grosse, Stephan|Bergeron, Hélène|Lau, Peter C. K.",Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,98,19,8211,8222,,2014,24/04/2014,,,0175-7598,,,,,,,,"The only available genome sequence for Rhizopus oryzae strain 99-880 was annotated to not encode any ?-1,4-endoxylanase encoding genes of the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 10 or 11. Here, we report the identification and cloning of two such members in R. oryzae strain NRRL 29086. Strain 29086 was one of several selected fungi grown on wheat or triticale bran and screened for xylanase activity among other hydrolytic actions. Its high activity (138 U/ml) in the culture supernatant led to the identification of two activity-stained proteins, designated Xyn-1 and Xyn-2 of respective molecular masses 32,000 and 22,000. These proteins were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and characterized. The specific activities of Xyn-1 and Xyn-2 towards birchwood xylan were 605 and 7,710 U/mg, respectively. Kinetic data showed that the lower molecular weight Xyn-2 had a higher affinity (Km = 3.2 ± 0.2 g/l) towards birchwood xylan than Xyn-1 by about 4-fold. The melting temperature (Tm) of the two proteins, estimated to be in the range of 49.5-53.7 °C indicated that they are rather thermostable proteins. N-terminal and internal peptide sequences were obtained by chemical digestion of the purified xylanases to facilitate cloning, expression in Escherichia coli, and sequencing of the respective gene. The cloned Rhizopus xylanases were used to demonstrate release of xylose from flax shives-derived hemicellulose as model feedstock. Overall, this study expands the catalytic toolbox of GH10 and 11 family proteins that have applications in various industrial and bioproducts settings.",Rhizopus oryzae; Endoxylanase; GH family 10 and 11; Penicillium; Triticale; Zygomycete; Flax shives,10.1007/s00253-014-5741-4,21272158,NRC-ACRD-55933,,,8d82b3e8-8418-4ef2-ac81-6a0892fc1257,article,eng
"Simultaneous instantaneous measurements of soot volume fraction, primary particle diameter, and aggregate size in turbulent buoyant diffusion flames","Crosland, B.M.|Thomson, K.A.|Johnson, M.R.",Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,,,,,,2014,2014,,,1540-7489,,,,,,,,"Understanding the mechanisms of soot formation, growth, oxidation, and emission is important for diverse reasons including better combustor design, quantifying soot's contribution to climate change, and mitigating air quality concerns. Instantaneous soot measurement in turbulent flames is difficult, and has mostly been restricted to high-momentum jet flames and pool fires. The current work partially fills this gap by presenting simultaneous measurements of soot volume fraction (fv ), effective aggregate radius of gyration (Rgm 1), and primary particle diameter (dp ) in combination with separately-acquired measurements of mean gas velocity, within a range of turbulent buoyant non-premixed jet flames burning a fuel mixture representative of associated gas flares in the upstream oil and gas industry. Fifteen cases comprising six possible nozzle exit velocities and four nozzle diameters were studied. Histograms of fv and dp support the suggestion that reduced fv near the flame tip results from increased soot intermittency rather than reduced local fv . Furthermore, the data indicate that oxidation of mature soot structures occurs rapidly and completely, and is insensitive to the local fv . For most conditions studied, centerline fv shows self-similar behavior when scaled by measured flame height in the axial direction. The more buoyancy-dominated flames show a marked increase in peak fv that occurs lower in flame-length-normalized coordinates, while the more momentum-dominated flames show a decreased peak fv that occurs higher in flame-length-normalized coordinates. Low in the flame, soot is only present in an annular region where fv, dp, and Rgm 1 all grow. Once soot is present on the centerline, dp growth slows and dp is relatively constant at all radial locations and all conditions higher in the flame. Aggregate size continues to grow steadily with increased flame height and correlates well with residence time when adjusted to account for differing flow fields close to the burner outlet. © 2014.",,10.1016/j.proci.2014.06.003,21272160,,,,153da2e8-e92d-428a-aca9-8cf7955fd7e3,article,eng
Synthetic observations of the evolution of starless cores in a molecular cloud simulation: Comparisons with JCMT data and predictions for ALMA,"Mairs, S.|Johnstone, D.|Offner, S.S.R.|Schnee, S.",The Astrophysical Journal,783,1,,,60,2014,2014,,,1538-4357,,,,,,,,"Interpreting the nature of starless cores has been a prominent goal in star formation for many years. In order to characterize the evolutionary stages of these objects, we perform synthetic observations of a numerical simulation of a turbulent molecular cloud. We find that nearly all cores that we detect are associated with filaments and eventually form protostars. We conclude that observed starless cores that appear Jeans unstable are only marginally larger than their respective Jeans masses (within a factor of three). We note single dish observations such as those performed with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope appear to miss significant core structure on small scales because of beam averaging. Finally, we predict that interferometric observations with Atacama Large Millimeter Array Cycle 1 will resolve the important small-scale structure, which has so far been missed by millimeter wavelength observations. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved..",,10.1088/0004-637X/783/1/60,21272164,,,,47a11f8d-b679-42a0-a343-539cdddee838,article,eng
Single-electron dynamics of an atomic silicon quantum dot on the H-Si (100)- (2×1) surface,"Taucer, M.|Livadaru, L.|Piva, P.G.|Achal, R.|Labidi, H.|Pitters, J.L.|Wolkow, R.A.",Physical Review Letters,112,25,,,256801,2014,2014,,,1079-7114,,,,,,,,"Here we report the direct observation of single electron charging of a single atomic dangling bond (DB) on the H-Si(100)-2×1 surface. The tip of a scanning tunneling microscope is placed adjacent to the DB to serve as a single-electron sensitive charge detector. Three distinct charge states of the dangling bond - positive, neutral, and negative - are discerned. Charge state probabilities are extracted from the data, and analysis of current traces reveals the characteristic single-electron charging dynamics. Filling rates are found to decay exponentially with increasing tip-DB separation, but are not a function of sample bias, while emptying rates show a very weak dependence on tip position, but a strong dependence on sample bias, consistent with the notion of an atomic quantum dot tunnel coupled to the tip on one side and the bulk silicon on the other. © 2014 American Physical Society.",,10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.256801,21272165,,,,24e39eca-55a0-430f-8827-56136b3176be,article,eng
"Screening and identification of soybean seed-specific genes by using integrated bioinformatics of digital differential display, microarray, and RNA-seq data","Yin, G.|Xu, H.|Liu, J.|Gao, C.|Sun, J.|Yan, Y.|Hu, Y.",Gene,546,2,177,186,,2014,2014,,,1879-0038,,,,,,,,"Soybean is one of the most economically important crops in the world. Soybean seeds have abundant protein and lipid content and very high economic value. In this study, a total of 184 seed-specific genes were obtained using online microarray databases, DDD, and RNA-seq data. The reported seed-specific genes in soybean and the 184 seed-specific genes analyzed in this paper were compared. Of the screened genes, 26 were common to both previous reports and the current screening. Meanwhile, 90 of the 184 genes have homologous counterparts in Arabidopsis, among which 24 have seed-specific expression, as indicated by microarray data for Arabidopsis. Furthermore, promoter analysis showed that almost all seed-specific genes contain at least one seed specific-related element. Seed-specific element Skn-1 motif exists in most, if not all, of the seed-specific genes screened. Five genes were randomly selected from 184 soybean seed specific gene pool and their expressions were quantified using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to further confirm the specificity of the screened genes. The results indicated that all five genes showed seed-specific expression. Moreover, the identification of genes with seed-specific expression screened in this study provides information valuable to the in-depth study of soybean. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.",,10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.021,21272166,,,,dc816708-2404-42b5-b3d2-193807ff84e9,article,eng
Laser surface texturing of gray cast iron for improving tribological behavior,"Bathe, R.|Sai Krishna, V.|Nikumb, S.K.|Padmanabham, G.",Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing,,,1,7,,2014,2014,,,0947-8396,,,,,,,,"Laser surface texturing process involves creation of microfeatures, e.g., tiny dimples, usually distributed in a certain pattern, covering only a fraction of the surface of the material that is being treated. The process offers several advantages for tribological applications, including improved load capacity, wear resistance, lubrication lifetime, and reduced friction coefficient. In the present study, the surface modification of gray cast iron, using millisecond (? = 1,064 nm), nanosecond (? = 1,064 nm) and femtosecond (? = 800 nm) pulse duration laser irradiation, is adopted to establish a particular geometrical pattern with dimple features and dimensions, to improve wear and friction behavior. The effect of various laser processing parameters, including laser pulse energy, pulse duration and processing speed, on the performance characteristics of the laser-treated samples is investigated. The microtextured surfaces were produced on gray cast iron using different millisecond (0.5 ms), nanosecond (40 ns) and femtosecond (120 fs) laser source with the dimple depth between 3 and 15 ?m. The coefficient of friction for the untextured surface was ~0.55, millisecond laser textured ~0.31, nanosecond laser textured ~0.02 and femtosecond laser ~0.01, under normal force of 50 N and sliding speed of 63 mm/s. Surface texturing of the gray cast iron surface using femtosecond pulse duration resulted in significant improvement in wear resistance in comparison to the untextured as well as millisecond and nanosecond laser-textured surface. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.",,10.1007/s00339-014-8281-y,21272167,,,,9afb4e05-3705-4ccb-8869-6b9a67cffc4b,article,eng
Bulge mass is king: The dominant role of the bulge in determining the fraction of passive galaxies in the sloan digital sky survey,"Bluck, A.F.L.|Trevor Mendel, J.|Ellison, S.L.|Moreno, J.|Simard, L.|Patton, D.R.|Starkenburg, E.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,441,1,599,629,,2014,2014,,,1365-2966,,,,,,,,"We investigate the origin of galaxy bimodality by quantifying the relative role of intrinsic and environmental drivers to the cessation (or 'quenching') of star formation in over half a million local Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies. Our sample contains a wide variety of galaxies at z = 0.02-0.2, with stellar masses of 8 < log(M*/M?) < 12, spanning the entire morphological range from pure discs to spheroids, and over four orders of magnitude in local galaxy density and halo mass. We utilize published star formation rates and add to this recent GIM2D photometric and stellar mass bulge + disc decompositions from our group.We find that the passive fraction of galaxies increases steeply with stellar mass, halo mass, and bulge mass, with a less steep dependence on local galaxy density and bulge-to-total stellarmass ratio (B/T). At fixed internal properties, we find that central and satellite galaxies have different passive fraction relationships. For centrals, we conclude that there is less variation in the passive fraction at a fixed bulge mass, than for any other variable, including total stellar mass, halo mass, and B/T. This implies that the quenching mechanism must be most tightly coupled to the bulge.We argue that radio-mode active galactic nucleus feedback offers the most plausible explanation of the observed trends. © 2014 The Author Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.",,10.1093/mnras/stu594,21272168,,,,4ec6c9cf-6e00-45dc-a6c3-2b54a32f2fd0,article,eng
Texture development in a friction stir lap-welded AZ31B magnesium alloy,"Naik, B.S.|Chen, D.L.|Cao, X.|Wanjara, P.",Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,,,,,,2014,2014,,,1073-5623,,,,,,,,"The present study was aimed at characterizing the microstructure, texture, hardness, and tensile properties of an AZ31B-H24 Mg alloy that was friction stir lap welded (FSLWed) at varying tool rotational rates and welding speeds. Friction stir lap welding (FSLW) resulted in the presence of recrystallized grains and an associated hardness drop in the stir zone (SZ). Microstructural investigation showed that both the AZ31B-H24 Mg base metal (BM) and SZ contained ?-Mg17Al12 and Al8Mn5 second phase particles. The AZ31B-H24 BM contained a type of basal texture (0001)?11(Formula presented.)0? with the (0001) plane nearly parallel to the rolled sheet surface and ?11(Formula presented.)0? directions aligned in the rolling direction. FSLW resulted in the formation of another type of basal texture (0001)?10(Formula presented.)0? in the SZ, where the basal planes (0001) became slightly tilted toward the transverse direction, and the prismatic planes (10(Formula presented.)0) and pyramidal planes (10(Formula presented.)1) exhibited a 30 deg + (n - 1) × 60 deg rotation (n = 1, 2, 3, ...) with respect to the rolled sheet normal direction, due to the shear plastic flow near the pin surface that occurred from the intense local stirring. With increasing tool rotational rate and decreasing welding speed, the maximum intensity of the basal poles (0001) in the SZ decreased due to a higher degree of dynamic recrystallization that led to a weaker or more random texture. The tool rotational rate and welding speed had a strong effect on the failure load of FSLWed joints. A combination of relatively high welding speed (20 mm/s) and low tool rotational rate (1000 rpm) was observed to be capable of achieving a high failure load. This was attributed to the relatively small recrystallized grains and high intensity of the basal poles in the SZ arising from the low heat input as well as the presence of a small hooking defect. © 2014 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.",,10.1007/s11661-014-2372-4,21272170,,,,8aca6c64-730d-4689-95cf-692e47aaf45c,article,eng
"Apolipoprotein E, amyloid-beta, and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease","Dorey, E.|Chang, N.|Liu, Q.Y.|Yang, Z.|Zhang, W.",Neuroscience Bulletin,30,2,317,330,,2014,2014,,,1995-8218,,,,,,,,"Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation and deposition of amyloid-beta (A?) peptides in the brain. Neuroinflammation occurs in the AD brain and plays a critical role in the neurodegenerative pathology. Particularly, A? evokes an inflammatory response that leads to synaptic dysfunction, neuronal death, and neurodegeneration. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) proteins are involved in cholesterol transport, A? binding and clearance, and synaptic functions in the brain. The ApoE4 isoform is a key risk factor for AD, while the ApoE2 isoform has a neuroprotective effect. However, studies have reached different conclusions about the roles of the isoforms; some show that both ApoE3 and ApoE4 have anti-inflammatory effects, while others show that ApoE4 causes a predisposition to inflammation or promotes an inflammatory response following lipopolysaccharide treatment. These discrepancies may result from the differences in models, cell types, experimental conditions, and inflammatory stimuli used. Further, little was known about the role of ApoE isoforms in the A?-induced inflammatory response and in the neuroinflammation of AD. Our recent work showed that ApoE isoforms differentially regulate and modify the A?-induced inflammatory response in neural cells, with ApoE2 suppressing and ApoE4 promoting the response. In this article, we review the roles, mechanisms, and interrelations among A?, ApoE, and neuroinflammation in AD. © 2014 Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS and Springer-Verlag.",amyloid beta protein|apolipoprotein E|apolipoprotein E2|apolipoprotein E3|apolipoprotein E4|lipopolysaccharide|Alzheimer disease|cell type|cholesterol transport|disease predisposition|human|nerve cell|nerve cell necrosis|nerve degeneration|nervous system inflammation|neuropathology|nonhuman|review|risk factor|synapse,10.1007/s12264-013-1422-z,21272114,,,,5dd31774-9d6d-4dc2-a968-bc78928aba4a,article,eng
Determination of mercury in gasoline by photochemical vapor generation coupled to graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry,"de Jesus, Alexandre|Sturgeon, Ralph E.|Liu, Jixin|Silva, Márcia M.",Microchemical Journal,117,,100,105,,2014,2014,,,0026-265X,,,,,,,,"Quantitation of mercury in gasoline by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry following its photochemical vapor generation is described. Samples were prepared as a mixture of gasoline and propan-2-ol. A high efficiency flow through 19W photochemical vapor generator was used to process prepared samples with in-situ collection of the resultant Hg0 vapor onto reduced palladium in the graphite tube. Response from inorganic and organomercury standards added to the samples did not differ significantly. A limit of detection and characteristic mass of 0.1?gL-¹ and 0.6ng were obtained, respectively. Relative standard deviations of replicate measurements of 3.0ngmL-1 added Hg(II) were typically 7-8%. Recoveries of spikes from samples ranged from 90 to 97%. The concentration of mercury in all tested samples of gasoline was below the limit of quantitation (0.3?gL-¹). The method was rapid, efficient, green, fit-for-purpose, responsive to both inorganic and organic mercury species and should also respond to any Hg0 endogenously present in the sample. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.",,10.1016/j.microc.2014.06.001,21272173,,,,165dd3a0-dd3a-40a1-8ed3-6569e57f6ef2,article,eng
Prospects for measuring supermassive black hole masses with future extremely large telescopes,"Do, T.|Wright, S.A.|Barth, A.J.|Barton, E.J.|Simard, L.|Larkin, J.E.|Moore, A.M.|Wang, L.|Ellerbroek, B.",Astronomical Journal,147,4,,,93,2014,2014,,,0004-6256,,,,,,,,"The next generation of giant-segmented mirror telescopes (>20 m) will enable us to observe galactic nuclei at much higher angular resolution and sensitivity than ever before. These capabilities will introduce a revolutionary shift in our understanding of the origin and evolution of supermassive black holes by enabling more precise black hole mass measurements in a mass range that is unreachable today. We present simulations and predictions of the observations of nuclei that will be made with the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) and the adaptive optics assisted integral-field spectrograph IRIS, which is capable of diffraction-limited spectroscopy from Z band (0.9 ?m) to K band (2.2 ?m). These simulations, for the first time, use realistic values for the sky, telescope, adaptive optics system, and instrument to determine the expected signal-to-noise ratio of a range of possible targets spanning intermediate mass black holes of 104 M?to the most massive black holes known today of >1010 M ?. We find that IRIS will be able to observe Milky Way mass black holes out the distance of the Virgo Cluster, and will allow us to observe many more of the brightest cluster galaxies where the most massive black holes are thought to reside. We also evaluate how well the kinematic moments of the velocity distributions can be constrained at the different spectral resolutions and plate scales designed for IRIS. We find that a spectral resolution of 8000 will be necessary to measure the masses of intermediate mass black holes. By simulating the observations of galaxies found in Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR7, we find that over 105 massive black holes will be observable at distances between 0.005 < z < 0.18 with the estimated sensitivity and angular resolution provided by access to Z-band (0.9 ?m) spectroscopy from IRIS and the TMT adaptive optics system. These observations will provide the most accurate dynamical measurements of black hole masses to enable the study of the demography of massive black holes, address the origin of the M BH-? and M BH-L relationships, and evolution of black holes through cosmic time. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved..",,10.1088/0004-6256/147/4/93,21272182,,,,47381812-416e-4640-b41d-133d24e8da08,article,eng
"Single-molecule force spectroscopy of rapidly fluctuating, marginally stable structures in the intrinsically disordered protein ? -synuclein","Solanki, A.|Neupane, K.|Woodside, M.T.",Physical Review Letters,112,15,,,158103,2014,2014,,,1079-7114,,,,,,,,"Intrinsically disordered proteins form transient, fluctuating structures that are difficult to observe directly. We used optical tweezers to apply force to single ?-synuclein molecules and measure their extension, characterizing the resulting conformational transitions. Force-extension curves revealed rapid fluctuations at low force, arising from the folding of two different classes of structure that were only marginally stable. The energy landscape for these transitions was characterized via the force-dependent kinetics derived from correlation analysis of the extension trajectories. The barriers were small, only a few kBT, but the diffusion was slow, revealing a landscape that is flat but rough. © 2014 American Physical Society.","Optical tweezers|Proteins|Conformational transitions|Correlation analysis|Different class|Energy landscape|Force-extension curves|Intrinsically disordered proteins|Single molecule force spectroscopy|Stable structures|Molecules|alpha synuclein|DNA|article|atomic force microscopy|chemical model|chemistry|methodology|protein conformation|protein folding|protein stability|spectroscopy|thermodynamics|alpha-Synuclein|DNA|Microscopy, Atomic Force|Models, Chemical|Protein Conformation|Protein Folding|Protein Stability|Spectrum Analysis|Thermodynamics",10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.158103,21272183,,,,8d6c016c-33d5-4b48-bfe6-7f9cc67da96f,article,eng
Laser micromachining of oxygen reduced graphene-oxide films,"Sinar, D.|Knopf, G.K.|Nikumb, S.|Andrushchenko, A.",,8973,,,,89730K,2014,2014,,,1996-756X,SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. Proceedings,"Micromachining and Microfabrication Process Technology XIX, 4 February 2014 through 6 February 2014, San Francisco, CA",,,,9780819498861,,"Non-conductive graphene-oxide (GO) inks can be synthesized from inexpensive graphite powders and deposited on functionalized flexible substrates using inkjet printing technology. Once deposited, the electrical conductivity of the GO film can be restored through laser assisted thermal reduction. Unfortunately, the inkjet nozzle diameter (?40?m) places a limit on the printed feature size. In contrast, a tightly focused femtosecond pulsed laser can create precise micro features with dimensions in the order of 2 to 3 ?m. The smallest feature size produced by laser microfabrication is a function of the laser beam diameter, power level, feed rate, material characteristics and spatial resolution of the micropositioning system. Laser micromachining can also remove excess GO film material adjacent to the electrode traces and passive electronic components. Excess material removal is essential for creating stable oxygen-reduced graphene-oxide (rGO) printed circuits because electron buildup along the feature edges will alter the conductivity of the non-functional film. A study on the impact of laser ablation on the GO film and the substrate are performed using a 775nm, 120fs pulsed laser. The average laser power was 25mW at a spot size of ? 5?m, and the feed rate was 1000-1500mm/min. Several simple microtraces were fabricated and characterized in terms of electrical resistance and surface topology. © 2014 SPIE.",Composite micromechanics|Ink|Laser ablation|Microanalysis|Microfabrication|Micromachining|Oxide films|Oxygen|Pulsed lasers|Substrates|Electrical conductivity|Femtosecond pulsed laser|Ink-jet printing technologies|Laser micro-fabrication|Laser micro-machining|Material characteristics|Passive electronic components|Thermal reduction|Graphene,10.1117/12.2038423,21272150,,,,68608ed2-67a6-431f-8cf1-c510752971cb,article,eng
In a glycosylation reaction how does a hydroxylic nucleophile find the activated anomeric carbon?,"Whitfield, D.M.",Carbohydrate Research,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0008-6215,,,,,Elseveir,,,"The mechanism by which nucleophilic hydroxyls are attracted to activated glycopyranosyl donors is not known. Besides the intrinsic attraction of oxygen centred negative dipoles towards the developing electron deficiency at the anomeric carbon only a few suggestions have been given in the literature. By studying the effect on Density Functional Theory (DFT) modelled glycosylation reactions on the presence of polar additives as tested with acetonitrile two possible effects have been identified. One was noted in a previous publication ( Carbohydr. Res. 2012, 356, 180-190) and two further examples discovered here that suggest that a lone pair of a nucleophile approaching a donor with a ?-leaving group from the ?-face can act as the antiperiplanar lone pair that assists leaving group departure. This interaction starts at just under a nucleophile C-1 separation of 3. Å and has an incipient bond angle of O-5-C-1-Nuc(O or N) of very close to 90° which can be at C-1 with the p-type orbital at C-1-O-5 of the incipient oxacarbenium ion, that is, the LUMO of the activated donor. The 2nd interaction is less well studied and is suggested to be a similar bonding interaction which moves ?-face nucleophiles to O-Nuc-C-1-leaving groups angles close to 180°.",,10.1016/j.carres.2014.05.021,21272144,,,,fd94d6f4-dea7-4df8-8c18-609bebf30292,article,eng
Assessment of tissue oxygenation of periodontal inflammation in smokers using optical spectroscopy,"Liu, K.-Z.|Duarte, P.M.|Santos, V.R.|Xiang, X.|Xu, M.|Miranda, T.S.|Fermiano, D.|Gonçalves, T.E.D.|Sowa, M.G.",Journal of Clinical Periodontology,41,4,340,347,,2014,2014,,,0303-6979,,,,,,,,"Background We have recently developed a periodontal diagnostic tool that was validated in non-smokers with periodontitis. Tobacco smoking is a recognized risk factor for periodontal diseases that can mask gingival bleeding and lead to a false negative diagnosis. Therefore, the purpose of current study is to further validate this instrument in smokers with periodontal diseases. Methods Using a portable optical near-infrared spectrometer, optical spectra were obtained, processed and evaluated from healthy (n = 108), gingivitis (n = 100), and periodontitis (n = 79) sites of 54 systemically healthy smokers. A modified Beer-Lambert unmixing model that incorporates a non-parametric scattering loss function was used to determine the relative contribution of deoxygenated haemoglobin (Hb) and oxygenated haemoglobin (HbO2) to the overall spectrum. The balance between tissue oxygen delivery and utilization in periodontal tissues was then assessed. Results Tissue oxygen saturation was significantly decreased in the gingivitis (p = 0.016) and periodontitis (p = 0.007) sites, compared to the healthy sites. There was a trend towards increased concentration of Hb and decreased concentration of HbO2 from healthy to diseased sites, without statistical significance (p > 0.05). Conclusions Optical spectroscopy can determine tissue oxygenation profiles of healthy and diseased sites in smokers. The spectral profile of periodontal sites in smokers generally resembles those from non-smoking patients. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",,10.1111/jcpe.12225,21272117,,,,6a431ab4-0cbb-41dc-a8b3-94c8e5a6850a,article,eng
Further study of the optimisation of the tractive efficiency of all-wheel-drive vehicles,"Huang, W.|Wong, J.Y.|Knezevic, Z.",International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems,21,2,123,151,,2014,2014,,,1741-5152,,,,,,,,"This paper examines the tractive efficiency of all-wheel-drive vehicles in general and the slip efficiency in particular. It focuses on the analysis of the conditions for achieving the optimal slip efficiency. Results of detailed theoretical analyses indicate that all drive wheels operating at the same slip will be the necessary and sufficient conditions for achieving the optimal slip efficiency, if their thrust-slip relationships are either linear or nonlinear with similar characteristics. If the thrust-slip relationships of the drive wheels are nonlinear with different characteristics, the optimal slip efficiency will be reached with the slips of the drive wheels not being equal. The basic findings of this investigation are substantiated with experimental data. The results of this study suggest that the requirement for all drive wheels operating at the same slip provides a reasonable basis for a practical control strategy of an active system to distribute torque (thrust) among the drive wheels to achieve the optimal (or close to the optimal) slip efficiency of all-wheel-drive vehicles under most operating conditions. Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.",Digital storage|Efficiency|Off road vehicles|Optimization|Vehicle wheels|Vehicles|All-wheel drives|Distribution of torque (thrust)|Linear or nonlinear thrust-slip relationship|Tractive efficiency|Tractive performance|Wheeled vehicles|All wheel drive vehicles,10.1504/IJHVS.2014.061639,21272123,,,,93eb96b9-3ff7-4e43-8f15-ba2fd60a22c9,article,eng
Effect of past delivery practices on current conditions of cast-iron water pipes,"Rajani, B.|Dickinson, J.|Xue, H.|Woodard, P.|Canas, R.",Journal of Infrastructure Systems,20,1,,,4013011,2014,2014,,,1076-0342,,,,,,,,"Cast-iron pipes installed between 1850 and the early 1960s in North America, United Kingdom, and European countries were produced in foundries located near growing urban centers. Their considerable weight, size (especially larger-diameter pipes), and limited transportation facilities made their handling and delivery to the installation site difficult. Historical anecdotal evidence exists to suggest that some cast-iron pipes may have been damaged during delivery. This paper examines different mechanical models to examine what specific conditions may have led to pipe damage during delivery and installation. Analyses show that if pipes did incur damage, then cracks were likely to have occurred on the inside of the pipe bell or spigot ends. Furthermore, it appears that the spigot ends of smaller-diameter pipes had higher risk of damage during delivery, whereas both bell and spigot ends faced increased risk of damage in larger-diameter pipes. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to account for uncertainties in the parameters that were used in the different models. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.",,10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000160,21272125,,,,e24733ed-554d-4539-9437-1b779d360929,article,eng
Effect of health protective factors on health deficit accumulation and mortality risk in older adults in the Beijing longitudinal study of aging,"Wang, C.|Song, X.|Mitnitski, A.|Fang, X.|Tang, Z.|Yu, P.|Rockwood, K.",Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,62,5,821,828,,2014,2014,,,1532-5415,,,,,,,,"Objectives: To evaluate transitions in health status and risk of death in older adults in relation to baseline health deficits and protective factors. Design: Prospective cohort study with reassessments at 5, 8, and 15 years. Setting: Secondary analysis of data from the Beijing Longitudinal Study on Aging. Participants: Urban and rural community-dwelling people aged 55 and older at baseline (n = 3,275), followed from 1992 to 2007, during which time 51% died. Measurements: Health status was quantified using the deficit accumulation-based frailty index (FI), constructed from 30 intrinsic health measures. A protection index was constructed using 14 extrinsic items (e.g., exercise, education). The probabilities of health changes, including death, were evaluated using a multistate transition model. Results: Women had more health deficits (mean baseline FI 0.13 ± 0.11) than did men (mean baseline FI 0.11 ± 0.10). Although health declined on average (mean FIs increased), improvement and stability were common. Baseline health significantly affected health transitions and survival over various follow-up durations (odds ratio (OR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17-1.37 for men; OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.16-1.33 for women for each increment of deficits). Each protective factor reduced the risk of health decline and the risk of death in men and women by 13% to 25%. Conclusion: Deficit accumulation-based transition modeling demonstrates persisting effects of baseline health status on age-related health outcomes. Some mitigation by protective factors can be demonstrated, suggesting that improving physical and social conditions might be beneficial. © 2014, The American Geriatrics Society.",aged|aging|article|Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale|China|cohort analysis|daily life activity|educational status|exercise|female|follow up|frailty index|health deficit|health status|human|longevity|longitudinal study|major clinical study|male|Mini Mental State Examination|mortality|population dynamics|prospective study|protection index|rural population|secondary analysis|survival|urban population,10.1111/jgs.12792,21272127,,,,fa4d75b5-2c86-4476-a1bd-00bf482dac80,article,eng
Dynamical evolution of viscous disks around be stars. II. Polarimetry,"Haubois, X.|Mota, B.C.|Carciofi, A.C.|Draper, Z.H.|Wisniewski, J.P.|Bednarski, D.|Rivinius, T.",The Astrophysical Journal,785,1,,,12,2014,2014,,,1538-4357,,,,,,,,"Be stars exhibit variability for a great number of observables. Putting the pieces of the disk dynamics together is not an easy task and requires arduous modeling before achieving a good fit to the observational data. In order to guide the modeling process and make it more efficient, it is very instructive to investigate reference dynamical cases. This paper focuses on continuum polarimetric quantities and is the second of a series that aims to demonstrate the capacity of deriving the dynamical history and fundamental parameters of a classical Be star through follow-up of various observables. After a detailed study of the different opacities at play in the formation of polarized spectra, we investigate predictions of polarimetric observables in the continuum for different dynamical scenarios. Our models are based on a coupling of a hydrodynamic viscous decretion simulations in a disk and a three-dimensional non-LTE radiative transfer code. Through introduction of the polarization color diagram (PCD), we show that certain combinations of polarimetric observables exhibit features that are characteristic of a mass-loss history. This diagram also enables estimates of fundamental parameters such as the inclination angle, disk density scale, and the ? viscous diffusion parameter. We present the PCD as a powerful diagnosis tool to track the dynamical phases of a Be star, such as disk build-up, dissipation, periodic, and episodic outbursts. Finally, we confront our models with observations of four Be stars that exhibited long-term polarimetric activity. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved..",,10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/12,21272129,,,,10d1efb8-dc8a-4bd7-95e7-2b5a46bd7b22,article,eng
The proteome of mouse cerebral arteries,"Badhwar, A.|Stanimirovic, D.B.|Hamel, E.|Haqqani, A.S.",Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism,34,6,1033,1046,,2014,2014,,,1559-7016,,,,,,,,"The cerebral vasculature ensures proper cerebral function by transporting oxygen, nutrients, and other substances to the brain. Distribution of oxygenated blood throughout the neuroaxis takes place at the level of the circle of Willis (CW). While morphologic and functional alterations in CW arteries and its main branches have been reported in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, accompanying changes in protein expression profiles remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we performed proteomics to compile a novel list of proteins present in mouse CW arteries and its ramifications. Circle of Willis arteries were surgically removed from 6-month-old wild-type mice, proteins extracted and analyzed by two proteomics approaches, gel-free nanoLC-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS and gel-based GelLC-MS/MS, using nanoAcquity UPLC coupled with ESI-LTQ Orbitrap XL. The two approaches helped maximize arterial proteome coverage. Six biologic and two technical replicates were performed. In all, 2,188 proteins with at least 2 unique high-scoring peptides were identified (6,630 proteins total). Proteins were classified according to vasoactivity, blood-brain barrier specificity, tight junction and adhesion molecules, membrane transporters/channels, and extracellular matrix/basal lamina proteins. Furthermore, we compared the identified CW arterial proteome with the published brain microvascular proteome. Our database provides a vital resource for the study of CW cerebral arterial protein expression profiles in health and disease. © 2014 ISCBFM All rights reserved.",carrier protein|cell adhesion molecule|membrane protein|proteome|scleroprotein|tight junction protein|amino acid sequence|animal tissue|artery wall|article|basement membrane|blood brain barrier|blood vessel reactivity|brain artery|brain circulus arteriosus|male|mass spectrometer|mouse|nonhuman|nucleotide sequence|priority journal|protein analysis|protein database|protein expression|protein function|protein isolation|proteomics|tandem mass spectrometry|ultra performance liquid chromatography|unindexed sequence|wild type,10.1038/jcbfm.2014.52,21272135,,,,44f9738a-9cc6-4fa3-9020-f35322b75e57,article,eng
APOE and APOC1 gene polymorphisms are associated with cognitive impairment progression in Chinese patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease,"Zhou, Q.|Peng, D.T.|Yuan, X.R.|Lv, Z.P.|Pang, S.H.|Jiang, W.Y.|Yang, C.Y.|Shi, X.H.|Pang, G.F.|Yang, Y.G.|Xie, H.Q.|Zhang, W.D.|Hu, C.Y.|Yang, Z.",Neural Regeneration Research,9,6,653,660,,2014,2014,,,1876-7958,,,,,,,,"Current evidence shows that apolipoprotein E (APOE), apolipoprotein CI (APOC1) and low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) variations are related to late-onset Alzheimer's disease. However, it remains unclear if genetic polymorphisms in these genes are associated with cognitive decline in late-onset Alzheimer's disease patients. We performed a 30-month longitudinal cohort study to investigate the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and APOE, APOC1, and LRP. In this study, 78 Chinese Han patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease were recruited form Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China. APOE, APOC1, and LRP genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The Mini-Mental State Examination and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale were used to assess patients' cognitive function. After a 30-month follow-up period, we found a significant reduction in Mini-Mental State Examination total score, a higher proportion of patients fulfilling cognitive impairment progression criteria, and a higher proportion of APOC1 H2 carriers in APOE ?4 carriers compared with non-carriers. In addition, the APOE ?4 allele frequency was significantly higher in the cognitive impairment progression group compared with the non-cognitive impairment progression group. In conclusion, APOE ?4 plays an important role in augmenting cognitive decline, and APOC1 H2 may act synergistically with APOE ?4 in increasing the risk of cognitive decline in Chinese patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease.",aged|Alzheimer disease|apolipoprotein CI gene|apolipoprotein E gene|article|cognition|cognitive defect|cohort analysis|disease association|disease course|DNA extraction|DNA polymorphism|female|follow up|gel electrophoresis|gene|gene frequency|gene interaction|genotype|human|longitudinal study|low density lipoprotein receptor related protein gene|major clinical study|male|outcome assessment|polymerase chain reaction|rating scale|restriction fragment length polymorphism|scoring system|ultraviolet spectrophotometry,10.4103/1673-5374.130117,21272156,,,,335806c6-f8ba-48f0-87f0-d95483867c79,article,eng
Relationship between the spectral line based weighted-sum-of-gray-gases model and the full spectrum k-distribution model,"Chu, H.|Liu, F.|Consalvi, J.-L.",Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer,143,,111,120,,2014,2014,,,0022-4073,,,,,,,,"The relationship between the spectral line based weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (SLW) model and the full-spectrum k-distribution (FSK) model in isothermal and homogeneous media is investigated in this paper. The SLW transfer equation can be derived from the FSK transfer equation expressed in the k-distribution function without approximation. It confirms that the SLW model is equivalent to the FSK model in the k-distribution function form. The numerical implementation of the SLW relies on a somewhat arbitrary discretization of the absorption cross section whereas the FSK model finds the spectrally integrated intensity by integration over the smoothly varying cumulative-k distribution function using a Gaussian quadrature scheme. The latter is therefore in general more efficient as a fewer number of gray gases is required to achieve a prescribed accuracy. Sample numerical calculations were conducted to demonstrate the different efficiency of these two methods. The FSK model is found more accurate than the SLW model in radiation transfer in H2O; however, the SLW model is more accurate in media containing CO2 as the only radiating gas due to its explicit treatment of 'clear gas.'. © 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.",Carbon dioxide|Frequency shift keying|Absorption cross sections|Full spectrum k distributions|Gas radiation|Global models|Numerical implementation|SLW|Weighted-sum-of-gray-gases|Weighted-sum-of-gray-gases models|Spectroscopy|absorption|accuracy assessment|gas|Gaussian method|numerical model|radiative transfer|spectrum,10.1016/j.jqsrt.2014.03.013,21272161,,,,9d2e4255-e372-4057-a4de-7dbbc5cd85b6,article,eng
Uncertainties in seakeeping analysis and related loads and response procedures,"Kim, Y.|Hermansky, G.",Ocean Engineering,86,,68,81,,2014,2014,,,0029-8018,,,,,,,,"This paper presents the uncertainties in seakeeping analysis and the related International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) procedures for loads and responses for waves. One of the emerging issues in ITTC activities is uncertainty analysis. ITTC (2008) has published a report with recommendations for uncertainty analysis for ship model testing, which summarized the fundamentals and examples of uncertainty analysis. Furthermore, a specific description focusing on seakeeping experiments was introduced by the Seakeeping Committee (2011) in their procedure, 7.5-02 07-02.1 Rev. 4, ITTC - Recommended Procedures and Guidelines: Seakeeping Experiments. This procedure is based on the International Organization for Standardization Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of Measurements - Part 3 (2008). In this paper, the uncertainties in seakeeping analysis are considered, and technical issues regarding the related ITTC procedure for motion responses and loads are introduced. Next, the background of uncertainty analysis in the ITTC procedure 7.5-02 07-02.1 Rev. 4 is described in detail. The types and primary sources of uncertainty in seakeeping analysis are also described, and an appropriate procedure is proposed. Some existing representative studies on uncertainty, which were carried out with respect to seakeeping analysis, are introduced. Furthermore, this paper includes several technical issues with numerical seakeeping and loads analyses. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",Experiments|Seakeeping|Ship models|International organization for standardizations|ISO UOM|ITTC procedure|Model testing|Motion response|Primary sources|Uncertainty of measurement|Uncertainty sources|Uncertainty analysis,10.1016/j.oceaneng.2014.01.006,21272162,,,,eefe450f-bf93-4ab5-8155-8e5b45b3a590,article,eng
Population analysis of mesophilic microbial fuel cells fed with carbon monoxide,"Hussain, A.|Bruant, G.|Mehta, P.|Raghavan, V.|Tartakovsky, B.|Guiot, S.R.",Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,172,2,713,726,,2014,2014,,,0273-2289,,,,,,,,"Electricity generation in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) fed with carbon monoxide (CO) has been recently demonstrated; however, the microbial ecology of this system has not yet been described. In this work the diversity of the microbial community present at the anode of CO-fed MFCs was studied by performing denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) analyses. HTS indicated a significant increase of the archaeal genus Methanobacterium and of the bacterial order Clostridiales, notably including Clostridium species, while in both MFCs DGGE identified members of the bacterial genera Geobacter, Desulfovibrio, and Clostridium, and of the archaeal genera Methanobacterium, Methanofollis, and Methanosaeta. In particular, the presence of Geobacter sulfurreducens was identified. Tolerance of G. sulfurreducens to CO was confirmed by growing G. sulfurreducens with acetate under a 100 % CO atmosphere. This observation, along with the identification of acetogens, supports the hypothesis of the two-step process in which CO is converted to acetate by the carboxidotrophic Bacteria and acetate is then oxidized by CO-tolerant electricigenic Bacteria to produce electricity. © 2013 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.",,10.1007/s12010-013-0556-9,21272163,,,,b5f4f68f-a3de-48bb-8c16-8b04d30ff7a8,article,eng
Enhancing multimodality functional and molecular imaging using glucose-coated gold nanoparticles,"Feng, G.|Kong, B.|Xing, J.|Chen, J.",Clinical Radiology,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0009-9260,,,,,,,,"Aim: To describe how pegylated glucose-coated gold nanoparticles (PEG-Glu-GNPs) can help improve computed tomography (CT) imaging. Materials and methods: PEG-Glu-GNPs were designed for use as an imaging nanoprobe to act an effective contrast agent for both CT and PET scans. Twelve BALB/c mice were divided into two groups: mice with injected with PEG-Glu-GNPs and control mice. The mice were examined using high-resolution micro-CT at different time intervals (24 h, 7 days, and 15 days) after the injection of the particles. Greyscale density and CT attenuation values were determined to trace the excretion of the particles over time. Results: Tumour contours were easily distinguished from surrounding tissue in mice injected with PEG-Glu-GNPs but not controls. This distinction was still visible at 7 days, but not at 15 days post-injection. Conclusion: Molecular imaging technology has enabled the development of a new generation of imaging probes. These sophisticated probes can visualize biological processes or enable early diagnosis of diseases in vivo. Compared to conventional CT images and PET scans, PEG-Glu-GNPs significantly improved image quality at the cellular and molecular level, which can significantly aid the early detection of cancer or cancer metastases. © 2014 The Royal College of Radiologists.",,10.1016/j.crad.2014.05.112,21272113,,,,cc61ed9c-fa02-4de2-a419-999735775c38,article,eng
Study on the pre-ignition temperature variations of wire insulation under overload conditions in microgravity by the functional simulation method,"Wang, K.|Wang, B.|Kong, W.|Liu, F.",Journal of Fire Sciences,32,3,257,280,,2014,2014,,,1530-8049,,,,,,,,"A functional simulation method was applied to study the pre-ignition temperature variations of wire insulation under overload conditions in normal gravity. A simplified heating mode was proposed to theoretically investigate the wire heating process. Results of the temperature variations of wire insulation prior to ignition in normal gravity, but under reduced pressures, were obtained and compared with microgravity experimental results in order to investigate the effects of pressure and current on the pre-ignition thermal features of the wire insulation. Results show that the functional simulation method was effective to simulate the natural convection heat transfer effect on the wire insulation, which is a useful alternative approach to predict the pre-ignition thermal features of wire insulation by overload over a long duration in a microgravity environment. © The Author(s) 2013.",Ignition|Microgravity|Microgravity processing|Temperature distribution|Wire|Functional simulations|Microgravity environments|Overload condition|Temperature variation|Thermal features|weak buoyant environment|Wire insulation|Wire-heating process|Thermal insulation,10.1177/0734904113511947,21272115,,,,f8170b80-0e1b-43f0-bb3f-f346d96d0f41,article,eng
"Stereospecific [3+2] cycloaddition of 1,2-cyclopropanated sugars and ketones catalyzed by SnCl4: An efficient synthesis of multi-substituted perhydrofuro[2,3-b]furans and perhydrofuro[2,3-b]pyrans","Ma, X.|Zhang, J.|Tang, Q.|Ke, J.|Zou, W.|Shao, H.",Chemical Communications,50,26,3505,3508,,2014,2014,,,1364-548X,,,,,,,,"Stereospecific [3+2] cycloaddition of 1,2-cyclopropanated sugars and ketones catalyzed by SnCl4 is described. The method offers multi-substituted perhydrofuro[2,3-b]furans (bis-THFs) and perhydrofuro[2,3-b] pyrans containing a quaternary carbon chiral center in good to excellent yields. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry.","carbohydrate derivative|cyclopropane derivative|furo[2,3 b]furan derivative|ketone derivative|pyran derivative|tin chloride|article|catalysis|chirality|cycloaddition|quantum yield|reaction analysis|stereochemistry|synthesis",10.1039/c3cc48963a,21272121,,,,378c7f56-4ff8-497f-832d-3a8e1593482d,article,eng
Evaluating the flow stress of aerospace alloys for tube hydroforming process by free expansion testing,"Saboori, M.|Champliaud, H.|Gholipour, J.|Gakwaya, A.|Savoie, J.|Wanjara, P.",International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,72,09-Dec,1275,1286,,2014,2014,,,1433-3015,,,,,,,,"In order to obtain accurate tube hydroforming (THF) simulation results, one of the important inputs in the finite element model (FEM) of the process is the mechanical response of the material during THF. Generally, the mechanical response is defined by the stress-strain behavior that can be determined from tensile testing of the specimens extracted either from the sheet used for roll forming of the tubes or directly from the tubes. More recently, free expansion testing has been used to characterize the mechanical response of the material for hydroforming applications. The free expansion test can emulate process conditions similar to those found during THF, and as such, can be used to obtain reliable and accurate information on the mechanical response/properties of the tubular material. The aim of this research is to present an approach for evaluating the stress-strain behavior of different materials using a 3D deformation measurement system in conjunction with an analytical model. Here, to characterize the mechanical response of the materials, free expansion and tensile testing were used for austenitic stainless steel types 321 (SS 321) and 304L (SS 304L), INCONEL® alloy 718 (IN 718), and aluminum alloy 6061 in the annealed ""0"" temper condition (AA 6061-0). The mechanical response of each material, measured through free expansion testing of tubular forms, was compared to the respective stress-strain behavior determined from the uniaxial tensile test using ASTM E8 geometry specimens extracted from the tubes. For each material studied in this work, the two flow stress behaviors were distinct, indicating that the test method can have a noticeable effect on the mechanical response. Finite element analysis (FEA) of the free expansion of each material was also utilized to simulate the THF process with the flow stress curves obtained experimentally; the predicted expansion and burst pressure results were close to the experimental data indicating that the approach developed and described in this work has merit for characterizing the mechanical response of aerospace alloys for hydroforming applications. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.",Aluminum alloys|Austenitic stainless steel|Characterization|Finite element method|Materials testing apparatus|Metal forming|Plastic flow|Tensile testing|Tubes (components)|3D deformation measurements|Finite element simulations|Flow stress behavior|Material characterizations|Stress-strain behaviors|Tube hydroforming|Tube hydroforming process|Uniaxial tensile test|Materials properties,10.1007/s00170-014-5670-5,21272131,,,,3e4c6025-be66-4d9d-8660-348ff119f210,article,eng
Numerical and experimental study of preforming stage in tube hydroforming,"Farimani, S.M.|Gholipour, J.|Champliaud, H.|Savoie, J.|Wanjara, P.",,611-612,,1132,1138,,2014,2014,,,1013-9826,Key Engineering Materials,"17th Conference of the European Scientific Association on Material Forming, ESAFORM 2014, 7 May 2014 through 9 May 2014, Espoo",,,,9783038351061,,"The preforming stage in hydroforming of an aerospace generic shape was investigated using a combination of experimentation and numerical modeling. The preform die was manufactured using a rapid prototyping method, namely the selective laser sintering (SLS) process. The preforming experiments were conducted on 0.9 mm and 1.2 mm thick stainless steel 321 (SS321) tubes. To evaluate the preforming process, an automated deformation measurement system, ARGUS®, was used to measure the 3-dimensional (3D) strains on the deformed tubes. Data collected from the experiments were used to validate the simulation of the preforming stage. The simulation and experimental results were found to be in good agreement, indicating that the preform model can be used as a starting point for simulating the tube hydroforming (THF) process. In addition, the SLS approach was found to be very promising, as it reduced greatly the lead time and cost of process development for THF. © 2014 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.",Computer simulation|Experiments|Finite element method|Laser heating|Tubes (components)|Unattended sensors|Aerospace alloys|Deformation measurements|Generic shapes|Numerical and experimental study|Preforming process|Process development|Selective laser sintering|Tube hydroforming|Preforming,10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.611-612.1132,21272141,,,,cb4c6fc2-8f23-4b17-b995-5a995c45c676,article,eng
Hybrid laser-arc welding of AA6061-T6 butt joints,"Wanjara, Priti|Cao, Xinjin",,783-786,,2833,2838,,2014,2014,,,1022-6680,Advanced Materials Research,"8th International Conference on Processing and Manufacturing of Advanced Materials, THERMEC 2013, December 2-6, 2013, Las Vegas, NV",,,,9783038350736,,"Hybrid laser-arc welding (HLAW) of butt joints in 3.18 mm thick aluminum alloy (AA) 6061-T6 sheets was investigated in the present study. Under optimized process conditions, high integrity welds with approximately 2% shrinkage and gas porosity were obtained. The weld bead geometry was determined to conform to the crown and root reinforcement specifications for welded aluminum construction - CSA W 59.2 M1191. Softening in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone (FZ) of the welds was observed, the former due to grain coarsening and the latter due to the dissolution of the hardening precipitates as well as the dilution from the application of the ER 5356 filler wire. Under optimized process conditions, the gap tolerance was determined to be 0.5 mm, beyond which the performance of the joints during bend testing was compromised.",Butt welding|Electric arc welding|Heat affected zone|6061|Aluminum construction|Butt joints|Hardening precipitates|Hybrid laser-arc welding|Optimized process|Root reinforcement|Weld bead geometry|Aluminum alloys,10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.783-786.2833,21272152,,,,4f2835ef-18fa-4a0b-ad3b-3e42cbda362c,article,eng
Photosintering and electrical performance of CuO nanoparticle inks,"Paquet, C.|James, R.|Kell, A.J.|Mozenson, O.|Ferrigno, J.|Lafrenière, S.|Malenfant, P.R.L.","Organic Electronics: physics, materials, applications",15,8,1836,1842,,2014,2014,,,1566-1199,,,,,,,,"A copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticle ink was inkjet printed and photosintered in order to optimize electrical performance as a function of pattern dimension. For a given photosintering condition, electrical conductance varied strongly with line widths, ranging from 100 to 300 ?m, illustrating the implications of printing and sintering complex circuit designs with varying feature sizes. By tuning the time delay between printing and sintering, exposure wavelength, radiant energy, pulse width and the distance between the light-source and substrate, photosintering conditions were optimized so that variations in sheet resistance for different line widths were minimized. Using optimized photosintering conditions, a sheet resistance value as low as 150 m?/? (resistivity of 9 ?? cm) and current carrying capacity of 280 mA for a 300 ?m wide trace was achieved. © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Copper|Nanoparticles|Printing|Sheet resistance|Sintering|Complex circuits|Conductive ink|Copper oxide nanoparticles|CuO nanoparticles|Electrical conductance|Electrical performance|Nanoparticle inks|Photosintering|Ink,10.1016/j.orgel.2014.05.014,21272111,,,,f04aeb8b-ac3f-4d05-9762-50987ee75289,article,eng
Spectral fluorescence measurements,"Zwinkels, J.C.|DeRose, P.C.|Leland, J.E.",Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences,46,,221,290,,2014,2014,,,1079-4042,,,,,,,,"This chapter covers the topic of spectral fluorescence measurements. These fluorescence measurements offer significant advantages in terms of sensitivity and selectivity, finding wide use in a range of applications in analytical and color technologies. The accurate measurement of fluorescent optical quantities, such as spectral excitation and emission curves and quantum yields, has become increasingly important because of the increasing use of fluorescent materials in manufacturing for enhancing appearance, for example, whiteness, brightness, colorfulness, and conspicuity, and for bioanalytical applications, for example, medical diagnostics. Conventional spectrophotometric instrumentation and procedures may not give meaningful results because the measured spectral fluorescence data will not only depend on the intrinsic optical properties of the fluorescent sample but are also strongly influenced by the instrument characteristics and its interaction with the sample and its environment. The extent of this distortion depends on the details of the instrument design, including its spectral, geometric, polarization, and temporal characteristics, and on the characteristics of the sample itself. This chapter discusses these basic principles, specialized terminology and instrumentation, and experimental calibration and measurement procedures that are used for reliable and accurate measurements of fluorescent materials. This includes a description of both one- and two-monochromator methods. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.",,10.1016/B978-0-12-386022-4.00007-8,21272112,,,,bde1905b-75d7-4b15-86c1-e4813307f5b4,article,eng
Correlation between dynamic mechanical thermo-analysis and composition-based models for C-S-H in hydrated portland cement paste,"Pourbeik, P.|Beaudoin, J.J.|Alizadeh, R.|Raki, L.",Materials and Structures,48,8,2447,2454,,2014,2014,,,1359-5997,,,,,,,,"A dynamic mechanical analysis (DMTA) technique was used to assess the mechanical performance of 1.4 nm tobermorite (T), jennite (J) and mixtures of tobermorite and jennite and tobermorite and calcium hydroxide (CH). A comparison of E? (storage modulus) and tan? (internal friction) versus temperature curves for compacted solid bodies of these mineral systems with corresponding curves for cement paste hydrated for 2 month and 3 years (both referred to as 'young') and 45-year-old paste (referred to as 'old') was made. Original data was provided to assess the practical validity of the Richardson-Groves composition-based models for the C-S-H in cement paste. Differences in mechanical performance between the 'young' paste and the 'old' paste could be accounted for by application of a T/J dominant model ('young' paste) and a J-T/CH structural model with a minor amount of T ('old paste'). © 2014 RILEM.",,10.1617/s11527-014-0330-7,21272122,,,,31d56f8a-8da1-46a5-9627-02034a5d22b3,article,eng
Theoretical concepts in spectrophotometric measurements,"Germer, T.A.|Zwinkels, J.C.|Tsai, B.K.",Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences,46,,12,66,,2014,2014,,,1079-4042,,,,,,,,"This chapter will describe some of the theoretical concepts of obtaining optical properties from spectrophotometric measurements. The optical properties of interest can be the spectrophotometric quantities themselves or the calculated optical constants (complex refractive index, absorption, and scattering coefficients). At first, the different radiometric quantities, describing radiance, irradiance, and radiometric intensity will be introduced. The relationships between these quantities and the electromagnetic fields will then be described. Then, the spectrophotometric quantities, such as spectral regular reflectance and transmittance, radiance, irradiance, emittance, diffuse reflectance, diffuse transmittance, and the bidirectional reflectance distribution function will be defined. The Kirchhoff relationship between the reflectance and emittance will be derived. A review of the Fresnel relations will be given, including expressions appropriate for thin films and thick films. Finally, three models for light scattering will be reviewed, including the theory of Kubelka and Munk, important for measuring highly diffuse, volume scattering materials for color formulation applications, scattering from rough surfaces in the facet approximation, useful for very rough surfaces, and vector first-order perturbation theory, useful for smooth surfaces. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.",,10.1016/B978-0-12-386022-4.00002-9,21272126,,,,84f68531-be1f-44c2-9f7d-28ac0f7336f6,article,eng
The molecular structure of a phosphatidylserine bilayer determined by scattering and molecular dynamics simulations,"Pan, J.|Cheng, X.|Monticelli, L.|Heberle, F.A.|Ku?erka, N.|Tieleman, D.P.|Katsaras, J.",Soft Matter,10,21,3716,3725,,2014,2014,,,1744-6848,,,,,,,,"Phosphatidylserine (PS) lipids play essential roles in biological processes, including enzyme activation and apoptosis. We report on the molecular structure and atomic scale interactions of a fluid bilayer composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylserine (POPS). A scattering density profile model, aided by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, was developed to jointly refine different contrast small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering data, which yielded a lipid area of 62.7 Å2 at 25 °C. MD simulations with POPS lipid area constrained at different values were also performed using all-atom and aliphatic united-atom models. The optimal simulated bilayer was obtained using a model-free comparison approach. Examination of the simulated bilayer, which agrees best with the experimental scattering data, reveals a preferential interaction between Na+ ions and the terminal serine and phosphate moieties. Long-range inter-lipid interactions were identified, primarily between the positively charged ammonium, and the negatively charged carboxylic and phosphate oxygens. The area compressibility modulus KA of the POPS bilayer was derived by quantifying lipid area as a function of surface tension from area-constrained MD simulations. It was found that POPS bilayers possess a much larger K A than that of neutral phosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers. We propose that the unique molecular features of POPS bilayers may play an important role in certain physiological functions. This journal is © the Partner Organisations 2014.",Amino acids|Atoms|Cell death|Lipid bilayers|Molecular dynamics|Molecular structure|Scattering|Area compressibility|Atomic-scale interaction|Molecular dynamics simulations|Phosphatidylcholine|Phosphatidylserine|Physiological functions|Preferential interaction|United-atom models|Computer simulation,10.1039/c4sm00066h,21272116,,,,5d3f0a1f-0349-4e7a-bddd-dbab8a707959,article,eng
"Accurate, precise and direct determination of dissolved phosphate and silicate in seawater by IEC SF-ICPMS|Direct determination of dissolved phosphate and silicate in seawater by ion exclusion chromatography sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","Yang, L.|Pagliano, E.|Mester, Z.",Analytical Chemistry,86,6,3222,3226,,2014,2014,,,1520-6882,,,,,,,,"A method is described for the direct determination of dissolved phosphate and silicate in seawater using ion exclusion chromatography (IEC) coupled with sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICPMS). Dissolved silicate was determined by double isotope dilution using a 29Si spike, whereas one point gravimetric standard addition with internal standard of the same 29Si spike was employed to quantitate dissolved phosphate. Medium resolution was used for all measurements in order to resolve polyatomic interferences on Si and P isotopes. Concentrations of 1.670 ± 0.008 and 30.20 ± 0.09 ?M (SD, n = 6) with precisions of 0.47 and 0.31% for the dissolved phosphate and silicate, respectively, were obtained in National Research Council Canada certified reference material MOOS-3 seawater, in good agreement with certified values of 1.60 ± 0.15 and 30.5 ± 0.8 ?M (U, k = 2), respectively. The reported method is a rapid (10 min per run), simple, and accurate online technique that requires no sample pretreatment. Moreover, this procedure achieves <0.5% precision (at above analyte concentrations) and method detection limits of 0.006 and 0.004 ?M (0.18 as P and 0.11 ng g-1 as Si), respectively, using a of 100 ?L injection of seawater. The proposed technique is robust and well-suited for the determination of dissolved phosphate and silicate in seawater. © Published 2014 by the American Chemical Society.",Chromatography|Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry|Ion chromatography|Isotopes|Seawater|Silicates|Silicon|Analyte concentration|Certified reference materials|Dissolved phosphates|Ion exclusion chromatographies|Method detection limits|National Research Council|Polyatomic interferences|Sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometries|Dissolution,10.1021/ac5002228,21272119,,,,e6756eaf-b911-4380-950f-20c5eab4c66a,article,eng
Simulation of reactive spraying deposition technology for fabricating fuel cell catalyst layer,"Hu, G.-L.|Neagu, R.|Wang, Q.-P.|Li, G.-N.|Zhang, Z.-G.|Zheng, Y.-Q.",???????|Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,35,1,95,99,,2014,2014-01,,,0253-231X,,,,,,,,The reactive spraying deposition technology is a new catalyst layer fabrication technology for producing nanometer particle and spraying the catalyst layer with steady performance. A three-dimensional comprehensive mathematical model of flow and heat/mass transfer coupling with chemical reactions for fuel gas and droplet combustion during reactive spraying deposition technology (RSDT) is presented in this paper to theoretically study complex physical and chemical processes during RSDT. The RNG k -? model is employed to describe turbulent combustion gas flow. The droplet particle is tracked and analyzed in a Lagrangian frame. The Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the growth of surface structure of the catalyst layer. The computational results can be used to provide some reference for optimization of this technology.,Monte Carlo method|Multi-species reaction|Numerical simulation|Reactive spraying deposition technology (RSDT)|RNG k-? model|Computational results|Deposition technology|Droplet combustion|Fabrication Technologies|Fuel-cell catalyst layers|Nanometer particles|Turbulent,,21272103,,,,19829761-2100-4031-9c17-81fdeee463d8,article,eng
??????????????????????(II)|Real-time diagnosing polymer extruding behaviour during rheometer processing(II),"Zhao, Lijuan|Zhong, Qin|Zhuang, Hongjun|Sun, Zhigang",??????????|Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering,30,4,106,109,,2014,2014,,,1000-7555,,,,,,,,"Ultrasonic, temperature and pressure sensors were combined together to be used in a slit rheometer to investigate the relationship between ultrasound signals with the rheological properties of PP and PS in processing. It is found that ultrasonic signals can represent monotone changes of polymer relaxation for different polymers under different processing conditions, and it also can indicate the shear thinning of polymer melting. Under the certain processing condition, there is an exponential relationship between ultrasonic signals with the viscosity of polymers, while the former factor and index number increase with the temperature increasing. Maxwell equations were used to simulate the relaxation of polymers in slit die, and it is found that two parallel connections Maxwell can fit the relaxation process well. This work can be used to investigate the viscoelasticity of polymers during rheometer processing.",In-line diagnosis; Maxwell equations; Rheology; Ultrasound,,21272102,,,,bc221017-51b4-4f62-b8e8-0b7a599afe66,article,zho
Storing GHz bandwidth heralded single photons in a room-temperature Raman memory : efficiency and noise,"Nunn, Joshua|Michelberger, Patrick S.|Chamption, Tessa F.|Sprague, Michael R.|Kaczmarek, Krzysztof|Saunders, Dylan J.|Kolthammer, Steven W.|Jin, Xian-Min|England, Duncan G.|Walmsley, Ian A.",,,,QTu2B.2,,,2014,20/03/2014,,,,Conference Paper: Quantum Information and Measurement: Quantum Memories (QTu2B),"Quantum Information and Measurement, March 18-20, 2014, Messe Berlin, Berlin",,,OSA,978-1-55752-995-4,,"We store GHz-bandwidth heralded single photons in a room-temperature Raman memory, which is a crucial primitive for scalable quantum photonics. We discuss methods to suppress four-wave mixing noise, which accompanies the retrieved photons.",,10.1364/QIM.2014.QTu2B.2,21272100,,,,b74846bf-b583-4ffe-b6c8-c7ff12d76667,article,eng
One-magnon and exciton inelastic light scattering in the antiferromagnet CoF2,"Meloche, E.|Cottam, M. G.|Lockwood, D. J.",Low Temperature Physics,40,2,134,145,,2014,2014-02,,,1063-777X|1090-6517,,,,,,,,"Experimental data are reported for the temperature and polarization dependence of the one-magnon Raman light scattering in the rutile-structure antiferromagnet CoF? (Neel temperature TN = 38?K). The low-lying excitons are also investigated at low temperatures and comparisons made with results from earlier Raman, infrared, and neutron scattering work. A detailed analysis of the one-magnon Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectra is presented resulting in comprehensive data for the temperature variation up to TN of the one-magnon frequency, line width, and integrated intensity. A theory of the one-magnon scattering and other magnetic transitions is constructed based mainly on a spin S = 3/2 exchange model, extending a simpler effective S = 1/2 approach. The excitation energies and spectral intensities over a broad range of temperatures are obtained using a Green's function equation of motion method that allows for a careful treatment of the single-ion anisotropy. Overall the S = 3/2 theory compares well with the experimental data.",,10.1063/1.4865560,21272098,,,,a62aaf86-c190-48be-b3c3-1138bc542fe6,article,eng
Multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy : from biophotonics to geophotonics,"Andreana, Marco|Stolow, Albert",Optics and Photonics News,25,3,42,49,,2014,2014,,,1047-6938|1541-3721,,,,,,,,"Nonlinear optical spectroscopies such as CARS and SRS offer rapid, label-free, chemical-specific imaging. And the ability to simultaneously deploy multiple modes of nonlinear imaging on a single sample is creating some striking new views of natural materials.",,10.1364/OPN.25.3.000042,21272097,,,,696d898e-488e-4758-b86b-040b4d5c0e23,article,eng
Rotating electrode methods and oxygen reduction electrocatalysts,"Xing, Wei|Yin, Geping|Zhang, Jiujun",,,,,,,2014,2014,,,,,,,,Elsevier B.V.,978-044463278-4,,"Rotating disk electrode (RDE) and rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) techniques are one kind of the important and commonly used methods in electrochemical science and technology, particularly, in the fundamental understanding of electrochemical catalytic reaction mechanisms such as electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The kinetics and mechanisms of ORR catalyzed by both noble metal- and nonnoble metal-based electrocatalysts are the most important aspects in fuel cell and other ORR-related electrochemical technologies. Using RDE and RRDE to evaluate the activities of catalysts and their catalyzed ORR mechanisms is necessary and also one of the most feasible approaches in the development of ORR electrocatalysts.",Rotating disk electrode techniques; rotating ring-disk electrode techniques; oxygen reduction electrocatalysts,10.1016/B978-0-444-63278-4.05001-1,21272093,,,,74daada5-5695-458a-86c8-40e24f1999a6,book,eng
Laser-ultrasonic inspection of hybrid laser-arc welded HSLA-65 steel,"Lévesque, D.|Rousseau, G.|Wanjara, P.|Cao, X.|Monchalin, J.-P.",,,,405,411,,2014,18/02/2014,AIP Conference Proceedings,1581,0094-243X,40th Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation: Incorporating the 10th International Conference on Barkhausen Noise and Micromagnetic Testing,"40th review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation (QNDE 2013), July 21-26, 2013, Baltimore, MI, USA",,,,978-7354-1211-8,,"The hybrid laser-arc welding (HLAW) process is a relatively low heat input joining technology that combines the synergistic qualities of both the high energy density laser beam for deep penetration and the arc for wide fit-up gap tolerance. This process is especially suitable for the shipbuilding industry where thick-gauge section, long steel plates have been widely used in a butt joint configuration. In this study, preliminary exploration was carried out to detect and visualize the welding defects using laser ultrasonics combined with the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT). Results obtained on 9.3 mm thick butt-welded HSLA-65 steel plates indicated that the laser-ultrasonic SAFT inspection technique can successfully detect and visualize the presence of porosity, lack of fusion and internal crack defects. This was further confirmed by X-ray digital radiography and metallography. The results obtained clearly show the potential of using the laser-ultrasonic technology for the automated inspection of hybrid laser-arc welds.",,10.1063/1.4864848,21272075,NRCC 53240|NRC-AERO-53240,,,d6bd12fb-ee35-4870-a268-56947d47c6a3,article,eng
Intrinsically microporous soluble polyimides incorporating Tröger’s Basefor membrane gas separation,"Zhuang, Yongbing|Seong, Jong Geun|Do, Yu Seong|Jo, Hye Jin|Cui, Zhaoliang|Lee, Jongmyeong|Lee, Young Moo|Guiver, Michael D.",Macromolecules,47,10,3254,3262,,2014,14/05/2014,,,,,,,,,,,"Polyimides with intrinsic microporosity were readily prepared by introducing Tröger’s base (TB) into the polymer backbone via polymerization between imide-containing diamines and dimethoxymethane (DMM). Two imide-containing diamines were prepared by reaction of 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (DPD) with 4,4?-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and 3,3?,4,4?-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA). The resulting polyimides were readily soluble in common organic solvents, had good mechanical properties, with tensile strength in the range of 59–64 MPa and elongation at break of 5–17%, good thermal stability and extremely high glass transition temperatures (Tgs), up to 425 °C. The polyimides with incorporated TB units had high fractional free volume (FFV ? 0.215) resulting from poor chain-packing and exhibited significant microporosity and good gas transport properties. The novel polymer architecture in this study extends the development of polyimides with intrinsic microporosity for membrane-based gas separation.",,10.1021/ma5007073,21272074,NRC-EME-55659,,,438adbef-85f3-43f1-83e4-fbf1c05d0c5f,article,eng
Specific inhibitors for identifying pathways for methane production from carbon monoxide by a nonadapted anaerobic mixed culture,"Navarro, Silvia Sancho|Cimpoia, Ruxandra|Bruant, Guillaume|Guiot, Serge R.",Canadian Journal of Microbiology,60,6,407,415,,2014,06/05/2014,,,,,,,,,,,"Specific inhibitors such as 2-bromoethanesulfonate (BES) and vancomycin were employed in activity batch tests to decipher metabolic pathways that are preferentially used by a mixed anaerobic consortium (sludge from an anaerobic digester) to transform carbon monoxide (CO) into methane (CH?). We first evaluated the inhibitory effect of both BES and vancomycin on the microbial community, as well as the efficiency and stability of vancomycin at 35 °C, over time. The activity tests with CO?–H?, CO, glucose, acetate, formate, propionate, butyrate, methanol, and ethanol showed that vancomycin does not inhibit some Gram-negative bacteria, and 50 mmol/L BES effectively blocks CH? production in the sludge. However, when sludge was incubated with propionate, butyrate, methanol, or ethanol as the sole energy and carbon source, methanogenesis was only partially inhibited by BES. Separate tests showed that 0.07 mmol/L vancomycin is enough to maintain its inhibitory efficiency and stability in the population for at least 32 days at 35 °C. Using the inhibitors above, it was demonstrated that CO conversion to CH? is an indirect, 2-step process, in which the CO is converted first to acetate and subsequently to CH?.","carbon monoxide, anaerobic, methanation, methanogenesis, carboxydotrophy, bromoethanesulfonate (BES), vancomycin",10.1139/cjm-2013-0843,21272073,NRC-EME-55643,,,f3bbdaae-71bc-4d8d-ba0b-4b9f3c7db3d9,article,eng
Ion transport by nanochannels in ion-containing aromatic copolymers,"Li, Nanwen|Guiver, Michael D.",Macromolecules,47,7,2175,2198,,2014,18/02/2014,,,,,,,,ACS Publications,,,"The search for the next generation of highly ion-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes has been a subject of intense research because of their potential applications in energy storage and transformation devices, such as fuel cells, vanadium flow batteries, membrane-based artificial photosynthesis, water electrolysis, or water treatment processes such as electrodialysis desalination. Nanochannels that contain ionic groups, through which “hydrated” ions can pass, are believed to be of key importance for efficient ion transport in polymer electrolytes membranes. In this Perspective, we present an overview of the approaches to induce ion-conducting nanochannel formation by self-assembly, using polymer architecture such as block or comb-shaped copolymers. The transport properties of ion-containing aromatic copolymers are examined to obtain an insight into the fundamental behavior of these materials, which are targeted toward applications in fuel cells and other electrochemical devices. Challenges in obtaining well-defined nanochannel morphologies, and possible strategies to improve transport properties in aromatic copolymers having structures with the potential to withstand operation in electrochemical/chemical devices, are discussed. Opportunities for the application of ion-containing aromatic copolymer membranes in fuel cells, vanadium flow batteries, membrane-based artificial photosynthesis, electrolysis, and electrodialysis are also reviewed. Research needs for further improvements in ionic conductivity and durability, and their applications are identified.",,10.1021/ma402254h,21272070,NRC-EME-55640,,,f2396d34-9a2f-41ab-88ca-7f18c9a8871d,article,eng
Alternative coating technologies for metal-ceramic nanocomposite films : potential application for solar thermal absorber|Alternative coating technologies for solar absorber films,"Bensebaa, F.|Di Domenicantonio, D.|Scoles, L.|Kingston, D.|Mercier, P.|Marshall, G.",International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies,2014,0,1,5,,2014,26/03/2014,,,1748-1317,,,,,OUP Open Access,,,"Metal-ceramic nanocomposite films for solar absorbers have been obtained by electro-deposition technique. This coating technique uses a mixed solution of nickel nanoparticles and sub-micron alumina particles. The relative ration of Ni-to-Al in these films is varied by tuning the concentration of nickel and alumina particles in the starting solution. Three films with different Ni/Al ratios have been prepared and characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Even in absence of any heat treatment, significant amounts of nickel in a metallic state have been found in all three samples.",electrodeposition; nanoparticle; coating; metal; solar,10.1093/ijlct/ctt081,21272054,NRC-EME-53208,,,32363412-b44a-4f29-b368-f5f0915a91c7,article,eng
Mixed gas sorption in glassy polymeric membranes: II. CO2/CH4 mixtures in a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1),"Vopi?ka, Ond?ej|De Angelis, Maria Grazia|Du, Naiying|Li, Nanwen|Guiver, Michael D.|Sarti, Giulio Cesare",Journal of Membrane Science,459,,264,276,,2014,11/02/2014,,,0376-7388,,,,,,,,"The individual solubility of CH4 and CO2 from binary gas mixtures was measured at 35 °C and up to 35 bar in a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1), at different compositions of the gas phase (from 0 to 50 mol% of CO2). The experiments were conducted on a pressure-decay apparatus equipped with a gas chromatograph, allowing a highly flexible measuring procedure. The gas solubility was plotted versus gas phase composition, total pressure, gas fugacity and second gas concentration. The mixed gas solubility of both species, CH4 and CO2, is lower than the pure gas value at the same fugacity, but the reduction of methane solubility due to the presence of CO2 is generally more significant. Such behavior is due to the fact that CO2 has normally higher solubility than methane: indeed the depression of the solubility coefficient with respect to the pure gas value is similar for both gases, when reported at the same concentration of the second gas. The real, mixed gas solubility selectivity is in general higher than the ideal value calculated from pure gas behavior. The ratio between real and ideal solubility selectivity increases with CO2 concentration in the membrane, according to a single mastercurve, reaching a maximum value of 4, and it also increases with the ratio between CO2 and CH4 concentration in the membrane. In particular, as in the case of other glassy polymers, the real solubility selectivity of CO2 over CH4 is higher than the ideal value if c(CO2)>c(CH4), and it is lower than the ideal value if the opposite condition holds true. Such behavior occurs because the competition for sorption is normally less effective on the more abundant penetrant in the polymer. A selectivity–solubility performance plot can be drawn for this system.",intrinsic microporosity; gas transport; solubility; mixed gas,10.1016/j.memsci.2014.02.003,21272053,NRC-EME-55644,,,2522486d-a6b8-4645-9edb-62131e9dbe36,article,eng
Superhydrophobicity and water repelling characteristics of thermally sprayed titanium dioxide,"Sharifi, N.|Ettouil, Ben F.|Mousavi, M.|Pugh, M.|Dolatabadi, A.|Moreau, C.",Journal of thermal spray technology,,,,,,2014,2014,,,,,,,,,,,"The wetting behavior (hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity) of atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) and suspension plasma sprayed (SPS) TiO2 coatings was investigated. The effect of different spraying process parameters on the water contact angle (WCA) of these coatings was studied using a Taguchi method for design of experiments. It was found that by controlling the spraying parameters, coatings can be developed with WCAs as high as 140° despite the natural hydrophilicity of TiO2. SEM imaging showed that these coatings have a hierarchical (dual scale) roughness that provides the hydrophobicity of their surface by enhancing water repellency and mobility on the surface.",,,21272047,NRC-ATS-145128,,,8d9db137-0a89-4eef-9714-effbfd5679d6,article,eng
Characterization of an oleate 12-desaturase from Physaria fendleri and identification of 5?UTR introns in divergent FAD2 family genes,"Lozinsky, Sharla|Yang, Hui|Forseille, Li|Cook, Gillian R.|Ramirez-erosa, Irving|Smith, Mark A.",Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,75,,114,122,,2014,2014-02,,,0981-9428,,,,,,,,"Mining of an EST sequence collection representing genes expressed during seed development in Physaria fendleri identified abundant sequences encoding apparent homologues of the Arabidopsis oleate 12-desaturase (AtFAD2 At3g12120). Of the 62 sequenced clones, 59 were identified as encoding the previously characterized bifunctional oleate 12-hydroxylase/desaturase (LFAH12/PfFAH12). The remaining 3 clones encoded a second FAD2 homologue. Isolation of a full length ORF and heterologous expression in yeast revealed that this sequence, designated PfFAD2, is the first full length sequence from any Physaria species that encodes an oleate 12-desaturase. PfFAD2 was expressed in both leaf and developing seed with activity on palmitate (16:1?9) and oleate (18:1?9). Sequence comparison revealed that PfFAD2 shares 93% amino acid identity with Arabidopsis FAD2 and only 84% identity with PfFAH12. By comparison of EST and genomic sequences it was revealed that the PfFAD2 gene encodes a transcript with a single intron of 1120bp in the 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR). A short intron, 81bp in length, was also discovered in the 5'UTR of the PfFAH12 gene, 16bp upstream of the translation initiation codon. In silico examination of FAD2 like genes from the genome of castor (Ricinus communis) identified putative 5'UTR introns in genes encoding the castor oleate 12-desaturase (RcFAD2) and oleate 12-hydroxylase (CFAH12). By sequencing of genomic DNA the presence of single 5'UTR introns in each gene, and the size of these introns, was confirmed. These findings suggest that 5'UTR introns may be a characteristic feature of FAD2 genes and also of divergent FAD2 genes encoding fatty acid modifying enzymes, and that the selection pressure maintaining these introns is very different.",FAD2|Fatty acid desaturase|Fatty acid hydroxylase|Lesquerella5'UTR intron|Physaria fendleri,10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.12.016,21272038,,S0981942813004403,pii,08f6eaf9-5d0d-4821-8108-225467bcfba8,article,eng
Lymphadenopathy: what defines a palpable lymph node?,"Xu, Jason J.|Campbell, Gordon|Alsaffar, Hussain|Brandt, Michael G.|Doyle, Philip C.|Glicksman, Jordan T.|Fung, Kevin",Head & Neck,36,2,n/a,,,2014,11/02/2014,,,1043-3074,,,,,,,,"BACKGROUND: The threshold size required to detect lymphadenopathy via palpation has never been formally determined. The purpose of this study was to determine the threshold, sensitivity, and error of node palpation and how this changes with experience. METHODS: Lymphadenopathy models were created using polyvinyl alcohol cryogel (PVA-C) to mimic tissue tactility. Node diameter ranged from 0.5 to 4 cm. Study subjects were medical students, otolaryngology residents, and otolaryngology consultants. Each subject provided 22 estimates of size. Primary outcomes were the sensitivity, error (true vs estimated size), and threshold of palpation. RESULTS: Thirty subjects completed the study. Sensitivity was 60%, 74%, and 86% for students, residents, and consultants, respectively (p < .01). Error was 0.88 cm, 0.61 cm, and 0.57 cm, respectively (p < .05). Palpation threshold was 1.32 cm, 0.83 cm, and 0.75 cm, respectively (p < .05). All participants detected nodes ?2 cm, whereas consultants detected nodes ?1 cm.",physical examination|lymph node palpation|medical education|simulation,10.1002/hed.23578,21272013,,,,1de2483b-8e29-445f-ab5b-e19280f07a54,article,eng
Third body behavior during dry sliding of cold-sprayed Al-Al?O? composites : in situ tribometry and microanalysis|Third body behavior during dry sliding of cold-sprayed Al-Al2O3 composites : in situ tribometry and microanalysis,"Shockley, J. Michael|Descartes, S.|Irissou, É.|Legoux, J.-G.|Chromik, R. R.",Tribology Letters,54,2,191,206,,2014,08/04/2014,,,1023-8883|1573-2711,,,,,,,,"Reciprocating sliding wear experiments were conducted on cold-sprayed pure aluminum and Al–22.6 wt% Al2O3 coatings using a custom-built in situ tribometer. Using a transparent sapphire counterface for the wear tests, the dynamic behavior of third body material in the contact was optically observed. The presence of Al2O3 particles led to greater stability of the transfer films adhering to the sapphire counterface, as well as greater stability of the friction coefficient and lower wear rates. Ex situ microanalysis of material in the wear tracks and transfer films suggests that the presence of Al2O3 particles promoted strain localization during sliding. This produced more uniform third body microstructures and protected the underlying aluminum matrix from deformation, which slowed the rate of transfer to the counterface.",Cold spray; aluminum composite; third bodies; in situ tribometry; tribological circuit.,10.1007/s11249-014-0326-z,21271991,NRC-AST-145124,,,52c576a4-a5a0-4c17-8a7c-60842df22ebf,article,eng
Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless steel 316L coatings produced by cold spray for biomedical applications,"AL-Mangour, Bandar|Vo, Phuong|Mongrain, Rosaire|Irissou, Éric|Yue, Stephen",Journal of Thermal Spray Technology,23,4,641,652,,2014,01/04/2014,,,1059-9630,,,,,,,,"In this study, the effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cold sprayed stainless steel 316L coatings using N2 and He as propellant gases were investigated. Powder and coating characterizations, including coating microhardness, coating porosity, and XRD phase analysis were performed. It was found that heat treatment reduced porosity, improved inter-particle bonding, and increased ductility. XRD results confirmed that no phase transformation occurred during deposition. Significant increase in UTS and ductility was observed for the annealed specimens obtained with nitrogen propellant, whereas little changes were observed for the helium propellant produced specimen.",cold gas dynamic spray; fractography; inter-particle bonding; mechanical properties; stent,10.1007/s11666-013-0053-2,21270900,NRC-AST-145122,,,5dc34176-5e53-416d-87cc-ea10b1ba1846,article,eng
ESPRESSO: The next European exoplanet hunter,"Pepe, F.|Molaro, P.|Cristiani, S.|Rebolo, R.|Santos, N.C.|Dekker, H.|Mégevand, D.|Zerbi, F. M.|Cabral, A.|Di Marcantonio, P.|Abreu, M.|Affolter, M.|Aliverti, M.|Allende Prieto, C.|Amate, M.|Avila, G.|Baldini, V.|Bristow, P.|Broeg, C.|Cirami, R.|Coelho, J.|Conconi, P.|Coretti, I.|Cupani, G.|D'Odorico, V.|De Caprio, V.|Delabre, B.|Dorn, R.|Figueira, P.|Fragoso, A.|Galeotta, S.|Genolet, L.|Gomes, R.|González Hernández, J.I.|Hughes, I.|Iwert, O.|Kerber, F.|Landoni, M.|Lizon, J.-L.|Lovis, C.|Maire, C.|Mannetta, M.|Martins, C.|Monteiro, M.|Oliveira, A.|Poretti, E.|Rasilla, J. L.|Riva, M.|Santana Tschudi, S.|Santos, P.|Sosnowska, D.|Sousa, S.|Spanó, P.|Tenegi, F.|Toso, G.|Vanzella, E.|Viel, M.|Zapatero Osorio, M. R.",Astronomische Nachrichten,335,1,8,20,,2014,2014,,,0004-6337,,,,,,,,"The acronym ESPRESSO stems for Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets and Stable Spectroscopic Observations; this instrument will be the next VLT high resolution spectrograph. The spectrograph will be installed at the Combined-Coudé Laboratory of the VLT and linked to the four 8.2 m Unit Telescopes (UT) through four optical Coudé trains. ESPRESSO will combine efficiency and extreme spectroscopic precision. ESPRESSO is foreseen to achieve a gain of two magnitudes with respect to its predecessor HARPS, and to improve the instrumental radial-velocity precision to reach the 10 cm s-1 level. It can be operated either with a single UT or with up to four UTs, enabling an additional gain in the latter mode. The incoherent combination of four telescopes and the extreme precision requirements called for many innovative design solutions while ensuring the technical heritage of the successful HARPS experience. ESPRESSO will allow to explore new frontiers in most domains of astro-physics that require precision and sensitivity. The main scientific drivers are the search and characterization of rocky exoplanets in the habitable zone of quiet, nearby G to M-dwarfs and the analysis of the variability of fundamental physical constants. The project passed the final design review in May 2013 and entered the manufacturing phase. ESPRESSO will be installed at the Paranal Observatory in 2016 and its operation is planned to start by the end of the same year.",,10.1002/asna.201312004,21270887,,,,343f22c2-d4d7-46b5-9690-a6c9b7dd3fb3,article,eng
Debris disks and multiplicity within the 75pc volume-limited A-Star (VAST) survey,"De Rosa, R. J.|Smith, B.|Bulger, J.|Patience, J.|Marois, C.|Song, I.|Macintosh, B.|Graham, J.|Doyon, R.|Bessell, M.",,,,334,335,,2014,06/01/2014,Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union,8|S299,1743-9213|1743-9221,"Exploring the Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems: Proceedings of the 299th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union held in Victoria, Canada, June 2 - 7, 2013","299th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, June 2-7, 2013, Victoria, Canada",,,Cambridge University Press|International Astronomical Union|Union Astronomique Internationale,9781107045200,,"We present the preliminary findings of an investigation of the multiplicity of debris disk stars identified within our Volume-limited A-star (VAST) multiplicity survey. Previous studies have produced conflicting results regarding the multiplicity fraction of debris disk-hosting stars compared with non-excess stars. By combining our large-scale volume-limited AO survey of A-type stars with the all-sky WISE catalogue, we have investigated the frequency of binary companions to a large sample of A-type stars with and without measured 22?m excess. The results of this study will allow for a greater understanding of the interaction between a companion star and a circumstellar debris disk, informing future study into the formation and stability of planetary-mass companions within binary systems.",stars: circumstellar matter|stars: binaries: visual|stars: early-type,10.1017/S174392131300882X,21270881,,,,8d3ee97f-8212-4188-ab53-c7edc04fe386,article,eng
Where do solar filaments form?,"Mackay, Duncan H.|Gaizauskas, Vytautas (Victor)|Yeates, Anthony R.",,,,445,446,,2014,06/01/2014,Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union,8|S300,1743-9213|1743-9221,Nature of Prominences and their Role in Space Weather,"300th symposium of the International Astronomical Union, June 10-16, 2013, Paris, France",,,Cambridge University Press|International Astronomical Union|Union Astronomique Internationale,9781107045194,,"In the present study, we consider where large, stable solar filaments form relative to underlying magnetic polarities. We find that 92% of all large stable filaments form in magnetic configurations involving the interaction of two or more bipoles. Only 7% form above the Polarity Inversion Line (PIL) of a single bipole. This indicates that a key element in the formation of largescale stable filaments is the convergence of magnetic flux, resulting in either flux cancellation or coronal reconnection.",,10.1017/S1743921313011484,21270880,,,,3ed675f1-c651-4697-99c4-6878dfed69ad,article,eng
Optical racetrack resonator transduction of nanomechanical cantilevers,"Sauer, V. T. K.|Diao, Z.|Freeman, M. R.|Hiebert, W. K.",Nanotechnology,25,5,,,55202,2014,09/01/2014,,,0957-4484,,,,,,,,"Optomechanical transduction has demonstrated its supremacy in probing nanomechanical displacements. In order to apply nano-optomechanical systems (NOMS) as force and mass sensors, knowledge about the transduction responsivity (i.e. the change in measured optical transmission with nanomechanical displacement) and its tradeoffs with system design is paramount. We compare the measured responsivities of NOMS devices with varying length, optomechanical coupling strength gom, and optical cavity properties. Cantilever beams 1.5 to 5 ?m long are fabricated 70 to 160 nm from a racetrack resonator optical cavity and their thermomechanical (TM) noise signals are measured. We derive a generic expression for the transduction responsivity of the NOMS in terms of optical and mechanical system parameters such as finesse, optomechanical coupling constant, and interaction length. The form of the expression holds direct insight as to how these parameters affect the responsivity. With this expression, we obtain the optomechanical coupling constants using only measurements of the TM noise power spectra and optical cavity transmission slopes. All optical pump/probe operation is also demonstrated in our side-coupled cantilever-racetrack NOMS. Finally, to assess potential operation in a gas sensing environment, the TM noise signal of a device is measured at atmospheric pressure.",,10.1088/0957-4484/25/5/055202,21270877,,,,a9cc9adc-bd84-4aeb-9f9f-e1841ca05e73,article,eng
A simple and sensitive biosensor for rapid detection of nanoparticles in water,"Bhomkar, Prasanna|Goss, Greg|Wishart, David S.",Journal of Nanoparticle Research,16,2,1,17,,2014,2014-01,,,1388-0764,,,,,,,,"Advances in nanoscience have led to a greater use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in numerous applications. Due to their small size and unique surface properties, ENPs have many desirable features. However, they also interact with living cells in potentially undesirable manners highlighting the need to develop improved detection systems to manage risks associated with their accidental occupational exposure or environmental release. However, the routine detection of ENPs has not yet been demonstrated, especially for aquatic environments. Using standard protein engineering techniques, we generated a protein-based biosensor that can sensitively detect negatively charged ENPs in aquatic matrices. In particular, we genetically engineered a green fluorescent protein with a poly-lysine tag (His-GFP-LYS) to facilitate its electrostatic interaction with commercially available negatively charged NPs. These 5-6-nm-sized NPs have metallic cores comprising gold, iron oxide, cerium oxide, and zinc oxide and are stabilized via poly-acrylic acid (PAA) coating. The interaction between the recombinant positively charged GFP and the PAA coating of the negatively charged NPs resulted in visually observable turbidity changes that were quantified using a portable spectrophotometer (NANODROP). These interactions were confirmed using dynamic light scattering and visualized using agarose native gel electrophoresis. This simple and portable system could detect ENPs resuspended in pure aqueous buffer (0.08 mg/L) and those resuspended in environmental matrices, such as pond water (0.6 mg/L). This detection system also sensed ENPs in the presence of moderate concentrations of natural organic matter that is ubiquitously present in surface waters. These results suggest that this biosensor system could be used for the routine, portable, and affordable detection of negatively-charged ENPs under environmentally relevant aquatic conditions. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Rights of Canada .",,10.1007/s11051-014-2253-1,21270874,,,,8834a48c-9e9e-426a-9c4f-fad6d85b3d2c,article,eng
"The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey-Infrared (NGVS-IR). I. A new near-ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared globular cluster selection tool","Muñoz, R.P.|Puzia, T.H.|Lançon, A.|Peng, E.W.|Côté, P.|Ferrarese, L.|Blakeslee, J.P.|Mei, S.|Cuillandre, J.-C.|Hudelot, P.|Courteau, S.|Duc, P.-A.|Balogh, M.L.|Boselli, A.|Bournaud, F.|Carlberg, R.G.|Chapman, S.C.|Durrell, P.|Eigenthaler, P.|Emsellem, E.|Gavazzi, G.|Gwyn, S.|Huertas-Company, M.|Ilbert, O.|Jordán, A.|Läsker, R.|Licitra, R.|Liu, C.|Macarthur, L.|McConnachie, A.|McCracken, H.J.|Mellier, Y.|Peng, C.Y.|Raichoor, A.|Taylor, M.A.|Tonry, J.L.|Tully, R.B.|Zhang, H.","Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series",210,1,,,4,2014,2014,,,0067-0049,,,,,,,,"The NGVS-IR project (Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey-Infrared) is a contiguous, near-infrared imaging survey of the Virgo cluster of galaxies. It complements the optical wide-field survey of Virgo (NGVS). In its current state, NGVS-IR consists of Ks -band imaging of 4 deg2 centered on M87 and J- and Ks -band imaging of 16 deg2 covering the region between M49 and M87. We present observations of the central 4 deg2 centered on Virgo's core region. The data were acquired with WIRCam on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, and the total integration time was 41 hr distributed over 34 contiguous tiles. A survey-specific strategy was designed to account for extended galaxies while still measuring accurate sky brightness within the survey area. The average 5? limiting magnitude is Ks = 24.4 AB mag, and the 50% completeness limit is Ks = 23.75 AB mag for point-source detections, when using only images with better than 0.?7 seeing (median seeing 0.?54). Star clusters are marginally resolved in these image stacks, and Virgo galaxies with AB mag arcsec-2 are detected. Combining the Ks data with optical and ultraviolet data, we build the uiKs color-color diagram, which allows a very clean color-based selection of globular clusters in Virgo. This diagnostic plot will provide reliable globular cluster candidates for spectroscopic follow-up campaigns, needed to continue the exploration of Virgo's photometric and kinematic substructures, and will help the design of future searches for globular clusters in extragalactic systems. We show that the new uiKs diagram displays significantly clearer substructure in the distribution of stars, globular clusters, and galaxies than the gzKs diagram - the NGVS + NGVS-IR equivalent of the BzK diagram that is widely used in cosmological surveys. Equipped with this powerful new tool, future NGVS-IR investigations based on the uiKs diagram will address the mapping and analysis of extended structures and compact stellar systems in and around Virgo galaxies. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved..",,10.1088/0067-0049/210/1/4,21270848,,,,2919f85f-d126-4e0e-92c7-231eb2723e09,article,eng
Release characteristics of selected carbon nanotube polymer composites,"Kingston, C.|Zepp, R.|Andrady, A.|Boverhof, D.|Fehir, R.|Hawkins, D.|Roberts, J.|Sayre, P.|Shelton, B.|Sultan, Y.|Vejins, V.|Wohlleben, W.",Carbon,68,,33,57,,2014,2014,,,0008-6223,,,,,,,,"Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are commonly used in polymer formulations to improve strength, conductivity, and other attributes. A developing concern is the potential for carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposites to release nanoparticles into the environment as the polymer matrix degrades or is mechanically stressed. Here, we review characteristics related to release potential of five sets of polymer systems: epoxy, polyamide, polyurethane, polyethylene, and polycarbonate. Our review includes consideration of general characteristics and use of the polymer (as related to potential MWCNT release) and its MWCNT composites; general potential for nanomaterial release (particularly MWCNTs) due to degradation and mechanical stresses during use; and potential effects of stabilizers and plasticizers on polymer degradation. We examine UV degradation, temperature extremes, acid-base catalysis, and stresses such as sanding. Based on a high-level summary of the characteristics considered, the potential for release of MWCNT with typical, intended consumer use is expected to be low. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",Acid-base catalysis|Carbon nanotube-polymer composites|Nanomaterial release|Polymer degradation|Polymer formulation|Polymer nanocomposite|Release characteristics|Temperature extremes|Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCN)|Nanocomposites|Solvents|Stresses,10.1016/j.carbon.2013.11.042,21270850,,,,13b54b02-8ecd-4f7b-9df3-167b154bbd6a,article,eng
"Structure elucidation of capsular polysaccharides from Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 33C, 33D, and revised structure of serotype 33B","Lin, F.L.|Vinogradov, E.|Deng, C.|Zeller, S.|Phelan, L.|Green, B.A.|Jansen, K.U.|Pavliak, V.",Carbohydrate Research,383,,97,104,,2014,2014,,,0008-6215,,,,,,,,"We report herein the previously unknown structures of the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides serotype 33C and 33D, and a revised structure of serotype 33B. The syntenic pair 33B/33D has nearly identical polysaccharide repeat units with the exception of one sugar residue (?2-?-Glcp in 33B and ?2-?-Galp in 33D). Serotype 33C is structurally more similar to 33B/33D than 33A/33F, in that it also possesses a backbone ribitol-phosphate group and a ?3-?-GalpNAc residue, both of which are absent in the repeat units of 33A/33F. Serotype 33C is notably different from all other serogroup 33 polysaccharides, as there is no ?3-?-Glcp residue and the location of the O-acetylation of the ?5-?-Galf residue (O-6) differs from the other serogroup 33 polysaccharides (O-2). This completes the structural assignments of polysaccharides within serogroup 33 and provides a framework for understanding the recognition of epitopes by serogroup 33 typing sera based on observed cross-reactivities reported in the literature. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",Capsular polysaccharides|Cross reactivity|Serogroup 33|Serotypes|Streptococcus pneumoniae|Structural assignments|Structure elucidation|Sugar residues|Acetylation|Polysaccharides|bacterial polysaccharide|epitope|galactose|glucose|monosaccharide|n acetylgalactosamine|phosphate|pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide|ribitol|ribitol phosphate|unclassified drug|acetylation|article|bacterial capsule|carbohydrate analysis|controlled study|cross reaction|gas chromatography|heteronuclear single quantum coherence|linkage analysis|mass spectrometry|methylation|nonhuman|nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|priority journal|serotype|Streptococcus pneumoniae|Streptococcus pneumoniae,10.1016/j.carres.2013.11.006,21270855,,,,67056423-5d4e-4d94-8359-2c836c7a16ee,article,eng
Tribological characterization of plasma-sprayed CoNiCrAlY-BN abradable coatings,"Irissou, É.|Dadouche, A.|Lima, R. S.",Journal of Thermal Spray Technology,23,01-Feb,252,261,,2014,01/01/2014,,,1059-9630,,,,,,,,"The processing conditions, microstructural and tribological characterizations of plasma-sprayed CoNiCrAlY-BN high temperature abradable coatings are reported in this manuscript. Plasma spray torch parameters were varied to produce a set of abradable coatings exhibiting a broad range of porosity levels (34-62%) and superficial Rockwell hardness values (0-78 HR15Y). Abradability tests have been performed using an abradable-seal test rig, capable of simulating operational wear at different rotor speeds and seal incursion rates (SIRs). These tests allowed determining the rubbing forces and quantifying the blade and seal wear characteristics for slow and fast SIRs. Erosion wear performance and ASTM C633 coating adhesion strength test results are also reported. For optimal abradability performance, it is shown that coating hardness needs to be lower than 70 and 50 HR15Y for slow and fast blade incursion rate conditions, respectively. It is shown that the erosion wear performance, as well as, the coating cohesive strength is a function of the coating hardness. The current results allow defining the coating specifications in terms of hardness and porosity for targeted applications. This article is an invited paper selected from presentations at the 2013 International Thermal Spray Conference, held May 13-15, 2013, in Busan, South Korea, and has been expanded from the original presentation.",Abradable coating|Adhesive strength|Atmospheric plasma spray|Erosion resistance|MCrAlY|Coatings|Gas turbines|Hardness|Plasma jets|Porosity|Tribology|Plasma spraying,10.1007/s11666-013-9998-4,21270856,NRC-AST-145549,,,5d1bf7e9-4b5b-4adc-9def-27ffae7cefba,article,eng
Experiments with three approaches to recognizing lexical entailment,"Turney, P. D.|Mohammad, S. M.",Natural Language Engineering,21,3,437,476,,2014,28/01/2014,,,1351-3249,,,,,Cambridge University Press,,,"Inference in natural language often involves recognizing lexical entailment (RLE), that is, identifying whether one word entails another. For example, buy entails own. Two general strategies for RLE have been proposed: One strategy is to manually construct an asymmetric similarity measure for context vectors (directional similarity) and another is to treat RLE as a problem of learning to recognize semantic relations using supervised machine-learning techniques (relation classification). In this paper, we experiment with two recent state-of-the-art representatives of the two general strategies. The first approach is an asymmetric similarity measure (an instance of the directional similarity strategy), designed to capture the degree to which the contexts of a word, a, form a subset of the contexts of another word, b. The second approach (an instance of the relation classification strategy) represents a word pair, a: b, with a feature vector that is the concatenation of the context vectors of a and b, and then applies supervised learning to a training set of labeled feature vectors. In addition, we introduce a third approach that is a new instance of the relation classification strategy. The third approach represents a word pair, a: b, with a feature vector in which the features are the differences in the similarities of a and b to a set of reference words. All three approaches use vector space models of semantics, based on word-context matrices. We perform an extensive evaluation of the three approaches using three different datasets. The proposed new approach (similarity differences) performs significantly better than the other two approaches on some datasets and there is no dataset for which it is significantly worse. Along the way, we address some of the concerns raised in past research, regarding the treatment of RLE as a problem of semantic relation classification, and we suggest, it is beneficial to make connections between the research in lexical entailment and the research in semantic relation classification. Copyright © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the National Research Council Canada 2014.",,10.1017/S1351324913000387,21270849,,,,6c1a3c84-f531-41b4-96a1-c70c41f85a33,article,eng
"Estimation of the bioaccumulation potential of a nonchlorinated bisphenol and an ionogenic xanthene dye to Eisenia andrei in field-collected soils, in conjunction with predictive in silico profiling","Princz, J.|Bonnell, M.|Ritchie, E.|Velicogna, J.|Robidoux, P.-Y.|Scroggins, R.",Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,33,2,308,316,,2014,2014-02,,,0730-7268,,,,,,,,"In silico-based model predictions, originating from structural and mechanistic (e.g., transport, bioavailability, reactivity, and binding potential) profiling, were compared against laboratory-derived data to estimate the bioaccumulation potential in earthworms of 2 organic substances (1 neutral, 1 ionogenic) known to primarily partition to soil. Two compounds representative of specific classes of chemicals were evaluated: a nonchlorinated bisphenol containing an -OH group (4,4?-methylenebis[2,6-di-tert-butylphenol] [Binox]), and an ionogenic xanthene dye (2?,4?,5?,7?-tetrabromo-4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-3?,6?-dihydroxy-, disodium salt [Phloxine B]). Soil bioaccumulation studies were conducted using Eisenia andrei and 2 field-collected soils (a clay loam and a sandy soil). In general, the in silico structural and mechanistic profiling was consistent with the observed soil bioaccumulation tests. Binox did not bioaccumulate to a significant extent in E. andrei in either soil type; however, Phloxine B not only accumulated within tissue, but was not depurated from the earthworms during the course of the elimination phase. Structural and mechanistic profiling demonstrated the binding and reactivity potential of Phloxine B; this would not be accounted for using traditional bioaccumulation metrics, which are founded on passive-based diffusion mechanisms. This illustrates the importance of profiling for reactive ionogenic substances; even limited bioavailability combined with reactivity can result in exposures to a hazardous substance not predictable by traditional in silico modeling methods.",Bioaccumulation|Bisphenol|Earthworm|Soil|Xanthene,10.1002/etc.2445,21270846,,,,a291bca4-a6a5-471c-9522-00bbff497c29,article,eng
"Improved Zn/Zn(II) redox kinetics, reversibility and cyclability in 1-ethyl-3-methylimmidazolium dicyanamide with water and dimethyl sulfoxide added","Xu, M.|Ivey, D.G.|Qu, W.|Xie, Z.",Journal of Power Sources,252,,327,332,,2014,2014,,,0378-7753,,,,,,,,"Diluents composed of H2O and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were added to 1-ethyl-3-methylimmidazolium dicyanamide (EMI-DCA), yielding an electrolyte system that is potentially applicable for Zn-air batteries. H 2O is critical for enhancing both the electrolyte conductivity and Zn/Zn(II) redox kinetics, but impairs Zn/Zn(II) redox reversibility and cyclability. DMSO has the ability to stabilize the electrolyte from H 2O decomposition and is beneficial for maintaining Zn/Zn(II) redox reversibility and cyclability. Improved Zn/Zn(II) redox kinetics and reversibility, together with good cyclability up to 200 cycles, was achieved in EMI-DCA + H2O + DMSO in a mole ratio of 1:1.1:2.3. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Battery electrolyte|Dicyanamide|Diluents|Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)|Electrolyte conductivity|Electrolyte systems|Redox kinetics|Room temperature ionic liquids|Dimethyl sulfoxide|Electrolytes|Ionic liquids|Kinetics|Redox reactions|Organic solvents,10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.014,21270847,,,,5ae10c84-5b74-4de9-8d5a-6d77c2630a3a,article,eng
Neuroprotective Effects of GDNF-expressing Human Amniotic Fluid Cells,"Jezierski, A.|Rennie, K.|Zurakowski, B.|Ribecco-Lutkiewicz, M.|Haukenfrers, J.|Ajji, A.|Gruslin, A.|Sikorska, M.|Bani-Yaghoub, M.",Stem Cell Reviews and Reports,,,1,18,,2014,2014,,,1550-8943,,,,,,,,"Brain injury continues to be one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Despite decades of research, there is currently no pharmacologically effective treatment for preventing neuronal loss and repairing the brain. As a result, novel therapeutic approaches, such as cell-based therapies, are being actively pursued to repair tissue damage and restore neurological function after injury. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective potential of amniotic fluid (AF) single cell clones, engineered to secrete glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (AF-GDNF), both in vitro and in a surgically induced model of brain injury. Our results show that pre-treatment with GDNF significantly increases cell survival in cultures of AF cells or cortical neurons exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Since improving the efficacy of cell transplantation depends on enhanced graft cell survival, we investigated whether AF-GDNF cells seeded on polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds could enhance graft survival following implantation into the lesion cavity. Encouragingly, the AF-GDNF cells survived longer than control AF cells in serum-free conditions and continued to secrete GDNF both in vitro and following implantation into the injured motor cortex. AF-GDNF implantation in the acute period following injury was sufficient to activate the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in host neural cells in the peri-lesion area, potentially boosting endogenous neuroprotective pathways. These results were complemented with promising trends in beam walk tasks in AF-GDNF/PGA animals during the 7 day timeframe. Further investigation is required to determine whether significant behavioural improvement can be achieved at a longer timeframe. © 2014 Crown Copyright as represented by: Danica Stanimirovic.",,10.1007/s12015-013-9484-x,21270851,,,,cc25865a-99f9-4207-b63b-1ccdb17e155e,article,eng
Sub-femtomole detection of 16s rRNA from Legionella pneumophila using surface plasmon resonance imaging,"Foudeh, A.M.|Daoud, J.T.|Faucher, S.P.|Veres, T.|Tabrizian, M.",Biosensors and Bioelectronics,52,,129,135,,2014,2014,,,0956-5663,,,,,,,,"Legionellosis has been and continues to be a life-threatening disease worldwide, even in developed countries. Given the severity and unpredictability of Legionellosis outbreaks, developing a rapid, highly specific, and sensitive detection method is thus of great pertinence. In this paper, we demonstrate that sub-femtomole levels of 16s rRNA from pathogenic Legionella pneumophila can be timely and effectively detected using an appropriate designed capture, detector probes, and a QD SPRi signal amplification strategy. To achieve specific and sensitive detection, optimal hybridization conditions and parameters were implemented. Among these parameters, fragmentation of the 16s rRNA and further signal amplification by QDs were found to be the main parameters contributing to signal enhancement. The appropriate design of the detector probes also increased the sensitivity of the detection system, mainly due to secondary structure of 16s rRNA. The use of 16s rRNA from L. pneumophila allowed for the detection of metabolically active pathogens with high sensitivity. Detection of 16s rRNA in solutions as diluted as 1. pM at 450. ?L (0.45. femtomole) was achieved in less than 3. h, making our approach suitable for the direct, timely, and effective detection of L. pneumophila within man-made water systems. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.",16S rRNA|Hybridization|Legionella pneumophila|Pathogen detection|Quantum dot|Surface plasmon resonance imaging|Bioassay|Pathogens|Plasmons|Signal processing|Surface plasmon resonance|RNA|RNA 16S|article|electron capture detection|fragmentation reaction|Legionella pneumophila|legionnaire disease|limit of detection|nonhuman|RNA sequence|sensitivity and specificity|surface plasmon resonance,10.1016/j.bios.2013.08.032,21270852,,,,c82122b1-a6c6-4939-881c-a41cb2ccc21d,article,eng
Alignment in star-debris disc systems seen by Herschel,"Greaves, J.S.|Kennedy, G.M.|Thureau, N.|Eiroa, C.|Marshall, J.P.|Maldonado, J.|Matthews, B.C.|Olofsson, G.|Barlow, M.J.|Moro-Mart?in, A.|Sibthorpe, B.|Absil, O.|Ardila, D.R.|Booth, M.|Broekhoven-Fiene, H.|Brown, D.Z.A.|Collier Cameron, A.|del Burgo, C.|Di Francesco, J.|Eisl?offel, J.|Duchêne, G.|Ertel, S.|Holland, W.S.|Horner, J.|Kalas, P.|Kavelaars, J.J.|Lestrade, J.-F.|Vican, L.|Wilner, D.J.|Wolf, S.|Wyatt, M.C.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters,438,1,L31,L35,,2014,2014,,,1745-3925,,,,,,,,"Many nearby main-sequence stars have been searched for debris using the far-infrared Herschel satellite, within the DEBRIS, DUNES and Guaranteed-Time Key Projects. We discuss here 11 stars of spectral types A-M where the stellar inclination is known and can be compared to that of the spatially resolved dust belts. The discs are found to be well aligned with the stellar equators, as in the case of the Sun's Kuiper belt, and unlike many close-in planets seen in transit surveys. The ensemble of stars here can be fitted with a star-disc tilt of ?10°. These results suggest that proposed mechanisms for tilting the star or disc in fact operate rarely. A few systems also host imaged planets, whose orbits at tens of au are aligned with the debris discs, contrary to what might be expected in models where external perturbers induce tilts. © 2013 The Authors.",,10.1093/mnrasl/slt153,21270854,,,,3f4de3dc-3d95-4d2e-805d-f1428687855f,article,eng
"The effect of displacement field on bending, buckling, and vibration of cross-ply circular cylindrical shells","Shadmehri, F.|Hoa, S.|Hojjati, M.",Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures,21,1,14,22,,2014,2014,,,1537-6494,,,,,,,,"The effect of assumed displacement field is investigated on the bending, buckling, and natural frequencies of cross-ply circular cylindrical shells using first-order shear deformation theory through an analytical solution. Linear strain-displacement relation is assumed. The governing equations are derived from Hamilton's principle. Assuming Levy-type solution, the governing equations are then converted to ordinary differential equations and changed to state-space form introducing ten unknown variables and solved for displacements. Different lamination sequences, including symmetric and asymmetric laminate, are studied and compared. The effect of various boundary conditions (i.e., clamped, simply supported, and free edge), radius-to-thickness, and radius-to-length ratio on the displacement of mid-surface is investigated. © 2014 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.",Circular cylindrical shells|Cylindrical shell|First-order shear deformation theory|Laminated composite shell|Radius-to-length ratio|Strain-displacement relation|Various boundary conditions|vibration|Bending (forming)|Buckling|Cylinders (shapes)|Laminated composites|Ordinary differential equations|State space methods|Shells (structures),10.1080/15376494.2012.677102,21270833,,,,ab918b26-dc01-409c-8e70-f0b100caf717,article,eng
A new composite material-low-carbon Stellite alloy reinforced with nickel-coated carbon fibers,"Khoddamzadeh, A.|Liu, R.|Liang, M.|Yang, Q.",Journal of Composite Materials,48,2,179,190,,2014,2014,,,0021-9983,,,,,,,,A group of nickel-coated carbon fiber reinforced Stellite 25 composites are produced using the hot isostatic pressing technique. The focus of this research is on obviating the problems related to the presence of carbides in Stellite alloys by substituting carbides as the main strengthening agent in Stellite alloys with nickel-coated carbon fibers. The principal reason for selecting Stellite 25 is because of its low carbon content and thereby relatively carbide free microstructure. The nickel coating is intended to eliminate any chance of carbide formation due to the possible reaction between carbon fibers and the matrix alloying additions. The tribomechanical and corrosion properties of the composites are characterized. The results show that the composites exhibit better corrosion resistance than medium-carbon Stellite alloys. The addition of carbon fibers into Stellite 25 improves its hardness and tribological properties. The wear rates of the composites are lower than that of medium-carbon Stellite alloys and comparable with that of high-carbon Stellites. © The Author(s) 2012.,Alloying additions|Carbide formation|Corrosion property|Nickel-coated carbon fiber|Stellite alloy|Strengthening agents|Tribological properties|Wear rates|Carbides|Carbon fibers|Corrosion|Corrosion resistance|Friction|Hardness|Hot isostatic pressing|Metallic matrix composites|Nickel coatings|Powder metallurgy|Sintering|Superalloys|Wear of materials|Stellite,10.1177/0021998312469991,21270834,,,,72141102-5bfb-4bf0-be1f-7723defea6c4,article,eng
Exhaustive docking and solvated interaction energy scoring: lessons learned from the SAMPL4 challenge,"Hogues, H.|Sulea, T.|Purisima, E.O.",Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design,,,1,11,,2014,2014,,,0920-654X,,,,,,,,"We continued prospective assessments of the Wilma-solvated interaction energy (SIE) platform for pose prediction, binding affinity prediction, and virtual screening on the challenging SAMPL4 data sets including the HIV-integrase inhibitor and two host-guest systems. New features of the docking algorithm and scoring function are tested here prospectively for the first time. Wilma-SIE provides good correlations with actual binding affinities over a wide range of binding affinities that includes strong binders as in the case of SAMPL4 host-guest systems. Absolute binding affinities are also reproduced with appropriate training of the scoring function on available data sets or from comparative estimation of the change in target's vibrational entropy. Even when binding modes are known, SIE predictions lack correlation with experimental affinities within dynamic ranges below 2 kcal/mol as in the case of HIV-integrase ligands, but they correctly signaled the narrowness of the dynamic range. Using a common protein structure for all ligands can reduce the noise, while incorporating a more sophisticated solvation treatment improves absolute predictions. The HIV-integrase virtual screening data set consists of promiscuous weak binders with relatively high flexibility and thus it falls outside of the applicability domain of the Wilma-SIE docking platform. Despite these difficulties, unbiased docking around three known binding sites of the enzyme resulted in over a third of ligands being docked within 2 Å from their actual poses and over half of the ligands docked in the correct site, leading to better-than-random virtual screening results. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.",,10.1007/s10822-014-9715-5,21270837,,,,23533c9e-662b-42a7-97a1-4197a42a1058,article,eng
Assessment of antimicrobial (Host Defense) peptides as anti-cancer agents,"Douglas, S.|Hoskin, D.W.|Hilchie, A.L.",Methods in Molecular Biology,1088,,159,170,,2014,2014,,,1064-3745,,,,,,9781627036726,,"Cationic antimicrobial (host defense) peptides (CAPs) are able to kill microorganisms and cancer cells, leading to their consideration as novel candidate therapeutic agents in human medicine. CAPs can physically associate with anionic membrane structures, such as those found on cancer cells, causing pore formation, intracellular disturbances, and leakage of cell contents. In contrast, normal cells are less negatively-charged and are typically not susceptible to CAP-mediated cell death. Because the interaction of CAPs with cells is based on charge properties rather than cell proliferation, both rapidly dividing and quiescent cancer cells, as well as multidrug-resistant cancer cells, are targeted by CAPs, making CAPS potentially valuable as anti-cancer agents. CAPs often exist as families of peptides with slightly different amino acid sequences. In addition, libraries of synthetic peptide variants based on naturally occurring CAP templates can be generated in order to improve upon their action. High-throughput screens are needed to quickly and efficiently assess the suitability of each CAP variant. Here we present the methods for assessing CAP-mediated cytotoxicity against cancer cells (suspension and adherent) and untransformed cells (measured using the tritiated thymidine-release or MTT assay), and for discriminating between cell death caused by necrosis (measured using lactate dehydrogenase-or 51Cr- release assays), or apoptosis and necrosis (single-stranded DNA content measured by flow cytometry). In addition the clonogenic assay, which assesses the ability of single transformed cells to multiply and produce colonies, is described. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.",antimicrobial cationic peptide|antineoplastic agent|chromium 51|lactate dehydrogenase|single stranded DNA|thymidine|adherent cell|apoptosis|cancer cell|cell death|cell suspension|cell transformation|clonogenic assay|cytotoxicity|DNA content|flow cytometry|host resistance|necrosis,10.1007/978-1-62703-673-3_11,21270839,,,,7b0660d6-2cdc-4291-87f0-63d1d0a256ce,article,eng
Lipopolysaccharide glycotyping of clarithromycin-resistant and clarithromycin-susceptible Canadian isolates of Helicobacter pylori,"Altman, E.|Harrison, B.A.|Chandan, V.|Slinger, R.",Canadian Journal of Microbiology,60,1,35,39,,2014,2014,,,0008-4166,,,,,,,,"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Helicobacter pylori exhibits several unique structures, such as Lewis (Le) antigens, ?-1, 6-glucan, and DD-heptan. To investigate the relationship between LPS structure and resistance to clarithromycin, 41 Canadian isolates of H. pylori were characterized by whole-cell ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), sugar analysis, immunoblotting, and indirect immunofluorescence. The expression of type 2 Lewis X and (or) Lewis Y antigens was detected in 22 of 23 (95.7%) clarithromycin-resistant and in 14 of 18 (77.7%) clarithromycin-susceptible H. pylori strains (P < 0.05), and 8 isolates co-expressed type 1 and type 2 Le antigens (8/41, 19.5%). A significantly higher frequency of ?-1, 6-glucan (P < 0.01) was detected in clarithromycin-resistant strains than in clarithromycin-susceptible strains (19/23 (82.6%) versus 11/18 (61.1%)). Sugar analysis of selected ?-1, 6-glucan-positive H. pylori strains confirmed that they frequently contained elevated amounts of DD-heptose. Clarithromycin-resistant isolates were also characterized by low expression levels or absence of CagA (17/23, 73.9%). Indirect immunofluorescence studies carried out on selected H. pylori strains with rabbit immune sera specific for ?-1, 6-glucan confirmed broad recognition of ?-1, 6-glucan epitope. The binding was not affected by LPS glycotype of H. pylori isolates examined nor by their CagA status or resistance to clarithromycin. These findings suggest ?-1, 6-glucan as a potential vaccine target, especially in an era of increasing clarithromycin resistance in H. pylori.",,10.1139/cjm-2013-0747,21270840,,,,c9e45226-3e98-4e41-9c37-7acb8ffb2d83,article,eng
"BI CVn - A spotted, overcontact, type-W eclipsing binary","Nelson, R.H.|?enavci, H.V.|Ba?türk, Ö.|Bahar, E.",New Astronomy,29,,57,64,,2014,2014,,,1384-1076,,,,,,,,"We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of the eclipsing binary system BI CVn. Wilson-Devinney analysis of its light and radial velocity curves showed that the system is a W-subtype overcontact W-UMa type binary. We computed the absolute physical parameters of the system based on a mass ratio spectroscopically determined in this study. Though the orbital period had changed somehow in the past, it has remained constant for a long time since March 1999, contradicting the previous interpretations suggesting a cyclic variation superimposed on a quadratic change. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",,10.1016/j.newast.2013.11.006,21270842,,,,f8625bf0-f990-4510-b381-7fd663488a12,article,eng
Effects of multiple scattering on radiative properties of soot fractal aggregates,"Yon, J.|Liu, F.|Bescond, A.|Caumont-Prim, C.|Rozé, C.|Ouf, F.-X.|Coppalle, A.",Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer,133,,374,381,,2014,2014,,,0022-4073,,,,,,,,"The in situ optical characterization of smokes composed of soot particles relies on light extinction, angular static light scattering (SLS), or laser induced incandescence (LII). These measurements are usually interpreted by using the Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory for Fractal Aggregates (RDG-FA). RDG-FA is simple to use but it completely neglects the impact of multiple scattering (MS) within soot aggregates. In this paper, based on a scaling approach that takes into account MS effects, an extended form of the RDG-FA theory is proposed in order to take into account these effects. The parameters of this extended theory and their dependency on the number of primary sphere inside the aggregate (1 < N p < 1006) and on the wavelength (266 nm < ? < 1064 nm) are evaluated thanks to rigorous calculations based on discrete dipole approximation (DDA) and generalized multi-sphere Mie-solution (GMM) calculations. This study shows that size determination by SLS is not distorted by MS effect. On the contrary, it is shown that fractal dimension can be misinterpreted by light scattering experiments, especially at short wavelengths. MS effects should be taken into account for the interpretation of absorption measurements that are involved in LII or extinction measurements. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.",Absorption measurements|Discrete dipole approximation|Extinction measurements|FRactal aggregate|GMM|Laser induced incandescence|Optical characterization|RDG-FA|Digital differential analyzers|Fractal dimension|Light scattering|Multiple scattering|Soot|Aggregates|fractal analysis|light scattering|measurement method|radiative transfer|soot,10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.08.022,21270843,,,,4e623d73-6f2b-476c-9609-39559c059650,article,eng
Toward single-step anodic fabrication of monodisperse TiO2 nanotube arrays on non-native substrates,"Farsinezhad, S.|Dalrymple, A.N.|Shankar, K.",Physica Status Solidi (A) Applications and Materials Science,,,,,,2014,2014,,,1862-6300,,,,,,,,"Shape irregularity and size dispersion exhibited by TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNAs) is a disadvantage for size-selective applications such as flow-through membranes, cell differentiation and drug delivery, and for photonic applications such as photonic crystals and metallodielectric metamaterials, where size and shape dispersity are sources of defects and scattering. We show that achieving extremely smooth Ti films is more critical than a large Ti grain size in attaining highly ordered nanotube arrays with minimal dispersity in shape and size, and obtain the insight that uniform pore nucleation is determinative of the quality of the nanostructures that result following electrochemical anodization. TiO2 nanotubes formed by anodization of highly smooth Ti films on single crystal silicon wafers in electrolytes with high water concentrations had only circular pores with a narrow dispersion of pore diameters, and exhibited uniform cross-sections along the tube-axis. Pattern order was evaluated using 2D-FFT analysis. TiO2 nanotubes on Si wafers with a (a) narrow and (b) wide dispersion in shape and size. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.",,10.1002/pssa.201330649,21270845,,,,841b2aa8-5969-43e1-9f8e-119782d13de2,article,eng
Herschel observations of the HR 8799 disk,"Matthews, B.C.|Kennedy, G.|Sibthorpe, B.|Booth, M.|Broekhoven-Fiene, H.|Wyatt, M.|Macintosh, B.|Marois, C.",,,,348,349,,2014,01/01/2014,Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union,8|S299,1743-9213|1743-9221,Exploring the Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems,"International Astronomical Union Symposium 299: Exploring the Formation of Planetary Systems, June 2-7, 2013, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada",,,Cambridge University Press,9781107045200,,"The HR 8799 four-planet host is known to host a multi-component disk from Spitzer observations. We have obtained Herschel† observations of the disk which provide increased sensitivity and resolution of its outer components: the planetesimal belt and halo. We find that the two components cannot be discerned from the spectral energy distribution alone, but require resolved images to independently identify them. In the resolved images, the halo stands out for its steep radial profile and large radial extent to 2000 AU, a factor of two larger than was estimated from Spitzer data. Copyright © 2013, International Astronomical Union.",stars: individual (HR 8799)|stars: circumstellar matter|planetary systems,10.1017/S1743921313008892,21270838,,,,75491906-6ed7-4c0b-a12d-e35d564bcbec,article,eng
Dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine: A remarkable exception to ?-tocopherol's membrane presence,"Marquardt, D.|Williams, J.A.|Kinnun, J.J.|Ku?erka, N.|Atkinson, J.|Wassall, S.R.|Katsaras, J.|Harroun, T.A.",Journal of the American Chemical Society,136,1,203,210,,2014,2014,,,0002-7863,,,,,,,,"Using data obtained from different physical techniques (i.e., neutron diffraction, NMR and UV spectroscopy), we present evidence which explains some of the conflicting and inexplicable data found in the literature regarding ?-tocopherol's (aToc's) behavior in dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (di-14:0PC) bilayers. Without exception, the data point to aToc's active chromanol moiety residing deep in the hydrophobic core of di-14:0PC bilayers, a location that is in stark contrast to aToc's location in other PC bilayers. Our result is a clear example of the importance of lipid species diversity in biological membranes and importantly, it suggests that measurements of aToc's oxidation kinetics, and its associated byproducts observed in di-14:0PC bilayers, should be reexamined, this time taking into account its noncanonical location in this bilayer. © 2013 American Chemical Society.",,10.1021/ja408288f,21270831,,,,3bf57187-7321-4b2e-a1c1-9a06b58ce473,article,eng
On the ?12 band of C6D6 at 2289 cm -1,"Rezaei, M.|McKellar, A.R.W.|Moazzen-Ahmadi, N.",Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy,296,,14,16,,2014,2014,,,0022-2852,,,,,,,,"New supersonic jet spectra (T ? 2.5 K) show that the analysis by Plíva et al. (1994) of the ?12 (C-D stretch) band of C 6D6 near 2289 cm-1 is partly incorrect. In particular, the ?2 + ?13 combination band, which is strongly coupled to ?12 by a Fermi interaction, is centered at 2275.878 cm-1, which is 1.22 cm-1 higher than previously determined. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",Combination bands|Fermi interaction|Infrared spectrum|Supersonic jets|Benzene|Molecular spectroscopy|Physical chemistry|Spectroscopy|Supersonic aerodynamics,10.1016/j.jms.2013.12.001,21270835,,,,5aecd89d-563e-42ac-848a-493efb770723,article,eng
Structural basis for antibody recognition in the receptorbinding domains of toxins a and B from clostridium difficile,"Murase, T.|Eugenio, L.|Schorr, M.|Hussack, G.|Tanha, J.|Kitova, E.N.|Klassen, J.S.|Ng, K.K.S.",Journal of Biological Chemistry,289,4,2331,2343,,2014,2014,,,0021-9258,,,,,,,,"Background: TcdA and TcdB are the main virulence factors for Clostridium difficile infections. Results: X-ray crystallography, mass spectrometry, and size exclusion chromatography reveal the molecular basis of antibody recognition. Conclusion: Neutralizing antibodies do not directly block binding to known receptors, suggesting new mechanisms of neutralization. Significance: The molecular details of antibody recognition will assist with the development of novel therapeutics and diagnostics. © 2014 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.",,10.1074/jbc.M113.505917,21270832,,,,b7672678-50a3-4cef-8022-8a23ad9d4bdf,article,eng
"Highly efficient thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-based solar cells processed from non-chlorinated solvent","Aïch, B.R.|Beaupré, S.|Leclerc, M.|Tao, Y.","Organic Electronics: physics, materials, applications",15,2,543,548,,2014,2014,,,1566-1199,,,,,,,,"To obtain high performance bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, the selection of solvents to prepare the donor/acceptor blend is as important as the choice of the donor/acceptor materials themselves. State-of-the-art lab-scale polymer solar cells have evolved around chlorinated solvents such as chloroform, chlorobenzene and o-dichlorobenzene. However, for large scale applications, benign processing solvents may become inevitable. In this work, we used a mixture of Xylenes (a chlorine-free solvent), methyl naphthalene (MeN) and 1,8-diiodoctane (DIO) to modulate the nano-scale morphology of poly(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-dithieno[3,2-b:2?,3?-d]silole-alt-1, 3-(5-octylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione) (PDTSTPD)/PCBM blend, one of the most efficient active layer in polymeric solar cell. Power conversion efficiencies up to 5.5% (with PC61BM) and 6.2% (with PC71BM) were obtained for photovoltaic devices with an active area of 1.0 cm2. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Bulk heterojunction|Bulk heterojunction organic solar cells|Large-scale applications|Non-chlorinated solvents|Polymer Solar Cells|Polymeric solar cells|Power conversion efficiencies|Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione|Additives|Aromatic compounds|Carbon inorganic compounds|Heterojunctions|Naphthalene|Polymers|Solar cells|Solvents|Nanostructured materials",10.1016/j.orgel.2013.12.012,21270841,,,,a5d11107-59eb-475c-a689-f97d6913e010,article,eng
Evaluation of homogeneity and genetic stability of REOLYSIN® (pelareorep) by complete genome sequencing of reovirus after large scale production,"Chakrabarty, R.|Tran, H.|Fortin, Y.|Yu, Z.|Shen, S.-H.|Kolman, J.|Onions, D.|Voyer, R.|Hagerman, A.|Serl, S.|Kamen, A.|Thompson, B.|Coffey, M.",Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,,,1,8,,2014,2014,,,0175-7598,,,,,,,,"REOLYSIN® (pelareorep) is a proprietary isolate of the reovirus T3D (Type 3 Dearing) strain which is currently being tested in clinical trials as an anticancer therapeutic agent. Reovirus genomes are composed of ten segments of double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) characterized by genome size: large (L1, L2, and L3), medium (M1, M2, and M3), and small (S1, S2, S3, and S4). The objective of this work was to evaluate the homogeneity and genetic stability of REOLYSIN®. Sanger sequencing (SS) performed on test articles derived from the Master Virus Bank (MVB) and Working Virus Bank (WVB) identified many modifications when compared to GenBank reference sequences. Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) using Roche-454 sequencing was performed on REOLYSIN® (100 L scale) and resulted in 69,821,115 bases and an average of 335 bases per read. Twenty-nine high confidence differences relative to the GenBank reference sequence were identified in REOLYSIN® by MPS. Of those, 27 were previously identified by SS in the virus bank-derived test articles. Of the remaining two nucleotide differences, one was predicted to be silent at the amino acid level (L3 genome-T3163C, codon 1054, 86 % of the population was ""T"" and 13 % of the population were reported as ""C""). The other modification was in the noncoding region (M1 genome-A2284A to A2284G), and A2284G was present in 97 % of the population. The results obtained from MPS were comparable to those from SS; both demonstrate a high level of homogeneity at the amino acid level and genetic stability of REOLYSIN®. Finally, phylogenetic analysis of the REOLYSIN® L1 genome segment showed close evolutionary relationship with its human homologs, serotypes Lang and Dearing. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.",,10.1007/s00253-013-5499-0,21270844,,,,746f491f-538a-4cc6-bfbc-64079a5627c7,article,eng
Towards better predictions of theatre chair absorption using the perimeter-to-area method,"Choi, Y.-J.|Bradley, J.S.|Jeong, D.-U.",Applied Acoustics,76,,119,127,,2014,2014,,,0003-682X,,,,,,,,"The present study investigated factors influencing the precision of the perimeter-to-area (P/A) method for predicting the absorption coefficients of theatre chairs in an auditorium, and proposes guidelines for obtaining more precise predictions. Regression lines were fitted to measurements of the absorption coefficients of blocks of theatre chairs with a range of P/A ratios obtained in full scale and scale model reverberation chambers. The choice of numbers of samples, and sample P/A ratios, influenced the precision of regression lines. Samples should be chosen to include a wide range of P/A values, but should not include cases with only 1 row or only 1 chair in each row of sample blocks of chairs. Including a row space in front of the first row of each block of chairs, when calculating sample perimeters and areas, is more likely to lead to more precise predictions than excluding it. The precision of regression lines was also seen to vary with the type of chair such that low absorption chairs and high absorption chairs tended to have less precise regression results. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",Absorption co-efficient|Measurements of|Perimeter to areas|Regression lines|Reverberation chambers|Scale modeling|Theatre chairs|Forecasting|Regression analysis|Reverberation|Theaters,10.1016/j.apacoust.2013.07.010,21270796,,,,4e5f117b-6686-4ea6-a4b4-76cd8cab7c07,article,eng
Separation and characterization of alkaloids in goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadruple time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS)|Application of UPLC-QTOF-MS in MSE mode for the rapid and precise identification of alkaloids in goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis),"Le, P.M.|McCooeye, M.|Windust, A.",Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,,,1,11,,2014,2014,,,1618-2642,,,,,,,,"Here, we describe a new application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry operating in MSE mode (UPLC-QTOF-MSE) for the sensitive, fast, and effective characterization of alkaloids in goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis). This approach allowed identification of alkaloids using a cyclic low and high collision energy spectral acquisition mode providing simultaneous accurate precursor and fragment ion mass information. A total of 45 compounds were separated and 40 of them characterized including one new compound and 7 identified for the first time in goldenseal. The spectral data obtained using this method is comparable to those obtained by conventional LC-MSn. However, the UPLC-QTOF-MSE method offers high chromatographic resolution with structural characterization facilitated by accurate mass measurement in both MS and MS/MS modes in a single analytical run; this makes it suitable for the rapid analysis and screening of alkaloids in plant extracts. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.",,10.1007/s00216-013-7558-x,21270802,,,,0caece70-6f53-4350-bf02-8e7625264f7a,article,eng
"Residual stress, thermomechanics and infrared imaging, hybrid techniques and inverse problems. Volume 8|Conference proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics series : preface",,,8,,,,,2014,2014,,,2191-5644,"Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series : Residual stress, thermomechanics and infrared imaging, hybrid techniques and inverse problems","2013 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, June 3-5, 2013, Lombard, IL",,"Rossi, Marco|Sasso, Marco|Connesson, Nathanael|Singh, Raman|DeWald, Adrian|Backman, David|Gloeckner, Paul",,9783319008752,,,,,21270803,,,,951a7e65-08b5-4321-9ab9-40c9a288c58f,article,eng
Effect of hydrogen and helium addition to fuel on soot formation in an axisymmetric coflow laminar methane/air diffusion flame,"Liu, F.|Ai, Y.|Kong, W.",International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0360-3199,,,,,,,,"A detailed numerical study was conducted to investigate the effects of hydrogen and helium addition to fuel on soot formation in atmospheric axisymmetric coflow laminar methane/air diffusion flame. Detailed gas-phase chemistry and thermal and transport properties were employed in the numerical calculations. Soot was modeled using a PAH based inception model and the HACA mechanism for surface growth and oxidation. Numerical results were compared with available experimental data. Both experimental and numerical results show that helium addition is more effective than hydrogen addition in reducing soot loading in the methane/air diffusion flame. These results are different from the previous investigations in ethylene/air diffusion flames. Hydrogen chemically enhances soot formation when added to methane. The different chemical effects of hydrogen addition to ethylene and methane on soot formation are explained in terms of the different effects of hydrogen addition on propargyl, benzene, and pyrene formation low in the flames. Crown Copyright © 2014.",,10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.12.151,21270804,,,,d2a7ecb9-3e1b-47a9-8b41-4f37b4154092,article,eng
Using hashtags to capture fine emotion categories from tweets,"Mohammad, S.M.|Kiritchenko, S.",Computational Intelligence,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0824-7935,,,,,,,,"Detecting emotions in microblogs and social media posts has applications for industry, health, and security. Statistical, supervised automatic methods for emotion detection rely on text that is labeled for emotions, but such data are rare and available for only a handful of basic emotions. In this article, we show that emotion-word hashtags are good manual labels of emotions in tweets. We also propose a method to generate a large lexicon of word-emotion associations from this emotion-labeled tweet corpus. This is the first lexicon with real-valued word-emotion association scores. We begin with experiments for six basic emotions and show that the hashtag annotations are consistent and match with the annotations of trained judges. We also show how the extracted tweet corpus and word-emotion associations can be used to improve emotion classification accuracy in a different nontweet domain.Eminent psychologist Robert Plutchik had proposed that emotions have a relationship with personality traits. However, empirical experiments to establish this relationship have been stymied by the lack of comprehensive emotion resources. Because personality may be associated with any of the hundreds of emotions and because our hashtag approach scales easily to a large number of emotions, we extend our corpus by collecting tweets with hashtags pertaining to 585 fine emotions. Then, for the first time, we present experiments to show that fine emotion categories such as those of excitement, guilt, yearning, and admiration are useful in automatically detecting personality from text. Stream-of-consciousness essays and collections of Facebook posts marked with personality traits of the author are used as test sets. © 2014 National Research Council Canada.",,10.1111/coin.12024,21270806,,,,b68a8151-5ba4-418e-9f30-deeb99021290,article,eng
Illuminating silicon surface hydrosilylation: An unexpected plurality of mechanisms,"Buriak, J.M.",Chemistry of Materials,26,1,763,772,,2014,2014,,,0897-4756,,,,,,,,"Silicon is the cornerstone material of the semiconductor industry. As feature sizes on chips continue to decrease in size, the ratio of surface to bulk increases, and as a result, the role of surface defects, surface states and other subtle features play larger roles in the functioning of the device. Although silicon oxides have served the industry well as the passivation chemistry of choice, there is interest in expanding the repertoire of accessible and efficient chemical functional strategies available for use, and to fully understand the nature of these interfaces. For new applications such as molecular electronics on silicon and biochips, for example, there is a need to avoid the layer of intervening insulating oxide: A well-defined linkage of organic molecules through a silicon-carbon bond has great promise and appeal. Hydrosilylation, the insertion of an alkene or alkyne into a surface Si-H bond, is an ideal approach to producing these covalent Si-C bonds, and can be carried out in a number of ways. Light-promoted hydrosilylation is promising because it is clean and direct and can be patterned via masking; it requires no additional reagents such as catalysts or input of thermal energy and thus may have reduced surface contamination and numbers of defects. In this perspective, we start by making connections between the molecular silane literature, and the first reports of UV-mediated hydrosilylation of an alkene on a silicon surface, a reaction that was assumed to operate via a radical mechanism. We then describe the unexpected development of four new mechanisms that have no obvious parallels with the molecular silane literature, and take place as a result of the solid state electronics of the underlying silicon itself. From exciton involvement, to the influence of plasmonics, to the role of photoemission, the area of silicon surface hydrosilylation has become incredibly rich, and undoubtedly still contains new reactivity to be discovered. © 2013 American Chemical Society.",,10.1021/cm402120f,21270808,,,,44b10c09-dd16-429e-bad2-ba22785b6ea9,article,eng
Comparison of manual and semi-automated segmentation methods to evaluate hippocampus volume in APP and PS1 transgenic mice obtained via in vivo magnetic resonance imaging,"Hayes, K.|Buist, R.|Vincent, T.J.|Thiessen, J.D.|Zhang, Y.|Zhang, H.|Wang, J.|Summers, A.R.|Kong, J.|Li, X.-M.|Martin, M.",Journal of Neuroscience Methods,221,,103,111,,2014,2014,,,0165-0270,,,,,,,,"Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease is valuable to understand better the structural changes that occur in the brain and could provide a means to test drug treatments. A hallmark pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease is atrophy of the hippocampus, which is an early biomarker of the disease. MRI can be used to detect and monitor this biomarker. Method: Repeated measurements using in vivo 3D T2-weighted imaging of mice were used to assess the methods. Each mouse was imaged twice in one week and twice the following week and no changes in volume were expected. The hippocampus was segmented both manually and semi-automatically. Registration was done to gain information on shape changes. The volumes from each mouse were compared intra-mouse, between mice and to hippocampus volume values in the literature. Results: A reliable method was developed which was able to detect difference in volumes of hippocampus between mice when performed by a single individual. The semi-automated segmentation was unable to detect the same level of differences. The semi-automated segmentation method gave larger hippocampus volumes, with 78-87% reliability between the manual and semi-automated segmentation. Although more accurate, the manual segmentation is laborious and suffers from inter- and intra-variability. Conclusion: These results suggest that manual segmentation is still considered the most reliable segmentation method for small structures. However, if performing longitudinal studies, where there is at least one year between imaging sessions, the segmentation should be done all at once at the end of all the imaging sessions. If segmentation is done after each imaging session, with at least a year passing between segmentations, very small variations in volumes can be missed. This method provides a means to quantify the volume of the hippocampus in a live mouse using manual segmentation, which is the first step toward studying hippocampus atrophy in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.",animal experiment|article|brain size|controlled study|hippocampus|intermethod comparison|male|manual segmentation|mouse|neuroimaging|neurological and sensorial procedures|nonhuman|nuclear magnetic resonance imaging|priority journal|semi automated segmentation|signal noise ratio|three dimensional imaging|transgenic mouse,10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.09.014,21270810,,,,3b9275b4-41cd-4767-8141-07c75964b1be,article,eng
Modeling gravitational collapse of rectangular granular piles in air and water,"Savage, S.B.|Babaei, M.H.|Dabros, T.",Mechanics Research Communications,56,,1,10,,2014,2014,,,0093-6413,,,,,,,,"The present paper is concerned with the two-dimensional collapse of piles of granular materials, a problem analogous to the classical dam break problem in hydraulics. This study is intended to aid in the development of constitutive equations and modeling procedures that can be applied to predict various flows involving high concentration liquid-particle mixtures. We consider the granular collapse as a test problem and attempt to validate our modeling by comparing our predictions with previously published granular collapse experiments. The time-dependent evolution of the collapsing granular piles is calculated by making use of COMSOL, a commercial finite element code that is designed to handle a wide variety of Multiphysics problems. We begin by considering the collapse of a rectangular block of dry granular material and calculate the temporal evolution of the free surface by making use of the Level Set method. Good agreement is found between these predictions and the laboratory experiments of Balmforth and Kerswell (2005). The collapse of granular material submerged in a water is then investigated using a Mixture Model approach. The experiments of Rondon et al. (2011) revealed drastically different collapse periods depending upon whether the initial pile was in a loose or a dense, compacted state. The simple Mixture Model approach gave reasonably good predictions of the Rondon et al. (2011) experiments for the case of initially loose piles that collapsed in about a second, but it was unsuccessful in simulating the collapse of the initially dense piles that were observed by Rondon et al. (2011) to take around 30-40 s. Some simple empirical modifications to the material constitutive behavior were able to roughly predict such long collapse times, but a more comprehensive and detailed investigation of the phenomenon is warranted. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",Commercial finite element codes|Constitutive behaviors|Fluid solids|Gravitational collapse|Laboratory experiments|Level Set method|Mixture model|Time-dependent evolutions|Channel flow|Drop breakup|Experiments|Forecasting|Granular materials|Gravitational effects|Level measurement|Mixtures|Stars|Piles,10.1016/j.mechrescom.2013.11.001,21270812,,,,d65ff7ae-376c-46ba-bdbd-130d19915cee,article,eng
Effects of different electrolytes containing Na2WO4 on the electrochemical performance of nickel hydroxide electrodes for nickel-metal hydride batteries,"Shangguan, E.|Li, J.|Guo, D.|Chang, Z.|Yuan, X.-Z.|Wang, H.",International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0360-3199,,,,,,,,"To improve the high-temperature performance of the nickel hydroxide electrodes in nickel-metal hydride batteries, sodium tungstate (Na2WO4) used as an electrolyte additive has been added into two types of binary electrolytes (KOH-LiOH and NaOH-LiOH) in this study. The effects of electrolyte composition on the electrochemical performance of nickel electrodes have been systematically investigated via a combination of cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and charge/discharge tests. It is found that by adding (1.0 wt.%) Na2WO4, the performance of nickel electrodes is significantly improved in both NaOH and KOH electrolytes at 70 °C. The improved performance can be attributed to the deposition of WO3·2H2O solid film on the surface of nickel electrode, which is beneficial to the increase in oxygen evolution overpotential, the slow-down of oxygen evolution rate and the decrease in charge-transfer resistance. © 2013 Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC.",,10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.12.070,21270813,,,,64c163ce-7cb3-488b-905d-5f002f7f0e5e,article,eng
Exploiting the metabolism of PYC expressing HEK293 cells in fed-batch cultures,"Vallée, C.|Durocher, Y.|Henry, O.",Journal of Biotechnology,169,1,63,70,,2014,2014,,,0168-1656,,,,,,,,"The expression of recombinant yeast pyruvate carboxylase (PYC) in animal cell lines was shown in previous studies to reduce significantly the formation of waste metabolites, although it has translated into mixed results in terms of improved cellular growth and productivity. In this work, we demonstrate that the unique phenotype of PYC expressing cells can be exploited through the application of a dynamic fed-batch strategy and lead to significant process enhancements. Metabolically engineered HEK293 cells stably producing human recombinant IFN?2b and expressing the PYC enzyme were cultured in batch and fed-batch modes. Compared to parental cells, the maximum cell density in batch was increased 1.5-fold and the culture duration was extended by 2.5 days, but the product yield was only marginally increased. Further improvements were achieved by developing and implementing a dynamic fed-batch strategy using a concentrated feed solution. The feeding was based on an automatic control-loop to maintain a constant glucose concentration. This strategy led to a further 2-fold increase in maximum cell density (up to 10.7×106cells/ml) and a final product titer of 160mg/l, representing nearly a 3-fold yield increase compared to the batch process with the parental cell clone. © 2013.",Animal cell lines|Fed batches|Fed-batch cultures|Glucose concentration|HEK293 cells|Process enhancements|Pyruvate carboxylase|Recombinant yeast|Automation|Batch data processing|Cells|Control|Cytology|Recombinant proteins|Batch cell culture|glucose|pyruvate carboxylase|recombinant alpha2b interferon|animal cell|article|batch process|cell clone|cell density|cell strain HEK293|controlled study|enzyme metabolism|fed batch culture|nonhuman|phenotype|priority journal|yeast,10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.11.002,21270818,,,,df3d9042-89f0-4391-993b-3e054f2788d8,article,eng
Editorial,"Love, P.E.D.|Ding, L.|Luo, H.|Shen, W.",Expert Systems with Applications,41,4 PART 1,931,933,,2014,2014,,,0957-4174,,,,,,,,,,10.1016/j.eswa.2013.08.037,21270819,,,,3f482041-4d83-4e62-a16b-efeb607421df,article,eng
Coverage path planning for eddy current inspection on complex aeronautical parts,"Olivieri, P.|Birglen, L.|Maldague, X.|Mantegh, I.",Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,30,3,305,314,,2014,2014,,,0736-5845,,,,,,,,"Non-destructive testing (NDT) plays a critical role in controlling the structural integrity (therefore the quality) of aeronautical parts, during fabrication as well as during maintenance. Eddy current (EC) testing is one of the most used NDT techniques in the aerospace industry. However, EC testing is still mainly performed by human operators and reliability as well as repeatability is not always guaranteed. To solve these issues, automating this NDT technique with a robotic system is investigated. In this paper, an EC probe equipped with a passive compliant system is assumed to be attached to the end-effector of a 6-DOF manipulator arm to carry on the inspection. Then, assuming that a 3D model of the inspected part is known a priori, a coverage path planning method using a zigzag (or rastering) pattern adapted to EC testing on aeronautical structures with a complex geometry is proposed. To reach this objective, the approach adopted in this work is to adapt existing coverage path planning techniques based on a ""divide-and-conquer"" strategy used for spraying applications to EC inspection. More precisely, three successive segmentations are applied to the surface to be inspected so that consistent rastering paths can be generated. Simulation results are shown for a complex part of an aeronautical structure to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.",Aeronautical structures|Complex geometries|Coverage path planning|Divide and conquer|Eddy-current inspection|Manipulator arms|Non destructive testing|Triangular meshes|Aerospace industry|Automation|Image segmentation|Inspection|Motion planning|Eddy current testing,10.1016/j.rcim.2013.10.002,21270820,,,,2a19f0b0-f9db-4881-99cb-6b0e88529bed,article,eng
Reconstruction of historic sea ice conditions in a sub-Arctic lagoon,"Petrich, C.|Tivy, A.C.|Ward, D.H.",Cold Regions Science and Technology,98,,55,62,,2014,2014,,,0165-232X,,,,,,,,"Historical sea ice conditions were reconstructed for Izembek Lagoon, Bering Sea, Alaska. This lagoon is a crucial staging area during migration for numerous species of avian migrants and a major eelgrass (Zostera marina) area important to a variety of marine and terrestrial organisms, especially Pacific Flyway black brant geese (Branta bernicla nigricans). Ice cover is a common feature of the lagoon in winter, but appears to be declining, which has implications for eelgrass distribution and abundance, and its use by wildlife. We evaluated ice conditions from a model based on degree days, calibrated to satellite observations, to estimate distribution and long-term trends in ice conditions in Izembek Lagoon. Model results compared favorably with ground observations and 26. years of satellite data, allowing ice conditions to be reconstructed back to 1943. Specifically, periods of significant (limited access to eelgrass areas) and severe (almost complete ice coverage of the lagoon) ice conditions could be identified. The number of days of severe ice within a single season ranged from 0 (e.g., 2001) to ? 67 (e.g., 2000). We detected a slight long-term negative trend in ice conditions, superimposed on high inter-annual variability in seasonal aggregate ice conditions. Based on reconstructed ice conditions, the seasonally cumulative number of significant or severe ice days correlated linearly with mean air temperature from January until March. Further, air temperature at Izembek Lagoon was correlated with wind direction, suggesting that ice conditions in Izembek Lagoon were associated with synoptic-scale weather patterns. Methods employed in this analysis may be transferable to other coastal locations in the Arctic. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.",Cumulative number|Degree days|Ground observations|Interannual variability|Mean air temperatures|Satellite observations|Sea ice conditions|Terrestrial organisms|Atmospheric temperature|Models|Plants (botany)|Remote sensing|Sea ice|Lakes|air temperature|ice cover|lagoon|remote sensing|satellite data|sea ice|wind direction|Alaska|Izembek Lagoon|United States|Anser|Aves|Branta bernicla nigricans|Zostera marina,10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.10.011,21270821,OCRE-PR-2014-001,,,439f3218-5e41-4525-9523-6ada49af7249,article,eng
A Framework for Risk-Informed Performance-Based Fire Protection Design for the Built Environment,"Alvarez, A.|Meacham, B.J.|Dembsey, N.A.|Thomas, J.R.",Fire Technology,50,2,161,181,,2014,2014,,,0015-2684,,,,,,,,"Performance-based fire protection design (PBFPD) approaches have now been in use for more than 20 years. One might be tempted to conclude that the current 'state of the art' is working well. However, application of PBFPD remains limited, several shortcomings exist, and an increasing number of countries are moving toward 'prescribed performance' to address the gaps. There are many factors contributing to these problems with PBFPD. Research has been carried out in two principal problem areas: the relationship between occupants and fire safety measures in the context of holistic building performance expectations during everyday use of the building, and also the lack of specifics within current PBFPD approaches. To address these concerns, a new framework for risk-informed PBFPD has been developed, centered on the study of systems formed by specific building types and their associated occupants. This framework replaces generic guidance with a more in-depth and targeted ""building-occupant"" system approach. This article focuses on how a successful implementation of the new risk-informed PBFPD approach will require acceptance of the need for a paradigm shift from one in which fire is the center of the problem to one in which building performance metrics are evaluated in case of fire events. This article also details the different steps of the new PBFPD process and how this process differs from the current ones, notably in separating technical steps from political steps related to decision making and policy. Finally, this article presents how the new approach is practically applied to a project, focusing on a proof of concept of the new PBFPD process. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.",,10.1007/s10694-013-0366-1,21270822,,,,700e7b64-9798-41af-b733-8954bc34a117,article,eng
Kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction on three different Pt surfaces of Pt/C catalyst analyzed by rotating ring-disk electrode in acidic solution,"Zhang, L.|Li, H.|Zhang, J.",Journal of Power Sources,255,,242,250,,2014,2014,,,0378-7753,,,,,,,,"The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on a Pt/C-based thin catalyst layer is studied using the rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) technique in an O 2-saturated acid solution. A modified model for obtaining the ORR constants in different electrode potential ranges is validated using the experimental disk and ring currents. The results calculated from the model and the Koutecky-Levich plots reveal that the ORR constants on three different Pt surfaces (Pt-H, Pt, and PtOX/Pt) are significantly different, among which, pure Pt surface is found to have the best activity towards ORR. This model can also give a detailed formularization of the apparent ORR electron transfer number (n) and the percentage of H2O2 (%H 2O2) produced during the ORR process. © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.",,10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.042,21270823,,,,13053465-7330-49e1-9f0e-00a696be1fe4,article,eng
Biomolecular sample considerations essential for optimal performance from cryogenic probes,"Biswas, Zakia|Merkley, Nadine|Syvitski, Raymond T.",Metabolomics,,,607,615,,2014,08/01/2014,,,1573-3882,,,,,,,,"For compounds dissolved in non-polar solvents, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic investigations have benefited greatly from the advent of cryogenically cooled probes. Unfortunately the allure of significant increases in sensitivity may not be realized for compounds such as metabolites that are dissolved in solvents with high ionic-strengths such as solutions typically utilized for metabolomic or biomolecular investigations. In some cases there is little benefit from a cryogenically cooled probe over a conventional room temperature probe. Various sample preparation methods have been developed to minimize the detrimental effects of salt; for large numbers of metabolomic samples these preparation methods tend to be onerous and impractical. An alternative to manipulating the sample, is to utilize a probe that is designed to have a higher tolerance for solutions with high ionic-strengths. In order to acquire high-quality optimal data and choose the appropriate probe configuration (especially important for comparative quantitative investigations) the effects of salts and buffers on cryogenic probe performance must be understood. Herein we detail sample considerations for two cryogenic probes, a standard 5 mm and a narrow diameter 1.7 mm, in an effort to identify via integrals, intensities and noise levels the optimal choice for biomolecular investigations.",1.7 and 5 mm cryogenic probes; Biomolecular samples; Metabolomic data collection; Quantitation; Salt tolerance,10.1007/s11306-013-0620-z,21270824,NRC-ACRD-55947,,,d941bc73-8510-497c-a809-1d38751cb110,article,eng
Effects of water vapor addition to the air stream on soot formation and flame properties in a laminar coflow ethylene/air diffusion flame,"Liu, F.|Consalvi, J.-L.|Fuentes, A.",Combustion and Flame,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0010-2180,,,,,,,,"The effects of adding water vapor to the air stream on flame properties and soot volume fraction were investigated numerically in a laminar coflow ethylene/air diffusion flame at atmospheric pressure by solving the fully elliptic conservation equations and using a detailed C2 reaction mechanism including PAH up to pyrene and detailed thermal and transport properties. Thermal radiation was calculated using the discrete-ordinates method and a statistical narrow-band correlated-k based wide band model for the absorption coefficients of CO2 and H2O. Soot formation was modeled using a PAH based inception model and the HACA mechanism for surface growth and oxidation. Addition of water vapor significantly reduces radiation heat loss from the flame primarily through reduced soot loading and flame temperature. The added water vapor affects soot formation and flame properties through not only dilution and thermal effects, but also through chemical effect. The chemical effect is as significant as the dilution and thermal effects. The primary pathway for the chemical effect of water vapor is the reverse reaction of OH + H2 ? H + H2O. Our numerical results confirm that the reduced H radical concentration leads to lower PAH concentrations and consequently lower soot inception rates. In contrast, the radiation effect due to the added water vapor was found to have a minor influence on both flame structure and soot formation in the laminar diffusion flame investigated. Crown Copyright © 2014.",,10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.12.017,21270826,,,,d47cb88d-43d5-4659-ba8a-371cb8446a96,article,eng
"A catalog of bulge, disk, and total stellar mass estimates for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey","Mendel, J.T.|Simard, L.|Palmer, M.|Ellison, S.L.|Patton, D.R.","Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series",210,1,,,3,2014,2014,,,0067-0049,,,,,,,,"We present a catalog of bulge, disk, and total stellar mass estimates for 660,000 galaxies in the Legacy area of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data (SDSS) Release 7. These masses are based on a homogeneous catalog of g- and r-band photometry described by Simard et al., which we extend here with bulge+disk and Sérsic profile photometric decompositions in the SDSS u, i, and z bands. We discuss the methodology used to derive stellar masses from these data via fitting to broadband spectral energy distributions (SEDs), and show that the typical statistical uncertainty on total, bulge, and disk stellar mass is 0.15 dex. Despite relatively small formal uncertainties, we argue that SED modeling assumptions, including the choice of synthesis model, extinction law, initial mass function, and details of stellar evolution likely contribute an additional 60% systematic uncertainty in any mass estimate based on broadband SED fitting. We discuss several approaches for identifying genuine bulge+disk systems based on both their statistical likelihood and an analysis of their one-dimensional surface-brightness profiles, and include these metrics in the catalogs. Estimates of the total, bulge and disk stellar masses for both normal and dust-free models and their uncertainties are made publicly available here. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved..",,10.1088/0067-0049/210/1/3,21270827,,,,4bc684da-aa43-4fe5-9bf8-fb7704c617fd,article,eng
Effects of ?-CoOOH coating on the high-temperature and high-rate performances of spherical nickel hydroxide electrodes,"Guo, D.|Shangguan, E.|Li, J.|Zhao, T.|Chang, Z.|Li, Q.|Yuan, X.-Z.|Wang, H.",International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0360-3199,,,,,,,,"To improve the high-temperature and high-rate performances of nickel hydroxide electrodes in nickel-metal hydride (Ni/MH) batteries, ?-CoOOH is coated onto spherical Ni(OH)2 through surface modification. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to characterize the synthesized products. The effects of ?-CoOOH on the electrochemical performance of nickel electrodes are investigated using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and a charge/discharge test. It is found that the spherical ?-CoOOH-coated Ni(OH)2 electrode without adding any conductive additives exhibits superior electrode properties including excellent high-temperature and high-rate discharge abilities, and superior cycling reversibility. These performance improvements are ascribed to the enhancement of oxygen evolution over-potential, slower oxygen evolution rate and lower charge transfer resistance resulting from the high conductivity coating of ?-CoOOH. © 2013 Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC.",,10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.12.132,21270828,,,,c5933b32-6f00-4cdd-8965-08f4432e9028,article,eng
Object shape-based optical sensing methodology and system for condition monitoring of contaminated engine lubricants,"Bordatchev, E.|Aghayan, H.|Yang, J.",Optics and Lasers in Engineering,54,,128,138,,2014,2014,,,0143-8166,,,,,,,,"Presence of contaminants, such as gasoline, moisture, and coolant in the engine lubricant indicates mechanical failure within the engine and significantly reduces lubricant quality. This paper describes a novel sensing system, its methodology and experimental verifications for analysis of the presence of contaminants in the engine lubricants. The sensing methodology is based on the statistical shape analysis methodology utilizing optical analysis of the distortion effect when an object image is obtained through a thin random optical medium. The novelty of the proposed sensing system lies within the employed methodology which an object with a known periodic shape is introduced behind a thin film of the contaminated lubricant. In this case, an acquired image represents a combined lubricant-object optical appearance, where an a priori known periodical structure of the object is distorted by a contaminated lubricant. The object, e.g. a stainless steel woven wire cloth with a mesh size of 65×65 ?m2 and a circular wire diameter of 33 ?m was placed behind a microfluidic channel, containing engine lubricant and optical images of flowing lubricant with stationary object were acquired and analyzed. Several parameters of acquired optical images, such as, color of lubricant and object, object shape width at object and lubricant levels, object relative color, and object width non-uniformity coefficient, were proposed. Measured on-line parameters were used for optical analysis of fresh and contaminated lubricants. Estimation of contaminant presence and lubricant condition was performed by comparison of parameters for fresh and contaminated lubricants. Developed methodology was verified experimentally showing ability to distinguish lubricants with 1%, 4%, 7%, and 10% coolant, gasoline and water contamination individually and in a combination form of coolant (0%-5%) and gasoline (0%-5%). Crown Copyright © 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",Automotive engine|Condition|Experimental verification|Mechanical failures|Microfluidic channel|Optical analysis|Periodical structure|Statistical shape analysis|Condition monitoring|Contamination|Coolants|Engines|Gasoline|Geometrical optics|Impurities|Measurements|Monitoring|Object recognition|Sensors|Water pollution|Wire|Lubricants,10.1016/j.optlaseng.2013.10.009,21270829,,,,b4ba967b-b900-4465-9103-57adfb2c6c2e,article,eng
Impact of wastewater treatment processes on antimicrobial resistance genes and their co-occurrence with virulence genes in Escherichia coli,"Biswal, B.K.|Mazza, A.|Masson, L.|Gehr, R.|Frigon, D.",Water Research,50,,245,253,,2014,2014,,,0043-1354,,,,,,,,"An increase in the frequency of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria including Escherichia coli could be a threat to public health. This study investigated the impact of activated sludge and physicochemical wastewater treatment processes on the prevalence of ARGs in E. coli isolates. In total, 719 E. coli were isolated from the influent and effluent (prior to disinfection) of two activated sludge and two physicochemical municipal treatment plants, and genotyped using DNA microarrays. Changes in the abundance of ARGs in the E. coli population were different for the two treatment processes. Activated sludge treatment did not change the prevalence of ARG-possessing E. coli but increased the abundance of ARGs in the E. coli genome while physicochemical treatment reduced both the prevalence of ARG-carrying E. coli as well as the frequency of ARGs in the E. coli genome. Most E. coli isolates from the four treatment plants possessed ARGs of multiple antimicrobial classes, mainly aminoglycoside, ?-lactams, quinolone and tetracyclines. In addition these isolates harboured DNA insertion sequence elements including integrase and transposase. A significant positive association was found between the occurrence of ARGs and virulence genotypes. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.",Activated sludge|Antimicrobial resistances|DNA micro-array|Insertion sequences|Physicochemical|Activated sludge process|Bioassay|Biochips|Effluent treatment|Effluents|Genes|Microorganisms|Wastewater treatment|Escherichia coli|aminoglycoside|antibiotic agent|beta lactam antibiotic|DNA|integrase|quinolone|tetracycline derivative|transposase|activated sludge|disinfection|fecal coliform|gene|genome|genotype|public health|sewage treatment|virulence|activated sludge|antibiotic resistance|article|bacterial gene|bacterial genome|bacterial virulence|bacterium isolation|controlled study|DNA microarray|DNA sequence|effluent|Escherichia coli|gene insertion|genotype|genotyping technique|influent|nonhuman|physical chemistry|priority journal|waste water management|waste water treatment plant|water pollutant,10.1016/j.watres.2013.11.047,21270830,,,,29cadd30-4e40-443b-977a-99280f37691c,article,eng
A first look at the disk population in the Auriga-California Molecular Cloud,"Broekhoven-Fiene, Hannah|Matthews, Brenda C.|Harvey, Paul M.",,,,151,152,,2014,06/01/2014,Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union,8|S299,1743-9213|1743-9221,Exploring the Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems,"Exploring the Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems (IAU Symposium S299), June, 2013, Victoria, B.C., Canada",,,Cambridge University Press|International Astronomical Union|Union Astronomique Internationale,9781107045200,,"The Auriga-California Molecular Cloud (AMC) is one of two nearby (within 500 pc) giant molecular clouds, the other being the Orion A Molecular Cloud (OMC). We aim to study the properties of circumstellar disks in the AMC to compare the planet formation potential and processes within the AMC to those for other clouds. A first look with measurements from Spitzer observations suggests that AMC disk properties, such as the distribution of disk luminosities and the evolution of the mid-IR excesses, are not vastly different from those in other regions. Follow-up observations in the submm, mm and cm can be used to measure disk masses and the degree of grain growth from spectral slopes to more completely characterize the disk population.",Star formation|Planetary systems|Protoplanetary disks|ISM clouds,10.1017/S1743921313008156,21270805,,,,5f730821-b193-4067-985b-e4049a634ef7,article,eng
On the kinematic separation of field and cluster stars across the bulge globular NGC 6528,"Lagioia, E.P.|Milone, A.P.|Stetson, P.B.|Bono, G.|Prada Moroni, P.G.|Dall'Ora, M.|Aparicio, A.|Buonanno, R.|Calamida, A.|Ferraro, I.|Gilmozzi, R.|Iannicola, G.|Matsunaga, N.|Monelli, M.|Walker, A.",The Astrophysical Journal,782,1,,,50,2014,2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"We present deep and precise multi-band photometry of the Galactic bulge globular cluster NGC 6528. The current data set includes optical and near-infrared images collected with ACS/WFC, WFC3/UVIS, and WFC3/IR on board the Hubble Space Telescope. The images cover a time interval of almost 10 yr, and we have been able to carry out a proper-motion separation between cluster and field stars. We performed a detailed comparison in the m F814W, m F606W-m F814W color-magnitude diagram with two empirical calibrators observed in the same bands. We found that NGC 6528 is coeval with and more metal-rich than 47 Tuc. Moreover, it appears older and more metal-poor than the super-metal-rich open cluster NGC 6791. The current evidence is supported by several diagnostics (red horizontal branch, red giant branch bump, shape of the sub-giant branch, slope of the main sequence) that are minimally affected by uncertainties in reddening and distance. We fit the optical observations with theoretical isochrones based on a scaled-solar chemical mixture and found an age of 11 ± 1 Gyr and an iron abundance slightly above solar ([Fe/H] = +0.20). The iron abundance and the old cluster age further support the recent spectroscopic findings suggesting a rapid chemical enrichment of the Galactic bulge. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.",,10.1088/0004-637X/782/1/50,21270766,,,,0c4e8135-3246-43e5-a294-dc297cb0f0fa,article,eng
Kinetic inhibition of natural gas hydrates in saline solutions and heptane,"Sharifi, H.|Ripmeester, J.|Walker, V.K.|Englezos, P.",Fuel,117,PART A,109,117,,2014,2014,,,0016-2361,,,,,,,,"The performance of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinylcaprolactam (PVCap) as kinetic gas hydrate inhibitors in saline solutions and with heptane was evaluated using high pressure microdifferential scanning calorimetry, as well as with a new apparatus, consisting of two high pressure stainless steel crystallizers. Although PVP and PVCap were found to prolong natural gas hydrate induction time in saline solutions, nucleation was followed by catastrophic hydrate crystal growth. PVP was found to be more effective in this case, since this hydrate growth was modestly slower. The addition of n-heptane to the natural gas in the system created a 4th phase. This resulted in increased induction time and a slowing of hydrate growth relative to the gas mixture. Unexpectedly, in the presence of n-heptane, addition of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) decreased induction time, but catastrophic growth did not occur. Here PVCap was more effective than PVP in both prolonging the induction time and decreasing the rate of hydrate crystal growth. Once formed, however, hydrate decomposition took longer and proceeded in two steps in the presence of n-heptane. This observation has profound applications on the use these KHIs under ocean field conditions. In the case of hydrate blockages, our observations that hydrate dissociation started later with the KHIs and complete dissociation took longer could have far reaching economic implications for industry. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",Economic implications|Flow assurance|Hydrate decomposition|Kinetic hydrate inhibitors|Liquid hydrocarbons|Polyvinyl pyrrolidone|Saline solutions|Scanning calorimetry|Crystal growth|Heptane|Hydration|Kinetics|Natural gas|Gas hydrates,10.1016/j.fuel.2013.09.012,21270769,,,,8e025f60-fd96-4b78-bf23-f05d15585eb6,article,eng
"Serum resistance, gallium nitrate tolerance and extrapulmonary dissemination are linked to heme consumption in a bacteremic strain of Acinetobacter baumannii","de Léséleuc, L.|Harris, G.|KuoLee, R.|Xu, H.H.|Chen, W.",International Journal of Medical Microbiology,,,,,,2014,2014,,,1438-4221,,,,,,,,"Bacteremia caused by Acinetobacter baumannii is a highly lethal complication of hospital-acquired pneumonia. In the present study, we investigated the serum resistance, gallium nitrate tolerance and heme consumption of A. baumannii strain LAC-4 which was recently reported to display high virulence in a mouse pneumonia model with extrapulmonary dissemination leading to fatal bacteremia. This strain showed enhanced growth in mouse and fetal bovine serum that was independent of complement and was not observed with regular growth media. The LAC-4 strain was found to possess a high tolerance to gallium nitrate (GaN), whereas serum synergized with GaN in inhibiting A. baumannii strain ATCC 17978. We found that LAC-4 contains a heme oxygenase gene and expresses a highly efficient heme consumption system. This system can be fully blocked in vitro and in vivo by gallium protoporphyrin IX (GaPPIX). Inhibition of heme consumption by GaPPIX completely abrogated the growth advantage of LAC-4 in serum as well as its tolerance to GaN. More importantly, GaPPIX treatment of mice intranasally infected with LAC-4 prevented extrapulmonary dissemination and death. Thus, we propose that heme provides an additional source of iron for LAC-4 to bypass iron restriction caused by serum transferrin, lactoferrin or free gallium salts. Heme consumption systems in A. baumannii may constitute major virulence factors for lethal bacteremic isolates. © 2014.",,10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.12.002,21270776,,,,e3501586-0404-403f-bd16-f2778ff4733a,article,eng
Production of adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes by transient transfection of HEK293 cell suspension cultures for gene delivery,"Chahal, P.S.|Schulze, E.|Tran, R.|Montes, J.|Kamen, A.A.",Journal of Virological Methods,196,,163,173,,2014,2014,,,0166-0934,,,,,,,,"Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is being used successfully in gene therapy. Different serotypes of AAV target specific organs and tissues with high efficiency. There exists an increasing demand to manufacture various AAV serotypes in large quantities for pre-clinical and clinical trials. A generic and scalable method has been described in this study to efficiently produce AAV serotypes (AAV1-9) by transfection of a fully characterized cGMP HEK293SF cell line grown in suspension and serum-free medium. First, the production parameters were evaluated using AAV2 as a model serotype. Second, all nine AAV serotypes were produced successfully with yields of 1013Vg/L cell culture. Subsequently, AAV2 and AAV6 serotypes were produced in 3-L controlled bioreactors where productions yielded up to 1013Vg/L similar to the yields obtained in shake-flasks. For example, for AAV2 1013Vg/L cell culture (6.8×1011IVP/L) were measured between 48 and 64h post transfection (hpt). During this period, the average cell specific AAV2 yields of 6800Vg per cell and 460IVP per cell were obtained with a Vg to IVP ratio of less than 20. Successful operations in bioreactors demonstrated the potential for scale-up and industrialization of this generic process for manufacturing AAV serotypes efficiently. © 2013.",adenovirus vector|butyric acid|plasmid DNA|Adeno associated virus|article|bioreactor|controlled study|culture medium|embryo|human|human cell|nonhuman|priority journal|scale up|serotype|suspension cell culture|viral gene delivery system|virogenesis|virus genome|virus infectivity,10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.038,21270779,,,,f1fac518-73bf-4f56-a8b0-ff253ef69920,article,eng
A review of catalysts for the electroreduction of carbon dioxide to produce low-carbon fuels,"Qiao, J.|Liu, Y.|Hong, F.|Zhang, J.",Chemical Society Reviews,43,2,631,675,,2014,2014,,,0306-0012,,,,,,,,"This paper reviews recent progress made in identifying electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction to produce low-carbon fuels, including CO, HCOOH/HCOO-, CH2O, CH4, H 2C2O4/HC2O4 -, C2H4, CH3OH, CH3CH2OH and others. The electrocatalysts are classified into several categories, including metals, metal alloys, metal oxides, metal complexes, polymers/clusters, enzymes and organic molecules. The catalyts' activity, product selectivity, Faradaic efficiency, catalytic stability and reduction mechanisms during CO2 electroreduction have received detailed treatment. In particular, we review the effects of electrode potential, solution-electrolyte type and composition, temperature, pressure, and other conditions on these catalyst properties. The challenges in achieving highly active and stable CO2 reduction electrocatalysts are analyzed, and several research directions for practical applications are proposed, with the aim of mitigating performance degradation, overcoming additional challenges, and facilitating research and development in this area. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.",,10.1039/c3cs60323g,21270782,,,,c42563a0-b13d-472d-8b1b-37112d877ced,article,eng
Evaluation of a calorimetric thermal voltage converter for RF-DC difference up to 1 GHz,"Shan, Y.|Meng, Y.S.|Filipski, P.S.",IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,63,2,467,472,11,2014,2014,,,0018-9456,,,,,,,,"In this paper, we present a performance evaluation of the RF-DC transfer difference for a calorimetric thermal voltage converter (CTVC) designed by the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) at frequencies up to 1 GHz. In the first part of this paper, we describe a bilateral comparison of the RF-DC difference standards between the NRC and the National Metrology Centre of the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore, in the frequency band from 1 kHz to 100 MHz. A good agreement is observed between the two laboratories using the CTVC as a traveling standard. In the second part of this paper, we evaluate the performance of the CTVC at higher frequencies up to 1 GHz. In this part, RF-DC difference of the CTVC is mathematically modeled and experimentally evaluated in terms of the calibration factor of a thermistor mount and the reflection coefficients at its type-N input connector. © 2013 IEEE.",,10.1109/TIM.2013.2278597,21270784,,,,3db0349b-7882-4f00-9ec2-b2bc05d6532a,article,eng
Coiled-coil helix rotation selects repressing or activating state of transcriptional regulator DhaR,"Shi, R.|McDonald, L.|Cygler, M.|Ekiel, I.",Structure,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0969-2126,,,,,,,,"Escherichia coli dihydroxyacetone (Dha) kinase consists of two subunits, DhaK and DhaL. Transcription of dha operon is regulated by the DhaR transcription factor and its action is under control of the kinase subunits. DhaR is activated by interaction with DhaL while it is repressed by DhaK. We have determined the structures of DhaK and DhaL bound to the tandem GAF-like and PAS domains of the DhaR, providing an architectural model for how GAF/PAS tandem domains work together in binding protein partners. The structures reveal a mechanism of opposite transcriptional regulation by the DhaK and DhaL subunits. The kinase subunits interface with DhaR through surfaces that partially overlap with their active sites, allowing sensing of ATP- versus ADP-loaded DhaL subunit and also precluding a ternary complex between DhaK-DhaL and DhaR. The rotation of helices within the DhaR coiled-coil linker upon DhaL binding provides the mechanism for transmitting the binding signal from the GAF/PAS domains to the C-terminal DNA-binding domain. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",,10.1016/j.str.2013.11.012,21270790,,,,5b81fc13-5e85-42b4-888c-c9d1e8b68042,article,eng
Discovery of the Fomalhaut C debris disc,"Kennedy, G.M.|Wyatt, M.C.|Kalas, P.|Duchêne, G.|Sibthorpe, B.|Lestrade, J.-F.|Matthews, B.C.|Greaves, J.",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters,438,1,L96,L100,,2014,2014,,,1745-3925,,,,,,,,"Fomalhaut is one of the most interesting and well-studied nearby stars, hosting at least one planet, a spectacular debris ring and two distant low-mass stellar companions (TW PsA and LP 876-10, a.k.a. Fomalhaut B and C). We observed both companions with Herschel, and while no disc was detected around the secondary, TW PsA, we have discovered the second debris disc in the Fomalhaut system, around LP 876-10. This detection is only the second case of two debris discs seen in a multiple system, both of which are relatively wide (?3000 au for HD 223352/40 and 158 kau [0.77 pc] for Fomalhaut/LP 876-10). The disc is cool (24K) and relatively bright, with a fractional luminosity Ldisc/L*= 1.2 × 10-4, and represents the rare observation of a debris disc around an M dwarf. Further work should attempt to find if the presence of two discs in the Fomalhaut system is coincidental, perhaps simply due to the relatively young system age of 440 Myr, or if the stellar components have dynamically interacted and the system is even more complex than it currently appears. © 2013 The Authors.",,10.1093/mnrasl/slt168,21270792,,,,29b5890c-a420-419e-b136-9b10b1127c46,article,eng
Lithium ion battery applications of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanocomposites,"Stephenson, T.|Li, Z.|Olsen, B.|Mitlin, D.",Energy and Environmental Science,7,1,209,231,,2014,2014,,,1754-5692,,,,,,,,"This is the first targeted review of the synthesis-microstructure- electrochemical performance relations of MoS2-based anodes and cathodes for secondary lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Molybdenum disulfide is a highly promising material for LIBs that compensates for its intermediate insertion voltage (?2 V vs. Li/Li+) with a high reversible capacity (up to 1290 mA h g-1) and an excellent rate capability (e.g. 554 mA h g-1 after 20 cycles at 50 C). Several themes emerge when surveying the scientific literature on the subject: first, we argue that there is excellent data to show that truly nanoscale structures, which often contain a nanodispersed carbon phase, consistently possess superior charge storage capacity and cycling performance. We provide several hypotheses regarding why the measured capacities in such architectures are well above the theoretical predictions of the known MoS2 intercalation and conversion reactions. Second, we highlight the growing microstructural and electrochemical evidence that the layered MoS2 structure does not survive past the initial lithiation cycle, and that subsequently the electrochemically active material is actually elemental sulfur. Third, we show that certain synthesis techniques are consistently demonstrated to be the most promising for battery applications, and describe these in detail. Fourth, we present our selection of synthesis methods that we believe to have a high potential for creating improved MoS 2 LIB electrodes, but are yet to be tried. This journal is © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry.",Charge storage capacity|Conversion reactions|Electrochemical performance|High reversible capacities|Molybdenum disulfide|Scientific literature|Secondary lithium ion batteries|Synthesis techniques|Electrodes|Lithium batteries|Molybdenum|Molybdenum compounds|carbon|fuel cell|lithium|molybdenum|sulfur|surveying,10.1039/c3ee42591f,21270794,,,,ae0fcc61-b209-4aa9-8cdc-83c829313ef3,article,eng
A novel half-cell design and fabrication for an in-situ evaluation of pem fuel cell electrocatalysts,"Zhang, L.|Kim, J.|Singh, S.|Tsay, K.|Zhang, J.",International Journal of Green Energy,11,1,1,11,,2014,2014,,,1543-5075,,,,,,,,"A novel electrochemical half-cell is designed and fabricated for in-situ evaluating both anode and cathode catalysts that mimic PEM fuel cell operating conditions. Both carbon-supported Pt and Pt0.5Ru0.5 catalysts are used to prepare the catalyst-coated membrane electrodes for this half-cell validation. A gas feeding system is constructed for quantitatively supplying of H 2, H2+CO, or O2 gases to the half-cell for measurements. CO-tolerance of the anode catalyst in hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) is tested using this cell. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on Pt/C-coated membrane electrode is studied using this half-cell, further confirming the feasibility of this half-cell design and fabrication. It is expected that this half-cell is also useful for catalyst/catalyst layer evaluation for direct liquid fuel cells. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.",CO tolerance|Electrochemical half-cell|Hydrogen oxidation reaction|Oxygen reduction reaction|PEM fuel cell|Electrocatalysts|Electrolytic reduction|Fabrication|Hydrogen|Liquid fuels|Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)|catalyst|design|electrochemistry|electrode|fuel cell|hydrogen peroxide|in situ measurement|oxidation,10.1080/15435075.2012.729170,21270795,,,,cd81176a-306f-41df-a739-ae774c903a34,article,eng
Unique viscoelastic behaviors of colloidal nanocrystalline cellulose aqueous suspensions,"Lu, A.|Hemraz, U.|Khalili, Z.|Boluk, Y.",Cellulose,,,1,12,,2014,2014,,,0969-0239,,,,,,,,"Unique rheological and phase behaviors of rod-like nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) suspensions in aqueous media are revealed in the present article. Specifically, the NCC aqueous suspension remained isotropic in a wide NCC concentration range in which the suspension underwent transition from dilute solution to gel, and the relative viscosity of the NCC suspension could be well fitted by the Sato-Teramoto theory in the full concentration range tested. Correspondingly, both zero-shear viscosity and complex viscosity increased monotonically with NCC concentration, and no maximum value was observed along the curves of zero-shear viscosity or complex viscosity versus NCC concentration, indicating a deviation from the lyotropic system. However, a shear-induced birefringence phenomenon was observed, indicating the NCC suspension formed a temporary ordered structure in the external force field but was unable to form an anisotropic (liquid crystalline) phase. The Cox-Merz rule was not applicable for the NCC suspension as a result of oriented domains, i.e., rod-like NCC particles. Moreover, time-concentration superposition was successfully applied to both the storage and loss modulus, attributed to the isotropic feature of the NCC suspension in the tested concentration range. The reason why this NCC suspension remained isotropic could be because of the strong electrostatic repulsions between NCC particles and the weak tendency or driving force of anisotropy formation as a result of the small aspect ratio of NCC particles, Na+ counterions and large amounts of negative charges along the NCC particles. The results suggested that not all the rod-like particles were able to form an anisotropic phase in aqueous suspension, but dominated by various factors. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.",,10.1007/s10570-014-0173-y,21270797,,,,f818494b-8adf-4154-8e20-4f92c4c7e96a,article,eng
Unsteady laminar to turbulent flow in a spacer-filled channel,"Mojab, S. M.|Pollard, A.|Pharoah, J. G.|Beale, S. B.|Hanff, E. S.","Flow, Turbulence and Combustion",92,Feb,563,577,,2014,01/02/2014,,,1386-6184,,,,,,,,"A combined numerical and experimental investigation has been carried out to study the flow behaviour in a spacer-filled channel, representative of those used in spiral-wound membrane modules. Direct numerical simulation and particle image velocimetry were used to investigate the fluid flow characteristics inside a 2 × 2 cell at Reynolds numbers that range between 100 and 1000. It was found that the flow in this geometry moves parallel to and also rotates between the spacer filaments and that the rate of rotation increases with Reynolds number. The flow mechanisms, transition process and onset of turbulence in a spacer-filled channel are investigated including the use of the velocity spectra at different Reynolds numbers. It is found that the flow is steady for Re < 200 and oscillatory at Re ? 250 and increasingly unsteady with further increases in Re before the onset of turbulent flow at Re ? 1000.",Experimental investigations|Flow spacer|Free stream|Laminar/turbulent flow|Particle image velocimetries|Spacer-filled channels|Spiral-wound membranes|Transition|Membranes|Turbulence|Turbulent flow|Reynolds number,10.1007/s10494-013-9514-4,21270798,NRC-EME-53176,,,8da1831e-08a1-4fc0-bfbb-d073102f54ee,article,eng
Experimental identification of the active sites in pyrolyzed carbon-supported cobalt-polypyrrole-4-toluenesulfinic acid as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction,"Sha, H.-D.|Yuan, X.|Li, L.|Ma, Z.|Ma, Z.-F.|Zhang, L.|Zhang, J.",Journal of Power Sources,255,,76,84,,2014,2014,,,0378-7753,,,,,,,,"A series of carbon supported cobalt-polypyrrole-4-toluenesulfinic acid have been pyrolyzed in an argon atmosphere at 800 C, then structurally characterized and electrochemically evaluated as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts in aqueous 0.5 M sulfuric acid. The structures are cobalt bonded to nitrogen species (Co-Nx) along with metallic cobalt and cobalt oxide. When the cobalt loading in the compound is less than 1.0 wt%, the predominate form is Co-Nx, when the loading is higher than 1.0 wt%, metallic Co and Co oxide particles co-exist with the Co-Nx compound. At a Co loading of ?1.0 wt%, the catalyst gives the best ORR activity. Both metallic Co and Co oxide are not active for catalyzing ORR, and block the catalytically active Co-Nx species from the surface and reduce the catalytic activity since the diffusion limiting current density on a rotating disk electrode (RDE) increases when the electrode blocking agents are washed away with acid. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",,10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.013,21270799,,,,b189fb62-375c-4fd6-9a31-b2f291538e9f,article,eng
Characterization of pore network structure in catalyst layers of polymer electrolyte fuel cells,"El Hannach, Mohamed|Soboleva, Tatyana|Malek, Kourosh|Franco, Alejandro A.|Prat, Marc|Pauchet, Joël|Holdcroft, Steven",Journal of Power Sources,247,,322,326,,2014,01/02/2014,,,0378-7753,,,,,Elsevier,,,"We model and validate the effect of ionomer content and Pt nanoparticles on nanoporous structure of catalyst layers in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. By employing Pore network modeling technique and analytical solutions, we analyze and reproduce experimental N2-adsorption isotherms of carbon, Pt/carbon and catalyst layers with various ionomer contents. The porous catalyst layer structures comprise of Ketjen Black carbon, Pt and Nafion ionomer. The experimental pore size distributions obtained by N2-adsorption are used as an input to generate porous media using the pore network approach. Subsequently, the simulated porous structures are used to produce simulated N2-adsorption isotherms, which are then compared to the experimentally measured isotherms. The results show a good agreement in the prediction of the effect of the ionomer content on the microstructure of catalyst layers. Moreover, the analysis of the isotherms confirms the hypothesis of ionomer distribution on the surface of agglomerates as well as the existence of different sorption regimes in primary and secondary pores of fuel cell catalyst layers.",Catalyst layers|Fuel-cell catalyst layers|Nanoporous structures|Nitrogen adsorption isotherm|Polymer electrolyte fuel cells|Pore-network modeling|Porous catalysts|Porous structures|Adsorption isotherms|Fuel cells|Ionomers|Platinum|Polyacrylonitriles|Polyelectrolytes|Polymers|Pore size|Porous materials|Catalysts,,21270800,,,,66a56867-b828-4974-845b-f69f92412061,article,eng
Modeling study of liquid impingement erosion of NiAl alloy,"Zhao, J.|Chen, K.|Liu, R.|Liang, M.",Wear,311,01-Feb,65,70,,2014,2014,,,0043-1648,,,,,,,,"This article presents the theoretical modeling and computation of liquid impingement erosion of solid metallic surface and the response mechanisms, with special interest in study of the liquid impingement erosion behavior of NiAl alloy. Particular attention is paid to investigating the effects of drop velocity and drop size on the damage of the target surface and to predicting and simulating the erosive failures. The models of impact stress wave, mean depth of penetration, and maximum depth of erosion rate (Max DER) are employed to develop various maps for NiAl alloy, including target thickness vs. drop size (diameter), rate of mean depth of penetration (MDRP) vs. drop impact velocity, and damage threshold velocity (DTV) vs. drop size. For comparison, pure Ni target and steel ball erodent are also studied. The computational results are analyzed and discussed. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.",,10.1016/j.wear.2014.01.003,21270801,,,,d0557419-0083-47f5-b39b-6d05338cbd06,article,eng
Hyperspectral multimodal CARS microscopy in the fingerprint region,"Pegoraro, A.F.|Slepkov, A.D.|Ridsdale, A.|Moffatt, D.J.|Stolow, A.",Journal of Biophotonics,7,01-Feb,49,58,,2014,2014,,,1864-063X,,,,,,,,"A simple scheme for multimodal coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is based on the spectral focusing of ultrafast-oscillator-derived pump/probe light and synchronous photonic crystal fiber (PCF) fiber-generated broadband Stokes light. To date, such schemes allowed rapid hyperspectral imaging throughout the CH/OH high frequency region (2700-4000 cm-1). Here we extend this approach to the middle (1640-3300 cm-1) and fingerprint regions (850-1800 cm-1) of the Raman spectrum. Our simple integrated approach to rapid hyperspectral CARS microscopy in the fingerprint region is demonstrated by applications to label-free multimodal imaging of cellulose and bulk bone, including use of the phosphate resonance at 960 cm-1. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.",,10.1002/jbio.201200171,21270809,,,,d6659aac-4f50-42eb-9490-3a215a53a2a5,article,eng
Compensation of piezoceramic bonding layer degradation for structural health monitoring,"Mulligan, K.R.|Quaegebeur, N.|Masson, P.|Brault, L.-P.|Yang, C.",Structural Health Monitoring,13,1,68,81,,2014,2014,,,1475-9217,,,,,,,,"The compensation of the degradation of the bonding layer of piezoceramics used in structural health monitoring is addressed in this article. A simple admittance model is first used to measure and extract the variation of admittance parameters using the same acquisition chain which is used by the structural health monitoring system for damage monitoring. More precisely, the method uses measurable changes in physical transducer modal damping at frequencies around piezoceramic resonance to estimate the extent of degradation. Then, a finite element model is used to obtain calibration curves linking the variations in transducer modal damping to amplitude and phase of the ultrasonic signals generated or measured by the piezoceramics. Such calibration curves are obtained by simulating with the FEM the effect of varying the bonding layer coverage area and Young's modulus on (a) admittance and (b) amplitude and phase of the ultrasonic signals. From this, a signal correction factor is developed for the dominant bonding layer coverage area degradation failure mode to compensate for the changes in amplitude and phase of guided waves generated and measured by degraded piezoceramic transducers. The measured modal damping determines the amount of bonding layer degradation from the simulated modal damping calibration curves and then the quantified bonding layer degradation amount selects the amplitude and phase correction to be applied to measured signals from the calibration curves. The benefits of the signal correction factor are demonstrated below piezoceramic resonance to improve damage imaging and localization using the Embedded Ultrasonic Structural Radar algorithm (delay and sum method) when a single transducer in a sparse array of transducers fixed to an aluminum plate is damaged due to the close proximity of drop-weight impacts. Up to a certain damage extent, the signal correction factor could allow an extension of the service life of the structural health monitoring system. © The Author(s) 2013.",,10.1177/1475921713500516,21270814,,,,f7b35271-1bd7-4a8f-a934-44728dbb1c48,article,eng
Formation of Cu nanostructured electrode surfaces by an annealing-electroreduction procedure to achieve high-efficiency CO2 electroreduction,"Qiao, J.|Jiang, P.|Liu, J.|Zhang, J.",Electrochemistry Communications,38,,8,11,,2014,2014,,,1388-2481,,,,,,,,"An effective fibrous Cu electrode surface, created using a procedure combining high-temperature annealing and electroreduction, is explored for CO2 reduction to produce useful fuels. The nanostructure of this Cu electrode surface contains a layer of nanofibers or nanofibers surrounded by kernels with 30-100 nm diameters. With a specific surface area as high as 458 cm2 per geometric electrode surface area, this nanostructured electrode is found to have a high activity toward CO2 reduction, indicated by its more positive reduction potentials and higher catalytic current density than a smooth Cu electrode. The Faradaic efficiency for HCOO - production is 43%, and the electrode surface remains stable during 19 h of electrolysis - better results than with smooth Cu under identical conditions. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.",Cu electrode|Electro reduction|Electrode surface area|Faradaic efficiencies|High-temperature annealing|Hybrid nanofiber|Nano-structured electrodes|Nanostructured electrode surfaces|Electrocatalysts|Electrolytic reduction|Nanofibers|Carbon dioxide,10.1016/j.elecom.2013.10.023,21270815,,,,de1a0219-3d64-4e5c-b7e0-258297b654d7,article,eng
Electrocatalytically active nickel-based electrode coatings formed by atmospheric and suspension plasma spraying,"Aghasibeig, M.|Moreau, C.|Wuthrich, R.|Mousavi, M.|Ettouill, Ben F.|Dolatabadi, A.",Journal of thermal spray technology,23,01-Feb,220,226,,2014,07/01/2014,,,1059-9630,,,,,,,,"Ni-based electrode coatings with enhanced surface areas, for hydrogen production, were developed using atmospheric plasma spray (APS) and suspension plasma spray (SPS) processes. The results revealed a larger electrochemical active surface area for the coatings produced by SPS compared to those produced by APS process. SEM micrographs showed that the surface microstructure of the sample with the largest surface area was composed of a large number of small cauliflower-like aggregates with an average diameter of 10 ?m.",,10.1007/s11666-013-9997-5,21270816,NRC-ATS-145127,,,24bb1962-643b-4190-80ce-0822b7bb8f5b,article,eng
Characterization and properties of Alkali treated flax,"Hu, W.|Ton-That, M.T.",,448-453,,1128,1132,,2014,2014,,,1660-9336,Applied Mechanics and Materials,"2013 International Conference on Renewable Energy and Environmental Technology, REET 2013, 21 September 2013 through 22 September 2013, Jilin",,,,9783037859124,,"Flax, a kind of natural fiber, has been widely applied as reinforcing materials for polymer composites because of its superior tensile properties. It normally contains noncellulose portions and other impurities, which could act as stress concentration regions to affect negatively the mechanical properties of composites. In this work, canadian linseed flax (F1) was treated by alkali to remove the noncellulose portions and impurities. The treated F1 was characterized in detail applying SEM, FTIR, TGA and single fiber tensile test for its promising application in composites as natural materials. The proper condition of alkali treatment was explored and determined to be 2% of NaOH for 1h at 80°C. Under this condition, the mechanical property of the fiber was 10% better than that of untreated F1, and the non-cellulose portion removing ratio was more than 25% without hurting fiber structure. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.",Alkali treatment|Concentration region|Fiber structures|Natural materials|Polymer composite|Properties of composites|Reinforcing materials|Single fiber|Characterization|Environmental technology|Fibers|Flax|Linen|Mechanical properties|Removal|Stress concentration|Tensile testing|Yarn,10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.448-453.1128,21270817,,,,f8656dfd-f966-452b-b9bb-8a858fc5a758,article,eng
The small numbers of large Kuiper belt objects,"Schwamb, M.E.|Brown, M.E.|Fraser, W.C.",Astronomical Journal,147,1,,,2,2014,2014,,,0004-6256,,,,,,,,"We explore the brightness distribution of the largest and brightest (m(R) < 22) Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs). We construct a luminosity function of the dynamically excited or hot Kuiper Belt (orbits with inclinations >5°) from the very brightest to m(R) = 23. We find for m(R) ? 23, a single slope appears to describe the luminosity function. We estimate that 2 KBOs brighter than m(R)19.5 are present in the Kuiper Belt today. With nine bodies already discovered this suggests that the inventory of bright KBOs is nearly complete. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved..",,10.1088/0004-6256/147/1/2,21270825,,,,01a6e302-f886-469a-9b86-ca56284fe05e,article,eng
Practical correlation for thermal resistance of low-sloped enclosed airspaces with downward heat flow for building applications,"Saber, H.H.",HVAC and R Research,20,1,92,112,,2014,08/01/2014,,,1078-9669,,,,,,,,"The 2009 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (Chapter 26) provided a table that contains the thermal resistances (R-values) of vertical, horizontal, and high-sloped (45°) enclosed airspaces. This table is extensively used by modelers, architects, and building designers in the design for the R-values of building enclosures. The effect of the airspace aspect ratio and the inclination angle (?) of 30° on the R-values are not accounted for in the ASHRAE table. However, previous studies showed that the aspect ratio of the airspace can affect its R-value. In this article, the previous studies that focused on determining the R-values for vertical, horizontal, and high-sloped enclosed airspaces are extended to investigate the effect of the aspect ratio on the R-values of low-sloped (? = 30°) enclosed airspaces under downward heat flow for different airspace thicknesses and having a wide range of values for the effective emittance, mean temperature, and temperature differences across the airspaces. Thereafter, practical correlation is developed for determining the R-values of low-sloped enclosed airspaces for future use by modelers, architects, and building designers.",,10.1080/10789669.2013.834779,21270759,NRC-CONST-55415,,,9b8e8ebb-c39d-40eb-a58d-b48961d18639,article,eng
Pressure-induced changes on the electronic structure and electron topology in the direct FCC ? SH transformation of silicon,"Tse, J.S.|Hanfland, M.|Flacau, R.|Desgreniers, S.|Li, Z.|Mende, K.|Gilmore, K.|Nyrow, A.|Moretti Sala, M.|Sternemann, C.",The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,118,2,1161,1166,,2014,2014,,,1932-7447,,,,,,,,X-ray diffraction experiments at 80 K show that when silicon is compressed under hydrostatic conditions the intermediate high-pressure phases are bypassed leading to a direct transformation to the simple hexagonal structure at 17 GPa. A maximum entropy analysis of the diffraction patterns reveals dramatic alterations in the valence electron distribution from tetrahedral covalent bonding to localization in the interstitial sites and along the one-dimensional silicon atom chain running along adjacent hexagonal layers. Changes in the orbital character of the unoccupied states are confirmed using X-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy and theoretical Bethe-Salpeter equation calculations. This is the first direct observation indicating that the silicon valence electrons in 3s and 3p orbitals are transferred to the 3d orbitals at high density which proves that electrons of compressed elemental solids migrate from their native bonding configuration to interstitial regions. © 2013 American Chemical Society.,,10.1021/jp408666q,21270756,,,,914fa536-b2bd-4b78-bd86-f82b48d787d2,article,eng
Analysis of cellulose nanocrystal rod lengths by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy,"Boluk, Y.|Danumah, C.",Journal of Nanoparticle Research,16,1,,,2174,2014,2014,,,1388-0764,,,,,,,,"A method to characterize the length (L) of rod-like cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) particles is described. It is based on dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electron microscopy. Measurement of translational diffusion coefficient from DLS along with diameter measurements from electron microscopy is used in Broersma translational diffusion coefficient equation to calculate the CNC particle L. For wood based CNC rods, diameter of 15 nm measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and translational diffusion coefficient of 5.21 × 10 -12 m2/s measured by DLS give particle L of 271 nm from Broersma's relation. This one and other calculated L values for various rod-like particles are in good agreement with the L of the particles measured either by transmission or SEM. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.",,10.1007/s11051-013-2174-4,21270758,,,,d698f9ce-6c7c-487e-9aa2-9f3a7bfe3ee8,article,eng
Antibody light chain variable domains and their biophysically improved versions for human immunotherapy,"Kim, D.Y.|To, R.|Kandalaft, H.|Ding, W.|Van Faassen, H.|Luo, Y.|Schrag, J.D.|St-Amant, N.|Hefford, M.|Hirama, T.|Kelly, J.F.|MacKenzie, R.|Tanha, J.",mAbs,6,1,219,235,,2014,2014,,,1942-0862,,,,,,,,"We set out to gain deeper insight into the potential of antibody light chain variable domains (VLs) as immunotherapeutics. To this end, we generated a naïve human VL phage display library and, by using a method previously shown to select for non-aggregating antibody heavy chain variable domains (VHs), we isolated a diversity of VL domains by panning the library against B cell super-antigen protein L. Eight domains representing different germline origins were shown to be non-aggregating at concentrations as high as 450 ?M, indicating VL repertoires are a rich source of nonaggregating domains. In addition, the VLs demonstrated high expression yields in E. coli, protein L binding and high reversibility of thermal unfolding. A side-by-side comparison with a set of non-aggregating human VHs revealed that the VLs had similar overall profiles with respect to melting temperature (Tm), reversibility of thermal unfolding and resistance to gastrointestinal proteases. Successful engineering of a non-canonical disulfide linkage in the core of VLs did not compromise the non-aggregation state or protein L binding properties. Furthermore, the introduced disulfide bond significantly increased their Tms, by 5.5-17.5 °C, and pepsin resistance, although it somewhat reduced expression yields and subtly changed the structure of VLs. Human VLs and engineered versions may make suitable therapeutics due to their desirable biophysical features. The disulfide linkage-engineered VLs may be the preferred therapeutic format because of their higher stability, especially for oral therapy applications that necessitate high resistance to the stomach's acidic pH and pepsin. © 2014 Landes Bioscience.",,10.4161/mabs.26844,21270761,,,,4365c2f4-3be7-46b8-99d7-a4f618a13689,article,eng
Microwave-assisted retting and optimization of the process through chemical composition analysis of the matrix,"Nair, G.R.|Kurian, J.|Yaylayan, V.|Rho, D.|Lyew, D.|Raghavan, G.S.V.",Industrial Crops and Products,52,,85,94,,2014,2014,,,0926-6690,,,,,,,,"Pre-soaked flax stems were subjected to microwave assisted retting at different power levels and the effectiveness of microwave assisted retting was studied through the analysis of chemical compounds presented in the retted flax fibers processed from the stems. Response surface statistical design was used for this study with JMP® 10 software. Chemical analyses were performed by gravimetric methods to find out percentage of compounds. Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin concentrations and the sugar content in the solution obtained after the treatment were subjected to analysis. Cellulose percentage in the fiber was increased significantly (p<0.0001) with the increase of microwave power at various soaking levels, which proved the release of cellulosic fiber with the application of microwave energy during retting. Hemicellulose, lignin and pectin concentrations decreased significantly after microwave-assisted retting which explained higher degree of retting after the treatment. This study noted change in chemical composition of the fibers, which can be used as a tool to estimate the effectiveness of microwave-assisted retting and the results could lead to optimization of the process. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.",Bioprocesses|Chemical composition analysis|Chemical compositions|Flax fiber|Gravimetric methods|Microwave-assisted|Pectin concentration|Retting|Cellulose|Chemical analysis|Flax|Lignin|Linen|Microwaves|Optimization|Yarn|Fibers|cellulose|chemical composition|concentration (composition)|lignin|microwave radiation|plant product|polysaccharide|processing|stem,10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.007,21270762,,,,350eab4a-15fa-42bb-bedd-13b609c8dffd,article,eng
A modified captive bubble method for determining advancing and receding contact angles,"Xue, J.|Shi, P.|Zhu, L.|Ding, J.|Chen, Q.|Wang, Q.",Applied Surface Science,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0169-4332,,,,,,,,"In this work, a modification to the captive bubble method was proposed to test the advancing and receding contact angle. This modification is done by adding a pressure chamber with a pressure control system to the original experimental system equipped with an optical angle mater equipped with a high speed CCD camera, a temperature control system and a computer. A series of samples with highly hydrophilic, hydrophilic, hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces were prepared. The advancing and receding contact angles of these samples with highly hydrophilic, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic surfaces through the new methods was comparable to the result tested by the traditional sessile drop method. It is proved that this method overcomes the limitation of the traditional captive bubble method and the modified captive bubble method allows a smaller error from the test. However, due to the nature of the captive bubble technique, this method is also only suitable for testing the surface with advancing or receding contact angle below 130°. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",,10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.01.060,21270763,,,,d12a5590-5100-415c-a64d-adfb1677d1a4,article,eng
Model testing of a series of bi-directional tidal turbine rotors,"Liu, Penfei|Bose, Neil|Frost, Rowan|Macfarlane, Gregor|Lilienthal, Tim|Penesis, Irene|Windsor, Fraser|Thomas, Giles",Energy,67,,397,410,,2014,01/04/2014,,,0360-5442|1873-6785,,,,,,,,"A series of 7 bi-directional tidal turbine metal rotor models were manufactured and tested. A rotor testing apparatus was built using an off-the-shelf propeller dynamometer. Configuration, testing set-up, calibration of the apparatus and data acquisition details are described. Influences of Reynolds number, pitch ratio, pitch distribution and solidity, on hydrodynamic performance, were made and are presented. In addition to other findings, a rotor with a solidity of 0.4 produced the highest power output. The increase in power coefficient from a solidity of 0.2 to 0.4 and 0.6 to 0.4, is 14% and 16%, respectively. This indicates that for this kind of bi-directional turbine, a relatively larger solidity of about 0.4 than most installed turbine rotors maybe a better choice in terms of power output.",Rotor testing; Bi-directional turbine; HATT; HACT,10.1016/j.energy.2013.12.058,21270768,OCRE-PR-2014-004,,,c08546ac-2132-4c04-84b5-ea1336a0a427,article,eng
Effect of peptide secondary structure on adsorption and adsorbed film properties on end-grafted polyethylene oxide layers,"Binazadeh, M.|Zeng, H.|Unsworth, L.D.",Acta Biomaterialia,10,1,56,66,,2014,2014,,,1742-7061,,,,,,,,"Poly-l-lysine (PLL), in ?-helix or ?-sheet configuration, was used as a model peptide for investigating the effect of secondary structures on adsorption events to poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) modified surfaces formed using ? solvents. Circular dichroism results showed that the secondary structure of PLL persisted upon adsorption to Au and PEO modified Au surfaces. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) was used to characterize the chemisorbed PEO layer in different solvents (? and good solvents), as well as the sequential adsorption of PLL in different secondary structures (?-helix or ?-sheet). QCM-D results suggest that chemisorption of PEO 750 and 2000 from ? solutions led to brushes 3.8 ± 0.1 and 4.5 ± 0.1 nm thick with layer viscosities of 9.2 ± 0.8 and 4.8 ± 0.5 cP, respectively. The average number of H2O per ethylene oxides, while in ? solvent, was determined as ?0.9 and ?1.2 for the PEO 750 and 2000 layers, respectively. Upon immersion in good solvent (as used for PLL adsorption experiments), the number of H2O per ethylene oxides increased to ?1.5 and ?2.0 for PEO 750 and 2000 films, respectively. PLL adsorbed masses for ?-helix and ?-sheet on Au sensors was 231 ± 5 and 1087 ± 14 ng cm-2, with layer viscosities of 2.3 ± 0.1 and 1.2 ± 0.1 cP, respectively; suggesting that the ?-helix layer was more rigid, despite a smaller adsorbed mass, than that of ?-sheet layers. The PEO 750 layer reduced PLL adsorbed amounts to ?10 and 12% of that on Au for ?-helices and ?-sheets respectively. The PLL adsorbed mass to PEO 2000 layers dropped to ?12% and 4% of that on Au, for ?-helix and ?-sheet respectively. No significant differences existed for the viscosities of adsorbed ?-helix and ?-sheet PLL on PEO surfaces. These results provide new insights into the fundamental understanding of the effects of secondary structures of peptides and proteins on their surface adsorption. © 2013 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",biomaterial|gold|macrogol|peptide|polylysine|protein|solvent|water|adsorption|article|circular dichroism|film|material coating|peptide analysis|priority journal|protein adsorption|protein secondary structure|quartz crystal microbalance|sensor|thickness|viscosity,10.1016/j.actbio.2013.09.010,21270771,,,,45243360-0bc7-43df-b33f-d438ce346704,article,eng
Majority carrier transport in single crystal rutile nanowire arrays,"Mohammadpour, A.|Farsinezhad, S.|Wiltshire, B.D.|Shankar, K.",Physica Status Solidi - Rapid Research Letters,,,,,,2014,2014,,,1862-6254,,,,,,,,"Monocrystalline n-TiO2 nanowires of the rutile phase (Rtl-NWs) grown by a scalable hydrothermal method constitute a functional oxide nanomaterial with potential applications in photovoltaics, photocatalysts, field emitters and electrochemical battery anodes. Carrier transport in Rtl-NWs is of fundamental importance but has hitherto been inferred indirectly via impedance and intensity-modulated spectroscopic techniques. We report an effective electron drift mobility of 1.95 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1 in rutile nanowire arrays directly measured using the time-of-flight (TOF) and space charge limited current techniques. In addition, we measure an equilibrium free electron concentration of ?1014 cm-3 and a trap density of 3.5 × 1016 cm-3 in rutile nanowires. These results point to the importance of reducing traps to improve charge transport in rutile nanowires. Transient photocurrents in rutile nanowires. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.",,10.1002/pssr.201308296,21270772,,,,27a3aa37-3f6a-4b03-98b3-2796c4155819,article,eng
Advances in coupling microfluidic chips to mass spectrometry,"Feng, Xiaojun|Liu, Bi-Feng|Li, Jianjun|Liu, Xin",Mass Spectrometry Reviews,34,,535,557,,2014,07/01/2014,,,0277-7037,,,,,,,,"Microfluidic technology has shown advantages of low sample consumption, reduced analysis time, high throughput, and potential for integration and automation. Coupling microfluidic chips to mass spectrometry (Chip-MS) can greatly improve the overall analytical performance of MS-based approaches and expand their potential applications. In this article, we review the advances of Chip-MS in the past decade, covering innovations in microchip fabrication, microchips coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS. Development of integrated microfluidic systems for automated MS analysis will be further documented, as well as recent applications of Chip-MS in proteomics, metabolomics, cell analysis, and clinical diagnosis.",,10.1002/mas.21417,21270773,,,,5c05312f-dfff-46c7-8532-edec07962bf9,article,eng
Analytical modeling of solid-particle erosion of Stellite alloys in combination with experimental investigation,"Nsoesie, S.|Liu, R.|Chen, K.Y.|Yao, M.X.",Wear,309,01-Feb,226,232,,2014,2014,,,0043-1648,,,,,,,,"This article presents the analytical modeling of erosion behavior of Stellite alloys under solid-particle impact. The erosion rates of five selected Stellite alloys, which are currently or potentially applied in an environment condition involving erosion, are investigated experimentally at two particle impact velocities of 84 and 98ms-1, and at two impingement angles of 30° and 90°. The Sheldon-Kanhere (S-K) model that utilizes the indentation hardness theory to derive a particle penetration equation is modified to fit the experimental data of Stellite alloys. The most significant improvement of this modified model is to include the effect of particle impingement angle. This introduces two parameters in the model, which are determined by fitting the experimental data of the five Stellite alloys. With this modified model, for Stellite alloys that have similar chemical compositions to the alloys studied in this research, the erosion rates at the particle impact velocity of 84ms-1 or 98ms-1 can be predicted for any particle impingement angles less than 30°. The limitations of this model are discussed. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.",Chemical compositions|Environment conditions|Erosion rates|Experimental investigations|Indentation hardness|Particle impact velocities|Particle impinging|Stellite alloy|Analytical models|Erosion|Models|Stellite|Alloys,10.1016/j.wear.2013.11.026,21270778,,,,6fefef92-a045-4386-a6ed-d2b9000ad62a,article,eng
Performance of Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans in a gas-lift reactor for syngas upgrading into hydrogen,"Haddad, M.|Cimpoia, R.|Guiot, S.R.",International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0360-3199,,,,,,,,"The conversion of carbon monoxide (CO) into hydrogen (H2) by a Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans pure culture was investigated and optimized in a 35 L gas-lift reactor. The reactor was operated with a continuous supply of gas for 3 months. Reactor performance was evaluated under various operational conditions, such as gas recirculation rates (0.3 and 1.5 L min-1), CO feeding rates (from 0.05 to 0.46 mol L-1 reactor day-1) and bacto-peptone addition to the medium. Overall, the H2 yields were constant at 95 ± 1% and 82 ± 1% (molH2 {dot operator} molCO - 1) with growth supported by peptone and unsupported respectively, regardless of the operational conditions tested. At the highest biomass density, a maximum CO conversion activity of 0.17 molCO L-1 reactor day-1 or 3.79 LCO L-1 reactor day-1 was achieved. The ratio of gas recirculation over CO feed flow rates (QR:Qin) was the major parameter that impacted both biological activity and volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer. The CO conversion performance of the gas-lift reactor was kinetically limited over a QR:Qin ratio of 40, and mass transfer limited below that ratio, resulting in a maximum conversion efficiency of 90.4 ± 0.3% and a biological activity of 2.7 ± 0.4 molCO g-1 VSS day-1. Overall, the CO conversion performance in the gas-lift reactor was limited by a low cell density, typical of C. hydrogenoformans planktonic growth. This limitation was found to be the most restrictive factor for higher CO loading rates. Crown Copyright © 2013.",,10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.12.022,21270780,,,,49d9416f-f3dc-4199-9d8f-d1d4f0aaf2c7,article,eng
Use of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to quantify immunoglobulin g concentrations in alpaca serum,"Burns, J.|Hou, S.|Riley, C.B.|Shaw, R.A.|Jewett, N.|Mcclure, J.T.",Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0891-6640,,,,,,,,"Background: Rapid, economical, and quantitative assays for measurement of camelid serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) are limited. In camelids, failure of transfer of maternal immunoglobulins has a reported prevalence of up to 20.5%. An accurate method for quantifying serum IgG concentrations is required. Objective: To develop an infrared spectroscopy-based assay for measurement of alpaca serum IgG and compare its performance to the reference standard radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay. Animals: One hundred and seventy-five privately owned, healthy alpacas. Methods: Eighty-two serum samples were collected as convenience samples during routine herd visits whereas 93 samples were recruited from a separate study. Serum IgG concentrations were determined by RID assays and midinfrared spectra were collected for each sample. Fifty samples were set aside as the test set and the remaining 125 training samples were employed to build a calibration model using partial least squares (PLS) regression with Monte Carlo cross validation to determine the optimum number of PLS factors. The predictive performance of the calibration model was evaluated by the test set. Results: Correlation coefficients for the IR-based assay were 0.93 and 0.87, respectively, for the entire data set and test set. Sensitivity in the diagnosis of failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) ([IgG] <1,000 mg/dL) was 71.4% and specificity was 100% for the IR-based method (test set) as gauged relative to the RID reference method assay. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This study indicated that infrared spectroscopy, in combination with chemometrics, is an effective method for measurement of IgG in alpaca serum. © 2014 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.",,10.1111/jvim.12258,21270791,,,,e47dd969-1b1a-45e5-99e2-8391b6f8a66e,article,eng
Prospective study of acute health effects in relation to exposure to cyanobacteria,"Lévesque, B.|Gervais, M.-C.|Chevalier, P.|Gauvin, D.|Anassour-Laouan-Sidi, E.|Gingras, S.|Fortin, N.|Brisson, G.|Greer, C.|Bird, D.",Science of the Total Environment,466-467,,397,403,,2014,2014,,,0048-9697,,,,,,,,"We conducted a study to investigate the relationship between exposure to cyanobacteria and microcystins and the incidence of symptoms in humans living in close proximity to lakes affected by cyanobacteria. The design was a prospective study of residents living around three lakes (Canada), one of which has a water treatment plant supplying potable water to local residents. Participants had to keep a daily journal of symptoms and record contact (full or limited) with the water body. Samples were collected to document cyanobacteria and microcystin concentrations. Symptoms potentially associated with cyanobacteria (gastrointestinal: 2 indices (GI1: diarrhea or abdominal pain or nausea or vomiting; GI2: diarrhea or vomiting or [nausea and fever] or [abdominal cramps and fever]); upper and lower respiratory tract; eye; ear; skin; muscle pain; headaches; mouth ulcers) were examined in relation with exposure to cyanobacteria and microcystin by using Poisson regression. Only gastrointestinal symptoms were associated with recreational contact. Globally, there was a significant increase in adjusted relative risk (RR) with higher cyanobacterial cell counts for GI2 (<. 20,000. cells/mL: RR = 1.52, 95% CI = 0.65-3.51; 20,000-100,000. cells/mL: RR = 2.71, 95% CI = 1.02-7.16; >. 100,000. cells/mL: RR = 3.28, 95% CI = 1.69-6.37, p-trend. =. 0.001). In participants who received their drinking water supply from a plant whose source was contaminated by cyanobacteria, an increase in muscle pain (RR = 5.16; 95% CI = 2.93-9.07) and gastrointestinal (GI1: RR = 3.87; 95% CI = 1.62-9.21; GI2: RR = 2.84; 95% CI = 0.82-9.79), skin (RR = 2.65; 95% CI = 1.09-6.44) and ear symptoms (RR = 6.10; 95% CI = 2.48-15.03) was observed. The population should be made aware of the risks of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with contact (full or limited) with cyanobacteria. A risk management plan is needed for water treatment plants that draw their water from a source contaminated with cyanobacteria. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.",Bathing|Cyanobacteria|Cyanobacterial cells|Gastrointestinal symptoms|Microcystins|Poisson regression|Recreational water|Risk management plans|Lakes|Muscle|Potable water|Risk management|Toxic materials|Water treatment plants|Health|drinking water|microcystin|bathing water|cyanobacterium|disease prevalence|health risk|lake water|symptom|water treatment|abdominal cramp|abdominal pain|article|bacterial count|bacterium contamination|Canada|concentration (parameters)|cyanobacterium|diarrhea|ear disease|eye|fever|gastrointestinal symptom|headache|health hazard|human|lake|mouth ulcer|myalgia|nausea|nonhuman|planning|priority journal|prospective study|recreation|respiratory system|risk assessment|risk management|skin disease|symptom|vomiting|water contamination|water treatment|Canada,10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.045,21270807,,,,9def25f4-3e6c-4c8c-9a8a-2fd7d93dca4c,article,eng
Mechanistic insights into the effect of nanoparticles on zebrafish hatch,"Ong, K.J.|Zhao, X.|Thistle, M.E.|Maccormack, T.J.|Clark, R.J.|Ma, G.|Martinez-Rubi, Y.|Simard, B.|Loo, J.S.C.|Veinot, J.G.C.|Goss, G.G.",Nanotoxicology,8,3,295,304,,2014,2014,,,1743-5390,,,,,,,,"Aquatic organisms are susceptible to waterborne nanoparticles (NP) and there is only limited understanding of the mechanisms by which these emerging contaminants may affect biological processes. This study used silicon (nSi), cadmium selenide (nCdSe), silver (nAg) and zinc NPs (nZnO) as well as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) to assess NP effects on zebrafish (Danio rerio) hatch. Exposure of 10 mg/L nAg and nCdSe delayed zebrafish hatch and 100 mg/L of nCdSe as well as 10 and 100 mg/L of uncoated nZnO completely inhibited hatch and the embryos died within the chorion. Both the morphology and the movement of the embryos were not affected, and it was determined that the main mechanism of hatch inhibition by NPs is likely through the interaction of NPs with the zebrafish hatching enzyme. Furthermore, it was concluded that the observed effects arose from the NPs themselves and not their dissolved metal components. © 2014 Informa UK, Ltd.",cadmium selenide|nanoparticle|proteinase|silicon derivative|silicon nanoparticle|silver nanoparticle|single walled nanotube|unclassified drug|zinc nanoparticle|zinc oxide|article|chorion|controlled study|embryo|embryo development|enzyme activity|enzyme inhibition|hatching|hydrodynamics|morphology|nonhuman|priority journal|zebra fish|zeta potential,10.3109/17435390.2013.778345,21270811,,,,643ef7a8-7107-483c-b4a2-326edc579bff,article,eng
Partial spin ordering and complex magnetic structure in BaYFeO? : a neutron diffraction and high temperature susceptibility study,"Thompson, Corey M.|Greedan, John E.|Garlea, V. Ovidiu|Flacau, Roxana|Tan, Malinda|Nguyen, Phuong-Hieu T.|Wrobel, Friederike|Derakhshan, Shahab",Inorganic Chemistry,53,2,1122,1127,,2014,09/01/2014,,,0020-1669,,,,,American Chemical Society,,,"The novel iron-based compound, BaYFeO?, crystallizes in the Pnma space group with two distinct Fe³? sites, that are alternately corner-shared [FeO?]?? square pyramids and [FeO?]?? octahedra, forming into [Fe?O??]²?? rings, which propagate as columns along the b-axis. A recent report shows two discernible antiferromagnetic (AFM) transitions at 36 and 48 K in the susceptibility, yet heat capacity measurements reveal no magnetic phase transitions at these temperatures. An upturn in the magnetic susceptibility measurements up to 400 K suggests the presence of short-range magnetic behavior at higher temperatures. In this Article, variable-temperature neutron powder diffraction and high-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements were performed to clarify the magnetic behavior. Neutron powder diffraction confirmed that the two magnetic transitions observed at 36 and 48 K are due to long-range magnetic order. Below 48 K, the magnetic structure was determined as a spin-density wave (SDW) with a propagation vector, k = (0, 0, 1/3), and the moments along the b-axis, whereas the structure becomes an incommensurate cycloid [k = (0, 0, ?0.35)] below 36 K with the moments within the bc-plane. However, for both cases the ordered moments on Fe3+ are only of the order ?3.0 ?B, smaller than the expected values near 4.5 ?B, indicating that significant components of the Fe moments remain paramagnetic to the lowest temperature studied, 6 K. Moreover, new high-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed a peak maximum at ?550 K indicative of short-range spin correlations. It is postulated that most of the magnetic entropy is thus removed at high temperatures which could explain the absence of heat capacity anomalies at the long-range ordering temperatures. Published spin dimer calculations, which appear to suggest a k = (0, 0, 0) magnetic structure, and allow for neither low dimensionality nor geometric frustration, are inadequate to explain the observed complex magnetic structure.",,10.1021/ic4026798,21270783,,,,4bcf4150-87aa-4b4f-bd57-059aa3dd9639,article,eng
On some aspects of the wheel/rail interaction,"Magel, E. E.|Liu, Y.",Wear,,,,,,2014,2014,,,0043-1648,,,,,,,,"Problems in tribology and contact mechanics are becoming increasingly amenable to solution through models and simulation. But in application to the wheel/rail contact, there remain a number of very important features for which either gross simplifications or a lack of understanding or ability severely limits the success of those efforts. Examples include models of friction and material response (including damage functions). This paper examines a rather eclectic mix of wheel/rail factors with the goal of encouraging researchers to begin tackling and eradicating some of the bigger problem areas that remain in wheel-rail interaction modeling and to consider more rigorous implementation of real world conditions in simulations. Crown Copyright © 2013.",,10.1016/j.wear.2013.12.013,21270788,,,,561e32a8-0b23-4d8a-9529-0590a55b1f5f,article,eng
Overlapping and distinct roles of aspergillus fumigatus UDP-glucose 4-epimerases in galactose metabolism and the synthesis of galactose-containing cell wall polysaccharides,"Lee, M.J.|Gravelat, F.N.|Cerone, R.P.|Baptista, S.D.|Campoli, P.V.|Choe, S.-I.|Kravtsov, I.|Vinogradov, E.|Creuzenet, C.|Liu, H.|Berghuis, A.M.|Latgé, J.P.|Filler, S.G.|Fontaine, T.|Sheppard, D.C.",Journal of Biological Chemistry,289,3,1243,1256,,2014,2014,,,0021-9258,,,,,,,,"The cell wall of Aspergillus fumigatus contains two galactose-containing polysaccharides, galactomannan and galactosaminogalactan, whose biosynthetic pathways are not well understood. The A. fumigatus genome contains three genes encoding putative UDP-glucose 4-epimerases, uge3, uge4, and uge5. We undertook this study to elucidate the function of these epimerases. We found that uge4 is minimally expressed and is not required for the synthesis of galactose-containing exopolysaccharides or galactose metabolism. Uge5 is the dominant UDP glucose 4-epimerase in A. fumigatus and is essential for normal growth in galactose-based medium. Uge5 is required for synthesis of the galactofuranose (Galf) component of galactomannan and contributes galactose to the synthesis of galactosaminogalactan. Uge3 can mediate production of both UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and is required for the production of galactosaminogalactan but not galactomannan. In the absence of Uge5, Uge3 activity is sufficient for growth on galactose and the synthesis of galactosaminogalactan containing lower levels of galactose but not the synthesis of Galf. A double deletion of uge5 and uge3 blocked growth on galactose and synthesis of both Galf and galactosaminogalactan. This study is the first survey of glucose epimerases in A. fumigatus and contributes to our understanding of the role of these enzymes in metabolism and cell wall synthesis. © 2014 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.",,10.1074/jbc.M113.522516,21270760,,,,a1fede72-f294-4544-b4c4-1067cec19ea7,article,eng
Fieldwork with vulnerable populations: Ethical implications for humancomputer interaction research,"Munteanu, C.|Molyneaux, H.|O'Donnell, S.",Interactions,21,1,50,53,,2014,2014,,,1072-5520,,,,,,,,"The article focuses on the ethical challenges in developing and evaluating a mobile support application to assist low literacy adults. The literacy program is for adults who completed only a few years of formal schooling and can carry out some non-complex reading and writing tasks, such as some newspaper reading and writing a very simple letter. A routine ethical expectation is that participant privacy and confidentiality are guaranteed, particularly for research involving vulnerable user groups. However, it was difficult to conduct our study while fully ensuring confidentiality. In the classroom, participants openly discussed the study details and their use of the application both when researchers were present and at other times. Ethical guidelines exist for consent forms for studies involving group interactions in which participants are explicitly informed about decreased privacy, but our protocol was not designed for this situation.",Ethical implications|Group interaction|Human-computer interaction researches|Low literacies|Mobile supports|Newspaper reading|User groups|Research|Philosophical aspects,10.1145/2543579,21270770,,,,aa906052-1af0-409f-8dda-e00ac7558285,article,eng
Gems in the outer galaxy: Near-infrared imaging of three young clusters at large galactic radii,"Davidge, T.J.",The Astrophysical Journal,781,2,,,95,2014,2014,,,0004-637X,,,,,,,,"Images recorded with the Gemini South Adaptive Optics Imager (GSAOI) and corrected for atmospheric seeing by the Gemini Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics System are used to investigate the stellar contents of the young outer Galactic disk clusters Haffner 17, NGC 2401, and NGC 3105. Ages estimated from the faint end of the main sequence (MS) and the ridgeline of the pre-main sequence on the (K, J-K) color-magnitude diagrams are consistent with published values that are based on the MS turnoff, with the GSAOI data favoring the younger end of the age range for NGC 2401 in the literature. The mass function (MF) of NGC 2401 is similar to that in the solar neighborhood, and stars spanning a wide range of masses in this cluster have similar clustering properties on the sky. It is concluded that NGC 2401 is not evolved dynamically. In contrast, the MF of Haffner 17 differs significantly from that in the solar neighborhood over all masses covered by these data, while the MF of NGC 3105 is deficient in objects with sub-solar masses when compared with the solar neighborhood. Low-mass objects in Haffner 17 and NGC 3105 are also more uniformly distributed on the sky than brighter, more massive, MS stars. This is consistent with both clusters having experienced significant dynamical evolution. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.",,10.1088/0004-637X/781/2/95,21270787,,,,52bd2eda-1acb-4de1-a94f-ed0cdb167aa0,article,eng
Reducible polyamidoamine-magnetic iron oxide self-assembled nanoparticles for doxorubicin delivery,"Chen, J.|Shi, M.|Liu, P.|Ko, A.|Zhong, W.|Liao, W.|Xing, M.M.Q.",Biomaterials,35,4,1240,1248,,2014,2014,,,0142-9612,,,,,,,,"We report a reducible copolymer self-assembled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) to deliver doxorubicin (DOX) for cancer therapy. The copolymer of reducible polyamidoamine (rPAA) with poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)/dodecyl amine graft was synthesized by Michael addition. rPAA@SPIONs were formed by the alkyl grafts of reducible copolymers intercalated with the oleic acid layer capped on the surface of magnetite nanocrystals. The intercalating area formed a reservoir for hydrophobic anti-cancer drug (DOX), whilst the PEG moiety in the copolymers helped the nanoparticle well-dispersible in aqueous solution. We employed two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman (CARS) to investigate drug delivery in intra-cellular structures of live cells, and used Vivaview® technique to show real-time inhibition efficacy of nanoparticles in live cells. rPAA@SPIONs present efficiently drug loading with reducible responsibility invitro tests. Finally, rPAA@SPIONs were tested in mice with xenograft MDA-MB-231 breast tumor though i.v. injection and inhibited tumor growth efficiently. MRI was used to monitor nanoparticles aggregation in tumor site. Histology and Prussian blue on kidney, liver, and heart in mice indicated that DOX/rPAA@SPIONs showed no significant toxicity for mice organs after 24 days treatment. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.",Breast tumor|Coherent anti-Stokes Raman|Magnetic nano-particles|Michael additions|Self assembled nanoparticles|Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles|Theranostics|Two-photon excited fluorescence|Addition reactions|Copolymers|Drug delivery|Grafts|Mammals|Nanomagnetics|Nanoparticles|Polyethylene oxides|Self assembly|Tumors|Polyethylene glycols|copolymer|doxorubicin|magnetic nanoparticle|nanocrystal|polyamidoamine|superparamagnetic iron oxide|animal experiment|animal model|animal tissue|aqueous solution|article|breast tumor|cancer chemotherapy|cancer inhibition|cell strain MCF 7|chemical structure|confocal laser microscopy|drug cytotoxicity|drug delivery system|drug release|fluorescence|heart|histology|human|human cell|hydrophobicity|in vitro study|in vivo study|kidney|liver|mouse|nanotechnology|nonhuman|nuclear magnetic resonance imaging|nude mouse|photon|polymerization|priority journal|synthesis|thermogravimetry|tumor growth|two photon excited fluorescence|Mus,10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.057,21270757,,,,7bcdf920-304d-4407-bcbd-2ff12e749b98,article,eng
A decade of probing the depths of thick multi-year ice to measure its borehole strength,"Johnston, M. E.",Cold Regions Science and Technology,99,,46,65,,2014,2014,,,0165-232X,,,,,,,,"This paper offers the most comprehensive set of property measurements on multi-year ice to date, in the interest of addressing one of the most significant unknowns for Arctic engineering: multi-year ice strength. Borehole strength results are presented from 56 old ice floes in the gray literature and more than 600 tests conducted on 23 multi-year ice floes over the past decade, including the first-published results over the full thickness of a 12.7. m thick, cold multi-year hummock. The ice borehole strength is obtained by categorizing the pressure vs. time histories for each test into one of four main types of failure behavior. Vertical profiles of the temperature, salinity and borehole strength of multi-year floes in spring and summer demonstrate that the properties of multi-year ice are highly variable in space and time. The mean borehole strength and standard deviation of cold (- 13. °C) multi-year ice is 34.2 ± 9.1 MPa, although strengths as high as 49.2. MPa do occur, making multi-year ice nearly twice as strong as cold first-year ice. The mean borehole strength and standard deviation of warm multi-year ice is 19.6 ± 7.2. MPa (at - 5 °C) and 10.3 ± 5.3 MPa (at 0°C). Ice temperature is shown to be the single largest factor influencing borehole strength: strength increases with decreasing ice temperature, however complex factors such as the ice failure mode and ice consolidation also bear upon the relation. For example, strengths measured in thick, level multi-year ice can be substantially higher than hummocked multi-year ice sampled at the same temperature, time of year and latitude. Similarly, a thoroughly weathered multi-year ice hummock in late summer can have considerably higher strength than a less weathered multi-year hummock in early spring. The study shows that multi-year ice does not deteriorate in the same manner as first-year ice, strength equations based solely on brine volume are not appropriate for multi-year ice and warm multi-year ice should not be assumed deteriorated. The viability of estimating the ice borehole strength from known ice temperatures is explored by fitting linear regressions to strength-temperature data for the two most common failure processes: well-defined yield failures (Type 2) and poorly-defined yield failures (Type 3). The Type 2 failure equation reproduces the measured strength profiles more closely than the Type 3 failure equation, but results are not ideal. A similar comparison was made for the effective borehole strength, i.e. the strength averaged over all test depths in a particular borehole. For the 64 boreholes examined, the Type 2 failure equation produced an upper bound for the effective borehole strength, but only when ice temperatures had been documented over at least half of the total ice thickness. © 2013.",,10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.12.002,21270767,OCRE-PR-2014-011,,,0c995fa6-2f5c-442e-aa65-2720a3cec41e,article,eng
Functional analysis of SleC from Clostridium difficile: An essential lytic transglycosylase involved in spore germination,"Gutelius, D.|Hokeness, K.|Logan, S.M.|Reid, C.W.",Microbiology (United Kingdom),160,PART 1,209,216,,2014,2014,,,1350-0872,,,,,,,,"Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of enteric disease and presents a major burden on healthcare systems globally due in part to the observed rapid rise in antibiotic resistance. The ability of C. difficile to form endospores is a key feature in the organism's pathogenesis and transmission, and contributes greatly to its resilient nature. Endospores are highly resistant to disinfection, allowing them to persist on hospital surfaces. In order for the organism to cause disease, the spores must germinate and revert to a vegetative form. While spore germination in Bacillus spp. is well understood, very little is known about this process in Clostridia. Here we report the characterization of SleC (CD0551) from C. difficile 630. Bioinformatic analysis of SleC indicated a multi-domained protein possessing a peptidoglycan-binding (PGB) domain, a SpoIID/LytB domain and an undefined N-terminal region. We have confirmed that SleC is an exo-acting lytic transglycosylase with the catalytic activity localized to the N-terminal region. Additionally, we have shown that both the N-terminal catalytic domain and the C-terminal PGB domain require muramyl-?-lactam for substrate binding. As with carbohydrate-binding modules from cellulases and xylanases, the PGB domain may be responsible for increasing the processivity of SleC by concentrating the enzyme at the surface of the substrate. © 2014 SGM.","bacterial protein|cellulase|glycosyltransferase|peptidoglycan|slec protein|unclassified drug|xylan endo 1,3 beta xylosidase|article|bioinformatics|catalysis|Clostridium|Clostridium difficile|controlled study|enzyme active site|enzyme activity|enzyme analysis|enzyme binding|nonhuman|priority journal|protein binding|spore germination",10.1099/mic.0.072454-0,21270774,,,,d07c10db-841d-4b52-b367-87ba8bf4b67a,article,eng
Regulatory ecotoxicity testing of engineered nanoparticles: Are the results relevant to the natural environment?,"Park, S.|Woodhall, J.|Ma, G.|Veinot, J.G.C.|Cresser, M.S.|Boxall, A.B.A.",Nanotoxicology,8,5,583,592,,2014,2014,,,1743-5390,,,,,,,,"Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) will be released to the environment during use or following the disposal of ENP-containing products and concerns have been raised over the risks of ENPs to the environment. Many studies have explored the toxicity of ENPs to aquatic organisms but these studies have usually been performed with little understanding of the ENPs' behaviour in the test media and the relationship between behaviour in the media to behaviour in natural waters. This study evaluated and compared the aggregation behaviour of four model gold nanoparticle (NP) types (coated with neutral, negative, positive and amphoteric cappings) in standard ecotoxicity test media and natural waters. The effects of humic acid (HA) and test organisms on aggregation were also investigated. In standard media, positive and neutral NPs were stable, whereas amphoteric and negative NPs generally showed substantial aggregation. In natural waters, amphoteric NPs were generally found to be stable, neutral and positive NPs showed substantial aggregation while negative NPs were stable in some waters and unstable in others. HA addition stabilised the amphoteric NPs, destabilised the positive NPs and had no effect on stability of negative NPs. The presence of invertebrates generally lowered the degree of particle aggregation while macrophytes had no effect. Given the dramatically different behaviours of ENPs in various standard media and natural waters, current regulatory testing may either under- or overestimate the toxicity of nanomaterials to aquatic organisms. Therefore, there is a pressing need to employ ecotoxicity media which better represent the behaviour of ENPs in natural system. © 2014 Informa UK, Ltd.",gold nanoparticle|humic acid|nanomaterial|nanoparticle|aquatic species|article|controlled study|ecotoxicity|macrophyte|nanoengineering|nonhuman|physical chemistry|priority journal,10.3109/17435390.2013.818173,21270775,,,,18958260-deef-4836-ade1-972ee294882d,article,eng
TDRM/TDLM Workshop at the AOAC INTERNATIONAL Annual Meeting 2013,"Emons, H.|Weitzel, J.|Budin, J.|Cappozzo, J.|Jaudzem, G.|Quilliam, M.|Rettinger, M.|Sen, S.|Tholen, D.|Zink, D.",Accreditation and Quality Assurance,,,1,3,,2014,2014,,,0949-1775,,,,,,,,,,10.1007/s00769-013-1031-6,21270777,,,,6d93a03e-18d4-4920-94c0-5f82f1420770,article,eng
Wear resistant carbon fiber reinforced Stellite alloy composites,"Khoddamzadeh, A.|Liu, R.|Liang, M.|Yang, Q.",Materials and Design,56,,487,494,,2014,2014,,,0261-3069,,,,,,,,"Stellite alloys are a family of cobalt-based superalloys that are the main engineering materials used for severe corrosion, wear and high temperature environments. These alloys are strengthened by various carbides. However, the presence of carbides can cause many problems although they are main agents for wear resistance. This research attempts to develop a class of novel composite materials which substitute carbon of Stellite alloys with carbon fiber, aiming to minimize the disadvantageous effects of carbides in the alloys. Two types of carbon fiber, plain carbon fiber and nickel-coated carbon fiber, are employed in the composites. The new materials are fabricated using hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technique. The microstructures of these composites are analyzed to investigate if any carbides are induced due to incorporating carbon fibers. The tribological properties of these new composites are characterized on a pin-on-disk tribometer. The experimental results show that the developed composites exhibit better wear resistance than that of medium-carbon Stellite alloys and comparable wear resistance to that of high-carbon Stellite alloys. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.",Carbon fiber reinforced|Cobalt-based superalloy|High-temperature environment|Nickel-coated carbon fiber|Pin-on-disk tribometers|Stellite alloy|Stellite alloy composites|Tribological properties|Carbides|Carbon|Carbon fibers|Hot isostatic pressing|Superalloys|Wear resistance|Stellite,10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.034,21270765,,,,39d5eccc-76ae-4217-b91e-3758c6af4838,article,eng
Carbon and oxygen in the spectrum of HR 8799c,"Konopacky, Q. M.|Barman, T. S.|Macintosh, B. A.|Marois, C.",,,,297,298,,2014,06/01/2014,Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union,8|S299,1743-9213|1743-9221,Exploring the Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems,"International Astronomical Union Symposium 299: Exploring the Formation of Planetary Systems, June 2-7, 2013, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada",,,Cambridge University Press,9781107045200,,"The field of exoplanet spectroscopy has grown tremendously in the last decade. With the discovery of gas giant planets at wide separations from their host stars via direct imaging, it is now possible to obtain exoplanet spectra with unprecedented spectral resolution. We present a medium resolution spectrum of the directly imaged exoplanet HR 8799c. This K-band spectrum was obtained using the integral field spectrograph OSIRIS on the Keck II telescope. Our spectrum shows numerous, well-resolved molecular lines from water and carbon monoxide (CO). There is no clear evidence for methane absorption, in spite of a best fit temperature of ~1100 K. We find a best fit surface gravity log(g) ~ 4.0, consistent with the inferred young age for the system (~30 Myr), and a continuum morphology consistent with previously-inferred dust clouds. Using the water and CO lines, we are able to estimate the C/O ratio for this planet. We find a ratio slightly higher than stellar (~0.65), which provides hints about the planet's formation. Copyright © 2013, International Astronomical Union.",,10.1017/S1743921313008673,21270764,,,,ed7e02d3-f658-4a37-87e1-c4225f47b005,article,eng
Organic solvent-free cloud point extraction-like methodology using aggregation of graphene oxide,"Deng, D.|Jiang, X.|Yang, L.|Hou, X.|Zheng, C.",Analytical Chemistry,86,1,758,765,,2014,2014,,,0003-2700,,,,,,,,"Because of its unique properties and capability of formation of well-dispersed aqueous colloids in aqueous phase, graphene oxide can be used for the efficient preconcentration of heavy metal ions prior to their determination. The complete collection of graphene oxide colloids from water has generally been considered to be insurmountable. Here, graphene oxide aggregation triggered by introducing NaCl was used to develop a novel organic solvent-free cloud point extraction-like method for the determination of trace toxic metals. The graphene oxide sheets were uniformly dispersed in aqueous samples or standard solutions for a fast and efficient adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), Bi(III), and Sb(III) owing to its hydrophilic character and the electrostatic repulsion among the graphene oxide sheets, and its aggregation immediately occurred when the electrostatic repulsion was eliminated via adding NaCl to neutralize the excessive negative charges on the surface of graphene oxide sheets. The aggregates of graphene oxide and analytes ions were separated and treated with hydrochloric acid to form a slurry solution. The slurry solution was pumped to mix with KBH4 solution to generate hydrides, which were subsequently separated from the liquid phase and directed to an atomic fluorescence spectrometer or directly introduced to an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer for detection. On the basis of a 50 mL sample volume, the limits of detection of 0.01, 0.002, 0.01, and 0.006 ng mL-1 were obtained for Pb, Cd, Bi, and Sb, respectively, when using atomic fluorescence spectrometry, providing 35-, 8-, 36-, and 37-fold improvements over the conventional method. Detection limits of 0.6, 0.15, 0.1, and 1.0 ng mL-1 were obtained with the use of slurry sampling inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The method was applied for analysis of two Certified Reference Materials and three water samples for these elements. © 2013 American Chemical Society.",Atomic fluorescence spectrometers|Atomic fluorescence spectrometry|Certified reference materials|Conventional methods|Electrostatic repulsion|Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer|Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry|Organic solvent-free|Agglomeration|Antimony|Bismuth|Colloids|Electrostatics|Extraction|Fluorescence spectroscopy|Inductively coupled plasma|Metal ions|Optical emission spectroscopy|Organic solvents|Spectrometers|Trace elements|Graphene,10.1021/ac403345s,21270755,,,,9f5f963d-b285-49d7-a693-ee32517b17c8,article,eng
TLOCI: a fully loaded speckle killing machine,"Marois, Christian|Correia, Carlos|Véran, Jean-Pierre|Currie, Thayne",,,,48,49,,2014,06/01/2014,Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union,8|S299,1743-9213|1743-9221,Exploring the Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems,"International Astronomical Union Symposium 299: Exploring the Formation of Planetary Systems, June 2-7, 2013, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada",,,Cambridge University Press,9781107045200,,"A new high-contrast imaging subtraction algorithm (TLOCI) is presented to maximize a planet signal-to-noise ratio. The technique uses an input spectrum and template PSFs to optimize the reference image coefficient determination to minimize the flux contamination via self-subtraction (thus maximizing its throughput wavelength per wavelength) of any planet that have a similar spectrum to the template spectrum in the image, while trying, at the same time, to maximize the speckle noise subtraction. The optimization is performed by a correlation matrix conditioning. Using laboratory Gemini Planet Imager data, the new algorithm is shown to be superior to the simple/double difference, polynomial fit and original LOCI algorithm. Copyright © 2013, International Astronomical Union.",stars: imaging|instrumentation: adaptive optics|methods: data analysis|techniques: image processing|(stars:) planetary systems,10.1017/S1743921313007813,21270789,,,,2cb58b7c-f88d-42ce-a83c-a5a7d5bf1eaf,article,eng
More evidence for an oscillation superimposed on the Hubble flow,"Bell, M.B.|Comeau, S.P.",Astrophysics and Space Science,349,1,437,442,,2014,2014,,,0004-640X,,,,,,,,"In a recent investigation evidence was presented for a low-level sinusoidal oscillation superimposed on top of the Hubble flow. This oscillation was in VCMB, in a sample of type Ia Supernovae sources with accurate distances, and it was found to have a wavelength close to 40 Mpc. It became easily visible after the removal of several previously identified discrete velocity components. Its amplitude like that of the Hubble velocity showed an increase with distance, as would be expected for a constant-amplitude space oscillation. Here we report that this oscillation is also present in distance clumping in these sources, with the same wavelength, but in phase quadrature. The discrete velocity components do not play a role in detecting the distance clumping wavelength. Assuming that time proceeds from high cosmological redshift to low, the blue-shifted velocity peaks, which represent the contraction stage of the velocity oscillation, then lead the density peaks. With the discrete velocity components removed we also find evidence for at least one other, weaker velocity oscillation. It is found to have a wavelength similar to one reported in density clumping by previous investigators. In those cases the source samples were much larger. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.",,10.1007/s10509-013-1601-4,21270593,,,,a2f09138-0c71-4026-9b8b-dde65fdb0579,article,eng
Experimental analysis of applicability of a picosecond laser for micro-polishing of micromilled Inconel 718 superalloy,"Hafiz, Abdullah M. Khalid|Bordatchev, Evgueni V.|Tutunea-Fatan, Remus O.",International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,70,09-Dec,1,16,,2014,01/02/2014,,,0268-3768,,,,,,,,"An increasing number of recent technological advancement is linked to the widespread adoptions of ultra-short picosecond (ps) pulsed laser in various applications of material processing. The superior capability of this laser is associated with the precise control of laser-material interaction as an outcome of extremely short interaction times resulting in almost-negligible heat affected zones. In this context, the present study explores the applicability of a picosecond laser in laser micro-polishing (L?P) of Ni-based superalloy Inconel 718 (IN718). The specific research goals of the present study constitute determination of melting regime-a mandatory phase for L?P, establishing the concept of polishability of the spatial contents of the initial surface topography and experimental demonstration of the process capability of a ps laser for potential micro-polishing applications. The initial surface topography was prepared by micromilling operation with a step-over of 50 ?m and scallop height of 2 ?m. The L?P experiments were performed at five different levels of fluence associated with the melting regime by changing the focal offset, a parameter denoting the working distance between workpiece surface and focusing lens focal plane. The L?P performance was evaluated based on the line profiling average surface roughness (Ra) spectrum distributed at different spatial wavelength intervals along the laser path trajectory. Furthermore, additional statistical metrics such as material ratio and power spectral density functions were analyzed in order to establish the process parameters associated with best achievable surface finish. The applicability of ps L?P was demonstrated in two regimes-1D (line) and 2D (area) polishing. During 1D L?P, significant (?52 %) improvement of the surface quality was achieved by reducing an Ra value from 0.50 ?m before polishing to an Ra value of 0.24 ?m across the laser path trajectory on initially ground surface. In addition, an initially micromilled area of 4.5 × 4.5 mm was L?Ped resulting in the reduction of an areal topography surface roughness (Sa) value from 0.435 to 0.127 ?m (70.8 % surface quality improvement). © 2013 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by: Julian Czajkowski.",Laser micro-polishing; Inconel 718; Picosecond laser; Melting regime; Focal offset; Laser fluence; Surface quality,10.1007/s00170-013-5408-9,21270450,,,,1787f07f-58d2-44ba-bcd4-f5e8065a2bc9,article,eng
The potential of dextran-based glycoconjugates for development of Helicobacter pylori vaccine,"Altman, Eleonora|Chandan, Vandana|Harrison, Blair",Glycoconjugate Journal,31,1,13,24,,2014,01/01/2014,,,0282-0080,,,,,,,,"We have recently demonstrated that synthetic glycoconjugates based on delipidated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Helicobacter pylori and containing an ?(1-6)-glucan chain induced broadly cross-reactive functional antibodies in immunized animals. To investigate the candidacy of ?(1-6)-glucan as an alternative vaccine strategy we prepared glycoconjugates based on dextrans produced by lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides B512F and consisting of linear ?(1-6)-glucan chains with limited branching. Three dextrans with averaged molecular masses of 5,000 Da, 3,500 Da and 1,500 Da, respectively, were modified with a diamino group-containing linker and conjugated to a carrier protein, tetanus toxoid (TT) or diphtheria toxoid (DT), and their immunological properties investigated. The conjugates were immunogenic in both rabbits and mice and induced specific IgG responses against ?(1-6)-glucan-expressing H. pylori LPS. Studies performed with post-immune sera of mice and rabbits immunized with dextran-based conjugates demonstrated cross-reactivity with LPS from typeable and non-typeable strains of H. pylori and selected mutants. The post-immune sera from rabbits that received the conjugates exhibited functional activity against ?(1-6)-glucan-positive strains of H. pylori. These data provide evidence that dextran-based conjugates may offer a simplified approach to the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines against H. pylori. © 2013 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.",,10.1007/s10719-013-9496-4,21270436,,,,050f99ae-b491-4c73-b147-5ebe38acc7cf,article,eng
Potential of NMR spectroscopy in the characterization of nonconventional oils,"Majid, Abdul|Pihillagawa, Indu",Journal of Fuels,2014,,1,7,390261,2014,02/01/2014,,,2314-601X,,,,,HINDAWI OA,,,"NMR spectroscopy was applied for the characterization of two biomass based pyrolysis oil samples. The samples were extracted in various solvents and the extracts were investigated by both 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Subsequent evaluation of the integrated analytical data revealed chemical information regarding semiquantitative estimation of various functional groups. This information could not have been obtained readily from the individual spectroscopic techniques. Semiquantitative estimation of the various functional groups allowed a comparison of the extraction efficiency of these groups in various solvents. The method is based on the premise that although the number of individual molecular species in pyrolysis oil liquid is large, most of these species are composed of a limited number of functional groups. The methodology provided information on the concentration of chemical functionalities that are potentially useful for synthetic modifications and may help to guide the use of pyrolysis oil as a chemical feedstock. The approach described is expected to be generally applicable to complex mixture of hydrocarbon oils such as bio-oils, oil sands bitumen, and coal pyrolysis oils.",,10.1155/2014/390261,21270346,NRC-EME-53088,,,2c5ade62-2252-4f07-8869-de7d314dad54,article,eng
Photo-uncaging of ceramides promotes reoganizatoin of liquid-ordered domains in supported lipid bilayers,"Ramirez, Daniel M. Carter|Pitre, Spencer P.|Kim, Young Ah|Bittman, Robert|Johnston, Linda J.",Langmuir,29,10,3380,3387,,2014,12/03/2014,,,,,,,,,,,"6-Bromo-7-hydroxycoumarin (Bhc)-caged ceramide (Cer) analogs were incorporated into supported lipid bilayers containing a mixture of coexisting liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) phases. The release of N-palmitoyl and N-butanoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine (C16- and C4-Cer) by the photolysis of caged Cers using long-wavelength UV light was studied using a combination of atomic force microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. This approach demonstrated the ability to generate Cer with spatial and temporal control, providing an alternative method to the enzymatic generation of Cer. The generation of C16-Cer from Bhc-C16-Cer disrupted the Lo domains, with the incorporation of small fluid-phase regions and the disappearance of some smaller domains. Cer-rich gel-phase domains were not observed, in contrast to results reported by either direct Cer incorporation or enzymatic Cer generation. The photorelease of C4-Cer from Bhc-C4-Cer resulted in qualitatively similar changes in bilayer morphology, with the disappearance of some Lo domains and no evidence of Cer-rich gel domains but with a smaller height difference between the ordered and disordered phases.",,10.1021/la3039158,21268890,,,,e19346c1-d4a9-4fe2-b284-f46279c222f6,article,eng